chapter——7
Chapter 7章
Hale Waihona Puke Language, Culture and Society
1 What is the relation between language and culture? 2 Why is it necessary to teach relevant cultural information in language class? 3 Is English better than the language of some American Indian tribe’s language? 4 A language may have many different varieties. How can we classify its varieties?
While some researchers claim to have found reliable evidence to justify its validity, others suggest to have obtained enough counter-evidence to jeopardize its feasibility. It is clear that one must be careful and do not rush to any hasty conclusion before he really obtains some reliable and convincing evidence to support or reject the hypothesis.
Chapter Seven
Language, Culture and Society
西方文化概论-Chapter 1 -7 (复习题)
1.The word "culture" is most commonly used in three basic senses: Excellenceof taste in the fine arts and humanities, also known as high culture. An integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for symbolic thought and social learning. The set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution, organization or group.2.Some historians believe the West originated in the northern and easternMediterranean with ancient Greece and ancient Rome. Over time, their associated empires grew first to the east and south, conquering and absorbing many older great civilizations; later, they grew to the north and west to include Western Europe.3.Western culture is a term used to generally refer to most of the cultures ofEuropean origin and most of their descendants.4.Foundations of Western Culture are: ancient Greece (concretely Greekphilosophy), the Roman Empire (specifically Roman law), Catholic and Protestant Christianity.5.Western culture originates from 2 ancient cultures: Hellenistic culture （emphasizing rationality）and Hebraic culture （emphasizing virtue & discipline）6. 3 most noted achievements of ancient Greeks: Mythology; Architecture;philosophy.7.Greek Mythology, set of diverse traditional tales told by the ancient Greeksabout the exploits of gods and heroes and their relations with ordinary mortals.8.The Greek gods resembled human beings in their form and in their emotions.9.The Olympians refers to the twelve major gods and godd esses dwelling onMount Olympus.10.Zeus is the god of gods, the god of sky, the supreme god, the father of bothgods and men.11.Hermes (Mercury) is god of physicians and thieves; messenger of gods.12.Apollo is the sun god, the god of music, a god of prophecy.13.Dionysus is god of wine and ecstasy.14.Hephaestus is god of fire; celestial blacksmith.15.Athena is the goddess of war, wisdom and handicraft.16.Hera is queen of heaven and of the Olympians, the goddess of marriage andfamily, the protectress of married women and their legal children.17.Poseid on is the god of sea, the protector of seamen, the god of earthquakesand tsunamis.18.Had es is god of the und erworl d.19.Two of the most important of the semi historical myths involve the searchfor the Golden Fleece and the quest that led to the Trojan War.20.Aphrodite is the godd ess of l ove and beauty, the protectress of sailors.21.Heracles is a divine hero, the son of Zeus and Alcmene, stepson ofAmphitryon and great-grandson of Perseus, the greatest of the Greek heroes.22.The ancient Greek Olympic games was a religious rather than secular festival,celebrating the gods in general and Zeus in particular.23.The idiom “Pandora’s box” means the fountainhead of all evils.24.The idiom “Cupid’s arrow” signifies the magic power of love.25.“Tantalus’s torture” means permanent frustration by the sight of somethingdesired but inaccessible. It also means eternal thirst and hunger.26.The idiom “Sisyphean task” suggests everlasting fruitless hard labor.27.“The golden fleece” means very valuable thing which is rare an d verydifficult to get.28.“Golden touch” therefore refers to the magic power to change cheap metalsinto gold, or worthless junks into treasures.29.“The golden apple” or “the apple of discord” refers to the things that giverise to conflicts and strife.30.“A chilles’s heel” refers to the only part of the body that remains vulnerable.31.“Trojan horse”, or “the wooden horse” means a trap intended to underminean enemy, or subversion from inside.32.The term “Oedipus complex” was chosen by Sigmund Freud to designate ason’s feeling of love toward his mother and jealous hatred toward his father.33.“Narcissistic (personality) disorder” or “narcissism”, means the indulgencein self-admiration.34.“The sword of Damocles” on one hand signifies the impending danger, andon the other hand, indicates the precariousness of power and rank.35.Constellations: Aries (the Ram)白羊座, Taurus (the Bull)金牛座, Gemini (theTwins)双子座, Cancer (the Crab) 巨蟹座, Leo(the Lion)狮子座, Virgo (the Virgin)处女座, Libra (the Scales)天秤座, Scorpio (the Scorpion)天蝎座, Sagittarius (the Archer)射手座, Capricorn (the Goat)摩羯座, Aquarius (the Water Carrier)水瓶座, Pisces (the Fishes)双鱼座.36.Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are Classical Greek philosophers.37.Western culture originates from the Hebraic-Christian culture that isund oubtedly embodied in and found ed upon the Holy Bibl e.38.Christianity was the inheritor and the reformer of Judaism, and so theChristian Bibl e includ es the Ol d Testament and the New Testament.39.The Old Testament is the coll ection of books written prior to the life of Jesusbut accepted by Christians as scripture.40.The Torah, or "Instruction," is also known as the "Five Books" of Moses，includ es Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.41.The Torah contains the ten commandments, of God, reveal ed at Mount Sinai.42.Christianity is a monotheistic religion centered on the life and teachings ofJesus as presented in the New Testament.43.God is the eternal being who created the universe and all there is have theproperties of holiness, justice, omnipotence, omniscience, omnibenevol ence, omnipresence and immortality.44.Christians call the message of Jesus Christ the Gospel ("good news").45.The central tenet of Christianity is the belief in Jesus as the Son of God andthe Messiah (Christ).46.Christians generally believe that Jesus is God incarnation and "true God andtrue man" (or both fully divine and fully human).47.Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit and born from the Virgin Mary.48.The Eucharist (called Holy Communion, or the Lord's Supper) is the part ofliturgical worship that consists of a consecrated meal, usually bread and wine.49.Christianity was l egalized in the 4th century, when Constantine I issued anedict of tol eration in 313. From at l east the 4th century, Christianity has played a prominent rol e in the shaping of Western civilization.50.Christianity may be broadly represented as being divid ed into five maingroupings: Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthod oxy, Oriental Orthod oxy, Protestantism, Restorationism.51.Food is important to keep traditions alive as they are part of our history andour culture.52.The multitud es of food styl es of the Western society mainly result from thehistory, heritage, and geographical differences.53.A full course dinner usually consists of multipl e dishes. Usually it is mad e upof three or four courses, such as appetizer, main course and d essert.54.At the end of the meal, napkin shoul d be l eft semi-fold ed at the l eft sid e of theplate.55.Celebrating birthdays became popular almost universally because birthdaysgive peopl e a reason to gather in friendly groups, share food, and enjoy kinship.56.In many portions of the worl d an individual's birthday is cel ebrated by a partywhere a specially mad e cake, usually d ecorated with l ettering and the person's age, is presented. The cake is traditionally stud d ed with the same number of lit candl es as the age of the individual.57.Religious symbolism suggests that lighting candl es opens a channel forprayers to the unseen worl d above. This concept has been borrowed to convey the id ea that blowing out birthday candl es sends a birthday wish to heaven.58.Baptism is consid ered to be a form of rebirth—"by water and the Spirit"—thenakedness of baptism (the second birth) parall eled the condition of one's original birth.59.The removal of cl othing represented the "image of putting off the ol d manwith his d eeds, so the stripping of the body before for baptism represented taking off the trappings of sinful self, so that the "new man," which is given by Jesus, can be put on.60.Scouting, also known as the Scout Movement, is a worl dwid e youth movementwith the stated aim of supporting young peopl e in their physical, mental and spiritual d evelopment, that they may play constructive rol es in society.61.If the coupl e of l overs are going into marriage, the man shoul d make aproposal by giving an engagement ring to the woman.62.The marriage will be recognized by: a marriage license and wed dingceremony.63.The reason why brid esmaids and groomsmen are need is that the evil spiritswoul d be confused by so many similarly dressed peopl e.64.A funeral is a ceremony for celebrating, sanctifying or remembering the life ofa person who has died.65.A funeral may take place at either a funeral home or church.66.Funeral services commonly includ e prayers; readings from a sacred text;hymns (sung either by the attend ees or a hired vocalist); and words of comfort by the cl ergy. Frequently, a relative or cl ose friend will be asked to give a eul ogy颂歌, which d etails happy memories and accomplishments; often commenting on the d eceased's flaws, especially at l ength, is consid ered impolite.67.Festivals are precious human heritage that links to religion, customs, historyand peopl e’s lifestyl es. Festivals, of many types, serve to meet specific needs, as well as to provid e entertainment.68.Though festivals many have religious origins, others involve seasonal changeor have some cultural significance.69.New Year’s Day is universally cel ebrated on the first day of the calendar,January 1.70.Chinese New Year is celebrated in many countries around the worl d, it is thefirst day of the lunar calendar.71.Valentine's Day is a holiday cel ebrated on February 14(in most countries).Love and affection are celebrated between l overs by sending greeting cards andgifts, dating.72.Mod ern Valentine's Day symbols includ e the heart-shaped outline, d oves, andthe figure of the winged Cupid.73.Passover is a Jewish holiday and festival. It commemorates the story of theExodus, in which the ancient Israelites were freed from slavery in Egypt. 74.Easter is the central feast in the Christian liturgical year, celebrating theresurrection of Jesus. According to the Canonical gospels, Jesus rose from thed ead on the third day after his crucifixion. His resurrection is celebrated onEaster Day or Easter Sunday (also Resurrection Day or Resurrection Sunday) .75.Easter egg is seen by foll owers of Christianity as a symbol of resurrection:whil e being d ormant it contains a new life sealed within it.76.Mother's Day is a cel ebration honoring mothers and celebrating motherhood,maternal bonds and the influence of mothers in society. It originated from an ancient Greek ritual which was to respect the Mother of Gods, Hera.77.Halloween is a yearly holiday observed around the worl d on October 31, thenight before All Saints’ Day, much like Day of the Dead celebrations.78.The American Thanksgiving Day is a traditional family feast with a traditionalturkey dinner, usually in the mid-afternoon. Typical Thanksgiving food also includ es sweet potatoes, pumpkins, cranberries, and fruit salads.79.Carnival typically involves a public cel ebration or parad e combining someelements of a circus, mask and public street party. Peopl e often dress up or masquerad e during the cel ebrations, which mark an overturning of daily life.80.The three very important European Film Festivals are Venice Film Festival,Cannes Film Festival, and Berlin International Film Festival.81.The Gold en Lion is award ed to the best film at Venice Film Festival.82.The Gold en Palm is the highest prize award ed at The Cannes InternationalFilm Festival.83.The Gol d en Bear is the highest prize award ed for the best film at the BerlinInternational Film Festival.1。
Chapter_7--The_United_States--The___Land_and_People 英美概况
• Chapter 7 The Land
Ⅰ.Location, Size ,and Administrative Areas
9 166 601 square kilometers (4th largest country of world) 50 states and a federal district (the District of Columbia)
Ⅶ.Principle Cities
Washington D.C.
Washington D.C. ,the capital of the US. The city is now the seat of the federal government as well as a leading cultural center and a center of world affairs.
August 25, 2013 13
The Star-Spangled Banner: National Anthem
Uncle Sam
• Nickname for the American government • Origins: unknown, possibly Samuel Wilson. • Tall, white-haired man with a goatee and a top hat.
August 25, 2013
10
Symbols of the US
•The national flag •The national anthem •Uncle Sam •Barbie (Doll) •American Gothic •Buffalo Nickel
Flag of the U.S.
英语文体学-Chapter-7-The-English-of-Conversation
Chapter 7 The English of Conversation
WANG Yao @ SDUT
Contents
7.1 Necessity of Studying Speech 7.3 Object of Study 7.5 A Sample Text of Casual
4) Simple nominal and verbal group structure
Nominal groups tend to be “Det+(Adj)+Noun”; with not much postmodification or adjective sequence
Relative clauses omit an optional relative pronoun and the prep. is put at the end
Saussure emphasized speech over writing
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication
People talk and they communicate their thoughts and feelings by means of oral sounds.
A teacher, for instance, will talk with his wife at home, with his colleagues at school, with his students in the classroom, with shop assistants when shopping, with friends on the phone, etc. He is likely to engage in monologue as well
英语：Chapter-7-《Family-lives》课件(1)(牛津深圳版八年级下)
捕鱼达人赚钱
[名词解释]Fc片段(fragmentcrytallizable) [填空题]A型显示超声波探伤仪荧光屏上时基线是由扫描电路产生的（）形成的。 [单选]目前我国行政单位会计采用的会计确认和计量的基础是()。A.收付实现制B.实地盘存制C.永续盘存制D.权责发生制 [判断题]材料有受拉伸或压缩时，外力增加到一定数值时，应力不再增加，但应变却急剧增加的阶段为屈服阶段。（）A.正确B.错误 [单选]在用于表示设备的符号中，以下哪个符号是用来表示泵。（）A.JB.FC.PD.V [问答题,简答题]对各设备及开关进行填料及检修时，必须保证哪些条件方可操作？ [填空题]凡进入电气化区段的乘务员，须经《电气化铁路有关人员电气安全规则》有关规定培训考试合格后，方准（）进入电气化铁路区段作业。 [问答题,简答题]货运检查站分为那两类？各自定义？ [单选]根据我国《公司法》规定，下列选项中可以担任有限责任公司监事、高管人员的是（）。A.公司的股东B.公司的经理C.公司的董事D.公司的财务负责人 [单选]ISDN和IDN途述正确的是（）.A.ISDN和IDN都实现了接入网的数字化B.ISDN和IDN都未实现接入网的数字化C.ISDN实现了接入网的数字化.而IDN没实现 [单选]下列各项中，不属于事业单位净资产项目的是()。A.事业结余B.固定基金C.专用基金D.应缴预算款 [单选]《关于支持循环经济发展的投融资政策措施意见的通知》规定了发展循环经济的（）的内容。A.管理制度B.政策导向C.激励措施D.相关投融资政策措施更深化和细化 [问答题,简答题]货车篷布号码是怎样规定的？ [单选]女性一生各阶段的生理特点，下列哪项描述不恰当？（）A.儿童期儿童体格及内外生殖器同时发育B.月经完全停止1年以上为绝经C.子宫内膜周期性脱落及出血，标志生殖功能成熟D.围绝经期一般历时10余年E.月经初潮，标志青春期开始 [问答题,简答题]C#中的委托是什么？事件是不是一种委托？ [名词解释]后生动物 [多选]以公司的国籍为标准，可以将公司分为（）。A.本国公司B.外国公司C.总公司D.分公司E.子公司 [单选]具有祛风，通络，止痉作用的药物是（）。A.白附子B.木瓜C.蕲蛇D.桑枝E.丝瓜络 [单选,A2型题,A1/A2型题]有关自杀的流行病学资料不正确的是（）A.自杀率是指一年期间每10万人中自杀死亡人数B.所有国家自杀未遂率女性高于男性C.教育水平与自杀呈负相关，即文化教育水平低者自杀率高D.在我国，城市人口的自杀率高于农村人口E.我国的研究表明，男女两性的自杀率相 [单选]按照组成系统的要素的性质来划分，下列哪项不属于现实世界中的系统（）。A、孤立系统B、自然系统C、复合系统D、人工系统 [多选]会计要素包括（）。A.资产B.负债C.所有制权益D.收入E.支出 [单选]糖尿病控制饮食的主要目的不是()A．纠正代谢紊乱B．稳定血糖C．保护胰岛功能D．预防慢性并发症E．控制血脂升高 [填空题]顺磁性气体的体积磁化率与气体的压力成（）。 [多选]下列关于剩余收益作为业绩评价指标的优点的表述中，正确的有()。A、可以更好的协调公司各个部门之间的利益冲突，促使公司的整体利益最大化B、有利于防止次优化C、剩余收益着眼于公司的价值创造过程D、便于不同规模的公司和部门的业绩比较 [单选]方位投影大都是透视投影，视点在球外的方位投影称为（）。A．心射投影B．极射投影C．外射投影D．日晷投影 [单选]选择零件主视图应考虑（）的原则。A、公差B、基本尺寸C、实际尺寸D、加工位置 [单选]下列各项中，不会引起利润总额增减变化的是()。A.销售费用B.管理费用C.所得税费用D.营业外支出 [单选]中国历史上最早的数学专著是（）。A.《九章算术》B.《算术书》C.《周髀算经》D.《海岛算经》 [单选]关于三踝骨折错误的是（）A.腓骨应作内固定B.完全纠正下胫腓联合分离C.使用坚强的固定，术后早期活动D.后踝骨折占关节面面积1/5，须作内固定E.下胫腓关节固定螺丝钉不能超过3个月 [单选]膨胀土的自由膨胀率一般超过()。A．10%B．20%C．30%D．40% [单选]储层定向分布及内部各种属性都在极不均匀地变化，这种变化称为储层的（）性。A、均质B、物性C、特性D、非均质 [单选]（）和（）之间的交互环境C、人们的经济基础，人们的哲学 [单选,A1型题]下列哪一项不符合复杂性高热惊厥的诊断标准（）A.发作呈全身性，有时呈局限性发作B.惊厥持续时间常超过15minC.惊厥在24h内有反复发作D.发作后无神经系统异常E.发作后有暂时性麻痹 [单选,A型题]主要用于片剂的粘合剂是()A、羧甲基淀粉钠B、羧甲基纤维素钠C、干淀粉D、低取代羟丙基纤维素E、交联聚维酮 [单选]一位小学生在没有人督促的情况下，能够独立地完成各项作业，反映了其意志的（）品质A．自觉性B．果断性C．自制性D．坚韧性 [单选]流行性斑疹伤寒多于何时出现皮疹()A．第1病日B．第2～3病日C．第4～5病日D．第8～10病日E．第11～14病日 [单选,A2型题,A1/A2型题]下列不属于高压部件的是（）A.高压变压器B.灯丝变压器C.高压交换闸D.高压接触器E.高压电缆 [单选]建设工程质量保证金(保修金)是从应付的工程款中预留，用以保证承包人对建设工程出现的缺陷进行维修的资金。该缺陷出现的时间应在（）内。A.缺陷责任期B.保修期C.竣工验收期D.工程使用期 [填空题]世界上第一套邮票（）的发行日期是1840年5月1日。 [单选]平瓦屋面下，聚合物改性沥青防水垫层的搭接宽度为（）。A.60mmB.70mmC.80mmD.100mm
Chapter 7 Multiculturalism
Chapter 7 MulticulturalismForeigners from older cultures with traditions，dating back hundreds and hundreds of years sometimes react with surprise and skepticism when the topic of U.S. culture comes up. Commenting on the United States, they sometimes say things like “But the United States has no culture.”People in the United States find comments such as this one amusing at best, and sometimes downright infuriating. In a way, I understand why a foreigner might react skeptically to the United States, especially if the person comes from a more ethnically and racially homogeneous society. Or if the person comes from a society whose culture is reinforced by state institutions—government, church, and schools, for instance. It would be hard for this foreigner to understand a multiracial, ethnically diverse country like the United States, whose institutions do not strongly reinforce the culture. However, it seems naïve or even perverse to deny the existence of a culture that has such great impact on other cultures, for better or worse. The clothes that Americans wear, the food they eat, the music, films, and books they produce, and even to some extent the religions they practice influence how many people in other countries live and think. One may easily disapprove of the influence that mass American culture has on the world, but one cannot objectively deny that influence.In all fairness, I have to say that it’s understandable that foreignershave trouble identifying an American culture because not even the best minds in the country—writers, educators, and politicians—agree on the basic nature of U.S. culture. Now today I’ll try to contrast three ways that U.S. culture has been perceived over the years. Then perhaps you can decide which point of view seems the most logical to you. We’ll take a look at the older monoculturalist view; a newer, multiculturalist view; and finally a third view, which I’ll call the pluralistic view.First in our discussion is the monoculturalist view of the United States as a melting pot. A melting pot, literally a pot in which metals like aluminum and copper are milted in order to blend them, is the traditional metaphor for the way the different groups of immigrants came together in the United States. Now, theoretically, the result of many nationalities blending together is one big unified common culture, an alloy of all the parts in it. In other words, the result is a combination of all the different parts, which have mixed together and are no longer recognizable as separate parts. However, many people today feel that the idea of one common U.S. culture is a myth and has always been a myth. To support their view, opponents point out that many groups, notably African, Asian, and Native Americans,have at times been excluded from participating fully in society through segregation and discrimination. Furthermore, a trademark of U.S. immigration has been that the most recently arrived group, whether Irish or Italian or Chinese or Jewish, typically facedstrong discrimination from those already in the United States. We know that all these groups have made important contributions to culture, that is not the point. The point is, given the climate of discrimination at different times in the past (and even now), U.S. society does not assimilate new cultural input until much later—after the new immigrants are viewed with less prejudice. Let’s move on to another view of U.S. culture.The second view of U.S. culture that we’ll look at today is the multiculturalist view. The multiculturalist view focuses on the many subcultures that make up the U.S. population—all the different ethnic and racial groups we talked about in a previous lecture. Now, each group brought its own distinct culture when it immigrated to the United States. The multiculturalist view does not see U.S. culture as a milting pot; rather, the metaphor that multiculturalists often employ is the patchwork quilt, a bedcover made of numerous pieces of differently-colored material. (Have you seen quilts like these on beds?) The metaphor of the patchwork quilt is appropriate in that the multiculturalists see the United States as a mosaic of separate, autonomous subcultures, each one distinct from the other. U.S. culture, in this view, is a sum of the distinct parts, with little or no mixing of subcultures. Opponents of this view, those who disagree with it (and there are many who do), say that the multiculturalist view ignores the characteristic mixing of groups, both ethnic and racial, thathas been common in the United States. Americans of European background have always intermarried, many people are a combination of four or more ethnic backgrounds—and often of more backgrounds than they can keep track of. I do not want to imply that the United States has overcome its race problems—far from it. But recent census statistics give two indications of somewhat more mixing than previously. First, one in fifteen U.S. marriages is now interracial. An interracial marriage would be any combination of white, black, Asian, and Native American spouses. Admittedly, there are many more marriages between Asians or Native Americans and whites than between blacks and whites. Second, of the 1.6 million children who are adopted, 17 percent make their families multiracial because of the adoption of local children of another race or of children from abroad, especially from Asia or Latin America. Intermarriage and adoption of children of another race make a difference in how people in a family look at themselves. The point here is, the ethnically and racially pure individuals implied by the multiculturalist view are more the exception than the rule. Take, for instance, an African American man married to a Filipina, whose two sons married white women. Where in the patchwork quilt do the grandchildren of the African American former Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall belong? This is an extreme example, but I think it shows that Marshall’s grandchildren share many subcultures; they do not represent just one square on the quilt.For this reason, many people prefer another, more satisfactory, view of U.S. culture.The last cultural view we’ll discuss today, the pluralistic view, is a combination of the first two views. The pluralistic view says that individuals have a number of cultural influences, some of which they share with others and some of which are different from one person to another. These cultural influences have three distinct sources: we inherit some of our culture from our families; we absorb some of our culture unconsciously from living in the culture (television figures importantly in this unconscious absorption); and third, we choose some cultural influences that we find attractive from the many subcultures in the United States. In this way, the population shares a large portion of common culture, but people also have individual cultural characteristics that make them different from others. The pluralistic view of culture recognizes the strong role of assimilation, becoming part of the larger group. In assimilation, one becomes part of a larger, dominant culture by accepting much, if not all, of the culture. The pluralistic view differs from the monocultural view in that pluralistic assimilation does not mean that immigrants must deny their original cultures or that they must forget them. But in all likelihood, immigrants become a little less Mexican, Chinese, or Arab as they assimilate parts of the new culture. Assimilationis not required by the dominant culture, but we do know that it occurs regularly among immigrant groups. If assimilation does not take place in the first generation, it most certainly does by the second or third generation.Opponents of the pluralistic view of culture cite Latinos especially Mexican immigrants, the single largest immigrant group since the 1990s. These opponents say that instead of assimilating as other groups have, Mexicans maintain strong ties to neighboring Mexico through frequent visits home. As a result, opponents fear a fragmentation破碎，碎裂, or even destruction, of U.S. culture as we know it. On the other hand, proponents of the pluralistic view point out that even Latinos follow the pattern of previous immigrants; indeed, a fifth of Latinos in the United States intermarry. If this seems like a small number, I think we could safely predict higher intermarriage rates in future generations.It would be wrong to assume that the dominant, or common, culture we’re been speaking about reflects the culture of only one ethnic or racial group that makes up the United States. At the same time, if U.S. society is an open o ne, as Americans like to believe, it would be hard to deny the changing nature of U.S. culture. It has always reflected the cultures of its immigrants and will likely continue to do so. If we accept this premise,the continuation and possible increase in Latino immigration will change the character of the U.S. culture somewhat. Not as drastically as monoculturalists fear, I think, but a change no doubt will occur. I suspect U.S. culture, to use another metaphor, will continue to seem like the same dish—but it will be a dish with a somewhat Latino flavor in the future. The real test of the future of the United States as a culture may well be whether its cultural ideal of tolerance is a reality. Well, I really have taken much more of your time than I should have. Good-bye for now.。
句子翻译绿色单词chapter 1--7
根据中文提示完成句子，每空一词。
（Chapter 1）1.在我遇到困难的时候，他总能给我一些宝贵的意见。
When I am in trouble, he can always give ______ some ________ advice.2.放学前我们一定要把教室打扫干净。
We have to ________ _______ the classroom before school is over.3.他看看四周，但是没发现一个人。
He ________ ________ but found nobody here.4.对于我们而言，努力学习很重要。
It’s very important _______ us _______ _______ ________.5.水最终流入了海洋。
Water _________ ________ the sea in the end.6. 这首歌曲听起来很优美。
The song _________ __________.7.记住不要浪费或者污染自然资源。
Remember not to ________ or _________ the natural resources.8.我一直等到12点钟，但他没有来。
I _________ ________ twelve o’clock, but he didn’t come.9.他摇了摇头，以示对我观点的不赞同。
He _________ _________ ________. This meant that he didn’t agree with me.10.水覆盖了地球三分之二的面积。
Water covers about ________ ________ of Earth.11.我们起初计划去伦敦，但是最后改变了主意。
We planned to go to London _______________ _______ ________,but we changed our mind finally.根据中文提示完成句子，每空一词。
Chapter-7-2000
（h）当最外层模块执行完，运行栈恢复到系
18
7.3.2 建造display区的规则
从i层模块进入(调用)j层模块，则： (1)若j＝i＋1 j i j i 内模块 or call 复制i层的display，然后增加一个指向i层模块记录基地址的指针
但是并不是所有数据空间大小都能在编译过程中确定
3
北京航空航天大学计算机科学与工程系
动态存储分配 在目标程序运行阶段 目标程序实现对存 运行阶段由目标程序 运行阶段 目标程序 储空间的 组织与管理，和为源程序中的 变量 分配存储的方法 特点
• 在目标程序运行时进行分配。 • 编译时要生成进行动态分配的目标指令。
北京航空航天大学计算机科学与工程系
16
数组F TEST1 AR4 J prev abp Ret addr(2) abp(1) AR2 AR1
F的模块 Prev abp
局部数据区
AR3
参数区 abp Display区
Ret addr(3) abp(3) abp(1) AR3 AR2 AR1
参数区
Display区
北京航空航天大学计算机科学与工程系
15
例：下面给出源程序的目标程序运行时，运行栈(数据区栈) 的跟踪情况
NAME AR1 Y X abp 局部数据区
AR2
X IND prev abp Ret addr(1) abp(1) AR1
局部数据区
参数区 Display区
abp
(a)进入模块1
(b)M1被调用
北京航空航天大学计算机科学与工程系
11
7.3.1 活动记录
一个典型的活动记录可以分为三部分：
局部数据区 参数区 display区 (1)局部数据区：
美国文学chapter_7
Backward
Forward
Chapter 7: the Era of Realism and Naturalism
In 1860, there were fewer than 100 millionaires; by 1875, there were more than 1,000. From 1860 to 1914, the United States was transformed from a small, young, agricultural ex-colony to a huge, modern, industrial nation. A debtor nation in 1860, by 1914 it had become the world's wealthiest state, with a population that had more than doubled, rising from 31 million in 1860 to 76 million in 1900. By World War I, the United States had become a major world power. As industrialization grew, so did alienation. Characteristic American novels of the period Stephen Crane's Maggie: A Girl of the Streets, Jack London's Martin Eden, and later Theodore Dreiser's An American Tragedy depict the damage of economic forces and alienation on the weak or vulnerable individual. Survivors, like Twain's Huck Finn, Humphrey Vanderveyden in London's The Sea-Wolf, and Dreiser's opportunistic Sister Carrie, endure through inner strength involving kindness, flexibility, and, above all, individuality.
chapter 7 英汉翻译中的词义引申
the news for the next four weeks was never distinct.
在接下来的四个星期里，消息时好时坏，两种 情况不断交替出现，一直没有明朗化。 （see-saw 在英文中本来是“玩跷跷板”之意， 但在这里如果直译，则译文就会不知所云，无 法同后面内容联系起来。因此，这里我们应该 透过原文的现象去抓住原文的精神实质。将 see-sawing 翻译成“不断交替出现”正是抓 住了精神实质。）
3. 由于这部影片造成了排山倒海的影响，它提供了最好 的契机来开始化解种族矛盾，经过相当长的时间使创伤 得以愈合。 （avalanche 的本义为a large mass of snow and ice crashing down the side of a mountain （Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English） avalanche即“雪崩”。该词语的本义是具体的，但在 本例原文中是用于比喻意义。因此在翻译时，我们要透 过现象看本质。在这里，将该词翻译成汉语的“排山倒 海的影响”正是抓住了所描述事件的本质。）
tiger n. 虎 凶汉,暴徒;凶残成性的人 (穿制服的)马夫 [英口](网球比赛的)劲敌 [美](欢呼三声后)加喊的欢呼; 喝采尾声 虎的图象(以虎为标志的组织) 触发器 work like a tiger 生龙活虎地工作 tiger cat 【动】豹猫 three cheers and a tiger 三声欢呼一声吼 How can you catch tiger cubs without entering the tiger's lair? 不入虎穴, 焉得虎子?
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Indoor
10-30m
Outdoor
50-200m
Mid-range outdoor
200m – 4 Km
Long-range outdoor
5Km – 20 Km 7: Wireless and Mobile Networks
哈工大计算机学院 刘晓烽
Computer
Networks
Modes of wireless networks
multiple hops
host may have to relay through several wireless nodes to connect to larger Internet: mesh net no base station, no connection to larger Internet. May have to relay to reach other a given wireless node MANET,VANET
network infrastructure
哈工大计算机学院 刘晓烽
Computer
Networks
7: Wireless and Mobile Networks
4
Elements of a wireless network
wireless link typically used to connect mobile(s) to base station also used as backbone link multiple access protocol coordinates link access various data rates, transmission distance
architecture standards (e.g., GSM)
哈工大计算机学院 刘晓烽
Computer
Networks
7: Wireless and Mobile Networks
2
Elements of a wireless network
wireless hosts laptop, PDA, IP phone run applications may be stationary (non-mobile) or mobile
802.11n
54
5-11 4 1 .384 .056
802.11a,g
802.11b
802.11a,g point-to-point 4G: LTWE WIMAX 3G: UMTS/WCDMA-HSPDA, CDMA2000-1xEVDO
802.15
2.5G: UMTS/WCDMA, CDMA2000 2G: IS-95, CDMA, GSM
no infrastructure
no base station, no connection to larger Internet (Bluetooth, ad hoc nets)
Wireless, Mobile Networks
6-9
Wireless Link Characteristics (1)
important differences from wired link ….
decreased signal strength: radio signal attenuates as it propagates through matter (path loss) interference from other sources: standardized wireless network frequencies (e.g., 2.4 GHz) shared by other devices (e.g., phone); devices (motors) interfere as well multipath propagation: radio signal reflects off objects ground, arriving ad destination at slightly different times …. make communication across (even a point to point) wireless link much more “difficult”
Mobility 7.5 Principles: addressing and routing to mobile users 7.6 Mobile IP 7.7 Handling mobility in cellular networks 7.8 Mobility and higherlayer protocols 7.9 Summary
Signal fading:
B, A hear each other B, C hear each other A, C can not hear each other
means A, C unaware of their interference at B
哈工大计算机学院 刘晓烽
interferring at B
network infrastructure
wireless does not always mean mobility
哈工大计算机学院 刘晓烽
Computer
Networks
7: Wireless and Mobile Networks
3
Elements of a wireless network
1
Chapter 7 outline
7.1 Introduction Wireless 7.2 Wireless links, characteristics
7.3 IEEE 802.11
CDMA
wireless LANs (“wi-fi”) 7.4 Cellular Internet Access
BER
10-1 10-2 10-3
SNR versus BER tradeoffs
given physical layer: increase power -> increase SNR>decrease BER given SNR: choose physical layer that meets BER requirement, giving highest thruput • SNR may change with mobility: dynamically adapt physical layer (modulation technique, rate)
哈工大计算机学院 刘晓烽
Computer
Networks
7: Wireless and Mobile Networks
8
Wireless network taxonomy
single hop
infrastructure (e.g., APs)
host connects to base station (WiFi, WiMAX, cellular) which connects to larger Internet
10-4
10-5 10-6 10-7
10
20
30
40
SNR(dB) QAM256 (8 Mbps) QAM16 (4 Mbps) BPSK (1 Mbps)
Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-11
Wireless network characteristics
Multiple wireless senders and receivers create additional problems (beyond multiple access):
Computer
Networks
7: Wireless and Mobile Networks
13
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
used in several wireless broadcast channels
(cellular, satellite, etc) standards unique “code” assigned to each user; i.e., code set partitioning all users share same frequency, but each user has own “chipping” sequence (i.e., code) to encode data encoded signal = (original data) X (chipping sequence) decoding: inner-product of encoded signal and chipping sequence allows multiple users to “coexist” and transmit simultaneously with minimal interference (if codes are “orthogonal”)
network infrastructure
哈工大计算机学院 刘晓烽
Computer
Networks
7: Wireless and Mobile Networks
5
Characteristics of selected wireless link standards
200 Data rate (Mbps)
Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-10
Wireless Link Characteristics (2)
SNR: signal-to-noise ratio