最新整理雅思写作高分范文赏析：Cloning
cloning的英文作文
cloning的英文作文Cloning is a controversial topic that raises ethical and moral concerns. It involves creating a genetically identical copy of an organism. The process of cloning has sparked debates about the implications for human identity, individuality, and the sanctity of life.Cloning has the potential to revolutionize medical treatments and research. It could lead to the production of organs for transplant, the development of new drugs, and the study of genetic diseases. However, there are also fears that cloning could be used unethically, such as for human reproduction or to create designer babies.The cloning of animals has already been achieved, with the most famous example being Dolly the sheep. This breakthrough raised hopes and fears about the possibility of cloning humans. The idea of cloning humans raises complex questions about the nature of identity, family, and individuality.From a scientific perspective, cloning presents a range of challenges and limitations. It is a complex andinefficient process, with a high rate of failure and health issues in cloned animals. The long-term effects of cloning on the health and lifespan of organisms are still not fully understood.The ethical and moral implications of cloning aredeeply divisive. Some argue that it is a violation of the natural order and raises concerns about the potential for exploitation and abuse. Others believe that it has the potential to alleviate suffering and improve human life.In conclusion, cloning is a complex and contentious issue that raises profound questions about science, ethics, and humanity. The potential benefits and risks of cloning must be carefully considered and weighed against each other. As technology continues to advance, the ethical and moral implications of cloning will remain a topic of intense debate.。
克隆利弊 英语作文
克隆利弊英语作文Cloning: Pros and Cons。
Cloning is a highly controversial topic that has been debated for decades. Cloning refers to the process of creating an identical copy of an organism or cell. While cloning has the potential to revolutionize medicine and science, it also raises ethical and moral concerns. In this essay, we will explore the pros and cons of cloning.Pros:1. Medical Advancements: Cloning has the potential to revolutionize medicine. Scientists can use cloning to create stem cells that can be used to treat diseases such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and diabetes. Cloning can also be used to create organs for transplant, reducing the need for donors.2. Reproduction: Cloning can enable infertile couplesto have children. Additionally, cloning allows parents to create a child with desired traits, such as intelligence, athleticism, and physical appearance.3. Animal Conservation: Cloning can be used to preserve endangered species. By cloning animals that are at risk of extinction, scientists can create a genetically diverse population that can be reintroduced into the wild.Cons:1. Ethical Concerns: Cloning raises serious ethical concerns. Many people believe that cloning is playing God and that it is morally wrong to create life in a laboratory. Additionally, cloning can lead to a lack of genetic diversity, which can have negative consequences for the survival of a species.2. Safety Concerns: There are safety concernsassociated with cloning. Cloned animals often have health problems and do not live as long as non-cloned animals. Additionally, there is a risk that cloned organisms couldhave unintended genetic mutations that could lead to unforeseen consequences.3. Social Implications: Cloning could have negative social implications. For example, cloning could lead to a society where people are valued based on their genetic makeup, rather than their individual qualities and accomplishments. Additionally, cloning could lead to a widening gap between the rich and poor, as only the wealthy could afford to clone their children.In conclusion, cloning is a complex issue with both pros and cons. While cloning has the potential to revolutionize medicine and science, it also raises ethical and moral concerns. It is important that we carefully consider the implications of cloning before we proceed with this technology.。
关于克隆英文作文
关于克隆英文作文英文：Cloning is a highly debated topic in today's society. Some people believe that it is a beneficial practice that can help us cure diseases and improve our quality of life, while others see it as an unethical and dangerous technology that could have disastrous consequences for humanity.Personally, I believe that cloning has the potential to be a valuable tool for medical research and treatment. For example, cloning could be used to create organs for transplant patients, which would greatly reduce the number of people who die while waiting for a donor organ. Additionally, cloning could help us better understand and treat genetic diseases, such as cancer and Alzheimer's.However, there are also valid concerns about theethical implications of cloning. For one, cloning raisesquestions about the value of human life and the potential for abuse by those in power. Additionally, there are worries about the safety of cloning technology and the potential for unintended consequences, such as the creation of clones with genetic defects or abnormalities.Despite these concerns, I believe that cloning should be allowed for medical purposes as long as it is heavily regulated and monitored. With proper oversight, cloning could be a valuable tool for advancing medical research and improving our quality of life.中文：克隆是当今社会上备受争议的话题。
对克隆的看法英语作文
Cloning is a scientific process that has sparked a multitude of debates and discussions around the world.The topic of cloning is complex and multifaceted,touching on ethical,moral,and scientific considerations.Here are some key points to consider when discussing ones views on cloning:1.Ethical Concerns:Cloning raises significant ethical questions.For instance,is it morally right to create a life that is genetically identical to another?Some argue that cloning could lead to a loss of individuality and the uniqueness of human beings.2.Scientific Advancements:On the scientific front,cloning has the potential to advance our understanding of genetics and could be used for beneficial purposes such as cloning organs for transplantation,which could save many lives.3.Medical Implications:Cloning could revolutionize medicine by providing a means to test new drugs and treatments on genetically identical organisms,potentially leading to more effective and safer treatments for various diseases.4.Reproductive Cloning vs.Therapeutic Cloning:Its important to differentiate between reproductive cloning,which aims to produce a genetically identical human being,and therapeutic cloning,which is used for medical research and treatment.The former is widely considered more controversial due to the potential for misuse and the ethical implications of creating a human being for the purpose of reproduction.5.Animal Cloning:The success of cloning in animals,such as Dolly the sheep,has paved the way for further research.However,the high failure rates and health issues in cloned animals raise concerns about the safety and feasibility of cloning for humans.6.Legal and Regulatory Issues:Many countries have strict laws against human cloning due to the aforementioned ethical concerns.The debate over whether to legalize or ban cloning is ongoing,with proponents arguing for the potential benefits and opponents citing the risks and ethical issues.7.Public Perception:The publics perception of cloning is largely influenced by media portrayals and sensationalized stories.This can lead to misunderstandings and fear,which may not always be based on scientific facts.8.Religious and Philosophical Views:Different religions and philosophical systems have their own perspectives on cloning.Some see it as an affront to the natural order or divine creation,while others may be more accepting of the technology if it is used for the betterment of humanity.9.Potential for Misuse:There are concerns that cloning technology could be misused for nefarious purposes,such as creating armies of clones or for the cloning of individuals for personal gain.10.Future Implications:The longterm implications of cloning are unknown.Its essential to consider how cloning might affect society,relationships,and the concept of family in the future.In conclusion,ones view on cloning is likely to be influenced by a combination of these factors.Its a topic that requires careful consideration and balanced discussion,taking into account both the potential benefits and the significant ethical and societal implications.。
克隆的好坏英文作文
克隆的好坏英文作文英文：Cloning has been a topic of debate for many years. While some people believe that cloning can bring about many benefits, others argue that it can have negative consequences. In my opinion, cloning can be both good and bad, depending on how it is used.On the one hand, cloning can be a useful tool in medical research. For example, scientists can clone animals to study diseases and test new treatments. This can lead to the development of new medicines that can save lives. Additionally, cloning can be used to create organs for transplantation, which can help to save the lives of those in need.On the other hand, cloning can have negative consequences. For example, cloning can lead to a lack of genetic diversity, which can make a population morevulnerable to disease and other environmental factors. Additionally, cloning can be used for unethical purposes, such as creating clones for the purpose of slavery or exploitation.Overall, I believe that cloning can be both good and bad, depending on how it is used. While it can bring about many benefits, it is important to use it ethically and responsibly.中文：克隆技术一直是一个争议的话题。
英文作文关于克隆
英文作文关于克隆英文：Cloning is a controversial topic that has been widely debated in the scientific community and the general public. On one hand, cloning has the potential to revolutionize medicine and help cure diseases. On the other hand, it raises ethical concerns and questions about the nature of life.Personally, I believe that cloning should be used for medical purposes only, such as creating organs for transplantation or producing cells for research. However, I am against cloning humans or animals for reproductive purposes.The reason for my stance is that cloning can have unpredictable consequences. For example, Dolly the sheep, the first cloned mammal, suffered from several health issues and died at a relatively young age. In addition,cloning raises questions about individuality and the uniqueness of life. If we can create exact copies of ourselves or other living beings, what does that say about our identity and our place in the world?Furthermore, cloning can also have negative impacts on society. For instance, it could lead to a decrease in genetic diversity and increase the risk of genetic diseases. It could also perpetuate inequalities and discrimination,as only those who can afford cloning technology would have access to it.中文：克隆是一个备受争议的话题，引起了科学界和公众的广泛讨论。
clone有关英文作文
clone有关英文作文1. Cloning is a topic that has sparked much debate and controversy. Some argue that it is a scientific breakthrough that can have numerous benefits, such as curing diseases and increasing food production. Others, however, are concerned about the ethical implications and potential dangers of cloning.2. When it comes to cloning animals, opinions are divided. Some people believe that cloning animals can help preserve endangered species and prevent their extinction. On the other hand, there are those who worry that cloning animals can disrupt ecosystems and lead to unforeseen consequences.3. Cloning humans is an even more contentious issue. Supporters argue that cloning humans can lead to advancements in medicine and provide solutions for infertility. However, opponents fear that it could lead to a loss of individuality and a breakdown of societal norms.4. The process of cloning involves creating a genetically identical copy of an organism. This can be done through various techniques, such as somatic cell nuclear transfer or artificial embryo twinning. While these methods have shown some success, there are still many challenges and limitations to overcome.5. One of the main concerns with cloning is the potential for genetic abnormalities and health issues in cloned organisms. Studies have shown that cloned animals often have shorter lifespans and higher rates of health problems compared to naturally conceived animals. This raises questions about the long-term effects of cloning on the overall health and well-being of organisms.6. Another issue with cloning is the ethical dilemma it poses. Cloning raises questions about the value of individuality and the potential for exploitation. Additionally, the idea of creating life in a laboratory raises concerns about playing God and the potential for misuse of this technology.7. Despite the controversies surrounding cloning, research in this field continues to advance. Scientists are constantly working on improving cloning techniques and addressing the challenges associated with it. It is important for society to have ongoing discussions and debates about the ethical and practical implications of cloning, as it is a topic that will continue to shape our future.。
关于克隆的英语作文
关于克隆的英语作文Essay 1: The Advantages and Disadvantages of CloningCloning is a controversial topic that has sparked significant debate in the scientific community and society as a whole. While some argue that cloning offers numerous benefits, others express concerns about its ethical implications.On the positive side, cloning has the potential to revolutionize the field of medicine. By cloning human organs, scientists can generate a source of compatible organs for transplantation, thereby solving the problem of organ shortages. Moreover, cloning could help in the production of pharmaceuticals and vaccines, making them more accessible to everyone.Additionally, cloning holds promise in agricultural science. It can be used to produce genetically modified crops that are resistant to pests and diseases, increasing food production and potentially addressing global hunger issues. Cloning is also used in animal husbandry to create superior livestock, resulting in increased efficiency in meat and dairy production.However, cloning also raises a host of ethical concerns. The most significant of these is the potential abuse of cloning technology, such as the cloning of humans. This raises questions about individuality, human rights, and the potential for creating "designer babies." Additionally, there are concerns about the physical and psychological health of cloned individuals and the impact it may have on their overall well-being.In conclusion, cloning brings both advantages and disadvantages to society. While it offers potential medical and agricultural benefits, we must also carefully consider the ethical implications and potential risks associated with cloning.Essay 2: The Ethical Dilemma of Cloning in Relation to Animal WelfareCloning is a topic that not only sparks ethical debates but also raises concerns about animal welfare. Cloning animals, although technically an impressive scientific achievement, forces us to question the moral implications of manipulating living beings for our own purposes.On one hand, supporters of animal cloning argue that it can be used to preserve endangered species and revive extinct ones. By cloning endangered animals, we can potentially restore their populations and prevent their extinction. Moreover, animal cloning can also be used for medical research purposes, leading to breakthroughs in the understanding and treatment of diseases. However, the ethical concerns surrounding animal cloning cannot be overlooked. Cloning involves extensive laboratory manipulation and often results in high failure rates and suffering for the animals involved. Cloned animals may exhibit various health problems and reduced lifespan, as seen in the case of Dolly the sheep, the world's first cloned animal. Additionally, cloning undermines the principles of natural selection and genetic diversity, which are essential for the survival and evolution of species.Furthermore, the economic aspect of animal cloning also raises questions about the prioritization of resources. Should we invest significant funds and resources into cloning animals when there are pressing issues such as animal rights, habitat conservation, and combating climate change that require our attention?In conclusion, the ethical dilemma of animal cloning demands careful consideration of the potential benefits and the ethical concerns it raises in terms of animal welfare and resource allocation.Essay 3: The Future of Cloning and its Impact on SocietyCloning has long been a topic of fascination and speculation in science fiction. However, recent advancements in cloning technology have brought us closer to a reality where human cloning could become a possibility. The implications of this potential breakthrough for society are vast and multifaceted.With the ability to clone humans, society would face a multitude of ethical and moral challenges. The idea of creating life in a laboratory raises questions about the sanctity of human life, individuality, and the very nature of what it means to be human. Additionally, concerns arise regarding the potential for cloning to be exploited for nefarious purposes, such as human trafficking or the creation of a controlled society.Furthermore, cloning could have profound social, economic, and psychological impacts. The socio-economic divide could widen as only the wealthy would have access to cloning technology,resulting in further inequality. The psychological well-being of cloned individuals may be negatively affected as they struggle with questions of identity and purpose. Additionally, the impact on family structures and relationships could be significant, as the distinction between biological and cloned children becomes blurred.However, despite the potential risks and concerns, cloning also holds promise for medical advancements and scientific breakthroughs. Cloned cells and tissues could revolutionize regenerative medicine, offering potential treatments for diseases and conditions that were previously untreatable. Additionally, cloning could provide a valuable resource for research, enabling scientists to study the intricate facets of human biology more comprehensively.In conclusion, the future of cloning and its impact on society is a complex and controversial topic. As we navigate the possibilities and challenges of this technology, it is crucial to ensure comprehensive discussions that weigh the potential benefits against the ethical and societal concerns that arise.。
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雅思写作高分范文赏析：C l o n i n gC l o n i n gS h o r t l y a f t e r t h e a n n o u n c e m e n t t h a t B r i t i s hs c i e n t i s t s h a d s u c c e s s f u l l yc l o n ed a s he e p,D o l l y,c l o n i n g h u m a n s h a sr e c e n t l y b e c o m e a p o s s i b i l i t y t h a ts e e m s m u c h m o r e f e a s i b l e i n t o d a y’s s o c i e t y. T h e w o r d c l o n e h a s b e e n a p p l i e d t oc e l l s a s w e l l a s t o o r g a n i s m s,s o t h a t a g r o u p o f c e l l s s t e m m i n g f r o m a s i n g l ec e l l i s a l s o c a l l ed a c l o n e. U s u a l l y t he m e m b e r s of a c l o n e a r e i d e n t i c a l i nt h e i r i n h e r i t e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t i s,i nt h e i r g e n e s e x c e p t f o r a n yd i f fe r e n c e s c a u s e d b y m u t a t i o n. I d e n t i c a l t w i n s,f o r e x a m p l e,w h o o r ig i n a t e b yt h e d i v i s i o n o f a s i n g l e f e r t i l i z e d e g g,a r em e m b e r s o f a c l o n e;w h e r e a sn o n i d e n t i c a l t w i n s, w h o d e r i v e f r o m t w o s e p a r a t e f e r t i l i z e d e g g s,a r e n o tc l o n e s.(M i c r o s o f t?E n c a r t a?97E n c y c l o p ed i a). T he r e a r e t w o k n o w n w a y s t h a t w ec a n c l o n e h u m a n s.T h e f i r s t w a y i n v o l v e ss p l i t t i n g a n e m b r y o i n t o s e v e r a l h a l v e sa n d c r e a t i n g m a n y n e w i n d i v i d u a l s f r o m t h a te m b r y o.T h e s e c o n d m e t h o d of c l o n i n ga h u m a n i n v o l v e s t a k i n g c e l l s f r o m a n a l r e a d y e x i s t i n g h u m a nb e i n g a n dc l o n i n gt h e m,i n t u r n c r e a t i n g o t h e r i n d i v i d u a l s t h a t a r e i d e n t i c a l t o t h a t p a r t i c u l a rp e r s o n. W i t h t h e s e t w o m e t h o d s a t o u r d e s p o s a l, w e m u s t a s k o u r s e l v e s t w o v e r yi m p o r t a n t q u e s t i o n s: S h o u l d w e d o t h i s, a n d C a n w e?T h e r e i s n o d o u b t t h a t m a n yp r o b l e m s i n v o l v i n g t h e t e c h n o l o g i c a l a n de t h i c a l s i d e s of t h i s i s s u e w i l l a r i s ea n d w i l lb e v i r t u a l l y i m p o s s i b l e t o a v o i d,b u t t h e o v e r a l l i d e a o fc l o n i n gh u m a n s i s o n e t h a t w e s h o u l d a c c e p t a s a p o s s i b l e r e a l i t y f o r t h e f u t u r e.C l o n i n g h u m a n s i s a n i d e a t h a t h a s a l w a y s b e e n t h o u g h t o f a s s o m e t h i n g t h a tc o u ld bef o u n d i n s c i e n c e f i c t i o n n o v e l s,b u t n e v e r a s a c o n c e p t t h a t s o c i e t yc o u ld a c t u a l l ye x p e r i e n c e.T o d a y’st e c h n o l o g i c a l s p e e d h a s b r o u g h t u s t o t h ep i o n t t o w h e r e a l m o s t a n y t h i n g i s p o s s i b l e.S a r a h B.T e g e n,‘97M I T B i o l o g yU n d e r g r a d u a t e P r e s i d e n t s t a t e s,I t h i n k t h ec l o n i n g o f a n e n t i r e m a m m a l h a ss h o w n m e e x a c t l y h o w f a s t b i o l o g y i s m o v i n g a h e a d, I h a d n o i d e a w e w e r e s oc l o s e t o t h i s k i nd o f a c c o m p l i s h me n t.B a s e d o n t h e c u r r e n t s c i e n c e,t h o u g h,m o s t o f t h e s e d r e a m s a n d f e a r s a r e p r e m a t u r e, s a y s o m e M I T b i o l o g i s t s.M a n yb i o l o g i s tc l a i m t h a t t r u e h u m a n c l o n i n g i ss o m e t h i n g s t i l l f a r i n t h e f u t u r e.T h i s r a i s e s e t h i c a l q u e s t i o n s n o w a s t o w h e t h e r o r n o t h u m a n c l o n i n g s h o u l d e v e nb e a t t e m p t e d.T h e r e a r e m a n y p r o b l e m s w i t h c l o n i n g h u m a n s. O n e m e t h o d o f h u m a n c l o n i n g i ss p l i t t i n g e m b r y o s. T h e m a i n i s s u e a s t o w h e t h e r o r n o t h u m a n c l o n i n g i s p o s s i b l et h r o u g h t h e s p l i t t i n g o f e m b r y o s b e g a n i n1993 w h e n e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n w a s d o n e a tG e o r g e W a s h i n g t o n U n i v e r s i t y M e d i c a l C e n t e r i n W a s h i n g t o n D.C.T h e r e D r.J e r r yH a l l e x p e r i m e n t e d w i t h t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f h u m a n c l o n i n g a n d b e g a n t h i s m o r a l a n de t h i c a l d e b a t e.T h e r e i t w a s c o n c l u d e d t h a tc l o n i n g i s n o t s o m e t h i n g t h a t c a n b ed o ne a s of n o w, b u t i t i s q u i t e a p o s s i b i l i t y f o r t h e f u t u r e.T h e s e s c i e n t i s t se x p e r i m e n t e d e a g e r l y i n a i m s of l e a r n i ngh o w t o c l o n e h u m a n s.R u t h M a c k li n o fU.S.N e w s W o r l d R e p o r t w r i t e s,H a l l a n d o t h e r s c i e n t i s t s s p l i t s i n g l eh u m a n s e m b r y o s i n t o i d e n t i c a l c o p i e s,at e c h n o l o g y t h a t o p e n s a P a n d o r a’s b o x o fe t h i c a l q u e s t i o n s a n d h a s s p a r k e d a s t o r m of c o n t r o v e r s y a r o u n d t h e w o r l dT h e y a t t e m p t e d t o c r e a t e s e v e n t e e n h u m a n e m b r y o s i n a l a b o r a t o r y d i s h a n dw h e n i t h a d g r o w n e n o u g h,s e p a r a t e d t h e m i n t o f o r t y-e i g h t i n d i v i d u a l c e l l s.T w oo f t h e s e p a r a t e d c e l l s s u r v i v e d f o r a f e w d a y s i n t h e l a b d e v e l o p e d i n t o n e wh u m a n e m b r y o s s m a l l e r t h a n t h e h e a d o f a p i n a n d c o n s i s t i n g o f t h i r t y-t w o c e l l se a c h.A l t h o u g h w e c a n n o t c l o n e a h u m a n y e t,t h i se x p e r i m e n t o c c u r r e d a l m o s t t w oy e a r s a g o a n d t r i g g e r e d a l m o s t a n e t h i c a le m e r g e n c y.E v i d e n c ef r o m t h e s ee x p e r i m e n t s r e c e i v e d s t r a n g e r e a c t i o n sf r o m t h e p u b l i c.R u t h M a c k l i n s t a t e s,C l o n i n g i s a r a d i c a l c h a l l e n g e t o t h e m o s tf u n d a m e n t a l l a w s o f b i o l og y,s o i t’sn o t u n r e a s o n a b l e t o b e c o n c e r n e d t h a t i t m i g h t t h r e a t e n h u m a n s o c i e t y a n dd i g n i t y.Ye t m u c h of t h e e t h i c a l o p p o s i t i o ns e e m s a l s o t o g r o w o u t o f a nu n t h i n k i n g d i s g u s t--a s o r t o f y u k f a c t o r.A n d t h a t m a k e s i t h a r d f o r e v e nt r a i n e d s c i e n t i s t s a n d e t h i c i s t s t o s e e t h em a t t e r c l e a r l y.W h i l e h u m a n c l o n i n gm i g h t n o t o f f e r g r e a t b e n e f i t s t o h u m a n i t y,n o o n e h a s y e t m a d e a p e r s u a s i v ec a s e t h a t i t w o u ld d o a n y re a l h a r m,e i t h e r. T h e o l o g i a n s c o n t e n d t h a t t o c l o n e a h u m a n w o u l d v i o l a t e h u m a n d i g n i t y.T h a tw o u l d s u r e l y b e t r u e i f a c l o n e d i n d i v i d u a l w e r e t r e a t e d a s a l e s s e r b e i n g,w i t hf e w e r r igh t s o r l o w e r s t a t u r e.B u t w h y s u p p o s e t h a t c l o n e d p e r s o n s w o u l d n’ts h a r e t h e s a m e r i g h t s a n d d i g n i t y a s t h e r e s t o f u s?I f a n d w h e n c l o n i n g c o m e sa b o u t, w i l l p e o p l e b e w i l l i n g t o p a y a n y t h i n g f o ra c l o n e o f t h e m s e l v e s?I t i ss u c h a c o s t l y f o r m o f t e c h n o l o g y. A s w e s e e w i t h s o m a n y o t h e r a s p e c t s o ft o d a y’s s o c i t y,p e o p l e w i l l d o a l l k i n d s o f t h i n g s f o r m o n e y.(W i l l h u m a nc l o n i n g m a k e a t y p e o f b l a c k m a r k e t f o r e m b r y o s c o u lde a s i l y s o m e d a y d e v e l o p?)P a r e n t s a l r e a d y s p e n d a g r e a t d e a l o f m o n e y o n i n v i t r o f e r t i l i z a t i o n,a n d w h ok n o w s h o w m u c h t h e y w o u l d b e w i l l i n g t o p a y f o r c l o n i n g t h e i r c h i l d r e n?T h eq u e s t i o n a s t o w h a t c l o n i n g w o u l d d o t o s o c i e t y f r o m b o t h t h e m o r a l a n d e c o n o m i cs t a n d p o i n t s c o m e s t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t f o r t h e m o s t p a r t c l o n i n g i s t o oe x p e n s i v e a n d t o o d a n g e r o u s.I n t h e r e l i g o u s c i r c l e s t h e q u e s t i o n of h u m a nc l o n i n g h a s s t i r r ed de b a t e.R e v.R o b e r t A.M a r t i n s t a t e s:I t a p p e a r s t h a t f r o mt h e b e g i n n i n g G o d r e s e r v e d f o r H i m s e l f t h e r i g h tt o c r e a t e l i v i n g s o u l s.Iu n d e r s t a n d t h a t t h e p h i l o s o p h y o f m o d e r np s y c h i a t r y i s t o t e a c h t h a t h u m a nb e i n g s a r e s o u l l e s s, t h e r e f o r e w e a r e j u s t f l e s h a n d b l o o d w h ic h c a n o n l yr e s p o n d t o t h e e n v i r o n m e n t w i t h n o a b i l i t y t o m a k e c o n s c i o u s d e c i s i o n s f o ri t s e l f.I n o t h e r w o r d s p e o p l e a r e n o d i f f e r n e t t h a n a n i m a l s t o b e u s e d a n dm a n i p u l a a t e d.T h u s,t h e r e i s,f r o m t h eb e g i n n g i n g,a f u n d a m e n t a l d i f f e r e nc eb e t w e e n w h a t t h e B i b l e t e ac h e s a nd w h a tp s y c h i a t r y t e a c h e s.T h i s b e i n g t h e c a s e,i t i s l i t t l e w o n d e r t h e n, t h a t s o m e p e o p l e a s s u m e t h e p r e r o g a t i v e o f p l a y i n g t h er o l e o f g o d.E m b r y o n i c c l o n i n g c o u l d b e a v a l u a b l e t o o l f o r t h e s t u d y i n g o f h u m a nd e v e l o p m e n t, g e n e t i c a l l y m o d i f y i n g e m b r y o s, a n d i n v e s t i g a t i n g n e w t r a n s p l a n tt e c h n o l o g i e s.U s i n g c l o n i n g t o p r o d u c eo f f s p r i n g f o r t h e s a k e o f t h e i r o r g a n s i sa n i s s u e t h a t w e m u s t a l s o f a c e a n d q u e s t i o nw h e t h e r o r n o t i t i s m o r a l l y r i g h t.N o o n e w i l l s a y t h a t i t i s o k a y t o k i l l a h u m a n b e i n g f o r t h e s a k e o f t h e i ro r g a n s.B u t w i l l m a n y h a v e n o o b j e c t i o n t oc l o n i n g t h o u s a nd s o f i n d i v i d u a l s f o rt h e s a k e o f o r g a n t r a n s p l a n t s? T e c h n o l o g y s e e m s t o t a k e a w a y m a n y o f t h e m o r a l st h a t w e h a v e w o r k e d s o h a r d t o i n s t a l l i n s o c i e t y. M o s t p e o p l e o n l y s e e m t o w a n tt o c a t e r t o t h e i r o w n n e e d s a n d d o n o t b o t h e r t o c o n s i d e r t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s t h a ts o c i e t y a n d t h e c l o n e m a y h a v e t o f a c e. W i t h t h e i s s u e o f p a r e n t s’i n v o l v e m e n ti n c l o n i n g,R u t h M a c k l i n,w r i t e s,P e r h a p s ag r i e v i n g c o u p l e w h o s e c h i l d i sd y i n g. T h i s m i g h t se e m p s y c h o l o g i c a l l y t w i s t e d.B u t a c l o n e d c h i l d b o r n t o s u c hd u b i o u s p a re n t s s t a n d s n o g r e a t e r o r l e s s e rc h a n c e o f b e i n g l o v e d,o r r e j e c t e d,o r w a r p e d t h a n a c h i l d n o r m a l l y c o n c e i v e d.I n f e r t i l e c o u p l e s a r e a l s o l i k e l y t os e e k o u t c l o n i n g.T h a t s u c h c o u p l e s h a v e o t h e r o p t i o n s(i n v i t r o f e r t i l i z a t i o no r a d o p t i o n) i s n o t a n a r g u m e n t f o r d e n y i n g t h e m t h e r i g h t t o c l o n e.O r c o n s i d e ra n e x a m p l e r a i s e db y J u d g e R ic h a rd P o s ne r:a c o u p l e i n w h i c h t h e h u s b a n d h a ss o m e t r a g i c g e n e t i c d e f e c t.C u r r e n t l y,i f t h i s c o u p l e w a n t s a g e n e t i c a l l yr e l a t e d c h i l d,t h e y h a v e f o u r n o t a l t o g e t h e r p l e a s a n t o p t i o n s.T h e y c a nr e p r o d u c e n a t u r a l l y a n d r i s k p a s s i n g o n t h ed i se a s e t o t h e c h i l d.T h e y c a n g o t oa s p e r mb a n k a n d t a k e ac h a n c e o n u n k n o w n g e n e s. T h e y c a n t r y i n v i t r of e r t i l i z a t i o n a n d d i s p o s e o f a n y a f f l i c t e de m b r y o--t h o u g h t h a t m i g h t b eo b j e c t i o n a b l e,t o o.O r t h e y c a n g e t a m a l er e l a t i v e o f t h e f a t h e r t o d o n a t es p e r m,i f s u c h a r e l a t i v e e x i s t s.T h i s i s o n e c a s e w h e r e e v e n p e o p l e u n n e r v e d b yc l o n i n g m i g h t s e e i t a s n o t t h e w o r s t o p t i o n.11。