实用会计英语Chapter 4 Accounts
会计专业英语名词解释
会计专业英语名词解释Chapter 11. Accounting: Accounting is the process of identifying, measuring, recording, andcommunicating economic information to permit informed judgments and decisions by users of the information.2. Accrual basis accounting: Accrual basis accounting refers to an accounting methodthat records financial events based on economic activity rather than financial activity.Under accrual accounting, revenue is recorded when it is earned and realized, regardless of when actual payment is received. Similarly, expenses are matched with revenue regardless of when they are actually paid.3. Balance sheet: Balance sheet is the financial statement showing the financial positionof an entity by summarizing its assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity at one sp ecific date.4. Business entity: Business entity refers to an economic unit that controls resources,incurs obligations, and engages in business activities.5. CAS: Chinese Accounting Standards refer to the accounting concepts, measurementtechniques, and standards of presentation used in financial statements made by the PRC Financial Apartment.6. Cash basis accounting: Cash basis accounting is a method of bookkeeping thatrecords financial events based on cash flows and cash position. Revenue is recognized when cash is received and expense is recognized when cash is paid out.7. Conservatism: Conservatism states that when alternative accounting valuations areequally possible, the accountant should select the one that is least likely to overstate assets and income in the current period.8. Consistency: Consistency means that a company uses the same accountingprinciples and methods from year to year.9. Continuity: Continuity refers to an accounting assumption, also known as thegoing-concern assumption, that the company will continue to operate in the near future, unless substantial evidence to the contrary exists.10. Corporation: Corporation is a business organized as a separate legal entity understate corporation law and having ownership divided into transferable shares of stock.11. Cost principle: Cost principle is a widely used principle of accounting for assets at theiroriginal cost to the current owner.12. Financial accounting: Financial accounting refers to the development and use ofaccounting information describing the financial position of an entity and the results of its operations.13. Financial position: Financial position refers to the financial resources and obligationsof an organization, as described in a balance sheet.14. Financial reporting: Financial reporting refers to the process of periodically providing“general-purpose”financial information (such as financial statements) to persons outside the business organization.15. Financial statements: Financial statements refer to the four related accounting reportsthe summarize the current financial position of an entity and the results of its operations for the preceding year ( or other time period).16. Full disclosure principle: Full disclosure principle requires that circumstances andevents that make a difference to financial statement users be disclosed.17. Going-concern assumption: Go-concern assumption is an assumption by accountantsthat a business will operate indefinitely unless specific evidence to the contrary, such as impending bankruptcy, exists.18. Historical cost: The historical cost of an asset is the exchange price in the transactionin which the asset was acquired.19. Matching principle: Matching principle is an accounting principle that dictates thatexpenses be matched with revenue in the period in which efforts are made to generate revenue.20. Materiality: Materiality refers to the magnitude of an omission or misstatement ofaccounting information that, considering the circumstances, makes it likely that the judgment of a reasonable person relying on the information would have been influenced by the omission or misstatement.21. Market value: Market value is the estimated amount for which a property shouldexchange on the date of valuation between a willing buyer and a willing seller in an arm’s-length transaction after proper marketing wherein the parties had each acted knowledgeably, prudently, and without compulsion,22. Net realizable value: The net realizable value of an asset is the amount of cash (or theequivalent) that could be obtained on the date of the balance sheet by selling the asset in its present condition, in an orderly liquidation.23. Income statement: Income statement is a financial statement indicating theprofitability of a business over a preceding time period.24. Partnership: Partnership is a business owned by two or more persons associated aspartners.25. Present value: The present value of an asset is the net amount of discounted futurecash inflows less the discounted future cash outflows relating to the asset.26. Proprietorship: Partnership is a business owned by one person.27. Relevance: Accounting information is relevant if it can make a difference in a decisionby helping users predict the outcomes of past, present, and future events or confirm or correct prior expectations. To be relevant, accounting information should have either predictive or feedback value, or both. In addition, it should be timely,28. Reliability: Reliable information is reasonably free from error and bias, and faithfullyrepresents what it is intended to represent. That is, to be reliable, information should be verifiable, neutral, and possess representational faithfulness,29. Revenue recognition principle: An accounting principle that dictates that revenue berecognized in the accounting period in which it is earned.30. Statement of cash flow: A financial statement summarizing the cash receipts and cashpayments of the business over the same time period covered by the income statement.31. Statement of owner’s equity: A financial statement explaining certain changes in theamount of the owner’s equity (investment) in the business.1. Asset: Assets mean the entire property of a person, association, corporation, or estateapplicable or subject to the payment of debts.2. Operating cycle: The operating cycle is the time span from when cash is used toacquire goods and service and until cash is received from the sale of goods and service.3. Cash: cash refers to an exchange medium launched into circulation which is availablefor any ordinary use and can be used to purchase goods or services or repay debts.4. Cash equivalents: Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments or otherassets that readily convertible to cash and sufficiently close to their due date.5. Internal control: Internal control means all policies and procedures used to protectassets, ensure reliable accounting, promote efficient operations, and urge adherence to company policies.Chapter 31. Receivables: Receivables refer to the monetary claims against business, individualsand other debtors.2. Accounts receivable: Accounts receivables are amounts due from customers for creditsales. This section begins by describing how accounts receivables occur. It includes receivables that occur when customers use credit cards issued by third parties and when a company gives credit directly to customers.3. Installment accounts receivables: Installment accounts receivables are amounts overan extended time period.4. Commercial discounts: Commercial discounts refer to a certain sum of moneydeducted from listed prices.5. Cash discounts: Cash discounts refer to a deduction from gross invoice price, whichare an inducement offered to the buyer to encourage the payments of goods within a specific period of time.6. The percentage-of-sale method: The percentage-of-sale method estimates somepercentage of credit sales would turn out to be uncollectible, in which the percentage of bad debts to credit sales should be properly estimated with the past experience. 7. The percentage-of-receivable method: The percentage-of-receivable methodestimates the uncollectible with a percentage of the ending balance of accounts receivables rather than credit sales.8. The aging method: The aging method analyzes the age structure of the accountbalance. In this method, an aging schedule is prepared, classifying the length of time that has passes since the sale that gave rise to them.9. The allowance method: The allowance method is the most usual way that companiesuse to record uncollectible accounts. In calculating uncollectible accounts, an account allowances for uncollectible receivable is set up.10. Promissory note: A promissory note is a written promise to pay a certain sum ofmoney on demand or at a fixed and determinable future time, generally over 30 or 60 days.1. Inventory: Inventory is the total amount if goods and/or materials contained in a storeor factory at any given.2. Product costs: Product costs are those costs that “attach”to the inventory. Suchcharges include freight charges on goods purchased, other direct costs of acquisition, and labor and other production costs incurred in processing the goods up to the time of sale.3. The perpetual inventory system: The perpetual inventory system requires thatseparate inventory ledger be maintained for each goods.4. The periodic inventory system: The periodic inventory system requires a companydetermines the quantity of inventory on hand only periodically, under which the cost of ending inventory is subtracted from the cost of goods available for sale, then the cost of goods sold are determined.5. The specific identification method: The specific identification method can be usedwhen units in the ending inventory can be identified as coming from specific purchases.6. The weighted average cost method: The weighted average cost method assumes thatthe goods available for sale have the same cost per unit. Under this method, the cost of goods available for sale is allocated on the basis of the weighted-average unit c0st.7. The first-in, first-out (FIFO) method: The first-in, first-out (FIFO) method is base on theassumption that the costs of the first items acquired should be assigned to the first item sold.Chapter 51. Accelerated depreciation: Accelerated depreciation is a method of depreciation thatcall for recognition of relatively large amounts if depreciation in the early years of an asset’s useful life and relatively small amounts in the later years.2. Depreciable value: Depreciable value is the amount of the acquisition cost to beallocated as depreciation over the total useful life of an asset. It is the difference between the total acquisition cost and the estimated residual value.3. Depreciation: Depreciation is the systematic allocation of the cost of an asset toexpress over the years of its estimated useful life.4. Fair market value: Fair market value is the value of an asset based on the price forwhich a company could sell the asset to an independent third party.5. Impairment: Impairment is a change in economic conditions which reduces theeconomic usefulness of an asset.6. Residual value: Residual value is the amount a company expects to receive fromdisposal of an asset at the end of its useful life.7. Useful life: Useful life refers to the shorter of the physical life or the economic life of anasset.1. Amortization: The systematic write-off to expense of the cost of an intangible assetover the period of its economic usefulness.2. Copyright: A grant by the state government covering the right to publish, sell, orotherwise control literary or artistic products for the life of the author plus 50 years. 3. Franchises: Agreements entered into by two parties in which, for a fee, one party (thefranchisor) gives the other party (the franchisee) rights to perform certain functions or sell certain products or services.4. Goodwill: The present value of expected future earnings of a business in excess of theearnings normally realized in the industry.5. Identifiable intangible asset: Intangibles that can be purchased or sold separately fromthe other assets of the company.6. Intangible assets: Those assets which are used in the operation of a business butwhich have no physical substance and are not current.7. Leases (or leaseholds): Intangible assets because a right to use the property is heldby the lessee.8. Patent: An exclusive right granted by the state government giving the owner control ofthe manufacturing, sale, or other use of an invention for a period of years from the date of filling.9. Research and development costs: Expenditures that may lead to patent, copy rights,new processes and new products.10. Trademarks: Distinctive identifications of a manufactured product or of a service,taking the form of a name, a sign, a slogan, a logo, or an emblem.Chapter 71. Available-for-sale securities: Securities that may be sold in the future.2. Consolidated financial statements: Financial statements that present the assets andliabilities controlled by the parent company and the aggregate profitability of the affiliated companies.3. Cost method: An accounting method in which the investment in common stock isrecorded at cost and revenue is recognized only when cash dividends are received.4. Debt investments: Investments in government and corporation bonds.5. Equity method: An accounting method in which the investment in common stock isinitially recorded at cost and the investment account is then adjusted annually to show the investor’s equity in the investee.6. Fair value: Amount for which a security could be sold in a normal market.7. Held-to-maturity securities: Debt securities that investor has the intent and ability tohold to maturity.8. Investment portfolio: A group of stocks in different corporations held for investmentpurposes.9. Long-term investments: Investments that are not readily marketable and thatmanagement does not intend to convert into cash within the next year or operating cycle, whichever is longer.10. Parent company: A company that owns more than 50% of the common stock ofanother entity.11. Short-term investments: Investments that are readily marketable and intend to convertinto cash within the next year or operating cycle, whichever is longer.12. Stock investments: Investments in the capital stock of corporations.13. Subsidiary (affiliated) company: A company in which more than 50% of its stock isowned by another company.14. Trading securities: Securities bought and held primarily for sale in the near term togenerate income on short-term price differences.Chapter 81. Amortization table: A schedule that indicates how installment payments are allocatedbetween interest expense and repayments of principal.2. Capital lease: A lease contract which, in essence, finances the eventual purchase bythe lessee of leased property. The lessor accounts for a capital lease as a sale of property; the lessee records an asset and a liability equal to the present value of the future lease payments. A capital lease is also called a financing lease.3. Commercial paper: Very short-term notes payable issued by financially strongcorporations. They are highly liquid from the investor’s point of view.4. Commitments: Contracts for the future transactions.5. Contra-liability account: A ledger account which is deducted from or offset against arelated liability account in the balance sheet; for example, Discount on Notes Payable.6. Convertible bond: One which may be changed at the option of the bondholder for aspecific number of shares of common stock.7. Deferred income taxes: Income taxes upon income which already has been reportedfor financial reporting purposes, but which will not be reported in income tax returns until future periods.8. Discount on notes payable: A contra-liability account representing any interestcharges applicable to future periods included in the face amount of a note payable.Over the life of the note, the balance of the Discount on Notes Payable account is amortized into Interest Expense.9. Deducted bond: Debenture bonds refer to an unsecured bond.10. Estimated liabilities: Liabilities which appear in financial statements at estimatedamounts.11. Long-term liabilities: Obligations that are not due for at least a year.12. Loss contingency: A possible loss, or expense, stemming from past events, that willbe resolved as to existence and amount by some future event.13. Mortgage bonds: Bonds secured by the pledge of specific assets.14. Operating lease: A lease contract which is in essence a rental agreement. The lesseehas the use of the leased property, but the lessor retains the usual risks and rewards of ownership. The periodic lease payments are accounted for as rent expense by the lessee and as rental revenue by the lessor.Chapter 91. Income: Income is defined as increases in economic benefits during the reportingperiod in the form of inflows or enhancements of assets or decreases of liabilities that result in increases in equity, other than those relating to contributions from equity participants. Income encompasses both revenue and gains.2. Revenue: Revenue is income that arises in the course of ordinary activities of anentity and is referred to by a variety of different names including sales, fees, interest, dividends and royalties.3. Gains: Gains represent other items that meet the definition of income and may, or maynot arise in the course of the ordinary activities of an entity.4. Accrued revenue: Accrued revenue is the revenue that has been earned but not yetcollected.5. Trade discounts: Trade discounts depend on the volume of the business or size oforder from the customer.6. Cash discounts: Cash discounts are offered to customers by some companies toencourage prompt payment of bills.7. Expenses: Expenses are outflows or using up of assets as part of operations of abusiness to generate sales.8. Employee expenses: Employee expenses are the entitlements which employeesaccumulate as a result of rendering their services to an employer.9. Depreciation (amortization): Depreciation is a periodic expense of operations and isassociated with the consumption or loss of service potential of non-current assets. 10. Bad (doubtful) debts expense: Bad debts expense is, in effect, a reduction of the“receivables” asset.11. Income taxes expense: Income taxes expense is the expense recognized in theaccounting records on an accrual basis that applies to income from continuing operations.12. Profit: Profit is the ultimate result of various operating activities of the enterprise in areporting period.13. Accounting policies: Accounting policies are the specific principles, bases,conventions, rules and practices adopted by an entity in preparing and presenting financial statements.14. Applicable profit: Applicable profit is assets that can be distributed to all kinds ofbeneficiaries.Chapter 101. Owner’s equity: Owner’s equity refers to the sources invested by owners or formed inthe course of the production and operation or other sourced shared by owners.2. Par value: The par value is an arbitrary dollar amount assigned to each share.3. Treasury stock: Treasury stock may be defined as shares of a corporation’s owncapital stock that have been issued and later reacquired by the issuing company but that have not been canceled or permanently retired.4. Capital reserve: Capital reserve refers to the capital which isn’t viewed as the paid-incapital or capital stock.5. Undistributed profit: Undistributed profit is the profit that is not distributed toshareholders but retained to the later years.Journal entries1. A company had the following transactions during January: Using the net method ofrecording purchases, prepare the journal entries to record these January transactions.Jan.2 Purchased merchandise, invoice price of $20 000, with terms 2/10, n/30.4 Received a credit memorandum for $4 000, the invoice price on merchandisereturned from the purchase of January 2.12 Purchased merchandise, invoice price of $15 000, with terms 3/15, n/30.26 Paid for the merchandise purchased on January 12.30 paid for the merchandise purchased on January 2.Answer:Jan.2 Merchandise …………………………………………………….19 600Accounts payable………………………………………………………19 6004 Accounts payable…………………………………………………3 920Merchandise………………………………………………………………3 92012 Merchandise……………………………………………………..14 550Accounts payable………………………………………………………14 55026 Accounts payable………………………………………………..14 550Cash……………………………………………………………………..14 55030 Accounts payable………………………………………………..15 680Expense (400)Cash………………………………………………………………………16 0802. The following series of transactions occurred during 2010 and 2011, when LinwoodCo. sold merchandise to John Moore. Linwood’s annual accounting period ends on December 31.10/01/2010 Sold $12 000 of merchandise to John Moore, terms 2/10, n/3011/15/2010 Moore reports that he cannot pay the account until the early next year. He agrees to exchange the account for a 120-day, 12% note receivable.12/31/2010 Prepared the adjusting journal entry to record accrued interest on the note.03/15/2011 Linwood receives a check from Moore for the maturity value (with interest) of the note.03/22/2011 Linwood receives notification that Moore’s check is being returned for nonsufficient funds (NSF).12/31/2011 Linwood writes off Moore’s account as uncollectible.Prepared Linwood Co.‘s journal entries to record the above transactions.The company uses the allowance method to account for its bad debt expenses.Answer:Oct.1, 2010 Accounts receivable—Moore……………………………..12 000Sales……………………………………………………………..12 000 Nov.15, 2010 Notes receivable……………………………………………12 000Accounts receivable—Moore........................................12 000 Dec.31,2010 Interest receivable (184)Interest revenue (184)($12 000 x 0.12 x 46/360 = $184)Mar.15, 2011 Cash…………………………………………………………..12 480Notes receivable………………………………………………...12 000Interest receivable (184)Interest earned (296)($12 000 x 0.12 x 74/360 = $296)Mar.22, 2011 Accounts receivable—Moore……………………………….12 480Cash…………………………………………………………….12 480 Dec.31, 2011 Allowance for doubtful accounts……………………………12 480Accounts receivable—Moore…………………………………12 4803. (a) A company purchased a patent on January 1, 2006, for $2 500 000. The patent’slegal life is 20 years but the company estimates that the patent’s useful life will only be5 years from the date of acquisition. On June 30, 2006, the company paid legal costsof $162 000 in successfully defending the patent in an infringement suit. Prepare the journal entry to amortize the patent at year end on December 31, 2006.(b) Suxia Company purchased a franchise from Yanyan Food Company for $400 000on January 1, 2006. The franchise is for an indefinite time period and gives Suxia Company the exclusive rights to sell Yanyan Wings in a particular territory. Prepare the journal entry to record the acquisition of the franchise and any necessary adjusting entry at year end on December 31, 2006.(c) Chenghe Company incurred research and development costs of $500 000 in 2006in developing a new product. Prepare the necessary journal entries during 2006 to record these events and any adjustments at year end on December 31, 2006.Answer:JOURNAL ENTRIES(a) December 31, 20×6Amortization Expense …………………………………………..518 000Patent………………………………………………………………… 518 000 (To record patent amortization.)$2 500 000 ÷ 5 years ……………………..$500 000$162 000 ÷ 54 months = …………………….$3 000$3 000×6……………………………………. $18 000$518 000(b) January 1, 20×6Franchise ………………………………………………………..400 000Cash………………………………………………………………. 400 000(To record acquisition of T astee Food franchise.)December 31, 20×6No amortization of the franchise is required since its life is indefinite.(c) 20×6Research and Development Expense……………………….. 500 000Cash………………………………………………………………. 500 000 (To record research and development expense for the Current year.)December 31—no entry.4. Suxia Company had the following transactions pertaining to short-term investments inequity securities.Jan.1 Purchased 900 shares of Chenghe Company stock for $9 450 cash plus brokerage fees of $ 270June.1 Received cash dividends of $0.50 per share on Chenghe Company stock.Sept.15 Sold 400 shares of Chenghe Company stock for $ 4 300 less brokerage fees of $100Dec.1 Received cash dividends of $0.50 per share on Chenghe Company stock.(a) Journalize the transactions.(b) Indicate the income statement effects of the transactions.Answer:(a) Jan. 1 Stock Investments……………………………………….. 9 720Cash..................................................................... 9 720 June 1 Cash (900 × $0.50) .. (450)Dividend Revenue (450)Sept. 15 Cash ($4 300 – $100)…………………………………. 4 200Loss on Sale of Stock Investments (120)Stock Investments (400 × ($9 720 ÷ 900)) ......................4 320 Dec. 1 Cash (500 × $0.50). (250)Dividend Revenue (250)(b) Dividend Revenue is reported under Other Revenues and Gains on theincome statement. Loss on Sale of Stock Investments is reported under Other Expenses and Losses on the income statement.5. Presented below are the three independent situations:(a) Henry Corporation purchased $ 400 000 of its bonds on June 30, 2005 at 102 andimmediately retired them. The carrying value of the bonds on the retirement date was $ 367 200. The bonds pay semiannual interest and the interest payment due on June 30, 2005 has been made and recorded.(b) Rose, Inc., purchased $600 000 of its bonds at 96 on June 30, 2005 andimmediately retired them. The carrying value of the bonds on the retirement date was $ 590 000. The bonds pay semiannual interest and the interest payment due on June 30, 2005 has been made and recorded.(c) Sealy Company has $200 000, 10%, 12-year convertible bonds outstanding.These bonds were sold at face value and pay semiannual interest on June 30 and December 31 of each year. The bonds are convertible into 80 shares of Sealy $ 5 par value common stock for each $ 1 000 par value bond. On December 31, 2005 after the bond interest has been paid, $ 50 000 par value of bonds were converted.The market value of Sealy’s common stock was $ 48 per share on December 31, 2005.Instruction: For each of the independent situations, prepare the journal entry to record the retirement or conversion of the bonds.Answer:(a) June 30 Bonds Payable……………………………………………. 400 000Loss on Bond Redemption……………………………….. 40 800Discount on Bonds Payable ………………………………………...32 800Cash …………………………………………………………………408 000($400 000 – $367 200 = $32 800)($400 000 × 102% = $408 000)(b) June 30 Bonds Payable……………………………………………. 600 000Discount on Bonds Payable………………………………………... 10 000Gain on Bond Redemption ………………………………………….14 000Cash………………………………………………………………… 576 000($600 000 – $590 000 =$10 000)($600 000 × 96% =$576 000)(c) Dec. 31 Bonds Payable………………………………………………. 50 000Common Stock…………………………………………………….. 20 000Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par …………………………………..30 000($5 × 80 × 50 =$20 000)6. Maia’s Bike Shop uses the perpetual inventory system and had the followingtransactions during the month of May:May 3 Sold merchandise to a customer on credit for $ 600, terms 2/10, n/30. The cost of the merchandise sold was $ 350.May 4 Sold merchandise to a customer for cash of $ 425. The cost of themerchandise was $ 250.May 6 Sold merchandise to a customer on credit for $ 1 300, terms 2/10, n/30. The cost of the merchandise sold was $ 750.May 8 The customer from May 3 returned merchandise with a selling price of $ 100.The cost of the merchandise returned was $ 55.May 15 The customer from May 6 paid the full amount due, less any appropriate discounts earned.May 31 The customer from May 3 paid the full amount due, less any appropriate discounts earned.Prepare the required journal entries that Maia’s Bike Shop must make to record these transactions.。
会计专业英语-Chapter4 Inventory and cost of goods sold
Chapter4 Inventory and cost of goods sold SpotlightDanny opened a supermarket named Happy Mall. There are variety kinds of inventories in the supermarket. The merchandise inventory is Happy Mall’s largest asset while the cost of goods sold is the largest expense. How to manage these inventories is the most important issue for the company. However, the cost of the purchase of each batch may be different. The different cost of goods sold may lead to different net income. So how to measure the cost of the inventory sold? How to measure the ending inventory?The management of inventory has significant impact to an entity, especially commercial enterprise. Reasonable inventory management can help the enterprise to calculate the profit and report the assets correctly. Through the control of the inventory, the enterprise can achieve the ultimate goal of inventory management-Improvement of economic benefit.Text1 Classifications of inventoryInventories are also called merchandise inventories. Inventories can include any of the followings:•Finished Goods product•Work in progress being produced•Materials•Purchased goods2 Inventory and cost of goods soldExhibit 4-1Financial statement Account StatusBalance sheet Inventory On handIncome statement Cost of goods sold Sold3 Gross profitFor merchandising firms, an initial step in assessing profitability is gross profit. Gross profit, also called gross margin, is the excess of sales revenue over cost of goods sold. It is the difference between sales revenues and the cost of goods sold.Gross profit= Sales revenue-cost of goods sold4 Accounting for inventoryThere are 2 main types of inventory accounting systems:•Periodic inventory system•Perpetual inventory system4.1 Periodic inventory systemThis system in which the cost of goods sold is computed periodically by relying solely on physical counts without keeping day-to-day records of units sold or on hand.The periodic inventory system does not involve a day-to-day record of inventories or of the cost of goods sold. Instead we compute the cost of goods sold and an updated inventory balance only at the end of an accounting period, when we take a physical count of inventory.Beginning balance+ Newly purchase-Cost of goods sold=Ending balanceCost of goods sold=Beginning balance+ Newly purchase-Ending balanceExhibit 4-2Goods available for sale -Inventory left over = Cost of goods sold 4.2 Perpetual inventory systemIt is a system that keeps a running, continuous record that tracks inventories and the cost of goods sold on a day-to-day basis. The daily record helps managers control inventory levels and prepare interim financial statements. In addition to this continuous record-keeping process, companies periodically physically count and value the inventory.No matter which method a company choose to manage its inventory, it should conduct a physical count at least once a year to check on the accuracy of the continuous record.Journal entry:①Inventory is purchased:Dr: Inventory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .XXXCr: Cash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX②Inventory is soldDr: Cash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXCr: Sales revenue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .XXXDr: Cost of goods sold. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .XXXCr: Inventory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .XXX5 The various inventory costing methodThere is a challenge to recognize the cost of goods sold. Because the unit price is different every time when purchase inventory.There are four accepted inventory method•Specific identification method•Average cost method•First-in, first out•Last in, first out5.1 Specific identification methodIt is also called specific identification method. Specific identification method concentrates on physically linking the particular items sold with the cost of goods sold that we report. Business cost their inventories at the specific cost of the particular unit. This method is relatively easy to use for expensive, low volume。
会计英语第四版参考答案
会计英语第四版参考答案Chapter 1: Introduction to Accounting1. What is accounting?- Accounting is the systematic recording, summarizing, and reporting of financial transactions and events of a business entity.2. What are the main functions of accounting?- The main functions of accounting are to providefinancial information for decision-making, ensure compliance with laws and regulations, and facilitate the management of a business.3. What are the two main branches of accounting?- The two main branches of accounting are financial accounting and management accounting.4. What is the purpose of financial accounting?- The purpose of financial accounting is to provide an accurate and fair representation of an entity's financial position and performance to external users.5. What is the double-entry bookkeeping system?- The double-entry bookkeeping system is a method of recording financial transactions in which every transactionis recorded twice, once as a debit and once as a credit, to maintain the equality of the accounting equation.Chapter 2: Accounting Concepts and Principles1. What are the fundamental accounting concepts?- The fundamental accounting concepts include the accrual basis of accounting, going concern, consistency, and materiality.2. What is the accrual basis of accounting?- The accrual basis of accounting records transactions when they occur, regardless of when cash is received or paid.3. What is the going concern assumption?- The going concern assumption is the premise that a business will continue to operate for the foreseeable future.4. What is the principle of consistency?- The principle of consistency requires that an entity should apply accounting policies consistently over time.5. What is the principle of materiality?- The principle of materiality states that only items that could potentially affect the decisions of users of financial statements are included in the financial statements.Chapter 3: The Accounting Equation and Financial Statements1. What is the accounting equation?- The accounting equation is Assets = Liabilities +Owner's Equity.2. What are the four main financial statements?- The four main financial statements are the balance sheet, income statement, statement of changes in equity, and cashflow statement.3. What is the purpose of the balance sheet?- The balance sheet provides a snapshot of an entity's financial position at a specific point in time.4. What is the purpose of the income statement?- The income statement reports the revenues, expenses, and net income of an entity over a period of time.5. What is the purpose of the cash flow statement?- The cash flow statement reports the cash inflows and outflows of an entity over a period of time.Chapter 4: Recording Transactions1. What is a journal entry?- A journal entry is the initial recording of atransaction in the general journal.2. What are the steps in the accounting cycle?- The steps in the accounting cycle are analyzing transactions, journalizing, posting, preparing a trial balance, adjusting entries, preparing financial statements, and closing entries.3. What is the difference between a debit and a credit?- A debit is an increase in assets or a decrease inliabilities or equity, while a credit is an increase in liabilities or equity or a decrease in assets.4. What are adjusting entries?- Adjusting entries are made at the end of an accounting period to ensure that revenues and expenses are recorded in the correct period.5. What is the purpose of closing entries?- Closing entries are made to transfer the balances of temporary accounts to the owner's equity account and to prepare the accounts for the next accounting period.Chapter 5: Accounting for Merchandising Businesses1. What is a merchandise inventory?- A merchandise inventory is the stock of goods held by a business for sale to customers.2. What is the cost of goods sold?- The cost of goods sold is the direct cost of producing the merchandise sold during an accounting period.3. What is the gross profit?- The gross profit is the difference between the sales revenue and the cost of goods sold.4. What is the difference between a perpetual and a periodic inventory system?- A perpetual inventory system updates inventory records in real-time with each sale or purchase, while a periodicinventory system updates inventory records at specific intervals, such as at the end of an accounting period.5. What is the retail method of inventory pricing?- The retail method of inventory pricing is a method of estimating the cost of ending inventory by applying a cost-to-retail ratio to the retail value of the inventory.Chapter 6: Accounting for Service Businesses1. What are the main differences in accounting for service businesses compared to merchandise businesses?- Service businesses do not have inventory and their primary expenses are typically labor and overhead costs.2. What is the main source of revenue for service businesses? - The main source of revenue for service businesses is the fees charged for the services provided.3. What are the typical expenses。
会计英语,第四章
C4 - 14
Advantages of Using Periodic Inventory
• The accounting records for inventory and
cost of goods sold are updated only at the end of the accounting period (month, year, etc.). • Thus, in the middle of the period, there is no record that shows how much inventory is on hand or how much has been sold (COGS). • This is an easy, inexpensive method.
C4 - 10
COGS Schedule
Assume that each unit cost $6
Units
Beg. Inventory + Purchases = Goods Available - End. Inventory = Cost of Goods Sold 3 8 11 5 6
Cost
C4 - 12
4-2 Two inventory systems
P110
• Two main systems for keeping merchandise inventory records:
–Perpetual inventory system - a system that keeps a running, continuous record that tracks inventories and the cost of goods sold on a day-to-day basis –Periodic inventory system - a system in which the cost of good sold is computed periodically by relying solely on physical counts without keeping day-to-day records of units sold or on hand.
《会计英语》Accounting04解读
4
Coins (硬币）
currency （纸币）
Cash is defined as any deposit banks will accept.
Checks
Money orders （汇票）
A cash equivalent is an investment that is readily convertible to a known amount of cash and is sufficiently close to its maturity date so that its market value is relatively insensitive to interest rate changes. 现金等价物是指企业持有至到期，容易兑换成确定金额的现 金，并且市场价值不随利率的变化有较大波动的一项投资。
June 15, 200x Petty Cash 250 Cash To open the petty cash fund
250
13
Example of Petty Cash Payments
• Jose is the petty cash custodian responsible for the fund. • On June 20, he purchased supplies in the amount of $70. • For each disbursement, he prepares a petty cash ticket. • At all times the amount of cash in the petty cash fund plus the petty cash tickets must equal $250.
会计英语PPT(完成版) Chapter 4-The Accounting Cycle
5
of
11
Posting to the General Ledger
The last step is to insert the ledger account number in the Posting Reference column (POST REF.) of the journal.
The last two steps both serve as a cross-reference, which enables us to trace a transaction from the journal to the ledger or from the ledger to the journal quickly. After the process of posting to the general ledger, the journal and the ledger should contain the same information
The accounting cycle usually can be divided into the following steps: ① analyzing transactions from source documents; ② posting journal entries to ledger accounts; ③ preparing a trial balance; ④ completing a work sheet; ⑤ preparing financial statements.
6
of
11Trial Balan来自eThe trial balance is a two- column schedule listing the names and balances of all the accounts appearing in the ledger with the purpose of verifying clerical accuracy and preparing financial statements. The debit balances are listed in the left-hand column and the credit balances in the right-hand column. Because the amounts of debits and credits are equal, the sum of all the debits in the ledger must be the same as the sum of all the credits.
实用会计英语unit4简明教程PPT课件
4-2
实用会计英语 / Practical Accounting English
Guidance 学习指导
Contents
04
【Unit 04】
Accounting for Manufacturing Business
1 2 3
4-3
【 LESSON 】
MANUFACTURING BUSINESS AND ITS OPERATING CYCLE
MODULE 1
A. Reading material
1. Operation cycle of a manufacturing business The major operational activities of manufacturing businesses are purchase, manufacturing and sale of products. Examples of manufacturing business include General Motors produces automobiles, Nike produces Athletic shoes, Coca-cola produces beverages and Sony produces stereos, televisions and radios, etc. Most of the accounting procedure discussed in previous lessons applies equally to manufacturing business.
1. 制造企业的经营活动 制造业企业的主要经营 活动包括采购、生产和销售 产品。前面课程中所讲到的 大部分内容对制造业的会计 核算都适用。4ຫໍສະໝຸດ 7MODULE 2 手不释卷
会计英语Chapter04
会计英语Chapter04Summary of Questions by Difficulty Level (DL) and Learning Objective (LO) True/FalseItem DL LO Item DL LO Item DL LO1.Easy C1 22.Easy C3 43.Med P12.Easy C1 23.Med C3 44.Med P13.Easy C1 24.Med C3 45.Med P14.Easy C1 25.Med C3 46.Med P15.Easy C1 26.Med C3 47.Med P16.Med C1 27.Med C3 48.Med P17.Med C1 28.Med C3 49.Med P18.Med C1 29.Easy C3 50.Easy P29.Med C1 30.Easy A1 51.Med P210.Med C1 31.Easy A1 52.Med P211.Med C1 32.Med A1 53.Med P212.Med C1 33.Med A1 54.Med P213.Med C1 34.Hard A1 55.Med P214.Hard C1 35.Easy P1 56.Med P215.Easy C2 36.Easy P1 57.Hard P216.Easy C2 37.Easy P1 58.Hard P217.Med C2 38.Easy P1 59.Easy P318.Hard C2 39.Easy P1 60.Easy P319.Easy C3 40.Med P1 61.Med P320.Easy C3 41.Med P1 62.Easy P421.Easy C3 42.Med P1 63.Easy P4Multiple ChoiceItem DL LO Item DL LO Item DL LO64.Easy C1 81. Hard A1 98. Med P265.Easy C1 82. Easy P1 99. Med P266.Med C1 83. Med P1 100. Med P267.Med C1 84. Med P1 101. Med P268.Med C1 85. Med P1 102. Hard P269.Med C1 86. Med P1 103. Med P270.Med C1 87. Med P1 104. Hard P271.Med C1 88. Med P1 105. Hard P272.Med C1 89. Med P1 106. Hard P273.Med C2 90. Med P1 107. Med P374.Med C2 91. Med P1 108. Med P375.Easy C3 92. Med P1 109. Med P376.Easy C3 93. Med P1 110. Med P377.Med C3 94. Hard P1 111. Med P478.Med C3 95. Med P2 112. Med P479.Med C3 96. Med P2 113. Med P480.Med A1 97. Med P2 114. Med P4MatchingItem DL LO Item DL LO Item DL LO 115. Med C1,C2 116. Med C1-C3 117. Med C3 P1-P3 A1Short EssayItem DL LO Item DL LO Item DL LO 118. Med C1 122. Med A1 126. Med P2 119. Med C1 123. Med P1 127. Med P3 120. Med C2 124. Hard P1 128. Hard P4 121. Med C3 125. Med P2 ProblemsItem DL LO Item DL LO Item DL LO 129. Med C1 136. Hard P1 143. Med P2 130. Med C1 137. Hard P1 144. Hard P2,P3 131. Med C2 138. Hard P1 145. Hard P2,P3 132. Hard C3 139. Easy P2 146. Easy P4 133. Hard C3,A1 140. Med P2 147. Med P4 134. Med A1 141. Med P2135. Med P1 142. Med P2Completion ProblemsItem DL LO Item DL LO Item DL LO 148. Easy C1 152. Easy C2 156. Easy P1 149. Easy C1 153. Med C3 157. Med P3 150. Easy C1 154. Med C3 158. Hard P4 151. Easy C1 155. Med A1 ProblemsItem DL LO Item DL LO Item DL LO 159. Hard P1 161. Hard C3, A1 163. Hard P4 160. Hard C3 162. Hard P4True / False Questions1. Accounts that appear in the balance sheet are often called temporary (nominal) accounts. FALSEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Decision MakingDifficulty: EasyLearning Objective: C12. Income Summary is a temporary account only used for the closing process.TRUEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Decision MakingDifficulty: EasyLearning Objective: C13. Revenue accounts should begin each accounting period with zero balances.TRUEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Decision MakingDifficulty: EasyLearning Objective: C14. Closing revenue and expense accounts at the end of the accounting period serves to make the revenue and expense accounts ready for use in the next period.TRUEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Decision MakingDifficulty: EasyLearning Objective: C15. The closing process takes place after financial statements have been prepared.TRUEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Decision MakingDifficulty: EasyLearning Objective: C16. Revenue and expense accounts are permanent (real)accounts and should not be closed at the end of the accounting period.FALSEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Decision MakingDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: C17. Closing entries result in revenues and expenses being reflected in the owner's capital account.TRUEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Decision MakingDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: C18. The closing process is a step in the accounting cycle that prepares accounts for the next accounting period.TRUEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Decision MakingDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: C19. The closing process is a two-step process. First revenue, expense, and withdrawals are set toa zero balance. Second, the process summarizes a period's assets and expenses.FALSEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Decision MakingDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: C110. Closing entries are required at the end of each accounting period to close all ledger accounts.FALSEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Decision MakingDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: C111. Closing entries are designed to transfer the end-of-period balances in the revenue accounts, the expense accounts, and the withdrawals account to owner's capital.TRUEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Decision MakingDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: C112. The Income Summary account is a permanent account that will be carried forward period after period.FALSEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Decision MakingDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: C113. Closing entries are necessary so that owner's capital willbegin each period with a zero balance.FALSEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Decision MakingDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: C114. Permanent accounts carry their balances into the next accounting period. Moreover, asset, liability and revenue accounts are not closed as long as a company continues in business. FALSEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Decision MakingDifficulty: HardLearning Objective: C115. The first step in the accounting cycle is to analyze transactions and events to prepare for journalizing.TRUEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Decision MakingDifficulty: EasyLearning Objective: C216. The accounting cycle refers to the sequence of steps in preparing the work sheet. FALSEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Decision MakingDifficulty: EasyLearning Objective: C217. The first five steps in the accounting cycle include analyzing transactions, journalizing, posting, preparing an unadjusted trial balance, and recording adjusting entries.TRUEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Decision MakingDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: C218. The last four steps in the accounting cycle include preparing the adjusted trial balance, preparing financial statements and recording closing and adjusting entries.FALSEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Decision MakingDifficulty: HardLearning Objective: C219. A classified balance sheet organizes assets and liabilities into important subgroups that provide more information to decision makers.TRUEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: ReportingDifficulty: EasyLearning Objective: C320. An unclassified balance sheet provides more information to users than a classified balance sheet.FALSEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: ReportingDifficulty: EasyLearning Objective: C321. Current assets and current liabilities are expected to be used up or come due within one year or the company's operating cycle whichever is longer.TRUEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: ReportingDifficulty: EasyLearning Objective: C322. Intangible assets are long-term resources that benefit business operations that usually lack physical form and have uncertain benefits.TRUEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: ReportingDifficulty: EasyLearning Objective: C323. Assets are often classified into current assets, long-term investments, plant assets, and intangible assets.TRUEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: ReportingDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: C324. Current liabilities are cash and other resources that are expected to be sold, collected or used within one year or the company's operating cycle whichever is longer.FALSEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: ReportingDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: C325. Long-term investments can include land held for future expansion.TRUEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: ReportingDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: C326. Plant assets and intangible assets are usually long-term assets used to produce or sell products and services.TRUEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: ReportingDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: C327. Current liabilities include accounts receivable, unearned revenues, and salaries payable. FALSEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: ReportingDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: C328. Cash and office supplies are both classified as current assets.TRUEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: ReportingDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: C329. Plant assets are also called fixed assets or property, plant, and equipment.TRUEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: ReportingDifficulty: EasyLearning Objective: C330. The current ratio is used to help assess a company's ability to pay its debts in the near future.TRUEAACSB: AnalyticAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Risk AnalysisDifficulty: EasyLearning Objective: A131. The current ratio is computed by dividing current liabilities by current assets.FALSEAACSB: AnalyticAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Risk AnalysisDifficulty: EasyLearning Objective: A132. Harley-Davidson's current assets are $400 million and its current liabilities are $250 million. Its current ratio is 0.63.FALSE$400/$250 = 1.6AACSB: AnalyticAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Risk AnalysisDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: A133. A company has current assets of $15,000 and current liabilities of $9,500. Its current ratio is 1.6TRUE$15,000/$9,500 = 1.6AACSB: AnalyticAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Risk AnalysisDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: A134. Harley-Davidson's current ratio is 1.3. The industry average for the current ratio is 1.2. This indicates that Harley-Davidson can cover its short term liabilities with its short term assets. TRUEAACSB: AnalyticAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Risk AnalysisDifficulty: HardLearning Objective: A135. A work sheet is a tool to help bring together information needed in adjusting the accounts and preparing the financial statements.TRUEAACSB: TechnologyAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Leveraging TechnologyDifficulty: EasyLearning Objective: P136. Adjustments must be entered in the journal and posted to the ledger after the work sheet is prepared.TRUEAACSB: TechnologyAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Leveraging TechnologyDifficulty: EasyLearning Objective: P137. The work sheet is a book of original entry used to record transactions and events as they occur.FALSEAACSB: TechnologyAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Leveraging TechnologyDifficulty: EasyLearning Objective: P138. The work sheet is a required financial statement.FALSEAACSB: TechnologyAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Leveraging TechnologyDifficulty: EasyLearning Objective: P139. A work sheet is a substitute for the set of financial statements.FALSEAACSB: TechnologyAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Leveraging TechnologyDifficulty: EasyLearning Objective: P140. All necessary numbers to prepare the income statement can be taken from the income statement columns of the work sheet, including the net income or net loss.TRUEAACSB: TechnologyAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Leveraging TechnologyDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: P141. On a work sheet, a loss is indicated if the total of the Income Statement Debit column exceeds the total of the Income Statement Credit column.TRUEAACSB: TechnologyAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Leveraging TechnologyDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: P142. If all columns balance upon completion of a work sheet, you can be sure that no errors were made in preparing the work sheet.FALSEAACSB: TechnologyAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Leveraging TechnologyDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: P143. Closing entries are normally entered in the general journal and then posted to the work sheet.FALSEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Decision MakingDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: P144. Adjusting entries are normally entered in the general journal before they are posted to the work sheet.FALSEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Decision MakingDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: P145. On a work sheet, the adjusted balances of revenues and expenses are sorted to the Income Statement columns of the work sheet.TRUEAACSB: TechnologyAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Leveraging TechnologyDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: P146. On the work sheet, net income is entered in the Income Statement Credit column as well as the Balance Sheet or Statement of Owner's Equity Debit column.FALSEAACSB: TechnologyAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Leveraging TechnologyDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: P147. All necessary numbers to prepare the balance sheet can be found in the balance sheet columns of the work sheet including ending owner's capital.FALSEAACSB: TechnologyAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Leveraging TechnologyDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: P148. A worksheet can be helpful in showing the effects of proposed or "what if" transactions, as well as being useful in helping to prepare end-of-period financial statements.TRUEAACSB: TechnologyAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Leveraging TechnologyDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: P149. Since it is an important financial statement, the trial balance must be prepared according to specified accounting procedures.FALSEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: ReportingDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: P150. An expense account is normally closed by debiting Income Summary and crediting the expense account.TRUEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Decision MakingDifficulty: EasyLearning Objective: P251. The withdrawals account is normally closed by debiting it.FALSEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Decision MakingDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: P252. After posting the entries to close all revenue accounts and all expense accounts, the Income Summary account of Waif Services has a $4,000 debit balance. This result implies that WaifServices earned a net income of $4,000.FALSEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Decision MakingDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: P253. After posting the entries to close all revenue and expense accounts, Hatfield Company's Income Summary account has a credit balance of $6,000, and its Hatfield, Withdrawals account has a debit balance of $2,500. These balances indicate that net income for the current accounting period amounted to $3,500.FALSEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Decision MakingDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: P254. The Income Summary account is closed to the owner's capital account.TRUEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Decision MakingDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: P255. When expenses exceed revenues, there is a net loss and the Income Summary account would have a credit balance.FALSEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Decision MakingDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: P256. The Income Summary account is used to close the permanent accounts at the end of an accounting period.FALSEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Decision MakingDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: P257. The steps in the closing process are (1) close credit balances in revenue accounts to Income Summary; (2) close credit balances in expense accounts to Income Summary; (3) close Income Summary to Owner's Capital; (4) close Withdrawals to Owner's Capital.FALSEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Decision MakingDifficulty: HardLearning Objective: P258. The usual third closing entry is to close Owner's Capital to the Owner's Withdrawals account.FALSEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Decision MakingDifficulty: HardLearning Objective: P259. A post-closing trial balance is a list of permanent accounts and their balances from the ledger after all closing entries are journalized and posted.TRUEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Decision MakingDifficulty: EasyLearning Objective: P360. The aim of a post-closing trial balance is to verify that (1) total debits equal total credits for temporary accounts, and (2) all temporary accounts have zero balances.FALSEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Decision MakingDifficulty: EasyLearning Objective: P361. A company's post-closing trial balance has a debit total of $40,350 and a credit total of $40,650. Accordingly, the company should review for errors in the closing process.TRUEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Decision MakingDifficulty: MediumLearning Objective: P362. Reversing entries are optional.TRUEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Decision MakingDifficulty: EasyLearning Objective: P463. Reversing entries adjust the accrued assets and accrued liabilities that were created by adjusting entries at the end of the prior accounting period.TRUEAACSB: CommunicationsAICPA BB: IndustryAICPA FN: Decision MakingDifficulty: EasyLearning Objective: P4。
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Photocopy Equipment
542
Depreciation Expense,
Office Equipment
543
4-10
Commonly Used Accounts
The designation of accounts must reflect the nature of the company’s business and the needs of its management.
Assets
Liabilities
Cash (at Bank)
111
Notes Payable
211
Notes Receivable
112
Accounts Payable
212
Accounts Receivable
113
Unearned Photocopy Fees
213
Photocopy Fees Receivable 114 Wages Payable
Accounts Receivable
In accounting, some important accounts are used widely and commonly in each company.
4-11
Commonly Used Accounts
Asset Accounts Liability Accounts Owner’s Equity Accounts
4-3
Accounts
An account is the basic storage unit for accounting data. An accounting system has separate accounts for each asset, each liability, and each component of owner’s equity, including revenues and expenses.
Accumulated depreciation,
Expenses
Photocopy Equipment
145 Office Salary Expense
511
Office Equipment
146 Utility Expense
512
Accumulated Depreciation,
Telephone Expense
Building
142 Income Summary
313
Accumulated depreciation,
Building
143 Revenues
Photocopy Equipment
144 Photocopy Fees Earned
411
4-9
Chart of Accounts for George Ross Photocopy
513
Office Equipment
147 Rent Expense
514
Insurance Expense
515
Photocopy Supplies Expense 516
Office Supplies Expense
517
Depreciation Expense,
Buildings
541
Depreciation Expense,
In most cases, a three-digit system is used in a business.
4-6
Accounts
In a three-digit system, the first digit refers to the major financial statement classifications.
214
Photocopy Supplies
115 Mortgage Payable
221
Office Supplies
116
Prepaid Rent
117 Owner’s Equity
Prepaid Insurance
118 George Ross, Capital
311
Land
141 George Ross, Withdrawals 312
Accounts for the purchase of its stock merchandise
4-5
Accounts
To be able to find an account in the ledger easily and to identify accounts, an accountant often numbers them.
4-12
Asset Accounts
Asset accounts
4-13
Asset Accounts
Asset Accounts
Current Assets
Long-term Assets
Cash
Physical substance
Notes Receivable
Intangible assets
1
Assets
4 Revenues
2
Liability
5 Expenses
3
Owner’s equity
4-7
Accounts
Now, let’s look at an example of
George Ross Photocopy Company
…
4-8
Chart of Accounts for George Ross Photocopy
4-1
CHAPTER 4
Acciness transactions should be sorted out and classified.
To record the transactions in the accounts can make financial statements and other reports prepared quickly and easily.
4-4
Accounts
Different types of businesses will have different accounts.
Manufacturing business
A retailer
Accounts for its various manufacturing costs to report the cost of goods sold