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《英语专业八级人文知识》(英语国家概况部分)征服冲击波

《英语专业八级人文知识》(英语国家概况部分)征服冲击波

《英语专业八级人文知识》(英语国家概况部分)征服冲击波系列美国部分1. The traditional dividing line in America between "east" and "west" is _______.A. the Mississippi river.B. the Appalachians.C. the Rocky Mountains.D. the Hudson river.2. Which part m America is the earliest to be found and taken over by early settlerA. The Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain.B. The Appalachians and their foothills.C. The interior lowlands.D.The Cordillera.3. Which is the largest racial group in the whole population of U.S. A?A. Hispanics.B. American Indians.C. Non-Hispanics white.D. Asian Americans.4. Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is ________.A. Latinos/HispanicsB. Asian AmericansC. Native AmericansD. African Americans5._______ has the world's oldest written constitution and political party.A.AmericaB.CanadaC.EnglandD.Australia6. As to roles of American president, which is NOT precisely defined in the U.! Constitution?A. He is the head of the state.B.He is the chief executive of the U. S. .C.He is the commander in chief of the aimed forces.D. He is the head of his political party.7. The economic problem caused by the depression in 1929 was eventually solved IA. The New DealB. World War nC. New energy sourcesD. Technological changes8. In the United States, how many years does primary education require?A. Four years.B. Five years.C. Six years.D. Seven years.9. Most college students in the United States are in _______.A. private institutionsB. city-funded universitiesC .high-tuition universitiesD .public institutions10.The three main levels of courts of the federal judicial system in America are as fol- lows EXCEPT _______.A.the United States State CourtsB.the United States District CourtsC.the United States Courts of AppealD.the United States Supreme Court11. All states of America are governed by the common law EXCEPT _______.A. LouisianaB.WashingtonC.California D .New York12 .Of the fifty states of America, how many states now have the death penalty as punishment?A.37.B.38.C.39.D.40.13. The four major regions of the United States are _______.A.NortheastB. SouthC. MidwestD.WestE. NorthA.ABCD.B.ACDE.C.BCDE.D.ABCE.14 .Which region's cultural character was shaped largely by Puritan spirit?A. The Middle-Atlantic Region.B. The New England Region.C. The Pennsylvanian Region.D. The Mormon Region.15._____ is the latest state in terms of size and population in America.A. CaliforniaB. IndianaC. KansasD. Massachusetts16. Which of the following is NOT in Middle-Atlantic Region?A.Broadway.B. The Statue of liberty.C.Time Square.D.Bible Belt.17. Which of the following is NOT the characteristic of American characters?A. Ambition.B. Individualism.C. Consideration.D. Self-reliance.18. Which of the following is NOT America's newspaper?A. Wall Street Journal.A Today.C. Guardian.D. The Milwaukee Journal.19. Which of the following are U. S. News and Cable network?a.ABCb.NBCc.BBCd.ABAA.abB.bcC.cdD.ad20."Hollywood"is often used as a synonym for _______.A. American filmsB. American forest industryC. Christians in the U. S. AD. American advertising industry21. The most important and largest river in the United States of America isA. the Ohio RiverB. the Colorado RiverC. the Missouri RiverD. the Mississippi River22. The north-eastern part of the United States-New England enjoys a ___climate.A. northern and oceanic type ofB. typical continentalC. very coldD. fairly warns23. To the west of mainland America lies theA. Atlantic OceanB. Pacific OceanC. Indian OceanD. Arctic Ocean24. Detroit, a U. S. city bordering Lake Erie, is famous for itsA. automobile industryB. textile industryC. iron and steel industryD. aircraft industry25. The natives of the continent of America are theA. CanadiansB. IndiansC. MexicansD. Hispanics26. Thanksgiving Day is celebrated inA. BritainB. Britain and U. S. AC. the United StatesD. all the English-speaking countries27. is the largest city and the chief port of the United States.A. Washington D. C.B. Los AngelesC. San FranciscoD. New York City28. Which of the following minority groups enjoys the worst social and economic conditions?A. Blacks.B. Hispanics.C. Indians.D. Asian Americans.29. Which of the following is NOT in New York City?A. Wall Street.B. Fifth Avenue.C. Broadway Street.D. Niagara Falls.30. Washington D. C. is namedA. after the U. S. President George WashingtonB. after Christopher ColumbusC. after both George Washington and Christopher ColumbusD. after none of them31. The U. S. Congress has the power to make these laws except of _-A. defenseB. citizenship and naturalizationC. marriageD. the regulation of foreign trade32. American and British English are two of the English language.A. varietiesB. elementsC. partsD. forms33. The first American president to be elected from the Republican Party wasA. Thomas JeffersonB. James MonroeC. James MadisonD. Abraham Lincoln34. Of the fifty states, the smallest state in area isA. Rhode IslandB. VirginiaC. TexasD. Montana35. The national flag of the United States is known asA. the Star-Spangled BannerB. Uncle SamC. Hot DogD. Union Jack36.7he colony that did NOT send representatives to the First Continental CongresswasA. GeorgiaB. VugirriaC. MassachusettsD. Rhode Island37. The number of the Representatives from each American state depends on theA. contribution a state has made to the rationB. populationC. sizeD. none of the above38. The tenn "Fattier of Waters" is used to refer toA. the Amazon RiverB. the Mississippi RiverC. the Nile RiverD. the Hudson River39. The statue of liberty was given to American people by as a gift in 1884.A. FranceB. SpainC. ItalyD. Britain40. music is perhaps America's greatest contribution to the world of popular music.A. BluesB. RockC. JazzD. Waltz41. is a special day of loveA. Valentine's DayB. April fool's dayC. HalloweenD. Easter42. American national flower isA. violetB. roseC. lilyD. primrose43. Whose presidential tern is the longest?A. George WashingtonB. Thomas JeffersonC. Abraham LincolnD. Franklin D. Roosevelt44. Ernest Hemingway isA. EnglishmanB. AmericanC. DutchD. Denmark45. John Fitzgerald Kennedy is the president.A. 35thB. 34thC. 33rdD. 32nd46. In 1837, the first college-level institution for women, Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, opened in to serve the "Muslim sex" .A. New EnglandB. VirginiaC. MassachusettsD. New York47 . The capital of Massachusetts isA. ProvidenceB. BostonC. MontpelierD. Augusta48. is the dividing line between the South and North.A. The Hudson RiverB. The Potomac RiverC. The Ohio RiverD. The Missouri River49. is Washington's largest city.A. BoiseB. DenverC. TacomaD. Seattle50. Washington D. C. , the capital of U. S. is situated on the River bankA. St. LawrenceB. HudsonC. PotomacD. Missouri51. When did the American Civil War break out?A.1775.B.1812.C.1861.D.18W .52. Who prepared the draft of the Declaration of Independence?A. John Adams.B. Thomas Jefferson.C. Benjamin Franklin.D. John Hancock.53. In which day is Halloween celebrated?A.5 November.B.31 October..C .17 March. D. 25 December.54. the following were the founding fathers of the American Republic exceptA. George WashingtonB. Thomas JeffersonC. William PennD. Benjamiin Franklin55. The New Deal was started byA. Franklin RooseveltB. J. F. KennedyC. George WashingtonD. Thomas Jefferson56. The United States was rated in the world in terms of land area.A. secondB. thirdC. fourthD. fifth57. The expenditure in American public schools is guided or decided byA. teachersB. studentsC. headmasterD. boards of education}"58. The Bill of Rights consists ofA.10 very short paragraphs in an amendmentB.10 amendments adopted in 1787C.10 amendments added to the Constitution in 1791D. the amendments concerning the freedom of speech, the freedom of the pressand the freedom of religion59. The United States produces ass much as half of the world's _A. wheat and riceB. cottonC. tobacco and vegetable oilD. soybeans and corn60. Which invention marked the beginning of "The Age of Visual Information" ?A. Newspaper.B. Telegraph.C. Laundry machine.D. Television.61. The theory of American politics and the American Revolution originated mainlyfromA. George WashingtonB. Thomas JeffersonC. John Adams D .John Locke62.The District of Manhattan is in the city ofA. Washington D. C.B.San FranciscoC. New YorkD. Chicago63. The sears in the Senate are allocated to different statesA. according to their populationB. according to their sizeC. according to their tax paid to federal governmentD. equally64. The Rocky Mountains is located inA. Great BritainB. AustraliaC. South AfricaD. North America65. Hollywood, the centre of American movie industry, is closest to which city?A. Los Angeles.B. Chicago.C. New York.D. Washington.66. Which of the following is an American newspaper?A. The Guardian.B. Newsweek.C . The International Herald Tribune. D. The Daily Telegraph.67. The U.S. is called a " melting pot" becauseA. its steel industry is highly developedB. it has great influence on the worldC -it is an important economic center of the worldD .people from different races live there together68. The first Puritans came to America on the shipA. CodpeedB. Susan ConstantC. May FlowerD. Discovery69. Americans celebrate Memorial Day on the last Monday in May to honor those,haveA. given their lives for their countryB. made great; scientific discoveriesC. won American great reputation in sportsD . donated large amounts of money to the country70. "'Trick or Treat" is a phase that children often use when they celebrateA. New Year's DayB. Veteran's DayC. HalloweenD. Christmas71 . The Easter egg and the hare, two of the symbols most frequently associatedEaster, are considered to representA. vigor and bravery B . fertility and new lifeC. originality and speedD. happiness and fun72.Which of the following books is not written by Mark Twain, whose real name is Samuel Langhorne Clemens?A. The Adventures of Tom SawyerB. The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnC. Life on the MississippiD. Leaves of Grass73. Which of the following books is written by Washington Irving?A. NatureB. The Scarlet LetterC. The Sketch BookD. Farewell to Arms74. The world-famous Harvard University is inA. MassachusettsB. New YorkC. WashingtonD. C. D. Maine75. Which of the following statements about American education is wrong?A. Elementary and secondary education in America is free and compulsoryB. Private schools are financially supported by religious or nonreligious private organizations orindividualsC. There are more public colleges and universities than the private onesD. Credits taken at community colleges are normally applicable to requirement for a four-yearbachelor's degree76. is a symbol of American theatre and world-class entertainment.A. BroadwayB. Wall StreetC. The Fifth AvenueD. Times Square77. is not a tourist attraction in the United States.A. Yellowstone National ParkB. Grand CanyonC. St. Patrick's CathedralD. Stonehenge78. was an actor before he became the President.A. Ronald ReaganB. Abraham LincolnC. Herbert HooverD. Jimmy Carter79. New Englanders were originally known as , which come to stand for all Americans.A. HippiesB. YankeesC. Uncle SamD. Brother Jonathan80. On the 30th of April, 1789, George Washington took the oath of office inwhich housed the government then.A. New YorkB. Washington D.C.C. PhiladelphiaD. Boston81. Which of the following people was not an American President?A. John HancockB. John AdamsC. John Q. AdamsD. Jimmy Carter82 . Henry Ford was the first than toA. design a planeB. fly an aeroplaneC. mass-produce carsD. design and make a car83. "That government of the people, by the people, for the people, . . . " werewords byA. Thomas JeffersonB. Abraham LincolnC. Andrew Johnson D .Theodore Roosevelt84. State is in the North-West of the United States.A. MissouriB. MarylandC. New YorkD. Washington85. The famous Silicon Valley is in the state ofA. TexasB. IdahoC. IllinoisD. California.86. Of the five Great Lakes, is the only lake that lies entirely in the US.A. Lake ErieB. Lake HuronC. Lake MichiganD. Lake Superior87. In the United States, the largest groups of native Americans live on___A. the Great PlainsB. the Pacific coastC. the Colorado PlateauD. the Appalachian Mountains88. The symbol for the Democratic Party in the United States isA. the bullB.the bearC. the donkeyD. the elephant89. is often used to refer to the US Department of Defense.A. Capitol HillB. The PentagonC .The White House D.The Empire State Building90. The American government is divided into three branches with each having its ownpowers. This is calledA. absolute monarchyB. balance of powersC. checks and balancesD. separation of government91. President George W. Bush, the 43rd President of the United States, is a MemberOfA. Whig PartyB. the Democratic PartyC. Federalist PartyD. the Republican Party92. In the United States, NASA is the acronym forA. National Aeronautics & Space Adrnini-trationB. National Autograss Sports AssociationC. Nice And Safe AttitudeD. National Association of Students of Architecture93. When Neil Armstrong, one of the three crew, first landed on the moon on July 20, 1969, he said, "That's one small step for man, one giant leap formankind. "A. Apollo 11B. Apollo 12C. Apollo 15D. Apollo 1794. The inventor of lightning rod isA. Benjamin FranklinB. Thomas JeffersonC. Albert EinsteinD. Thomas Edison95. , the tallest building in North America was built iru 1974 in Chicago.A. Sears TowerB. Empire State BuildingC. John Hancock CenterD. Aon Center96. The most popular spectator sports in the United States isA. rugbyB. cricketC. footballD. American football97. Why is the United States called "a nation on the wheels"?A. Because Americans love making carsB. Because Americans depend much on cars in their daily lifeC. Because Americans constantly move from city to city in their carsD. Because the car industry has earned the United States its reputation98. music is a native American music and its origins lie in the folk songs of the English, Scottish, and Irish.A. JazzB. Hip PopC. Rock and RollD. Country and Western99. Up to now, is the country' s leading state in oil and natural gas deposits .A. TexasB. FloridaC. Rhode IslandD. North Dakota100. Which of the following corporations is not an automobile giant in AmericaA. FordB. ChryslerC. General MotorsD. International Business Machines练习题答案及题解1.A2.A3.C4. D5.A6.D7.B8.C9.D10. A11.A12 B 13. A14B 15. A 16. D 17. C 18. C 19.A 20. A21.D 22. B23. B24. A25. B 26. C 27. D 28. A 29D30. C31.C 32.A 33. D 34 A 35. A 36. A 37.B 38. B39. A 40. C41.A 42. B 43. D 44. B 45. A 46. C 47. B 48. D 50. C51. C 53. B 54. C 55. A 56. C 57. D 58. C 59. D60. D61.D.62. C 63. D64. D 65. A 66. B 67. D 68. C 69. A 70. C71.B 72. D 73. C 74. A 75.C 76. A 77. D 78. A 79.B80. A81.A 82. C 83.B 84. D 85. D 86. C 87. C 88. C 89. B90. C91.D 92.A 93. A 94. A 95.A 96. D 97. B 98. D 99. A100. D 。

专八英语国家概况总汇

专八英语国家概况总汇

专八英语国家概况总汇美国:最大的烟草生产与消费国,稻米出口位居第二,仅次于泰国,玉米产量占总量50%(Iowa 地名)1、美国:the States , the US , Uncle Sam2、国旗:50 stars , white, red, blue3、Location: Western Hemisphere4、人口排名:中国,印度,美国,5、陆地:俄国,中国,美国,加拿大(除了湖泊6、独立战争,发源地:New England7、汽车之都:Detroit8、工商业中心:Chicago9、丰富的矿产资源:南方10、Colorado: the steel city of the west(西部钢城)11、Denver: the largest city of the Great Plains12、The Grand Canyon: one of nature’s most impressive sights13、Los Angeles: 太平洋海岸最大最繁忙的商业城市,第二大城市(排名:纽约,洛杉矶,芝加哥)14、San Francisco: 加利福利亚第二大城市15、Hawaii 首都:Honolulu 盛产: 甘蔗(sugar lane)与菠萝(pineapple)16、纽约:“世界之都”别称:“big Apple”“Gotham”17、Boston: Massachusetts的首府和最大城市“美国雅典”18、Atlantic: 三大高地城市之一(CNN和Coco-Cola 都在Atlantic)19、一战后,世界金融中心从伦敦转为纽约山脉:1、Appalachian Mountains(阿巴拉契亚山脉):northeast tosouthwest2、Rocky Mountains: backbone of the North American continent(北美大陆的脊梁), be knownas the Continental Divide(大陆分水岭)3、The Great Central Plain(中部大平原): between the Rocky and Appalachian4、The Cordillera Rang(西部科迪勒拉山区)河流与湖泊:1、The Mississippi River: Father of waters or “Old Man River”2、Ohio River(俄亥俄河): called the American Ruhr(鲁尔河)3、The Colorado(科罗拉多河in the south) and the Columbia(哥伦比亚河in Canada)4、The Rio Grande River(格兰德河) :between Mexico and the United States5、The Hudson(哈得孙河): meets the Atlantic Ocean at New York City6、The Potomac(波托马克河): borders the national capital of Washington7、The Great Lakes(五大湖): Lake Superior(苏比利尔湖), Lake Michigan(密歇根湖the onlyone entirely in the US), Lake Huron(休伦湖), Lake Erie(伊利湖), Lake Ontario(安大略湖): all located between Canada and the US except Lake Michigan历史:1、1492年,(意)哥伦布发现了新大陆2、英国第一个殖民地:Virginia 的Jamestown,在1607-1733之间,建立了13个殖民地,最后一个是Georgia3、13个英国殖民地于1776年宣布独立,同年,通过《独立宣言》4、1781年,《Articles of Confederation and PerpetualUnion联邦条例》5、1783年,《The Treaty of Paris》英国承认美国独立6、1789年,联邦政府成立,华盛顿成为第一任总统7、1861-1865年,内战(Civil war=Puritan Revolution)爆发,北方胜利,1865年,废除《Thirteenth Amendment》8、1861年,林肯(共和党人)当选总统,1862年,宣布《Emancipation Proclamation解放黑奴宣言》9、WWI:1914.7.28-1918.11.1110、The Paris Conference(巴黎和会):1919.1.18 division of colonies of the defeated countrieswhich was dominated by Big Four(美,英,法,意)11、19世纪20年代:美国经济不平衡“物质上成功,精神上迷惘的时期”12、1929.10.29大萧条罗斯福总统“新政”13、WWII:1941.12.7-1945.8.15 二战后,世界出现两人阵营:美国与苏联14、1949.4.4 《North Atlantic Treaty》The Founding of the NATO(北大西洋公约)15、1950s: the Civil Rights民权运动16、1950-1975: The Vietnam War17、1945-1989: The Cold War 冷战的结果:朝鲜战争,古巴导弹一系列冲突18、1620年:102个朝圣者乘“五月花”来大陆逃宗教迫害19、1903年:the Wright Brothers: 飞机Ford: 汽车James Watt: 蒸汽机Richard Bright:医学家(英)政治:1、体制:three main principles1)联邦制度(federalism)2)三权分立(separation of powers)3)尊重宪法和法律的规定(respect for the constitution and the rule of law)2、宪法:起草1787,生效1789 是最早的成文宪法/最高法律(美)3、The Federal Government(checks and balances)The Executive(行政): 以总统为首的各级政府The Legislative(立法): 归国会The Judicial(司法): 归司法机关4、“Tripartite” Political System(三权分立)行政:4年一选总统选举(最多连任2届)立法:The House of Representatives(2年一选,435名)The Senate(6年一选,100名,一个州2名)司法:The Supreme Court(唯一有宪法规定的联邦法院:one chief justice&8 associate justices)4、政党:the Democratic Party & the Republican Party教育:1、美国教育由政府提供2、Pre-school:4-6岁Elementary: 85%学生上公立学校because of “free”, Junior school, Highschool (80%private school 是由教会开办)3、大学:4年功能:teaching, research, public service资金来源:student tuition, endowments, government funding4、著名大学:哈佛(1636年成立),耶鲁,普林斯顿大学,麻省理工学院,哥伦比亚大学,斯坦福大学,伯克利大学(大部分大学位于大西洋和太平洋海岸)宗教:1、36%Protestants(新教徒), 24%Roman Catholics(罗马天主教徒), 3%Jews(犹太教徒), 2%Orthodox(东正教徒)2、60%的美国公民信奉新教:the largest Protestant group is the Baptists, the second: Methodists3、Catholic(第二大宗教):超过25%美国公民信奉4、Judaism(犹太教) 1950nian “三大宗教”:新教,天主教,犹太教文化:1、建筑:Skyscraper(19世纪末)by Chicago architectSears Tower(110层):1974年建于Chicago2、Music: 爵士乐(起源于非洲),摇滚乐3、足球:AFC, NFC 棒球:oldest sport 篮球:1891年invented by NBA4、复活节:第二大宗教节目独立日:7月4日感恩节由清教徒发起的,第一个感恩节:1962.12.13 in Plymouth泰晤士广场在纽约5、五大报纸:The Wall Street Journal Los Angeles Times USA TodayWashington Post The New York Times6、主要杂志:Time Newsweek TV Guide Reader’s Digest National Geographic7、电子媒体:CBS NBS ABC PBS英国:1、国名:The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国2、Location: an island country. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. Itis separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channelin the south and the North Sea in the sea3、England: 人口48.7million占英国60%的土地,首都:LondonScotland: 人口5.111million 首都:EdinburghWales: 首都CardiffNorthern Ireland: 首都Belfast4、人口组成:the English, the Scottish, the Welsh, the Irish, the Northern Irish and other peoples5、The English are Anglo-Saxons. The Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts6、国旗:俗称“米字旗”,正式称呼“the Union Flag”或者“the Union Jack”7、Salt Lake City(盐湖城)是美国漂流胜地8、爱尔兰共和国的官方语为爱尔兰语,英语为第二语言9、主要城市:1)、London(英国首都,第一大城市,第一大港)a、是世界上最重要的经济中心之一,也是欧洲最大的经济中心b、是全球重要的传媒中心,BBC, Reuters, ITV, Channel4, Channel5c、报刊:The Times, Financial Times, Daily Telegraph, The Guardian, The Observerd、世界文化名城:British Museum建于18世纪,是世界上最大的博物馆著名建筑物:圣保罗大教堂St. Paul’s Cathedral,白金汉宫Buckingham Palace,威斯敏斯特教堂Westminster Abbey(坐落于Thames的西岸,是世界上最大的哥特式建筑,现为英国议会所在地,宫殿东北角是高达97米的钟楼,钟楼上有著名的大本钟bell tower of Big Ben)2)、Birmingham(英国第二大城市)University of Birmingham位于此,建于1900年3)、Glasgow(格拉斯哥,英国第三大城市,苏格兰最大的城市和港口,是苏格兰的文化中心)University of Glasgow位于此,建于1451年4)、Liverpool(英国第四大城市,是世界上历史悠久的港口之一,仅次于伦敦的第二大深水海港,是Beatles披头士的故乡)5)、Manchester(曼彻斯特)英国的棉纺织业中心,重要的交通枢纽与商业,金融,文化中心经济:1、“Primary”Industry第一产业1)、agriculture: only2%的人口是农民,但却经营了70%的土地,最好的农业区是英格兰的东南部,小麦和大麦是英国的重要作物2)、fishing3)、Mining采矿: 除了London 和Belfast其他地方几乎都在很大程度上依赖于煤田coalfields2、“Secondary”Industries(Manufacturing)第二产业1)、Manufacturing: 制造业工人比例最高的地方是East Midlands 和West Midlands. 伦敦最低2)、Shipbuilding: 19世纪中期,英国在造船业上became a world leader。

《英语国家概况》-_Chapter_8_Justice_and_the_Law

《英语国家概况》-_Chapter_8_Justice_and_the_Law

《英语国家概况》-_Chapter_8_Justice_and_the_Law第八章英国法律与司法机构联合王国不实行完全统一的法律制度。

但是英格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰各自独立的法律制度却有大体的相似之处。

苏格兰的法律制度与英国其他地方的制度相异之处更多,但在许多方面有本质上的同一性。

联合王国所有法律制度的一个共同特点是没有一部完整的法典。

法律来源包括:(1)成文法(议会法案和经议会授权制订的补充法规);(2)大量的"不成文"法或称习惯法,源于法院或其他的许多判决;(3)平衡法(对习惯法中没有包括到的那些案例的一种补充性法律手段);(4)欧共体法,英国加入欧盟后要遵守的法律,主要局限于经济和社会问题。

另一共同特点是刑法和民法之间的区别(刑法处理的是针对整个社会的犯罪行为,而民法处理的是个人之间就权利、责任和义务而产生的纠纷,以及个人与群体,群体与群体之间的交往)Ⅰ.刑事诉讼程序在英格兰和威尔士,一旦警察指控某人犯有刑事罪,皇家检察总署就要接管此案,并独立地审核证据以决定是否起诉。

在苏格兰,检察总长,即皇家司法长官负责向高级法院、郡法院和地区法院起诉。

法律规定在全英国任何地方逮捕人,都必须尽快起诉并把其送到到法庭受审。

如果24小时内不能开庭,除非被控人的案情严重,否则皆可保释。

所有刑事审判都在法院公开进行。

因为刑法认为,在消除合理怀疑证明被告有罪之前,他是无辜的,并采取一切可能的步骤不使原告比被告处于有利地位。

审判时被告不必回答警察的问题,若被告的确发表陈述,除非已经以适当的措辞提醒过他,否则他的话不能用作审判他的证据。

不许强迫被告提供证据或在法庭上回答诉方的盘问。

每位被告都有权雇用律师为其辩护,如果他不能支付律师费,可用公共费用提供帮助。

如果他被指控谋杀,自己又无充足的财力,那就必须向他提供法律援助。

在由陪审团进行的刑事审判中,法官判刑(所有审判皆如此),但陪审团决定是否定罪。

陪审团由法院召集,由普通的独立公民组成。

专业英语八级人文知识

专业英语八级人文知识

英语专业八级人文知识(1)美国概况1.The traditional dividing line in America between “east” and “west” is The Mississippi River.(密西西比河是美国传统的东方和西方的分界线)2.The earliest part in America to be found and taken over by early settlers is The Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain. ( 最早被早期定居者发现和占领的地方是大西洋及其沿岸平原)3.The largest racial group in the whole population of is Non-hispanics white. ( 非西班牙裔的白人是美国最大的种族群体)4.Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is African Americans. ( 2000年以前非裔美国人是美国最大的少数民族群体。

2000年以后,拉丁裔美国人的人数超过了非裔美国人的人数,成为美国第一大少数民族群体)5.America has the world’s oldest written constitution and political party. (美国拥有世界上最古老的宪法和政党)6.The economic problem caused by the depression in 1929 was eventually solved by World War II. (第二次世界大战的爆发帮助美国走出了经济困境) 7.In the United States, primary education requires Six years. (美国的小学要花费大约六年的时间)8.Most college students in the United States are in Public institutions. (大部分美国大学生都在公立学校就读)9.The three main levels of courts of the federal judicial system in America are the United States District Courts; the United States Courts of Appeal ; the United States Supreme Court. (美国的联邦法院系统包括)10.Louisiana (which state )is not governed by the common law. (路易斯安娜州不受共同法的约束)英语专业八级人文知识(2)美国概况1.Of the fifty states of America, 38 states now have the death penalty as punishment.(美国现有38个州惩罚罪犯采用死刑)2.The four major regions of the United Sates are Northeast, South, Midwest and West. (美国的主要四大部分不包括北部)3.The New England Region region’s culture character was shaped largely by Puritan spirit. (美国的新英格兰地区,也就是东北部地区深受清教思想的影响)4.4.California is the largest state in terms of size and population in America. (加利福尼亚州是美国最大的州,拥有人口也最多)5.5.“Hollywood” is often used as a synonym for American films .(好莱坞是美国著名的电影制造地)6.6.The most important and largest river in the United States of America is the Mississippi River.(美国最长的河流是密西西比河,也是美国最重要的一条河流。

英语国家概况Chapter-8

英语国家概况Chapter-8

The Founding of the 13 Colonies
After the British founded the first colony in America in 1607
The Pilgrims ,in 1620, sailed on a ship called Mayflower and arrived at Plymouth Massachusetts.
1 Foreword 2 Preface 3 Accused King George III 4 Denounce British 5 Conclusion
The Declaration of Independence We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all
The Declaration of Independence
and accordingly all experience has shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. 过去的一切经验也都说明,任何苦难,只要是尚能忍受, 人类都宁愿容忍,而无意为了本身的权益便废除他们久已 习惯了的政府。但是,当追逐同一目标的一连串滥用职权 和强取豪夺发生,证明政府企图把人民置于专制统治之下 时,那么人民就有权利,也有义务推翻这个政府,并为他 们未来的安全建立新的保障--

英语专八英语国家概况

英语专八英语国家概况

英国概况英格兰面积最大苏格兰,爱丁堡为首府威尔士,加的夫,Cardiff为首府北爱尔兰,贝尔法斯特Belfast为首府伦敦,UK首都,皇家法庭royal courts of justice 及圣保罗大教堂st paul’s cathedral在这里。

威斯敏斯特westminster,伦敦市的一个行政区,也叫西敏寺,这里有议会houses of parliament,包含大钟楼big ben,白厅whitehall即英国政府,白金汉宫buckingham palace即英国皇宫,还有st james’hall 圣詹姆斯宫。

The great charter in 1215,1215年大宪章,亦称the great charter or Magna Charta,确保一些平民的政治权利与自由,保障教会不受国王的控制,改革了法律和司法,限制国王及王室官员的行为。

议会雏形,1265年,Simon de Montford 召集the Great Council在西敏寺开会,就是最早的议会,后来发展了House of Lords上议院,House of Commons下议院。

玫瑰战争和英国宗教改革:Richard 三世和Henry Tudor都铎(duduo)打了玫瑰战争,都铎胜利,终成五代都铎王朝。

亨利八世进行宗教改革,想切断英国教会与罗马教皇的关系,使英国教会独立起来。

宗教改革的真正进行是在亨利八世的儿子爱德华时期,新教是Protestant,即基督教,改革叫做“The Reformation”。

伊丽莎白一世时期,伊丽莎白为女王统治英国,她是基督教徒,大力推行新教,从此英国都是信奉新教。

文艺复兴运动The English Renaissance文艺复兴是中世纪到现代的过渡时期,从1350-1650,有300年,从意大利发起,达芬奇等人为代表。

在这段时期,罗马教会经历新教改革,人文主义兴起,海外探索(大航海时代?)。

主要英语国家概况chapter 8

主要英语国家概况chapter 8
Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, & Lake Ontario. Lake Michigan belongs to USA. The other 4 belong to both USA & Canada.



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Important mountains

There are three major mountain ranges:
Appalachian Mts 阿巴拉契亚山脉 Rocky Mts 落基山脉 Sierra Nevada内华达山脉

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Rocky
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clips

/u11/v_MzU1NDkzOTc.h tml Great Canyon /v_show/id_XMzY1MTU4 MTEy.html Glaciers in Alaska
The Southwest Nhomakorabeaparts of Texas and Oklahoma, along with New Mexico and Arizona. received very little influence from European settlers, instead drawing its roots from Spanish and NativeAmerican peoples. many deserts, and even the parts that aren't desert don't get much rain, also home to one of the most iconic American landscapes, the Grand Canyon, which is located in northern Arizona.

英语国家概况(中英)(57页)

英语国家概况(中英)(57页)

英语国家概况(An Overview ofEnglishSpeaking Countries)一、英国(United Kingdom)1. 地理位置:英国位于欧洲大陆的西北边缘,由大不列颠岛、北爱尔兰和若干小岛组成。

2. 首都:伦敦(London),是英国的政治、经济、文化和交通中心。

3. 官方语言:英语4. 人口:约6600万,其中英格兰占最大比例。

5. 国旗:英国国旗被称为“米字旗”,由蓝、白、红三种颜色组成。

6. 经济:英国是世界上发达国家之一,拥有强大的金融、工业和科技实力。

7. 教育体系:英国教育体系享誉世界,牛津、剑桥等世界知名学府坐落于此。

8. 文化特色:英国有着丰富的历史文化底蕴,如莎士比亚、牛顿、披头士乐队等均诞生于此。

同时,英国也是现代足球的发源地。

二、美国(United States of America)1. 地理位置:美国位于北美洲,东临大西洋,西濒太平洋,南接墨西哥湾和加勒比海,北邻加拿大。

2. 首都:华盛顿特区(Washington, D.C.),是美国政治中心。

3. 官方语言:英语4. 人口:约3.3亿,是世界上第三人口大国。

5. 国旗:美国国旗被称为“星条旗”,由红、白、蓝三种颜色组成。

6. 经济:美国是全球最大的经济体,拥有强大的科技创新能力和金融市场。

7. 教育体系:美国教育资源丰富,世界顶尖大学如哈佛、斯坦福等均位于此。

8. 文化特色:美国文化多元化,涵盖了欧洲、亚洲、非洲等多种文化元素。

好莱坞电影、NBA篮球、美式足球等在全球具有广泛影响力。

三、加拿大(Canada)1. 地理位置:加拿大位于北美洲北部,东临大西洋,西濒太平洋,北接北冰洋,南邻美国。

2. 首都:渥太华(Ottawa),是加拿大的政治中心。

3. 官方语言:英语和法语4. 人口:约3800万,是世界上面积第二大国家。

5. 国旗:加拿大国旗被称为“枫叶旗”,由红、白两色组成。

6. 经济:加拿大经济发达,资源丰富,特别是石油、天然气和矿产资源。

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8级备考“英语国家概况”部分地理英国地理国土由大不列颠Britain(其中包括南边的England, 最北的Scotland & 英格兰西侧的Wales)和西边的北爱尔兰组成。

英格兰和苏格兰之间以哈德良长城(Hadrain’s Wall)为界,当初罗马人为阻止凯尔特人南下而建。

英格兰首府是伦敦(London)。

苏格兰首府是爱丁堡(Edinburgh)。

威尔士首府是卡迪夫(Cardiff)。

北爱尔兰首府是贝尔法斯特(Belfast)。

Birmingham是英国第二大城市,仅次于伦敦,被称为“工业革命的发源地”(the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution)。

Manchester被誉为棉都(Cottonopolis),是英国的棉纺织业中心,也是英国的交通枢纽。

伦敦是英国的行政中心、金融中心、最重要的港口城市。

英国最长河流是塞文河(Severn River)。

英国的第二大河是泰晤士河(Thames River)。

英格兰人约占英国总人口的80%。

英格兰人口最为稠密,而苏格兰人口最为稀少。

不列颠群岛被天然分成两部分:高地和低地。

高地地区包括北部和西部的高山和丘陵,低地地区位于南部和东部,大部分是起伏的平原。

多数英国人生活在气候温和、土壤肥沃的低地地区(lowland zone)。

本宁山(The Pennine Chain)被称为“英格兰的屋脊”(the backbone of England)。

英国最高的山峰是本尼维斯山(Ben Nevis)。

美国地理五大湖:Superior(苏必利尔湖), Huron(休伦湖), Erie(伊利湖), Ontario(安大略湖), Michigan (密歇根湖), 除Michigan外,其他四个为美加共享。

新英格兰(New England) 包括Maine, Vermont, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island。

其中,马萨诸塞州是最重要,也是人口最多的州。

Pacific Coast States(太平洋沿岸诸州):Washington, Oregon, California。

首都Washington, D.C. 是为纪念华盛顿和哥伦布而命名。

New York 的别称:the Big Apple, the Capital of the World ,为美国最大城市。

Los Angeles被称为天使之城(The City of Angels),是“全球大众文化行业之都”(the capital of global popular culture industry)。

Boston是美国最古老的城市Harvard为Massachusetts Institute of Technology所在地。

Detroit是Motor City。

Houston是美国南方第一大城,全国最大的石油中心。

最小的州是Rhode Island。

最大的州是Alaska。

落基山脉(The Rocky Mountains)被看成“北美洲的脊梁”(the backbone of the continent)。

密西西比河(the Mississippi River)被称为美国的“河流之父”(the Father of Waters),是美国最长的河流。

加拿大地理加拿大被称为The Land of Maple Leaf。

It is bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean.加拿大海岸线最长。

首都是渥太华(Ottawa)。

最大城市是Toronto。

最大的省Quebec。

在加拿大,第一个建立的城市为Quebec。

加拿大最高峰是洛根峰(Mount Logan)。

圣劳伦斯河(St. Lawrence)被称为加拿大的母亲河(Mother River)。

加拿大人最喜欢的运动是冰球(ice hockey)。

澳大利亚地理土著民是aborigines。

The Dutch were the first to reach Australia.最长的河流是墨雷河(the Murray River)。

首都是Canberra。

悉尼是澳大利亚的最大城市,也是新南威尔士州首府,位于澳大利亚东海岸。

The Australian Federation came into being in 1901.新南威尔士(New South Wales)是英国最早在澳大利亚建立的殖民地,如今是澳大利亚人口最多的州。

昆士兰(Queensland)是澳大利亚最年轻的州。

澳大利亚在1942年完全获得独立。

澳大利亚的自然景观包括有“海底花园”(a garden under sea)之称的“大堡礁”(the Great Barrier Reef)。

新西兰地理土著民(natives)是Maori。

首都是Wellington。

新西兰主要由南岛(South Island)和北岛(North Island)组成。

最大城市为奥克兰(Auckland),该市被誉为风帆之城(City of Sails)。

官方语言是英语和毛利语(Maori)。

新西兰被称为“世界上最大的农场”(the world’s largest farm)。

历史英国历史The earliest settlers是Celts 。

英国人祖先是盎格鲁人、撒克逊人、朱特人(Anglos, Saxons, Jutes)。

英法百年战争(Hundred Years’ War)是世界历史上最长的战争,前后持续116年。

起因为在法国国王死后,英王爱德华三世(法国国王的外甥)争夺法国王位。

Wars of Roses:1455,两个贵族家族为争夺英格兰王位而展开的内战。

两个家族为House of Lancaster, House of York. 名称源自两个家族的家徽,分别是红玫瑰和白玫瑰。

英国文艺复兴时期的重要作家包括Christopher Marlowe,Ben Johnson,William Shakespeare,Edmund Spencer,Francis Bacon,John Milton。

宗教改革(Reformation):亨利八世的第一个老婆没有生儿子,要离婚,罗马教皇不让,亨八脱离罗马教会。

1534年,议会通过《至尊法令》(Act of Supremacy),规定英王为英国教会之首。

1688年,光荣革命(Glorious Revolution)后,英国逐步确立了君主立宪政体。

(Since then, the British Constitutional monarchy gradually came into being. )光荣革命的胜利带来了资本主义体系的胜利,开创了现代英国的新时代。

维多利亚时代(Victorian Era)是英帝国最强盛时期,建立了日不落帝国(the empire on which the sun never sets)。

美国历史The first Americans 是Indians。

在美国大陆,最早的欧洲殖民者是西班牙人。

美国最早的移民来自英国和荷兰。

1607年,英国在Jamestown建立the first English colony。

1620, Puritans为躲避宗教迫害,乘坐Mayflower 到达美洲。

Thomas Paine在1776年写了The Common Sense,为美国的独立而辩论。

1776年7月4日,通过The Declaration of Independence, 由Thomas Jefferson起草。

1776年费城的第二次大陆会议(the Second Continental Congress)宣布美国独立。

美国国庆日(Independence Day)为July 4th。

1783年,英美签订《巴黎条约》(Treaty of Paris),结束独立战争。

美国内战始于1861年。

南部11州组成the Confederacy,北方政府则被称为the Union。

美国内战的转折点是葛底斯堡大捷(Battle of Gettysburg)。

The Emancipation Proclamation由Abraham Lincoln签署。

虽然美国在1776年宣布独立,但直到1812年英美战争后才真正摆脱英国在政治上的控制和经济上的渗透。

镀金时代(Gilded Age)是从内战结束到20世纪初。

权利法案(The Bill of Rights)是指1791年增加的宪法头十条修正案。

20世纪30年代罗斯福新政(New Deal)对美国经济复苏产生了重要影响。

新政包括3R,即Recover,Relief,Reform。

Franklin D. Roosevelt是美国历史上唯一任期超两届的总统。

美国垮掉的一代(the Beat Generation)是指20世纪50年代对社会及政治现实不满的一群年轻诗人及作家。

20世纪60年代美国民权运动(the American Civil Rights Movement)的突出成就是促进了1964年《民权法案》和1965年《选举权法案》的通过。

美国因“水门事件”下台的总统是尼克松。

政治英国政治英国政体为Constitutional Monarchy。

Head of state是monarch (queen)。

英国没有成文宪法。

(Britain has no written constitution.)Parliament实行两院制(the House of Lords, the House of Commons)。

下议院(the House of Commons)是真正的权力机关。

内阁(Cabinet)是政府的领导核心。

The Prime Minister是head of the Cabinet或称head of government。

枢密院(Privy Council)是英王的私人顾问机构,由已卸任和现任的内阁成员以及英国和英联邦的重要人物组成。

Political parties(Labor Party, 英国第一大党,此外还有Conservative Party, Liberal Democratic Party )英国一届议会的会期通常为5年。

英国国歌:上帝保佑女王(God Save the Queen)英国工党的前身是独立工党(Independent Labor Party),创建于1893年,1906年改名为工党。

美国政治总统代表行政部门。

目前,美国总统的最长任期不超过两届。

Congress是最高立法机构,由House of Representatives 和the Senate组成。

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