初中英语语法名词教案
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第1单元名词
(一)认识名词有可数与不可数之分。
常见的不可数名词有:
物质名词:bread, chicken(鸡肉),fish(鱼肉),meat, pork, beef, mutton, food, porridge, tofu, coffee,water, coke, cream, ice, rice, juice, milk, tea, medicine, orange(橙汁), fruit, sugar,salt,pepper, butter, soup, paper, sand, chalk, grass, etc.
抽象名词:work, homework, housework, weather, news, music,
time(时间), room(空间),knowledge, etc.
(二)不可数名词不能与数直接连用,也不能与不定冠词连用,但也可以计量,用量词+of的方法『例』some rice, a bowl of rice, two pieces of paper, much coffee
(三)可数名词有单、复数形式『例』an orange, some oranges
可数名词复数形式的构成方法:
规则变化:
(1) 名词后有直接加s,
例如:grade→grades,book→books
girl→girls,pen→pens, doctor→doctors, boy→boys。
(2) 以字母ch, sh, s, x结尾的名词后加-es.
如:fox→foxes, bus→buses,class→classe,box→boxes,watch→watches,brush→brushes。以ce, se, ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s,例如:orange→oranges。注意以o结尾的词多数都加--es.例如:hero→heroes,potato→potatoes,tomato→tomatoes, 但词末为两个元音字母的词只加-s。例如:zoo→zoos,radio→radios,还有某些外来词也只加-s,例如:photo→photos,piano→pianos。
(3) 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,改y为i再加es.
如:family→families, city→cities, factory→factories, country→countries.
(4) 以字母f, fe结尾的名词,改f, fe为v,再加-es。
如:knife→knives, life→lives, leaf→leaves, half→halves, thief→thieves. (5) 不规则变化:child-children, woman-women, man-men, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, mouse-mice
注意: 与man和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women。例如:an Englishman,two Englishmen。但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;man, woman 等作定语时,它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定,如:men workers,women teachers。
(6) 单复数形式相同的名词:sheep, Japanese, Chinese, fish
(7) “people”作“人们”解时,无单数形式,如many people,“一个人”时要说a person
(8) clothes无单数形式,不能与具体数词连用,可以说new clothes,但不能说a new clothes,而应该说a new coat
(9) trousers, glasses(眼镜),scissors(剪刀),clothes,chopsticks(筷子),goods,ashes,compasses (圆规)。只用复数形式
(10) thanks,congratulations常用复数形式
(11)只用作单数的复数形式的名词有:
科学名词:physics, mathematics / maths
游戏名称:bowls
专有名词:the United States, Niagara Falls
其他名词:news, falls
(四)注意有些名词既可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词,如:fish, time, glass, orange, noise, hair, chicken
(五)可修饰名词的常用词:
1、可修饰可数名词与不可数名词:some, any, no, a lot of, lots of, plenty of
2、修饰可数名词的有:many,(a)few, a large (great) number of
3、只修饰不可数名词的有:much,(a)little, a great deal of
注:在英语中,不可数名词如果要表示“量”的概念,可以用以下两种方法:
(1)用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少,例如:
The rich man has a lot of money.
There is some milk in the bottle.
Is there any water in the glass?
I don't like winter because there's too much snow and ice.
(2)用a piece of 这类定语,例如:
a piece of paper,a piece of wood, a piece of bread
a bottle of orange, a glass of water(milk), a cup of tea
a cup of tea,a bag of rice ,three bags of rice
如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时,在容器后加复数,例如:
two cups of tea
four pieces of paper
three glasses of water
(六)名词所有格形式
1、表示有生命的东西(人或动物)的词所有格形式:
单数名词和不以-s结尾的复数名词一般在词尾加's,如:the girl's dress, Women's Day 以-s结尾的复数名词在词尾加(’),如:Teachers' Day, the twins' room
2、以of构成的词组,主要用于表示无生命东西的名词所有格,如:a map of the world, the name of the book
3、双重属格结构,如:
a novel of Mark Twain's, a friend of my uncle's, a friend of mine
4、表示两个名词共有一样东西时,或表示一个整体词组的所有关系时,只在第二个名词后面加's,如:Li Lei and Wang Fei's bedroom, an hour and a half's talk
5、表示两个名词各有的东西时,或表示词组内并列名词各自的所有关系时,就在各个名词后都加's。如:Jim's and Peter's desks(两人各自的桌子); Joe's and David's books(两人各自的书)