亚太经济演讲稿中英文
经济类英语发言稿范文

Good morning/afternoon/evening. It is my great honor to stand before you today to discuss a topic that is of paramount importance to the global community: the state of the global economy and the challenges we face in the coming years.The global economy has undergone significant transformations over the past decade, and we are now at a critical juncture. The rapid advancements in technology, the rise of emerging markets, and the increasing interconnectivity of our world have created bothopportunities and challenges. In this speech, I will highlight the key aspects of the current economic landscape, the major trends shaping our future, and the strategies we must adopt to navigate through these uncharted waters.Firstly, let us acknowledge the achievements of the global economy. The past decade has seen unprecedented growth, with the world economy expanding at an average rate of around 3.5%. This growth has lifted millions out of poverty and improved living standards across the globe. Moreover, the global trade system has flourished, with international trade volumes increasing significantly.However, this rosy picture is not without its dark clouds. The global economy is currently facing several challenges that could potentially derail its growth trajectory. The most pressing issues include:1. Trade tensions: The ongoing trade disputes between major economies have created uncertainty and disrupted global supply chains. These tensions have led to higher tariffs, reduced investment, and slower economic growth.2. Debt crisis: Many countries, particularly in the developing world, are burdened with high levels of debt. This has made them vulnerable to economic shocks and has raised concerns about their ability to service their debt obligations.3. Inequality: The gap between the rich and the poor has widened, and this trend is likely to continue. This inequality can lead to social unrest, political instability, and reduced economic growth.4. Climate change: The increasing frequency and severity of natural disasters caused by climate change are threatening to undermine economic stability and growth.In light of these challenges, it is crucial that we adopt a proactive approach to ensure the sustainable growth of the global economy. Here are some strategies that can help us achieve this goal:1. Promoting free trade: Governments should work together to resolve trade disputes and reduce tariffs. This will foster economic growth and create jobs.2. Addressing the debt crisis: Countries with high levels of debt need to implement sound fiscal policies and seek external assistance to manage their debt burden.3. Tackling inequality: Policies that promote inclusive growth, such as progressive taxation, social safety nets, and access to education and healthcare, should be implemented to reduce inequality.4. Investing in climate change adaptation and mitigation: Governments and private sectors must collaborate to invest in green technologies and infrastructure to combat climate change.5. Enhancing global financial governance: Strengthening international financial institutions and ensuring a more inclusive decision-making process will help us address the global economic challenges effectively.In conclusion, the global economy is at a crossroads. We must recognize the challenges we face and take bold actions to address them. By promoting free trade, addressing the debt crisis, tackling inequality, investing in climate change, and enhancing global financial governance, we can ensure a sustainable and prosperous future for all.Thank you for your attention, and I look forward to your questions and discussions on this vital topic.[Your Name]。
APEC英文演讲

trading system and to reduce barriers to trade in goods and services and investment.
Spirit
Seattle Economic Leaders' Meeting Declaration in 1993 The following seven words are appeared with high frequency: open, gradual, voluntary, consultation, development, mutual benefit and common interests
Major Achievements
1.Trade and Investment Liberalization 2.Business Facilitation 3.Economic and Technical Cooperation
Key issues
Liberalization and facilitation of trade Multilateral trading system Human security Anti-corruption
Establishment
APEC is the premier forum for facilitating
economic growth, cooperation, trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific region. The Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) was established in 1989 as an informal ministerial-level dialogue group with twelve members.
亚太经济合作与地区发展的演讲稿

亚太经济合作与地区发展的演讲稿尊敬的各位嘉宾、亲爱的朋友们:大家好!我很荣幸能够站在这里,与各位分享关于亚太经济合作与地区发展的话题。
在有限的时间里,我将对这个主题进行精简而全面的介绍,以展示亚太地区的经济潜力和未来发展的机遇。
首先,亚太地区是世界上经济增长最快的地区之一,拥有丰富的自然资源、庞大的人口基数以及高度发达的科技和创新能力。
亚太国家在过去几十年中经历了长足的发展,在国际贸易、投资、科技等领域展现出强大的竞争力。
亚太经济合作组织(APEC)作为重要的区域合作机制,汇聚了21个成员经济体,旨在促进成员国之间的经济合作与发展。
APEC通过高级别的会议、研讨会和工作组等形式,推动贸易自由化和经济一体化进程,促进区域内的互联互通、创新合作和可持续发展。
在当前世界经济形势下,亚太地区的合作显得尤为重要。
世界经济面临着不确定性和稳定性的双重挑战,亚太地区作为全球经济的重要引擎,有责任也有能力推动经济的稳定增长。
同时,亚太地区的合作也需要面对一些挑战。
首先,地缘政治因素和安全形势的不确定性对亚太地区的经济发展带来了一定的影响。
其次,不同成员国之间的经济发展水平和发展模式的差异,也给合作带来了一定的难度。
因此,我们需要加强对话和沟通,解决存在的分歧和争议,推动各方的共同发展。
亚太地区的发展离不开各成员国的共同努力。
我们应该加大经贸合作,深化区域内的互联互通,促进贸易自由化和投资便利化。
同时,我们还需加强创新合作,推动科技和人才的流动,携手应对全球化赋予我们的机遇和挑战。
此外,我们还应重视可持续发展。
亚太地区拥有丰富的生态环境和自然资源,但同时也面临着环境污染和气候变化等挑战。
各成员国应加强环保合作,推动绿色发展,实现经济增长和可持续发展的良性循环。
最后,我想强调亚太经济合作与地区发展的重要性。
亚太地区是一个多样化的区域,拥有丰富的文化遗产和人文资源。
通过加强经济合作,我们可以推动文化交流与人文交流,弥合不同国家和地区之间的文化差异,促进亚太地区的和谐与稳定。
关于经济英文发言稿500词范文

关于经济英文发言稿500词范文Ladies and gentlemen,。
Good morning! It is my honor to stand here today and share with you some thoughts on the topic of the economy. As we all know, the economy plays a crucial role in our daily lives and has a significant impact on our well-being. In this speech, I would like to discuss the current state of the economy, its challenges, and potential solutions.To begin with, let's take a look at the current state of the economy. Over the past decade, the global economy has experienced both ups and downs. While some countries have achieved remarkable economic growth, others have faced stagnation or even recession. In recent years, we have witnessed the rise of emerging economies, such as China and India, which have become major players in the global market. However, we cannot overlook the fact that many countries are still struggling to recover from the aftermath of the financial crisis.One of the major challenges facing the global economy is income inequality. The gap between the rich and the poor has been widening, leading to social unrest and instability. It is crucial for governments and policymakers to address this issue and implement measures that promote inclusive growth. By providing equal opportunities for all, we can ensure a more sustainable and prosperous future.Another challenge is the rapid advancement of technology. While technological innovations have brought about numerous benefits, they have also disrupted traditional industries and led to job displacement. As we move towards an increasingly digitalized world, it is essential to invest in education and training programs that equip individuals with the skills needed to thrive in the digital age. Moreover, governments should encourage entrepreneurship and innovation to foster economic growth and create new job opportunities.In order to overcome these challenges, collaboration and cooperation among countries are of utmost importance. In today's interconnected world, no country canthrive in isolation. We need to promote free trade and remove barriers that hinder economic development. By working together, we can create a more stable and prosperous global economy.Furthermore, sustainable development should be a key priority for all nations. We must strive to achieve a balance between economic growth and environmental protection. The exploitation of natural resources and the emission of greenhouse gases have led to severe environmental consequences. It is imperative that we adopt sustainable practices and invest in renewable energy sources. Only by protecting our planet can we ensure a sustainable future for generations to come.In conclusion, the economy is a complex and ever-changing entity. While it presents challenges, it also offers opportunities for growth and development. By addressing income inequality, embracing technological advancements, promoting international cooperation, and pursuing sustainable development, we can build a more inclusive, prosperous, and sustainable global economy. Let us work together to create a better future for all.Thank you for your attention!。
国贸,英文演讲稿

国贸,英文演讲稿篇一:XX年国贸演讲稿.------胡德亮各位同学大家好,今天我演讲的题目是“结合当今国际形势分析我国如何利用亚太经济合作组织积极发展对外经贸关系”。
我们都知道亚太经济合作组织是亚太地区最具影响的经济官方论坛,是亚太各地区之间促进经济增长,合作,贸易,投资的论坛。
亚太经合组织诞生于全球冷战结束的年代,随着冷战的结束,国际形势的日趋缓和,经济全球化,贸易投资的自由化和区域集团化的趋势成为潮流。
与此同时,亚洲地区在世界经济中的地位也日益明显上升,亚太经合组织总人口约占世界人口的40%,国内生产生产总和超过19万亿美元,约占世界的56%。
贸易额约占世界总量的48%。
在这么一个具有全球影响力的组织下,我国该怎么做呢?当前我国奉行独立自主的外交政策,坚持和平共处五项原则,同时维护世界和平,促进共同发展,对于国际关系,中国会秉着负责任的大国位置,促成国际社会的安全和平稳定。
我们都知道我国是一个人口大国,我们有丰富的劳动力以及人才资源,自然资源的数量也众多。
我国加入亚太经合,其一可以把我们的劳动力和人才优势转化为经济优势。
利用加入亚太经合关税变化,我国可以大大降低进口时的贸易壁垒,加上商品和生产要素的自由流动,这样给我国的企业带来了更具有竞争性的经营环境,而竞争可以促使企业进行机构改组、产业升级、管理更新和推动新技术的应用,促进生产率的提高和社会利益的增加,推动我国的经济发展。
其二通过贸易协议的约束,区域经济一体化内的市场规模得到扩大,投资环境得到改善,区域经济组织内部的企业为了应付市场的扩大和竞争的加剧,必须增加投资,已更新设备,开发和利用新技术,扩大生产规模。
另一方面由于成员国减少对非成员国的进口,迫使非成员国的企业为了避免贸易转移的消极影响,而到成员国进行投资,以避开贸易壁垒。
其三,利用亚太经合,我国的企业可以获得规模经济效应。
当企业的规模扩大到一定程度的时,单位产品成本下降,报酬增加,获准进入更大的市场空间,可能使成员国在特定出口产品上获得规模经济,因为规模经济效应的存在导致企业对某种产品的专业化生产,由此形成大规模的产业内贸易。
ted演讲稿经济类中英文对照

ted演讲稿经济类中英文对照尊敬的听众们,今天,我很荣幸能够站在这里发表关于经济的TED演讲。
经济是我们生活的根本,影响着我们每个人的命运和社会的发展。
让我们一起探讨经济的重要性以及如何构建一个更加稳定和繁荣的经济体系。
经济是人类社会的一种组织形式,通常涉及资源的生产、分配和交换。
它是一种有条理的方式,确保我们能够满足基本的物质需求,并提供更好的生活条件。
经济活动的目标是为社会创造价值,并促进可持续发展。
然而,我们面临着许多经济挑战。
全球贫富差距不断扩大,资源的利用不平衡,就业机会减少,环境恶化等等。
这些问题对我们每个人来说都是巨大的难题,但我们不能对此视而不见。
我们必须寻找解决方案,改善经济状况。
首先,我们需要关注可持续发展。
我们的经济模式不能仅仅追求短期利益,而忽略了对环境造成的破坏。
我们需要寻找替代能源,推动可再生能源的发展,并采取措施限制污染。
只有这样,我们才能保护地球,为我们的子孙后代创造一个更美好的未来。
其次,我们需要关注社会公平。
贫富分化不仅削弱社会的凝聚力,也破坏了经济的健康发展。
我们需要制定公平的税收政策,并提供机会平等的教育和就业。
只有这样,我们才能消除贫困,创造一个更加公正的社会。
另外,我们需要推动创新和技术发展。
创新是推动经济增长和竞争力的关键。
我们应该鼓励创业精神,并支持新兴行业的发展。
同时,投资科技研发,并推动数字化转型。
只有这样,我们才能在全球经济中立于不败之地。
最后,我们需要加强国际合作。
全球化为经济带来了巨大的机遇,但也带来了挑战。
我们需要在贸易、金融和环境等领域加强跨国合作,寻求共同解决方案。
只有这样,我们才能实现全球经济的稳定和繁荣。
尊敬的听众们,经济是我们共同关注的话题,它不仅关系到我们个人的利益,也关系到社会的稳定和发展。
让我们一起努力,构建一个更加繁荣和可持续的经济体系。
谢谢大家!Dear audience,Today, I am honored to be standing here delivering a TED speech on the topic of economy. Economyis the foundation of our lives, influencing the destiny of each individual and the development of society. Let us explore the importance of economy and how to build a more stable and prosperous economic system together.Economy is a form of organization in human society, usually involving the production, distribution, and exchange of resources. It is a systematic way to ensure that we can meet basic material needs andprovide better living conditions. The goal of economic activities is to create value for society and promote sustainable development.However, we are facing many economic challenges. The global wealth gap is widening, resource utilization is unbalanced, employment opportunities are decreasing, and the environment is deteriorating, among others. These problems are tremendous for each of us, but we cannot turn a blind eye to them. We must seek solutions to improve the economic situation.First and foremost, we need to focus on sustainable development. Our economic model cannot solely pursue short-term profits, while ignoring the damage caused to the environment. We need to seek alternative energy sources, promote the development of renewable energy, and take measures to limit pollution. Only in this way can we protect the earth and create a better future for our future generations.Secondly, we need to focus on social equity. The polarization of wealth not only weakens social cohesion but also undermines the healthy development of the economy. We need to establish fair tax policies and provide equal opportunities for education and employment. Only in this way can we eliminate poverty and create a more just society.In addition, we need to promote innovation and technological development. Innovation is the key to driving economic growth and competitiveness. We should encourage the entrepreneurial spirit and support the development of emerging industries. At the same time, invest in scientific research and development and promote digital transformation. Only in this way can we stand invincible in the global economy.Lastly, we need to enhance international cooperation. Globalization has brought tremendous opportunities for the economy, but also challenges. We need to strengthen cross-border cooperation in fields such as trade, finance, and the environment, and seek common solutions. Only in this way can we achieve stability and prosperity in the global economy.Dear audience, economy is a topic of common concern for all of us. It is related not only to our personal interests but also to the stability and development of society. Let us work together to build a more prosperous and sustainable economic system. Thank you all!。
亚洲崛起演讲稿英文

亚洲崛起演讲稿英文Asia's Rise Speech。
Ladies and gentlemen,。
It is my great honor to stand before you today to talk about the rise of Asia. As we all know, Asia has been experiencing rapid economic growth and development in recent years, and it has become a major player in the global economy. In this speech, I will discuss the factors contributing to Asia's rise, the challenges it faces, and the opportunities it presents to the rest of the world.First and foremost, the rise of Asia can be attributed to its large and growing population. With over 4.6 billion people, Asia is home to more than half of the world's population. This demographic advantage has provided a strong labor force and a large consumer market, driving economic growth and investment in the region.Moreover, Asia's abundant natural resources and diverse economies have also played a significant role in its rise. From the oil-rich Middle East to the manufacturing powerhouse of China, Asia has a wide range of resources and industries that have contributed to its economic success. In addition, the region's strategic location has made it a hub for trade and investment, further fueling its growth.Furthermore, the rise of Asia has been facilitated by the rapid advancements in technology and innovation. Countries like Japan and South Korea have become global leaders in technology, while China has emerged as a major player in the fields of artificial intelligence and e-commerce. These technological advancements have not only driven economic growth in Asia but have also transformed the way the world does business.Despite these achievements, Asia also faces a number of challenges as it continues to rise. One of the biggest challenges is the need to address income inequality and poverty in the region. While Asia has seen remarkable economic growth, it has also seen awidening gap between the rich and the poor, and many people in the region still live in poverty.Another challenge is the need to address environmental sustainability. As Asia's economies continue to grow, they are putting a strain on the environment, leading to issues such as air and water pollution, deforestation, and climate change. It is crucial for Asia to find sustainable ways to continue its development without further damaging the environment.Despite these challenges, the rise of Asia presents numerous opportunities for the rest of the world. As Asia continues to grow, it will become an increasingly important market for goods and services, providing opportunities for businesses and investors around the world. Additionally, Asia's advancements in technology and innovation can benefit the global community and drive further progress in various fields.In conclusion, the rise of Asia is a remarkable phenomenon that has transformed the region and the world at large. With its large population, abundant resources, and technological advancements, Asia has become a major player in the global economy. However, it also faces challenges such as income inequality and environmental sustainability. Nevertheless, the rise of Asia presents opportunities for the rest of the world and has the potential to drive further progress and development on a global scale.Thank you.。
希拉里克林顿亚太地区讲话 中英

希拉里·克林顿关于美国亚太地区政策演讲Remarks on Principles for Prosperity in the Asia PacificUS Secretary of State Hillary Rodham ClintonJuly 25, 2011亚洲和太平洋地区繁荣的原则——美国国务卿希拉里在香港的演讲2011年7月25日Thank you very much, Mr. Chipman, and thanks to all of you for being here today. I also wish to acknowledge and thank Mr. Ronnie Chan, chairman of the Asia Society, and Mr. Norman Chan, chief executive of the Hong Kong Monetary Authority.十分感谢你,奇普曼先生,谢谢诸位今天光临。
我还要感谢亚洲协会主席陈启宗先生和香港金融管理局总裁陈德霖先生。
And I am so pleased to be here and to have this opportunity to speak with you today, and it was made possible by the US, Hong Kong, and Macau chambers of commerce and the Asia Society. And I thank the chamber very much on a personal level for its support of the US Pavilion at the Shanghai Expo. I have been called the mother of the pavilion, which is actually one of the nicer things I've been called during my very long public career.今天,我十分高兴来到这里并有此机会向诸位发表讲话。
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首先,感谢东亚研究所邀请我出席这个各界知名人士和专家学者聚集一堂的论坛。
东亚研究所对中国经济、社会和政治发展的独立与严谨研究,让它成为一个重要和卓有声誉的研究中心。
王赓武教授所提到,自吴庆瑞博士担任研究所前身所长时便贯彻研究工作的精神,也让我印象深刻——尝试了解中国与其面对挑战的复杂性的谦逊精神。
我们应该以同样的精神来观察中国未来的走向。
中国的发展对世界有重大影响。
王教授刚才谈到了美国和中国即将出现的领导人更换。
我相信在11月8日发生的事,会比在11月6日发生的事来得重要。
世界现在比以往更依赖中国及其成功的经济转型;也更依赖中国的需求、中国作为投资来源、以及依赖中国来加强世界不同经济区域的互补性。
最后,世界也更依赖中国来保持一个稳定的国际秩序。
中国正经历两个主要转捩点,或者更准确的说,是―拐点‖(inflextion points)。
首先,是其经济的结构和驱动力;其次,是它对世界的影响力及领导世界的角色。
在国内经济转型与在世界舞台所扮演角色的转变,中国皆面对重大转折点。
从剩余劳动力到劳动力萎缩首先,在国内经济转型上,中国经济正从―旧常态‖过渡到―新常态‖。
―旧常态‖着重于资本累积,国有企业扮演主导角色,是个家庭变相津贴生产者的体系。
现在,它正逐步转移到一个更具竞争力、更依赖消费为成长驱动力、及更注重资本效益的―新常态‖。
简而言之,是从注重资本累积转变为注重资本效益的模式。
然而,这些改变要通过整体的复杂体制改革才能实现。
利用成长会计(growth accounting)来分析中国增长的经济学家,对中国过去30年的崛起已有很好的了解。
使用的估计方式虽然不同,但一些基本的结论却很清楚。
首先,大规模从低生产力农业转移到产业和其他城市化活动的劳动力,给经济增长带来巨大贡献。
这是30年来增长的主要来源,就像日本、韩国和台湾早几十年前,和欧洲在二战前与二战后的情况一样。
其次,在工业化过程起步慢让中国得到不少优势,可以很快地跟上全球最佳实践经验。
从世界各地注入的科技和点子,是促进增长的动力,让中国的―全要素生产力‖(Total Factor Productivity)取得非比寻常的快速增长。
第三,中国是享有优势,但也只是在有限期间——经济自由化的头20年——以人口来看。
在过去10年放缓前,它每年取得3%的快速劳动力增长。
整体的劳动力增长,加速了劳动力从很低生产力活动转移到中等生产力及生产力更高的活动。
劳动力过剩的阶段就快过去了。
中国沿岸省份在经济发展上肯定已到了经济学家所说的路易斯转捩点(Lewisian turning point):它们再也享受不到廉价外来民工,而工资也急剧上升。
中部和东北部省份还没有到达这个阶段。
但大概不出10年,整个中国将发现依赖廉价劳工再也不是其工业竞争力和增长的基础。
此外,从一两年后开始,按绝对价值计算,中国的整体劳动力将在接下来数十年逐渐萎缩。
同日本、韩国与台湾的发展经验比较,中国比它们更早来到这个阶段。
中国目前的人均收入,大概是日本1980年及韩国和台湾约1990年的水平。
这些经济体在达到中国今天的人均收入水平后,劳动力还持续增长了10到20年。
日本的人口正在萎缩,但台湾和韩国的劳动力仍有小增长,就像新加坡和香港。
中国即将经历的劳动力萎缩将是独特的,因为它仍是个发展中国家。
这也同诸如印度等发展中国家不一样,印度的劳动力在未来10年甚至是更长的时间里,将持续显著增长。
这对中国来说不一定是不利的。
但却意味着必须更重视资本的有效利用,和提高每个经济领域的生产力。
为年长者建立一个健全的社会安全网也变成一项紧迫的工作。
中国有提高生产力的巨大空间,这是我们对中国增长前景应该保持乐观的基本原因。
中国的生产力只是美国的约15%-18%,或亚洲新兴工业化经济体的平均约25%,有不少空间来追上——透过新科技、新点子和国内经济更有效的资源分配。
同日本及新兴工业化经济体比较,中国劳工的人均资本存量(capital stock per worker)也还处于低水平,有大量的空间提高生产力和收入。
人力资源发展:从数量到质量这需要经济和社会领域策略的改变,并为重要的国内改革增添动力。
首先,在人力资源上,中国正从讲究数量过渡到重视素质。
在提供普遍的基本和中学后教育,中国是个成功的例子,尤其是同印度和其他大多数巨大的发展中区域相比。
但其教育体系质量参差不齐。
就像世界银行所指出,寻求教育质量的平等,比寻求教育机会的平等,是中国教育制度未来更大的挑战。
确保毕业生受雇也是个棘手问题。
中国培养了许多毕业生。
中长期来说,毕业生可能供过于求。
从数据来看,没有受雇的年轻毕业生超过9%,尤其是美术和数学系的毕业生。
对理论过于注重,对同市场相关的技能不够重视是个问题。
更开放的经济第二项挑战是通过贸易和投资,维持并加快中国经济的开放度。
这在全球重新平衡的讨论中并没有受到足够的关注。
我们在谈论美国减少经常项目赤字及中国减少盈余时,解决方案不应该是中国把焦点放在内需,也就是从出口导向转为促进内需。
更关键的增长解决方案是加速全球化,进一步开放贸易。
按中国的情况并考虑到其发展阶段,若我们要减少盈余,增加进口是比减少出口更好的方法。
这是重要的,因为我们的考虑必须超越整体的不平衡。
中国及东亚发展的动力,来自投入世界最先进市场所引入的点子和科技。
符合最先进市场买家指定需求的外国直接投资及出口,是经济发展的主要动力。
以像中国这样平均生产力仍然偏低的国家来说,优先考量应该依旧是通过双向的外贸和投资,尽量输入点子、最佳实践经验及科技。
开放对长期增长很重要。
出口和入口总流量的增长——也同样或甚至比贸易逆差更重要。
过渡到以市场为根本的融资要更有效的使用资本,中国的第三个挑战,是在经济市场化取得进展。
不论是以任何对比分析来看,中国都是从计划经济过渡到市场经济的明显成功例子。
和其他新兴区域不同,中国自70年代末开始,便几乎每五年就提出并坚持新的改革。
在实行上虽然取得不同程度的成功,但它每五年便有重大的经济改革——印度、俄罗斯及其他大新兴经济体如巴西都没有这样做。
尽管增长有许多不符合效益的地方,中国的国有企业在市场经济的转型上,表现远比俄罗斯寡头出色。
严重的不平衡存在,但这是没有导致重大混乱的增长故事,本身已是一项成就。
中国经济要进一步市场化,作为更有效率和平衡经济的基础,并改善家庭的福利,还得在未来进行重大改革。
在未来五年甚至是更长的时间里,中国把重点放在这些改革。
改革由国有企业开始。
中国必须摆脱受到―指示‖的投资,反映投资的真正成本,来激励国有企业以真实的盈利率为决策的基础。
与这相关的还有许多改变——股利政策改革、法律和会计上的改变及规制改革。
市场化的另一个重要领域是金融界。
中国希望建立更具竞争力、更健全及更多元化的金融领域,来补助发展更平衡及由生产力驱动的经济增长的努力。
金融领域改革有五个紧密相连的因素——它们之间的关系显示了金融领域改革的复杂性。
首先是把信贷制度从非正式的方式往正式的方式转移,前者是对金融稳定的威胁。
这包括让正式信贷制度扮演更重要的角色,让国有企业以外的私企和家庭也可以受惠,尤其是更方便中小企业向银行借贷。
银行从受指示的借贷转移到以盈利驱动的借贷过程中,必须建立有力的风险管理机制。
第二是发展资本市场,包括股票和债券市场,让金融系统更多元化,不过度依赖银行信贷。
像中国这么大的转型经济体,有效管理资本市场是项重大挑战。
市场必须逐渐由经济基本面驱动,而不只是投机情绪。
如果成功了,资本市场可以反映筹集资金的真正成本,为大型企业提供有益的纪律。
第三是把利率市场化。
中国人民银行采取了重要的措施,有秩序地过渡到由市场力量决定的利率。
这可以让家庭和个人的储蓄赚取更高利息,也让借贷者更清楚实际的借贷成本。
第四是汇率。
我相信,在接下来的5年-10年里,中国及大部分东亚地区逐步提高名义和实际汇率是有利的。
为什么呢?因为这同把国内生产结构往高增值方向提升是一致的,尤其是在激励国内消费的中国。
这同让汇率自由浮动以对短期资本流作出反应的呼吁是不同的。
这样做是不明智的,也没有适当的经济理由。
中长期逐步提高实际汇率可以帮助支持国内经济转型,对中国是有利的。
与其让国内的通胀增速比世界其他地方快,倒不如提高实际汇率。
第五是持续逐步开放资本账户,鼓励双向投资。
这也应该是渐进的以免造成金融体系的不稳定,但它是接下来5年-10年的重点考虑。
这五个改革元素缺一不可,也必须以同样的速度进行,尤其是不可能让对外开放的步伐远远超过国内改革的速度而不影响金融稳定。
以过去五年来看,我得说中国把这极端复杂和平衡的工作处理得很好。
然而,这过程中会有赢家和输家,既得利益也会抗拒未来的改变。
这显示为什么经济改革是项艰巨的政治工作,既需要技巧,也需要政治决心。
从―供应震撼‖到―需求震撼‖现在,让我谈谈中国对世界的影响力及领导世界的角色。
我们知道中国未来会是个重要需求来源。
发达世界将经历长时间的去杠杆化,增长也因此可能低于潜能。
另外一个考虑中国角色的方式是,中国在过去30年给世界经济带来了经济学家所称的巨大―供应震撼‖,未来却不只是―供应震撼‖,还会是个―需求震撼‖。
―供应震撼‖是因为数目庞大的廉价但相对有效率的工人进入了全球市场体制。
当工资日益增高及中国中产阶级消费快速增长时,便会为全球的生产者提供一个主要的新最终需求来源。
在中国继续开放其经济的同时,这个―需求震撼‖的规模会很大。
但―供应震撼‖却还没有过去,而是改变了方式。
中国正向价值链上游攀升,以往在价值曲线非常低端的―需求震撼‖,正转向中等水平工作,甚至一些如研发领域的高水平工作。
因此,一系列的中产阶级工作,包括生产和其他白领行业,现在将面对竞争。
发达经济体及亚洲新兴工业化经济体的中等水平工作,将面对来自中国的竞争。
这是中国对全球劳动力市场冲击的重大改变,虽然它也为世界提供了需求。
中国经济演化的同时,会给其他发展中经济体的其他低成本、劳工密集生产者带来许多机会。
正如经济学家林毅夫在最近的一篇文章指出,中国一小部分劳工密集制造业向海外转移,就会给这些发展中国家带来巨大好处。
比如,如果1%的中国成衣业转移到非洲,非洲国家的成衣出口将猛增50%。
中国工资的上扬,将导致亚洲和其他发展中区域新的劳动分工。
全球领导能发挥作用吗?然而,中国同全球关系的―拐点‖不限于经济,也关系到它在维持稳定国际秩序的角色与责任。
我们正进入全球领导的独特阶段。
这不是突然的改变,而是趋向一个新局势的渐进发展。
它很可能是个多极化的世界,并出现一个仍然是发展中国家的全球领袖。
中国经济发展意味着它必须在共同领导世界上扮演重要角色。
中国已成为世界第二大经济体,并将在数年后成为世界最大经济体。
然而,就人均收入而言,它并不是个富裕的国家。