企业融资决策中英文对照外文翻译文献

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企业资金管理中英文对照外文翻译文献

企业资金管理中英文对照外文翻译文献

企业资金管理中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)An Analysis of Working Capital Management Results Across IndustriesAbstractFirms are able to reduce financing costs and/or increase the fund s available for expansion by minimizing the amount of funds tied upin current assets. We provide insights into the performance of surv eyed firms across key components of working capital management by usi ng the CFO magazine’s annual Working CapitalManagement Survey. We discover that significant differences exist b etween industries in working capital measures across time.In addition.w e discover that these measures for working capital change significantl y within industries across time.IntroductionThe importance of efficient working capital management is indisputa ble. Working capital is the difference between resources in cash or readily convertible into cash (Current Assets) and organizational commi tments for which cash will soon be required (Current Liabilities). Th e objective of working capital management is to maintain the optimum balance of each of the working capital components. Business viabilit y relies on the ability to effectively manage receivables. inventory.a nd payables. Firms are able to reduce financing costs and/or increase the funds available for expansion by minimizing the amount of funds tied up in current assets. Much managerial effort is expended in b ringing non-optimal levels of current assets and liabilities back towa rd optimal levels. An optimal level would be one in which a balance is achieved between risk and efficiency.A recent example of business attempting to maximize working capita l management is the recurrent attention being given to the applicatio n of Six Sigma®methodology. Six S igma®methodologies help companies measure and ensure quality in all areas of the enterprise. When used to identify and rectify discrepancies.inefficiencies and erroneous tra nsactions in the financial supply chain. Six Sigma®reduces Days Sale s Outstanding (DSO).accelerates the payment cycle.improves customer sati sfaction and reduces the necessary amount and cost of working capital needs. There appear to be many success stories including Jennifertwon’s(2002) report of a 15percent decrease in days that sales are outstanding.resulting in an increased cash flow of approximately $2 million at Thibodaux Regional Medical Cenrer.Furthermore bad debts declined from 3.4millin to $6000000.However.Waxer’s(2003)study of multiple firms employing Six Sig ma®finds that it is really a “get rich slow”technique with a r ate of return hovering in the 1.2 – 4.5 percent range.Even in a business using Six Sigma®methodology. an “optimal”level of working capital management needs to be identified. Industry factors may impa ct firm credit policy.inventory management.and bill-paying activities. S ome firms may be better suited to minimize receivables and inventory. while others maximize payables. Another aspect of “optimal”is the extent to which poor financial results can be tied to sub-optimal pe rformance.Fortunately.these issues are testable with data published by CFO magazine. which claims to be the source of “tools and informati on for the financial executive.”and are the subject of this resear ch.In addition to providing mean and variance values for the working capital measures and the overall metric.two issues will be addressed in this research. One research question is. “are firms within a p articular industry clustered together at consistent levels of working capital measures?For instance.are firms in one industry able to quickl y transfer sales into cash.while firms from another industry tend to have high sales levels for the particular level of inventory . The other research question is. “does working capital management perform ance for firms within a given industry change from year-to-year?”The following section presents a brief literature review.Next.the r esearch method is described.including some information about the annual Working Capital Management Survey published by CFO magazine. Findings are then presented and conclusions are drawn.Related LiteratureThe importance of working capital management is not new to the f inance literature. Over twenty years ago. Largay and Stickney (1980) reported that the then-recent bankruptcy of W.T. Grant. a nationwide chain of department stores.should have been anticipated because the co rporation had been running a deficit cash flow from operations for e ight of the last ten years of its corporate life.As part of a stud y of the Fortune 500s financial management practices. Gilbert and Rei chert (1995) find that accounts receivable management models are used in 59 percent of these firms to improve working capital projects.wh ile inventory management models were used in 60 percent of the compa nies.More recently. Farragher. Kleiman and Sahu (1999) find that 55 p ercent of firms in the S&P Industrial index complete some form of a cash flow assessment. but did not present insights regarding account s receivable and inventory management. or the variations of any curre nt asset accounts or liability accounts across industries.Thus.mixed ev idence exists concerning the use of working capital management techniq ues.Theoretical determination of optimal trade credit limits are the s ubject of many articles over the years (e.g. Schwartz 1974; Scherr 1 996).with scant attention paid to actual accounts receivable management.Across a limited sample. Weinraub and Visscher (1998) observe a tend ency of firms with low levels of current ratios to also have low l evels of current liabilities. Simultaneously investigating accounts rece ivable and payable issues.Hill. Sartoris.and Ferguson (1984) find diffe rences in the way payment dates are defined. Payees define the date of payment as the date payment is received.while payors view paymen t as the postmark date.Additional WCM insight across firms.industries.a nd time can add to this body of research.Maness and Zietlow (2002. 51. 496) presents two models of value creation that incorporate effective short-term financial management acti vities.However.these models are generic models and do not consider uni que firm or industry influences. Maness and Zietlow discuss industry influences in a short paragraph that includes the observation that. “An industry a company is located in may have more influence on th at company’s fortunes than overall GNP”(2002. 507).In fact. a car eful review of this 627-page textbook finds only sporadic information on actual firm levels of WCM dimensions.virtually nothing on industr y factors except for some boxed items with titles such as. “Should a Retailer Offer an In-House Credit Card”(128) and nothing on WC M stability over time. This research will attempt to fill this void by investigating patterns related to working capital measures within industries and illustrate differences between industries across time.An extensive survey of library and Internet resources provided ver y few recent reports about working capital management. The most relev ant set of articles was Weisel and Bradley’s (2003) article on cash flow management and one of inventory control as a result of effect ive supply chain management by Hadley (2004).Research Method The CFO RankingsThe first annual CFO Working Capital Survey. a joint project with REL Consultancy Group.was published in the June 1997 issue of CFO (Mintz and Lezere 1997). REL is a London. England-based management co nsulting firm specializing in working capital issues for its global l ist of clients. The original survey reports several working capital b enchmarks for public companies using data for 1996. Each company is ranked against its peers and also against the entire field of 1.000 companies. REL continues to update the original information on an a nnual basis.REL uses the “cash flow from operations”value located on firm cash flow statements to estimate cash conversion efficiency (CCE). T his value indicates how well a company transforms revenues into cash flow. A “days of working capital”(DWC) value is based on the d ollar amount in each of the aggregate.equally-weighted receivables.inven tory.and payables accounts. The “days of working capital”(DNC) repr esents the time period between purchase of inventory on acccount fromvendor until the sale to the customer.the collection of the receiva bles. and payment receipt.Thus.it reflects the companys ability to fin ance its core operations with vendor credit. A detailed investigation of WCM is possible because CFO also provides firm and industry val ues for days sales outstanding (A/R).inventory turnover.and days payabl es outstanding (A/P).Research FindingsAverage and Annual Working Capital Management Performance Working capital management component definitions and average values for the entire 1996 –2000 period .Across the nearly 1.000 firms in the survey.cash flow from operations. defined as cash flow from operations divided by sales and referred to as “cash conversion ef ficiency”(CCE).averages 9.0 percent.Incorporating a 95 percent confide nce interval. CCE ranges from 5.6 percent to 12.4 percent. The days working capital (DWC). defined as the sum of receivables and invent ories less payables divided by daily sales.averages 51.8 days and is very similar to the days that sales are outstanding (50.6).because the inventory turnover rate (once every 32.0 days) is similar to the number of days that payables are outstanding (32.4 days).In all ins tances.the standard deviation is relatively small.suggesting that these working capital management variables are consistent across CFO report s.Industry Rankings on Overall Working Capital Management Perfo rmanceCFO magazine provides an overall working capital ranking for firms in its ing the following equation:Industry-based differences in overall working capital management are presented for the twenty-s ix industries that had at least eight companies included in the rank ings each year.In the typical year. CFO magazine ranks 970 companies during this period. Industries are listed in order of the mean ove rall CFO ranking of working capital performance. Since the best avera ge ranking possible for an eight-company industry is 4.5 (this assume s that the eight companies are ranked one through eight for the ent ire survey). it is quite obvious that all firms in the petroleum in dustry must have been receiving very high overall working capital man agement rankings.In fact.the petroleum industry is ranked first in CCE and third in DWC (as illustrated in Table 5 and discussed later i n this paper).Furthermore.the petroleum industry had the lowest standar d deviation of working capital rankings and range of working capital rankings. The only other industry with a mean overall ranking less than 100 was the Electric & Gas Utility industry.which ranked secon d in CCE and fourth in DWC. The two industries with the worst work ing capital rankings were Textiles and Apparel. Textiles rank twenty-s econd in CCE and twenty-sixth in DWC. The apparel industry ranks twenty-third and twenty-fourth in the two working capital measures ConclusionsThe research presented here is based on the annual ratings of wo rking capital management published in CFO magazine. Our findings indic ate a consistency in how industries “stack up”against each other over time with respect to the working capital measures.However.the wor king capital measures themselves are not static (i.e.. averages of wo rking capital measures across all firms change annually); our results indicate significant movements across our entire sample over time. O ur findings are important because they provide insight to working cap ital performance across time. and on working capital management across industries. These changes may be in explained in part by macroecono mic factors Changes in interest rates.rate of innovation.and competitio n are likely to impact working capital management. As interest rates rise.there would be less desire to make payments early.which would stretch accounts payable.accounts receivable.and cash accounts. The ra mifications of this study include the finding of distinct levels of WCM measures for different industries.which tend to be stable over ti me. Many factors help to explain this discovery. The improving econom y during the period of the study may have resulted in improved turn over in some industries.while slowing turnover may have been a signal of troubles ahead. Our results should be interpreted cautiously. Our study takes places over a short time frame during a generally impr oving market. In addition. the survey suffers from survivorship bias –only the top firms within each industry are ranked each year and the composition of those firms within the industry can change annua lly.Further research may take one of two lines.First.there could bea study of whether stock prices respond to CFO magazine’s publication of working capital management rating.Second,there could be a study of which if any of the working capital management components relate to share price performance.Given our results,there studies need to take industry membership into consideration when estimating stock price reaction to working capital management performance.对整个行业中营运资金管理的研究格雷格Filbeck.Schweser学习计划托马斯M克鲁格.威斯康星大学拉克罗斯摘要:企业能够降低融资成本或者尽量减少绑定在流动资产上的成立基金数额来用于扩大现有的资金。

研究中小企业融资要参考的英文文献

研究中小企业融资要参考的英文文献

研究中小企业融资要参考的英文文献在研究中小企业融资问题时,寻找相关的英文文献是获取国际经验和最佳实践的重要途径。

以下是一些值得参考的英文文献,涵盖了中小企业融资的理论背景、现状分析、政策建议以及案例研究等方面。

“Financing Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: A Global Perspective”, by P.K. Agarwal, A.K. Dixit, and J.C. Garmaise. This book provides an comprehensive overview of the issues and challenges related to financing small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) around the world. It presents an analytical framework for understanding the different dimensions of SME financing and outlines best practices and policy recommendations for improving access to finance for these businesses.“The Financing of SMEs: A Review of the Literature and Empirical Evidence”, by R. E. Cull, L. P. Ciccantelli, and J. Valentin. This paper provides a comprehensive literature review on the financing challenges faced by SMEs, exploring the various factors that influence their access to finance,including information asymmetries, lack of collateral, and limited access to formal financial markets. The paper also presents empirical evidence on the impact of different financing strategies on SME performance and outlines policy recommendations for addressing these challenges.“The Role of Microfinance in SME Finance: A Review of the Literature”, by S. Hossain, M.A. Iftekhar, and N. Choudhury. This paper focuses on the role of microfinance in financing SMEs and explores the advantages and disadvantages of microfinance as a financing option for SMEs. It also outlines the potential for microfinance to play a greater role in supporting SME development in emerging markets and provides policy recommendations for achieving this objective.“The Political Economy of SME Finance: Evidence fromCross-Country Data”, by D.J. Mullen and J.R. Roberts. This paper examines the political economy of SME finance, exploring the relationship between government policies, market institutions, and SME financing constraints. Usingcross-country data, the paper finds evidence that government policies can have a significant impact on SME access to finance and that countries with better market institutions are more successful in supporting SME development. The paper provides policy recommendations for improving SME financing in different political and institutional settings.“Financing SMEs in Developing Countries: A Case Study of India”, by S. Bhattacharya, S. Ghosh, and R. Panda. This case study explores the financing challenges faced by SMEs in India and identifies the factors that limit their access to finance, including government policies, market institutions, and cultural traditions. It also presents an in-depth analysis of the various financing options available to SMEs in India, such as informal credit markets, microfinance institutions, and banks, and outlines policy recommendations for enhancing access to finance for these businesses.这些文献提供了对中小企业融资问题的多维度理解,并提供了实用的政策建议和案例研究,有助于更好地解决中小企业的融资需求。

中小企业融资渠道中英文对照外文翻译文献

中小企业融资渠道中英文对照外文翻译文献

中小企业融资渠道中英文对照外文翻译文献Title: Financing Channels for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises: A Comparative Analysis of Chinese and English LiteratureIntroduction:Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial role in driving economic growth, job creation, and innovation. However, they often face challenges in accessing finance due to limited assets, credit history, and information transparency. This article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of financing channels for SMEs, comparing existing literature in both Chinese and English.1. Overview of SME Financing Channels:1.1 Bank Loans:Traditional bank loans are a common financing option for SMEs. They offer advantages such as long-term repayment periods, lower interest rates, and established banking relationships. However, obtaining bank loans may be challenging for SMEs with insufficient collateral or creditworthiness.1.2 Venture Capital and Private Equity:Venture capital (VC) and private equity (PE) attract external investments in exchange for equity stakes. These financing channels are particularly suitable for high-growth potential SMEs. VC/PE investors often provide not only financial resources but also expertise and networks to support SMEs' growth. However, SMEs may face challenges in meeting the stringent criteria required by VC/PE firms, limiting accessibility.1.3 Angel Investment:Angel investors are wealthy individuals who provide early-stage funding to SMEs. They are often interested in innovative and high-potential ventures. Angel investments can bridge the funding gap during a company's initial stages, but SMEs need to actively seek out and convince potential angel investors to secure funding.1.4 Government Grants and Subsidies:Governments offer grants and subsidies to support SMEs' business development and innovation. These resources play a pivotal role in ensuring SMEs' survival and growth. However, the application process can be cumbersome, and the competition for these funds is usually high.1.5 Crowdfunding:Crowdfunding platforms allow SMEs to raise capital from a large poolof individual investors. This channel provides opportunities for SMEs to showcase their products or services and engage directly with potential customers. However, the success of crowdfunding campaigns depends on effective marketing strategies and compelling narratives.2. Comparative Analysis:2.1 Chinese Literature on SME Financing Channels:In Chinese literature, research on SME financing channels focuses on the unique challenges faced by Chinese SMEs, such as information asymmetry, high collateral requirements, and insufficient financial transparency. Studiesemphasize the importance of government policies, bank loans, and alternative financing channels like venture capital and private equity.2.2 English Literature on SME Financing Channels:English literature encompasses a broader range of financing channels and their implications for SMEs worldwide. It highlights the significance of business angel investment, crowdfunding, trade credit, factoring, and peer-to-peer lending. The literature also emphasizes the role of financial technology (fintech) in expanding SMEs' access to finance.3. Recommendations for SMEs:3.1 Enhancing Financial Literacy:SMEs should invest in improving their financial literacy to understand different financing options and strategies. This knowledge will help them position themselves more effectively when seeking external funding.3.2 Diversifying Funding Sources:To mitigate financing risks, SMEs should explore multiple channels simultaneously. A diversified funding portfolio can help SMEs access different sources of capital while reducing dependence on a single channel.3.3 Building Relationships:Developing relationships with banks, investors, and relevant stakeholders is crucial for SMEs seeking financing. Strong networks and connections can provide valuable support and increase the likelihood of securing funding.Conclusion:Access to appropriate financing channels is crucial for the growth and development of SMEs. This analysis of financing channels for SMEs, comparing Chinese and English literature, highlights the diverse options available. By understanding the strengths and limitations of each channel, SMEs can make informed decisions and adopt strategies that align with their unique business requirements. Governments, financial institutions, and other stakeholders should continue to collaborate in creating an enabling environment that facilitates SMEs' access to finance.。

中小型企业融资决策-外文翻译

中小型企业融资决策-外文翻译

中小型企业融资决策-外文翻译外文资料翻译译文中小型企业融资决策融资租赁(金融租赁)也被称为设备租赁(设备租赁),或现代租赁(现代租赁),基本上是全部或大部分的资产所有权转移风险和报酬的租赁。

终极所有权的资产转移,也可能不转移。

它指的具体内容承租人出租人在租赁对象和特定需求的供应商选择、供应商融资购买租赁财产,和使用出租给承租人,承租人对出租人分期支付租金,在租赁期内租赁对象的所有权属于出租人所有,承租人有权使用租赁项目。

任期届满,承租人支付租金在完成融资租赁合同履行义务,租赁对象所有权归属的承租人。

尽管融资租赁交易,租赁公司购买设备的身份,但购买的实质性内容设备供应商的选择等设备的具体要求,由承租人购买合同谈判的条件享受和锻炼,承租人租赁对象本质上是买方。

,是一个融资租赁贷款和贸易和技术更新的扩展新的综合金融行业。

因为它扩展的贷款和组合特征,有一个问题在租赁公司可以回收、处理租赁,所以企业的融资信贷和担保的主要要求,非常适合中小企业融资。

此外,负债融资租赁,不反映在企业的财务报表责任,不影响企业的信用状况。

这种多渠道融资需求的中小企业而言是非常有利的。

传统性质的租赁和融资租赁的区别就是:传统租赁以承租人租赁使用物件的时间租金、融资成本和融资租赁租金的租户占用时间。

市场经济发展到一定阶段和适应一个强大的融资,在1950年代在美国有一个新的类型的交易,因为它适应了现代经济发展的要求,在60 到70年世界上快速发展,如今已成为一个企业更新设备融资的主要方式之一,被称为“朝阳产业。

“中国在1980年代早期在这个操作模式的介绍了10年的快速发展,与发达国家相比,租赁的优势远未结束,市场潜力是巨大的。

租赁的主要特征租赁的主要特征是:对象的所有权,租赁是出租人为了控制租户租金还款的风险采取的一种形式所有权,在合同结束时最终有可能转移给承租人,租赁租赁人选择购买产品,从租户负责维护出租人只提供金融服务。

租金计算原则是:出租人租赁对象购买价格的基础上,由承租人向出租人资金时间的基础上,根据双方同意租赁利率。

融资过程外文翻译外文文献英文文献融资过程中啄食顺序理论的一个

融资过程外文翻译外文文献英文文献融资过程中啄食顺序理论的一个

外文原文Management Research News,Volume 25 Number 12,2002A Rational Justification of the Pecking Order Hypothesis to theChoice of Sources of FinancingBy Vuong Duc Hoang Quan外文翻译原文来自:Management Research News,Volume 25 Number 12,2002:74-90融资过程中啄食顺序理论的一个合理证明Vuong Duc Hoang Quan摘要自从被Stewart Myers (1984)发展以来,啄食顺序理论在近期把研究重心从传统静态权衡理论转移到其他理论的研究的趋势中成为了一道亮点,它试图为公司资本结构的行为寻求一个合理的解释。

这篇文章通过建立啄食顺序理论和与之有明显对立的MM定理1之间的关系,提出了啄食顺序理论的一个合理证明。

为支持我们的解释,在推论过程中,我们采用各种各样现有的理论,包括税盾理论、破产成本理论、代理理论、信号理论和管理风险厌恶理论等,这些证明啄食顺序理论的论据,其内涵也被简要地讨论了。

关键词:公司融资;资本结构;啄食顺序理论介绍企业怎样选择资本结构及其影响因素是公司财务上一个很有争议的根本问题。

传统上,资本结构的形成被认为是有利税率之间静态权衡的结果。

税收优势提倡增加债务,它与破产风险相对,破产风险更偏好于股权融资的使用。

尽管如此,近期的研究已经呈现出了从静态权衡理论为焦点到其他理论的研究的转移,从而试图寻找出一个对资本结构行为更进一步的解释。

Myers (1984)谈到的啄食顺序理论最早是由Donaldson (1961)始创的,是用来描述企业管理者为减轻不对称信息引起的投资不足问题的缺陷而优先采取的融资方式的选择这一融资实际。

因此相对于外源融资,任何类型的企业更倾向于内源融资。

小微企业融资外文文献翻译

小微企业融资外文文献翻译

小微企业融资外文文献翻译the XXX credit to small and medium enterprises (SMEs)。

However。

micro enterprises (MEs) which are smaller than SMEs。

have been XXX。

using a path XXX finance。

such as family and friends。

due to the lack of access to formal finance。

Path dependence is also evident。

XXX finance.翻译:乌干达的小微企业融资:路径依赖和其他融资决策的决定因素XXX:Winifred XXX-XXX博士摘要:发展中国家的融资文献主要关注正规金融机构向中小型企业(SMEs)提供信贷的角色。

然而,小微企业(MEs)比SMEs更小,却被忽视了。

本文使用路径依赖框架,研究了乌干达小微企业的融资决策,识别了影响它们获得融资的因素。

研究发现,由于缺乏正规融资渠道,小微企业严重依赖非正规融资来源,如家人和朋友。

路径依赖也很明显,过去的融资决策和与非正规融资来源的关系影响了当前的融资决策。

本研究建议政策应着重改善小微企业获得正规融资的渠道,并促进金融素养,减少对非正规融资来源的依赖。

Access to credit is crucial for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and micro enterprises。

as they are considered to be the main drivers of economic growth。

In e countries。

XXX role than SMEs。

XXX-agricultural self-XXX。

XXX due to the way they are XXX。

中小企业融资渠道中英文对照外文翻译文献

中小企业融资渠道中英文对照外文翻译文献

中小企业融资渠道中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文:The areas of SME financing channels: an overview 1.IntroductionIn all countries, SMEs are an important source of economic growth and create jobs. In addition, these companies through their dynamism and flexibility, the power of innovation and development.The research method is to start from the literature to highlight the importance of the theme of our research. This paper analyzes the data and statistics based on mainly by the World Bank survey, small and medium-sized private enterprises in Romania by some empirical research. According to the method used, and pointed out the importance of financing of SMEs and enhance the public bodies concerned about, especially the measures taken to improve financial development.2.the literature on SMEs financing channelsA popular academic literature on the financing channels of SMEs, has witnessed a lot of research to solve this problem.Countless research studies have indicated that financing channels is a critical obstacle in the growth and development process, especially in small and medium enterprises.Through Baker Dumont reggae - Ke Lute, Ivan, and Marca Smokin Popovich (2004) research, reflecting the fundamental factors of 10 000 enterprises from 80 countries mainly depend on the financing of enterprises. Therefore, the relationship between the study highlights the corporate finance and its characteristics such as age, size and structure of property rights. From this perspective, the authors found that the small size of the young company, and face greater obstacles when they seek financial resources.The iResearch Dick Mei Leke and Salta (2011) analysis of macroeconomic and institutional factors affecting SME financing loans through the statistical data found. In other similar studies, the authors found a positive correlation between the overall economic development (a measure of per capita income) and financial development (measured by private lending ratio of gross domestic product), on the other hand, the level of SME financing is the opposite. In addition, the authors show that the level of financing for SMEs depends on the legal structure and overall business environment.3.in the process of SME financing in the general obstaclesIn general, access to financial products or financial services or financial inclusion assumes that there is no trade barriers to the use of financial products or services, regardless of whether these barriers or non-related pricing (Dumont reggae - Ke Lute, Baker, and Honorine root 2008:2). Therefore, to improve this means of access means increasing the degree of financial products or financial services at a fair price toeveryone.Enterprise does not use financial products or services can be divided into several categories, their identification is necessary, in order to take the necessary measures to improve their financing channels. Therefore, on the one hand, enterprises obtain financing, the financial products and services, but do not use them because they do not have a viable investment projects. On the other hand, it can distinguish between non-voluntary refuse corporate Although these business needs, but not have access to financial services. The status of independent corporate finance or financial services in some companies do not earn enough money or safeguards required by financing institutions and therefore have higher credit risk. At the same time, when some companies in need of funding, financial and banking institutions involved too costly and can not agree to financing. Finally, in the context of the enterprise refused to appear over-priced financial products or services and financial products or services that meet their requirements.Financing channels for enterprise development and the efficient allocation of funds essential. However, compared with large enterprises, SMEs seeking finance is facing many difficulties, because of several reasons, including: the judicial and legislative structure of the instability and imperfect, it does not support the enterprises in need of financing and funding the relationship between; part of the funding and corporate information is incomplete or even lack of information, which hinders the normal and efficient development of relations between enterprises and providers of finance; especially in the young company, the lack of credit history and guarantees the creditors, and sometimes limits the range of financial products that can be used.The number of surveys, especially the World Bank stressed that the financing is one of the biggest obstacle to good development and growth of the SME. For example, the World Bank in the 2006-2009 survey foundthat 31% of the worldwide study of corporate finance is a major obstacle to the current implementation, and even higher proportion of young company in the 40% of cases up to three years of experience (Chavez, kt Boer and Ireland 2010:1). In addition, a series of global surveys, including the information provided by the World Business Environment Survey show that SME financing transaction costs is the main obstacle to enterprise development.4.SME bank financing difficulties and support measuresIn most countries, especially in countries with bank-oriented financial system, the main source of external financing for SMEs by bank loans. Therefore, this type of loan is crucial to the development of SMEs. However, the survey showed, compared to the SMEs and large enterprises are using the new investment in the small extent of bank financing.As we mentioned, the use of financial products is determined by supply and demand. It is therefore important to understand why the SMEs use bank financing to a small extent only. In this regard, some studies (Banerjee and Duflo: 2004) has shown that the main reason for the supply, because every time when SMEs are able to obtain loans, they use it to increase production. This behavior is more proof of financing is an important factor in the development of enterprises. In addition, in the context of the current global financial crisis, the declining availability of bank loans and limited financing opportunities for SMEs. Therefore, it is the main problem facing small and medium enterprises.October 29, 2010, this survey of SMEs in Romania highlights the main problems faced by SMEs and banks. Therefore, 82% of the interviewed entrepreneurs obtain bank financing is very difficult, mainly because of excessive bureaucracy, unreasonable high demand, high interest rates, rigid bank credit indicators, as well as many types of commission and expenses. In addition, more than 61% of SMEentrepreneurs and managers reporting banks lack of transparency (hidden costs, lack of communication channels, etc.), there is no real consultation (using the standard contract, the bank refused to modify or complete the credit contract, etc.) and banks do not legitimate or misuse of the terms of the contract (for example, perform the unauthorized transaction accounts or bank fraud). Understanding this knowledge to take measures to support and promote SME financing.Improve SME financing is still cause for concern, but also national, European and international facing a challenge. For example, in the EU, through the implementation of the new measures established by the Small Business Administration for Europe to improve the financing channels for SMEs, by reducing the return of the structural funds requirements to promote the access of small and medium enterprises, the establishment of the Credit Ombudsman to promote small and medium-sized enterprises and dialogue between the credit institutions, to avoid the double taxation of the tax legislation, which will hinder the international venture capital plays an important role.In particular, empirical research, emphasizing the impact of the degree of financial development of a country is essential that the level of development of the SME financing. Therefore, a series of measures to support SMEs to obtain financing, to ensure the efficient development of the country's financial, which will ensure greater availability of corporate finance. Specifically, the authorities should take measures commonly used to measure the degree of financial development in the seven pillars, namely, the institutional environment, business environment, financial stability, banking and financial services, non-bank financial services, financial markets and access to finance.5 .ConclusionEffective financing for SMEs to create new business is of great significance, and existing growth and development of enterprises, whilepromoting the country's economic and social development. In addition, in the case of the economic crisis, SMEs contribute to restoring the national economy, so it is particularly important to support SME financing. However, most of the survey report stressed, always the financing channels of SMEs is one of the most important factor to affect its operation and development.SMEs trying to get the necessary financial resources to face difficulties related to the entrepreneurs and the economic environment of each country, as well as existing legal and institutional structure. To alleviate these difficulties, the measures taken by public authorities should focus on improving the financial development and to ensure that the corporate finance and economic growth, greater effectiveness.In various countries, including Romania, the decline on the availability of SME financing, or even the lack of statistical data, we believe that policy makers need to focus on and monitor a series of important indicators, depending on the size of the SMEs, experience and industry events share of its loans, which will benefit the public authorities, creditors and investors.原文来自罗马·安吉拉中小企业的融资渠道的领域:概述(奥拉迪亚大学:经济科学,2011年第一卷第一期,431-437)摘要通过中小企业在创造附加值和新的就业岗位中的贡献,使它在国家的经济和社会发展中拥有一个显著的角色。

中小企业融资问题英文参考文献(精选122个最新)

中小企业融资问题英文参考文献(精选122个最新)

近年来,随着中小企业的飞速发展,中小企业融资问题,已经成为一些中小企业进一步发展所面临的“瓶颈”。

在我国经济体制转型和经济结构调整的特殊历史时期,中小企业融资问题不仅表现得较为突出,也更为复杂。

下面是搜索整理的中小企业融资问题英文参考文献,欢迎借鉴参考。

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企业融资决策中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文:中小型企业融资决策企业的产生、生存及发展均离不开投资与融资活动。

随着我国加入WTO 组织,市场经济体制的逐步完善,金融市场的快速发展,投资与融资效率也越来越成为企业发展的关键。

对于中小型企业而言,应要根据自身发展需求,认真考虑如何选择自己需要和适合自己发展阶段的融资方式以及各种融资方式的利用时机、条件、成本和风险,确定合适的融资规模以及制定最佳融资期限等问题。

要解决这些问题,需要中小型企业制定适当的融资策略,以作出最优化的融资决策。

一、企业融资决策概述(一)企业融资决策概述企业融资决策,是企业根据其价值创造目标需要,利用一定时机与渠道,采取经济有效的融资工具,为公司筹集所需资金的一种市场行为。

它不仅改变了公司的资产负债结构,而且影响了企业内部管理、经营业绩、可持续发展及价值增长。

典型的融资决策包括出售何种债务和股权(融资方式)、如何确定所要出售债务和股权的价值(融资成本)、何时出售些债务和股权(融资时机)等等。

而其中最主要的包括融资规模的决策和融资方式的决策。

融资规模应为企业完成资金使用目的的最低需要量。

而企业的融资方式则多种多样,常见的以下几种:1.财政融资。

财政融资方式从融出的角度来讲,可分为:预算内拨款、财政贷款、通过授权机构的国有资产投资、政策性银行贷款、预算外专项建设基金、财政补贴。

2.银行融资。

从资金融出角度即银行的资金运用来说,主要是各种代款,例如:信用贷款、抵押贷款、担保贷款、贴现贷款、融资租凭、证券投资。

3.商业融资。

其方式也是多种多样,主要包括商品交易过程中各企业间发生的赊购商品、预收货款等形式。

4.政券融资。

该方式主要包括股标融资和债券融资两大类。

(二)融资决策过程企业制定融资决策的过程,也即确定最优资本结构的过程。

具体决策程序是:首先,当一家企业为筹措一笔资金面临几种融资方案时,企业可以分别计算出各个融资方案的加权平均资本成本率,然后选择其中加权平均资本成本率最低的一种。

其次,被选中的加权平均资本成本率最低的那种融资方案只是诸种方案中最佳的,并不意味着它已经形成了最佳资本结构,这时,企业要观察投资者对贷出款项的要求、股票市场的价格波动等情况,根据财务判断分析资本结构的合理性,同时企业财务人员可利用一些财务分析方法对资本结构通行更详尽的分析。

最后,根据分析结果,在企业进一步的融资决策中改进其资本结构。

(三)中小企业融资的总思路中小企业融资的总体思路应是:投资与融资相结合,以投资带动融资。

融资决策在中小企业财务决策中并不具备像大企业(尤其是股份公司)那样的独立性,它应该是企业投资决策的一部分,融资必须直接为投资服务。

这也就是说,中小企业的融资决策必须通过投资决策这一环节才能通向财务管理目标,而不是像股份公司那样,融资决策与财务目标之间可以建立直接的函数关系。

这是因为:1.中小企业财务目标是利润最大化,只有投资活动才能为企业带来利润,即最优的投资决策就是最优的筹资决策。

2. 中小企业的资金供需矛盾突出,企业融资的渠道、数量、时间都受到各种客观条件的限制。

要像大企业那样灵活地运用多种手段来自由调整资本结构,对中小企业来说是不现实的。

因此,对于有数十年经营历史,由职业经理层管理的中小型企业而言,融资计划是为投资服务的,必须与投资需求相匹配,包括融资金额和融资时间上的匹配。

更重要的,投资项目必须是经过多方面因素考虑的,不是盲目圈钱的幌子,否则容易出现投融资决策失效,导致投资失败、损害企业权益的问题。

在监督职能缺乏的中小型企业中,进行程序化的项目可行性论证是必要的,但只是决策的一个部分,提供财务上的参考,不能对整个计划是否可行提供意见,更不能作为项目可行的决定性依据。

战略和内部需要等各种因素综合考虑是很重要的。

二、我国中小型企业融资环境分析企业是在一定环境下的各种经济资源的有机集合体。

企业运营只有适应和了解环境变化的要求,才能立于不败之地。

企业面临的环境是指存在于企业周围,影响企业生存和发展的各种客观因素和力量的总称,它是企业选择筹资方式的基础。

就现阶段而言,我国中小企业的融资环境现状主要有以下几个方面:(一)从中小企业自身的状况来看我国中小企业的经营管理水平和技术水平往往比较低,企业内部缺乏有效的监督制约机制,这样造成的一个结果就是资金使用效率不高,风险比较大。

因此,银行等金融机构对中小企业经营和发展的信任度很低,所以也不会轻易地将资金借贷给中小企业。

(二)从银行等金融机构的经营原则来考虑银行等金融机构的经营讲究资金的“效益性、安全性、流动性”,在实践中银行等金融机构给予客户贷款的一个前提条件就是要求客户能够提供有效的担保,中小企业自身则因资力有限而无法提供有效的担保,同时因为中小企业经营的风险性,第三人在一般情况下也不会为中小企业的债务提供担保。

既然不能提供足额有效的担保,银行等金融机构就不会给中小企业发放贷款。

(三)从国家的产业政策和经济政策来看政府对中小企业的扶持不足也是造成中小企业融资难的一个重要原因。

我国对中小企业虽然也有一些扶持政策,比如《中华人民共和国乡镇企业法》当中也规定,“国家运用信贷手段,鼓励和扶持乡镇企业的发展”:“县级以上人民政府依照国家有关规定,可以设立乡镇企业发展基金”,“乡镇企业发展基金专门用于扶持乡镇企业发展”等,但是因为缺乏有效的制度保障,这些规定很难落到实处。

(四)从我国的金融管制来看企业之间不能相互借贷也在一定程度上增加了中小企业融资的难度。

依据我国现行法律,公民之间、企业与公民之间、企业或公民与金融机构之间可以发生合法的借贷关系,然而企业与企业之间的借贷却被视为非法借贷关系而为法律所不允许。

这样,对于中小企业来说,等于少了一条融资的途径,无形之中也增加了中小企业的融资难度。

三、中小型企业应制定合理融资的具体策略因此,对于在现阶段我国的中小企业融资环境对中小企业融资不利的情况下而言,中小企业在制定具体的融资策略时,应注意以下几个方面:(一)资金数量上追求合理性对以股份公司为代表的大企业来讲,融资的目的在于实现最佳资本结构,即追求资金成本最低和企业价值最大;而对中小企业来讲,融资的目的是直接确保生产经营所需的资金。

资金不足会影响生产发展,而资金过剩也会导致资金使用效果降低,形成浪费。

由于中小企业融资不易,所以经营者在遇到比较宽松的筹资环境时,往往容易犯“韩信点兵,多多益善”的错误。

但如果筹来的资金用得不合理或者并非真正需要,那么好事就变成了坏事,企业反倒可能背负沉重的债务负担,进一步影响融资能力和获利能力。

因此,企业界在进行融资决策之初,要根据企业对资金的需要、企业自身的实际条件以及融资决策的难易程度和成本情况下,量力而行,确定企业合理的融资规模。

(二)资金使用上追求效益性中小企业在融资渠道和方式上不像大企业那样存在较大的选择余地,但这并不是说中小企业只能“饥不择食”,相反,由于中小企业的抗风险能力弱以及筹资困难,更应该对每笔资金善加权衡,综合考虑经营需要与资金成本、融资风险及投资收益等诸多方面的因素,必须把资金的来源和投向结合起来,分析资金成本率与投资收益串的关系,避免决策失误。

(三)资金结构上追求配比性中小企业的资金运用决定资金筹集的类型和数量。

我们知道,企业总资产由流动资产和非流动资产两部分构成。

流动资产又分为两种不同性态:一是其数量随生产经营的变动而波动的流动资产,即所谓的暂时性流动资产;二是类似于固定资产那样长期保持稳定水平的流动资产,即所谓的永久性流动资产。

按结构上的配比原则,中小企业用于固定资产和永久性流动资产上的资金,以中长期融资方式筹措为宜;由于季节性、周期性和随机因素造成企业经营活动变化所需的资金,则主要以短期融资方式筹措为宜。

强调融资和投资在资金结构上的配比关系对中小企业尤为重要。

(四)资金运作上,在追求增量筹资的同时更加注重存量筹资增量筹资指从数量上增加资金总占用量,以满足生产经营需要;存量筹资是指在不增加资金总占用量的前提下,通过调整资金占用结构、加速资金周转,尽量避免不合理的资金使用,提高单位资金的使用效果,以满足企业不断扩大的生产经营需要。

增量筹资与存量筹资的紧密结合,也反映出中小企业的筹资活动与投资活动的内在必然联系,因为存量筹资实际上就是一种资金运用,它属于投资活动的范畴。

比如,企业若能将闲置设备适时采用出租、出售转让等形式进行“存量筹资”,则不但可以避免损失和资金的积压,而且有助于提高长期资金的流动性,减轻过于沉重的融资压力。

(五)筹资渠道上,追求以信誉取胜主动与金融机构保持良好关系,使之了解企业,看到企业远大的前景,愿意支持企业的发展,这对每一个成功的中小企业经营者来说都是必修的一课。

具体包括两个方面:一方面是对金融机构的选择,应选择对中小企业立业与成长前途感兴趣并愿意对其投资的金融机构;能给予企业经营指导的金融机构;分支机构多、交易方便的金融机构;资金充足,而且资金费用低的金融机构;员工素质好、职业道德良好的金融机构等。

另一方面是中小企业要主动向合作的金融机构沟通企业的经营方针、发展计划、财务状况,说明遇到的困难,以实绩和信誉赢得金融机构的信任和支持,而不应以各种违法或不正当的手段套取资金。

(六)筹资方式上,选择适合企业本身规模、实力与所处阶段在对融资收益与成本进行比较之后,认为确有必要融资时,就需要考虑选择什么样的融资方式。

在选择融资方式时,通常要考虑企业自身规模的大小、实力强弱以及企业所处的发展阶段,同时结合不同融资方式的特点,选择适合本企业发展的融资方式,例如,在中小企业创业初期,其融资方式可以上选择股权融资,因为创业初期,风险很大,很少有金融机构等债权人来为你融资。

而在股权融资中,企业主与其朋友和家庭成员的资金占了绝大多数。

这部分融资是属于“内部人融资”或“内部融资”,也叫企业“自己投资”。

到中小企业发展到一定时期和规模以后,就可以选择债权融资。

债权融资主要来自金融机构,包括商业银行和财务公司等。

属于高科技行业的中小企业,可以考虑到创业板市场发行股票融资;不符合上市条件的中小企业,则可以考虑银行贷款融资等。

(七)融资方式上,选择最有利于提高企业竞争力的融资方式中小企业融资通常会给企业带来以下直接影响:首先,通过融资,可以壮大中小企业资本实力,增强中小企业的支付能力和发展后劲;其次,通过融资,可以提高中小企业的信誉,扩大企业产品的市场份额;再次,通过融资,可以扩大中小企业规模,增强企业获利能力,从而充分利用规模经济优势提高企业在市场上的竞争力,加快企业的发展。

但是企业竞争力的提高程度因企业融资方式、融资收益的不同而存在很大差异。

比如,股票融资、尤其是初次发行普通股并上市流通,不仅会给企业带来巨大的资金融通,还会大大提高企业的知名度和商誉,使企业的竞争力获得提高。

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