Introduction to British Parliamentary Debate 英国议会制辩论赛简介
六下关于英国的介绍小作文英文版
六下关于英国的介绍小作文英文版Here is an English essay on the topic of "A short introduction to the UK":The United Kingdom, also known as the UK, is a sovereign country located off the northwestern coast of the continental Europe. It is an island nation comprising the island of Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller surrounding islands. The UK is a unitary parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II as the reigning monarch.The United Kingdom is a highly developed country and has the world's fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. It was the world's first industrialized country and the empire on which the sun never set, a global power that dominated the 19th and early 20th centuries. The UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific, and political influence internationally. It is a recognized nuclear weapons state and is ranked 16th in the world for its military strength.The United Kingdom is made up of four countries England, Scotland,Wales, and Northern Ireland. England, the largest and most populous of the four, occupies the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain. Scotland, located in the northern part of Great Britain, is home to over 5 million people. Wales lies to the west of England and has a population of just over 3 million. Northern Ireland, the smallest of the four, is located on the island of Ireland and has a population of around 1.9 million.London, the capital and largest city of England and the UK, is a global center of finance, arts, media, entertainment, and tourism. It is one of the world's most visited cities. Other major cities in the UK include Birmingham, Manchester, Glasgow, Liverpool, Leeds, and Bristol. The UK has a diverse geography, ranging from the rugged highlands and islands of Scotland and Wales to the rolling hills and river valleys of England. It has a temperate maritime climate, with cool, wet winters and mild, wet summers.The United Kingdom has a long and storied history, having been home to many ancient civilizations and kingdoms over the centuries. The Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Normans, and Danes all left their mark on the islands. The Act of Union in 1707 joined the Kingdoms of England and Scotland, leading to the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain. The Acts of Union in 1800 then added the Kingdom of Ireland, creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.The UK played a pivotal role in the development of parliamentary democracy and in the industrial revolution, which transformed the country into the world's first industrialized nation. It was also the center of the British Empire, which at its height encompassed around a quarter of the world's population and landmass. The UK's global influence and power began to decline in the 20th century, but it remains a major economic and political force today.The UK is renowned for its rich cultural heritage, including its literature, art, music, theater, and architecture. It has produced many of the world's most famous writers, artists, musicians, and thinkers. British culture has had a significant influence globally, particularly through the widespread use of the English language. The UK is also home to a diverse population, with people from all over the world making it their home.In conclusion, the United Kingdom is a fascinating and multifaceted country with a long and storied history, a vibrant culture, and a significant global influence. From its ancient castles and rolling countryside to its bustling cities and cutting-edge technology, the UK offers something for everyone. Whether you're interested in history, culture, nature, or just exploring a new and exciting destination, the UK is a country that is well worth discovering.。
IntroductionToBPDebate
英国议会制辩论简介 Phyllis Liu
Focus for this Presentation
内容提要
Part I: Introduction 导论 Part II: What is the British Parliamentary debate 什么是英国议会制辩论
Points of Information
POI --- Point of Information Who --- a member of an opposing team; What --- comments, statement, question…; How to offer --- by rising and extending hand or by saying “on that point, Sir/Madam” NO POI --- protected time (the first and the last minute); Time --- 15 seconds or less
2nd Speaker: Leader of Opposition
第二发言者——反对党领袖
-- Accepts the definition of the motioin接受 Upper House 定义 上院 -- Refutes the case of the first Government 反驳对方立论 -- Construct one or more arguments against the Prime Minister‘s interpretation of the motion建构一个或多个论点以反驳对 方对辩题的阐释
英国概况的期末结课作业
英国概况的期末结课作业Benefits from The Introduction to British CultureIn this semester, with the teacher’s help, I get to know quite many different aspects of English culture, which are very rewarding. And for me, the most attracting part is The Government of the United Kingdom. So next I will present what I’ve learnt from both the class and books.The British Government is composed of three tiers: the central government, the county government, and the district government. And the focal point is the structure of the central government. The central government of the UK is made up of three parts: the Monarch, the Parliament and the Cabinet.The participation of the monarch in government, a kind of formality and historical legacy, is limited by the constitution. It is for this reason that the British system of government is known as constitutional monarchy. British Parliament consists, technically, of the Crown, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons, which is the supreme legislature of the United Kingdom. The official head of the parliament is the Queen. The House of Lords is the highest court in the United Kingdom hearing civil and criminal appeals from the lower courts. The House of Commons, a representative assembly, is the main legislative chamber.The Prime Minister will choose his ministers from among the Members of Parliament.The Cabinet is the executive branch, and practices collective responsibility. This is the basic knowledge of British Central Government.In my view, it’s essential for our foreign English learners to learn with comparison, which can help us learned it with further understanding. In the United States, the most outstandingfeature is the Separation of Powers. The three elements that is the Congress, the president and the Supreme Court are separated from each other and check and balance with each other. The Constitution limits the powers of each branch and prevents any branch from gaining too much power. To conclude, the government of the United States is a presidential government, while the government of the United Kingdom is a parliamentary government. I believe different history background may account for this. In United Kingdom, the power of the bourgeoisie in the capitalist revolution is limited. The implementation of constitutional monarchy is the product of compromise while the United States had no this problem and experienced a full bourgeois revolution, growing with strength.Meanwhile, I’d like to say something a bout the monarchy. Recently the British monarchy has attracted great attention of the public as for the Prince William's wedding. As is known, the cost of monarchy is very large and many citizens regard it as a burden for the tax payers or even the nation. So the appeal of abolish the monarchy is still there. However, it hasn’t been abandoned by her people. By searching the Internet, I’m convinced that its existence has magnificent meaning. Firstly, the Monarchy is the only unchangeable symbol of Empire of the sun never sets Britain, which demonstrates stability and continuity and represents the nation as a whole. Additionally, the queen doesn’t interference in the political affairs. Just on the contrary the monarchy can balance the situation and maintain the international status of the country. Because on the international stage, the queen is a tie between Commonwealth countries. Last but not in the list, the monarchy has taken activemeasures to keep pace with the current society. For instance,Princess Diana engaged herself in charity acting as "moral role models" and was greatly honored by British people. Under the influence of the tide of democracy, royal family publishes their annual spending bills which help them win many political points. So I find it safe to reach the conclusion that the monarchy has her existing significance in the long term.Then I’d like to talk about my feeling of having this class. No doubt, it’s beneficial for me. I started to learn English in my junior school and at that time the only pursue of learning English was to pass it with flying colors because I thought it was useless. Now I’ve on the university campus for two years, and from the beginning of my college life, my English teachers try to expose me in the real English learning circumstances. Gradually, my interest in English has developed and I’m eager to know more the background culture. Fortunately, The Introduction to British Culture helps fulfill my dream. In this class, with the help of the teacher and classmates, I clarify many vague and unclear facts and thoughts in a clear outline. The class came to an end. Nevertheless, I know the English learning way is still on. I’m confident that I will spare no effort。
bp英语辩论正方一辩发言稿模板
bp英语辩论正方一辩发言稿模板English Response:---。
English Response:Certainly! Here's a template for the first affirmative speaker in a British Parliamentary (BP) style debate:Introduction:Start with a captivating hook or a relevant quote to grab the audience's attention.Introduce the motion and provide a clear definition if necessary.State your team's stance and briefly outline your main arguments.Main Arguments:1. Argument 1:Present your first argument clearly and concisely.Provide evidence or examples to support your point.Anticipate and refute potential counterarguments.2. Argument 2:Introduce your second argument, building upon the first one.Use statistics, anecdotes, or expert opinions to strengthen your argument.Address any weaknesses or limitations in your argument.3. Argument 3:Introduce your third argument, ensuring it complements the previous ones.Utilize logic and reasoning to persuade the audience.Summarize the key points of your argument for emphasis.Rebuttals:Briefly address any points made by the opposing team.Refute their arguments using logic, evidence, or counterexamples.Reinforce your team's position while weakening the opposition's arguments.Conclusion:Summarize your main arguments and restate your team's stance.Leave a memorable closing statement or call to action.English Response:---。
British Parliamentary Monarchy
British Parliamentary MonarchyMonarchy, also known as parliamentary monarchy, is a governmental form in which Parliament exercises the supreme power. Britain is a typical representative of this governmental form. The United Kingdom today is a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy, which has been formed by eight centuries of evolutionary development. The British political system, though often criticized, has been the model and the inspiration for many national governments worldwide.Britain is a secular country, whose Monarchy is the longest reigning monarchy in the world, claiming a history of a thousand years. Actually, the kings, in medieval Britain, strengthened and enlarged the system of feudal relations to consolidate their powers. With the passage of time, some kings began to antagonize feudalism due to numerous loss and fight with it. Up to the Civil war and restoration, Divine Right was claimed to represent the feudal nobility by kings. However, when a Bill of Rights that gave political supremacy to Parliament and severely limited the Crown’s power showed up, it marked the beginning of the constitutional monarchy in England.Constitutional monarchy, as the name implies, remains a monarchy, but on with limited power. The British Constitution demonstrates the following characteristics: Constitutional monarchy, Parliamentary sovereignty, Representative democracy and The rule of law. And the British monarch, in theory, has enormous powers, but given the nature of the constitutional monarchy, who is supposed to reign but not rule. In other words, the monarch is as the symbolic head of states. More and more passive arguments the monarchy has, it is still believed that it will not be abolished anytime soon and will continue to wield important emotional and persuasive powers.The UK Parliament comprises three elements: the Crown, the non-elected House of Lords and the elected House of Commons, which is one of the oldest representative assemblies in the world. The House of Lords and the House of Commons both act as a check on government. Nevertheless, the latter is elected and its sessions often involve questions and heated debates. What’s more, it scrutinizes bills for the first reading. And the House of Lords is unelected democratically and it is more a place of discussion and debate than one of substantial power. The power of it has been much reduced today, which is largely limited to non-controversial issues in party political terms.Furthermore, the political party system is a distinguishing feature of British Parliamentary Monarchy, which insists of the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. These two Party present a striking contrast in their central beliefs. The Labour Party believes in the supervision of industry by the government, even distribution of wealth and equal opportunity for everyone while the Conservative Party traditionally supports private enterprise and minimal state regulation, and accepts the mixed economy. Besides, the Prime Minister is the leader of the party that holds the most seats in the House of Commons, and for that reason, serves as the chief executive of the Government that performs the executive functions of the UK.About Elections, it is said that the general election in Britain is held every 5 years and is controlled by the 2 principal parties. And the Prime Minister can call an early election. General elections are held by ballot and anyone who is eligible to vote can stand as an member of Parliament.In fact, in line with mention above, the hierarchy of British Parliamentary Monarchy is clear. The monarch is ineffective and the Prime Minister is the leader of Britain. And the House of Commons playsa more important role than the House of Lords does. Two Parties fight with each other over and over all the time, which has not a exact result. In addition, the Constitutional Monarchy contains legislature, executive and judiciary, which restrict each other and interact each other.All in all, in the developed process of British Parliamentary Monarchy, the seat of power has slowly passed from the non-democratic Crown to the aristocratic Lords and to its final resting place in the House of Commons with a powerful Prime Minister. This process has been accompanied by a gradual progress of democracy for the people----from the growth of political parties to extension of the universal franchise and to the development of local government and devolution.。
介绍英国的小短片英语作文
As a high school student with a keen interest in the world beyond my borders, Ive always been fascinated by the rich tapestry of cultures and histories that make up our global community. One of the countries that has captured my imagination is the United Kingdom, a land of tradition, innovation, and a history that has shaped much of the modern world. In this essay, I want to share a brief introduction to the UK, a small island nation with a big impact.The United Kingdom is an island country located off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe. It is made up of four constituent countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Each of these countries has its own distinct culture, traditions, and even languages, contributing to the UKs rich diversity.England, the largest and most populous of the four, is known for its iconic landmarks such as the Tower of London, Buckingham Palace, and the Houses of Parliament. The history of England is a story of kings and queens, of the Industrial Revolution, and of its role as a global empire. The English language, which originated here, is now spoken as a first or second language by over a billion people around the world.Scotland, to the north, is famous for its rugged landscapes, historic castles, and the vibrant city of Edinburgh, which hosts the worldrenowned Edinburgh Festival every year. The Scottish people are proud of their heritage, which includes the legendary warrior William Wallace and the more recent cultural contributions of inventors and thinkers like Alexander Graham Bell and Adam Smith.Wales, located to the west of England, is known for its beautiful countryside, rich folklore, and the Welsh language, which is still spoken by a significant portion of the population. The Welsh have a strong cultural identity, with traditions like the Eisteddfod, a festival celebrating Welsh music, poetry, and literature.Northern Ireland, the only part of the UK that is not on the island of Great Britain, has a unique history and culture. Its capital, Belfast, has a rich industrial past and is known for its shipbuilding heritage, including the construction of the illfated Titanic. The Giants Causeway, a natural wonder of hexagonal rock columns, is one of Northern Irelands most famous landmarks.The UKs history is a tapestry woven with threads of conquest, exploration, and cultural exchange. The Romans, the Vikings, and the Normans all left their mark on the British Isles, shaping the language, architecture, and social structures. The British Empire, at its height, was the largest empire in history, with territories on every continent, and it played a significant role in global politics and economics.In the modern era, the UK has been at the forefront of scientific and technological advancements. The UK is home to some of the worlds top universities, including the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, which have produced numerous Nobel laureates and groundbreaking research. The UK has also been a hub for innovation in fields such as artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and renewable energy.Culturally, the UK has made significant contributions to the arts, music, and literature. From the works of Shakespeare to the Beatles, the UK has had a profound influence on global culture. British cinema and television have also made their mark, with productions like Doctor Who, Sherlock, and Harry Potter enjoying worldwide popularity.The UKs political system, a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy, is another aspect that sets it apart. The balance of power between the monarchy and the elected government is a unique feature of the British political landscape. The UKs parliamentary system has influenced many other countries around the world and is a testament to its historical and ongoing importance in global affairs.In conclusion, the United Kingdom is a country of contrasts and complexities, with a rich history and a vibrant present. Its influence extends far beyond its borders, and its culture, politics, and achievements continue to captivate and inspire people around the world. As a high school student looking to the future, I am excited to see what the UK will contribute to the world in the years to come.。
Introduction-to-British-Parliamentary-Debate111讲课稿
外研社英语辩论赛Argumentations
• 1997年---- Examinations do more harm than good.
• 2001年----The opportunity cost of attending graduate school is too high for college students.
China Debate Education Network:
Introduction to British Parliamentary Debate
英国议会制辩论简介
Outline
--Part I: Introduction --Part II: What is the British
Parliamentary debate Format
British Parliamentary Debate Format
英国议会制辩论赛制
I. Teams and Motions 参赛队和辩题 II. Order of Speeches & Speaker Titles
发言顺序和辩手称谓 III. Timing & POI 计时规则与质询 IV. Speaker Roles & Responsibilities
辩题是一个命题，由大赛总监指定，是一场辩论的对 象，又常被称为“解决方案”或者“提议”。
-- Examples 例子 Examples of Motions
1. This House believes that College students should have part-time jobs.
--- to improve everyday lives 能帮助改善日常生活 --- to become good citizens 能促成良好公民的养成 --- to adapt skills of debate to other venues
英国概况
英国概况一．概况（Introduction）国名：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国（The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland），简称联合王国（United Kingdom），或者英国（Britain）。
国旗（National Flag）：米字旗国徽（National Emblem）：国徽中心有一枚盾，盾面的左上角和右下角分别有三只红底金狮，象征着英格兰，右上角是象征着苏格兰的三只金底红狮，左下角的竖琴（harp）则象征着爱尔兰。
盾左边是一支头戴王冠的狮子，象征英格兰，而右侧的独角兽（unicorn）则象征着苏格兰。
国歌（National Anthem）：《天佑女王》（God Save the Queen），如果在位君王是男性，则改为（God Save the King）。
国庆日（National Day）：英王的生日即为国庆日。
国花（National Flower）：玫瑰花（Rose）首都（Capital）：伦敦（London），英国的第一大城市和第一大港口，欧洲最大的都会之一。
同时它也是世界三大金融中心之一。
（纽约，伦敦，东京）语言（Languages）：官方用语为英语。
此外英国各个地区还有自己的通用语言：威尔士语（Welsh），爱尔兰语（Irish），苏格兰语（Scots）等等。
行政区域（Administrative Region）：分为四个部分：英格兰（England），威尔士（Wales），苏格兰（Scotland）和北爱尔兰（Northern Ireland）。
伦敦又被称作为“大伦敦”（Greater London），它辖有32个独立的城区（London Boroughs）和一个“金融城”（City of London）。
二．英国地理（Geography）1.英国简介（Brief introduction to Britain）英国由大不列颠岛（Britain）和北爱尔兰（Northern Ireland）组成，其中大不列颠岛由英格兰（England）、苏格兰（Scotland）和威尔士（Wales）三个部分组成。
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Introduction to British Parliamentary DebateBritish Parliamentary Debate is very widespread,and has gained major support in the United Kingdom,Ireland,Europe,Africa,and United States.It has also been adopted as the official style of the World Universities Debating Championship and the European Universities Debating Championship.The MotionEvery debate has a motion;this is the issue for discussion.A good motion has clear arguments in favour of it and against it.The motions used in most debating competition will be controversial issues,and a young person who frequently reads newspaper and thinks about what they are reading will be well equipped to win in debate.The motion is expressed“This House…”:this is a convention and“The House”is all the people present at the debate.Team Constitution(Two sides and Four factions)1.Opening Government(first faction):Prime MinisterDeputy Prime Minister2.Opening Opposition(second faction):Leader of the OppositionDeputy Leader of the Opposition3.Closing Government(third faction):Member for the GovernmentGovernment Whip4.Closing Opposition(fourth faction):Member for the OppositionOpposition WhipTeam RulesEach team is allocated whether they will propose or oppose the motion.The teams are allocated whether they will speak first or second on their side of the motion.You must not contradict the other team on your side,but you are competing against them.You must show the judges that you can debate more persuasively that the teams onthe other side and the other team on your own side.You should therefore not discuss with the other team on your side what you are going to say or help them in any way.You must not talk to anyone other than your partner during the preparation period.The Roles of the Four TeamsOpening Proposition TeamOpening Opposition TeamClosing Proposition TeamClosing Opposition TeamThe Roles of the Opening Proposition TeamFirst speaker(Prime Minister)1.Define the motion(see below).2.Outline the case he and his partner will put forward and explain which speaker will deal with which arguments.3.Develop his own arguments,which should be separated into two or three main points.4.Finish by summarizing his main points.The Roles of the Opening Proposition TeamSecond speaker(Deputy Prime Minister)1.Recapitulate(扼要重述)the team line.2.Rebut the response made by the first opposition speaker to his partner’s speech.3.Rebut the first opposition speaker’s main arguments.4.Develop his own arguments–separated into two or three main points.5.Finish with a summary of the whole team case.The Roles of the Opening Opposition TeamFirst speaker(Leader of the Opposition)1.Respond to the definition if it is unfair or makes no link to the motion.You can re-define(offer an alternative interpretation of the motion),but this can be risky and should only be done when the definition is not debatable(usually better to complain a little and hope the adjudicator gives you credit–“well this is a silly definition but we’re going to debate it and beat you on it anyway”approach).2.Rebut the first proposition speech.3.Outline the case which she and her partner will put forward and explain which speakers will deal with which arguments.4.Offer additional arguments(roughly2)about why the policy is a bad idea,or developa counter case(i.e.an alternative proposal).This decision is largely based on thecircumstances of the debate,and only experience will provide guidance on this.The Roles of the Opening Opposition TeamSecond speaker(Deputy Leader of the Opposition)1.Rebut the speech of the second proposition speaker.2.Offer some more arguments to support your partner’s approach to the motion.3.Summarize the case for your team,including your own and your partner’s arguments.The Roles of the Closing Proposition TeamFirst speaker(Member for the Government)The first speaker must stake his team’s claim in the debate by doing one of the following:1.Extend the debate into a new area(i.e.“this debate has so far focused on the developed world,and now our team will extend that to look at the important benefits for the developing world)2.Introduce a couple of new arguments that make the case on his side more persuasive.(Note:Again,this decision depends on the scenario.This is quite a complex part of debating to master,but it is very important to add something new to the debate or you will be penalized.)The Roles of the Closing Proposition TeamSecond speaker(Government Whip)The last speech of a debate is known as a Summary Speech.In it you should step back and look at the debate as a whole and explain why on all the areas you have argued your side has won.You can:1.Go through the debate chronologically(this is not very advanced and usually not very persuasive either).2.Go through one side’s case and then the other.3.Go through the debate according to the main points of contention(this is the most persuasive and advanced way)explaining why on each of the main issues that have been debated have been won by your side.(Note:You should not introduce new argument.)The Roles of the Closing Opposition TeamFirst speaker(Member for the Opposition)This is very similar to the second proposition role.1.You must rebut the new analysis of the third proposition speaker.2.You must also bring an extension to the debate–i.e.extend the debate into a new area or bring a couple of new arguments to the debate.The Roles of the Closing Opposition TeamSecond speaker(Opposition Whip)The last speech of a debate is known as a Summary Speech.In it you should step back and look at the debate as a whole and explain why on all the areas you have argued your side has won.You can:1.Go through the debate chronologically(this is not very advanced and usually not very persuasive either).2.Go through one side’s case and then the other.3.Go through the debate according to the main points of contention(this is the most persuasive and advanced way)explaining why on each of the main issues that have been debated have been won by your side.(Note:You should not introduce new argument.)Notes for Two Whips1.They must respond to both opposing factions'arguments;2.They should briefly sum up their Opening Faction's case;3.They should offer a conclusion of their own faction's case extension.Debating ProcedureSpeaking alternates between the two sides and the order of the debate is therefore: Phase1:Prime MinisterPhase2:Leader of the OppositionPhase3:Deputy Prime MinisterPhase4:Deputy Leader of the OppositionPhase5:Member for the GovernmentPhase6:Member for the OppositionPhase7:Government WhipPhase8:Opposition WhipPoints of InformationPOI(Point of Information)is important in British Parliamentary style,as it allows the first two factions to maintain their relevance during the course of the debate,and the last two factions to introduce their arguments early in the debate.Rules of POI1.Points of information should be offered in unprotected time(i.e.in the time between the two time signals).2.They should be offered by members of the opposite side only.3.You offer a point of information by standing and saying“point of information”.4.You should aim to offer one point of information every minute during someone else’s speech.This is just a rough guideline.If you offer too few it will look like you cannot argue against the point they are making,and if you offer too many it will look like you are trying to unsettle or harass the speaker.5.Speakers may accept or decline the point of information in any way they like;the simplest is by saying“yes please”,or“no thank you”.6.You should aim to accept two points of information during a7minute speech.7.Points of Information should be quick and to the point(no more than about fifteen seconds).They should offer a new piece of information to explain why what the speaker is saying at the time is wrong.How To Deal With POIMany new debaters find points of information one of the scariest bits of debating.This is usually because they vastly overestimate the intelligence of the speakers on the other side.Remember confidence does not equal intelligence,it only gives that impression and is designed to do so.There are a number of ways of dealing with Points of Information.1.Dismiss them briefly and then get on with your speech(if it was a stupid point).2.Answer them more fully and merge your answer into what you were going to say next.3.Say that you are planning to deal with that point later on in your speech and carry on where you were.If you do this,you absolutely MUST make it utterly explicit when you refute the point later on.You must not use this as a ducking tactic since adjudicators will notice.Case BuildingOne of the most difficult skills in debating is preparing cases(i.e.being First Proposition).Many teams find it difficult to come up with a good case statement and supporting arguments in the15minutes that most tournaments allot for preparation time.The key to success is to recognize your time constraints and live within them.Every other team in the tournament will have similar restrictions placed on them when they are in opening proposition.Accept it and move on.It is not ok to run a case with no opposition to it at all.If your case is(1)tautological(true by definition:the Sun rises in the morning),(2)truistic(true by commonly accepted principles:Hitler was bad)you will be penalised,and will probably lose the debate by default.If the definition is tautological or truistic,the first opposition speaker should explain this,substitute a fair definition and then argue against this new definition.How to make definitionThe following are possible means,not the necessary method for every definition.For different motion,we need to make different definition according to debating experience.1.Time SetTHBT retirement age should be extended.(how many years?)2.Place SetTHBT smoking should be banned in China.(in which location?)3.Extent SetTHBT athletes should be permitted to use Performance Enhancing Drugs in competition.4.Amount SetTHBT subsidies should be granted to inter-faith and inter-ethnic marriage.5.Object SetTHBT euthanasia should be legalized in China.6.Range SetTHBT casino should be legalized in China.2.Classification of Debating typesA)Proposition of Fact(What/Which?)e.g.“That gunpowder was invented in China.”(Debated only between researchers/specialists)B)Proposition of Value(What/Which?)e.g.“This House believes that Affirmative Action is praiseworthy.(keyword here is an adjective)C)Proposition of Policy(How?)e.g.“This House would appease North Korea”(keyword here is a verb)D)Value debating+Policy debatingProstitution should be legalized in China.3.Debating Perspectives(1)ProfitabilityTHBT manned mission should be sent to Mars.(2)EfficiencyThis house believes that health industry should be privatized.(3)Urgency DegreeTHBT developed Nations should accept global warming refugees.(4)SignificanceTHBT prostitution should be legalized.(5)Feasibility(hard to implement or supervise)THBT children should be banned to watch TV over3hours each day.(6)EffectivenessTHBT paper examination should be abolished.(7)Justice and EquityTHBT judiciary judges should be elected.(8)NecessityTHBT Yuanmingyuan should be rebuilt.(9)FairnessTHBT retirement age should be extended.(10)HumanityTHBT voluntary euthanasia should be legalized.4.Essential abilities and quality for debaterLinguistic competence(esp.listening,speaking)Broad Knowledge Reserves(esp.social focus)Logic ThinkingDialectical ThinkingIndependent ThinkingTeamwork SpiritCourtesyDevotion&PassionPositive Mentality(open-mindedness,optimism,aggressiveness,boldness, perseverance,modesty,etc.)5.Opposition StrategiesReview Types of Resolutions(each has unique arguments)Basics of Refutation(4Step Refutation)Opposing PoliciesOpposing ValuesOpposing FactsGeneral Opposition ArgumentsPolicy ResolutionsExample:“The European Union should diplomatically pressure Myanmar to open its borders.”Policy ResolutionsAsk the Proposition to alter or change a current situation.Identified grammatically by“should”or“would”Require opposition to proveProblem in the status quoPlan to deal with that problemHow plan will“solve”for the problemValue ResolutionsExample:“This house believes security needs outweigh environmental needs.”Value ResolutionsAsk the proposition to prove one thing is better than anotherRequires a structure to assess the comparison(a hierarchy of values)identified grammatically by a comparison,for example“better than,”“greater,”“more important,”“justified.”Requires Proposition to proveValue Hierarchy is good interpretationTheir interpretation improves,in some manner,the valueFact ResolutionsExample:“China’s non-intervention policy with Myanmar has strengthened the region.”Fact ResolutionsAsk the proposition to prove something is true or something caused something else Identified grammatically by infinitive verb,for example“to be,”“is,”or“are.”Basics of RefutationFour Step ProcessStep1:say what opponent saidStep2:provide a response(refute it)Step3:explain responseStep4:create impact comparisonThis process allows:Judge and opposing team to follow your argumentsMakes explicit your“warrants”or reasons for why your arguments are to be preferred In other words,it forces you to answer the“why”questionOpposing PoliciesArguments you can makePlan is not necessary(no problem)Plan does not solve for the problemPlan causes worse things to happenPlan could be solved better by another course of actionOpposing ValuesOpposing Values—Arguments you can makeValue structure is bad(value is wrong)Proposition does not uphold their valueProposition does not prove their value applicationOpposing FactsArguments you can makeProposition does not prove its statement about the fact claimOffer a counter interpretation of the fact claim“resolution claim”-argue the Propositions case is not linked to the resolutions given for the debateHow should the resolution be interpretedHow does the proposition case not meet this interpretationGeneric Opposition ArgumentsCritique underlying assumptionsArgue the proposed interpretation(plan,value or fact)rests on faulty assumption that needs be refuted,or criticizedArgue the assumption is harmful to society or that assumption would cause harmUniting StrategiesDo not think of propositions of fact,value,and policy as being always distinct from one another.These areas overlap.Consequently,the strategies overlap.Think practically—what happens if the proposition is affirmed as“true.”If you were a judge of the debate,do you think the proposition has done enough to get your vote?Where do they fail to meet the needs of convincing you?These are avenues for you to point out to your judge.。