西班牙与法国殖民【英文】
2020-2021学年外研版英语必修3教师用书：Module 1 Section Ⅱ Langua
姓名，年级：时间：SectionⅡLanguagePoints(Ⅰ)(Introduction & Reading andVocabulary)Ⅰ.单词拼写根据汉语或首字母提示，写出下列单词1．As we all know，the dove(鸽子） is a symbol(象征） of peace and freedom.2．She had to face (面对） the fact that her life had changed forever.3．Her sculpture （雕塑） will be on show at the museum until the end of this month.4．A new factory is located/situated(位于） in the suburbs，about a mile from the town.5．How the ancient （古代的) Egyptians built the pyramids puzzled people for centuries。
6．Mozart’s birthplace and the house where he composed “The Magic Flute” are both museums now.7．The government has begun a new project at the airport to make passengers more comfortable.8．As Chinese,we should take pride in our great civilisation from thousands of years ago。
9．The Alps Range is famous for its beautiful scenery。
10．The Eiffel Tower is well known as the landmark of Paris。
thirteen-colonies-十三个殖民地
Spain’s Frail North American Grip
▪ Spanish settlements in the New World limped along as losing enterprises due to a number of factors.
▪ Spain was marginally successful in protecting its holdings in present-day Florida and California, where Catholic missions hoped to convert local natives into good Christians.
Urban Social Structure/ The Entrepreneurial Ethos
▪ Growth in population and economic sophistication brought about changes in the social structure of emerging cities.
▪ Merchants and artisans were the most wealthy and powerful groups in these thriving towns.
历史大帝国20：西班牙帝国—第一个日不落帝国，第二个全球性帝国
历史大帝国20：西班牙帝国—第一个日不落帝国，第二个全球性帝国1795年西班牙鼎盛时疆域图西班牙帝国（Spanish Empire）或西班牙殖民帝国是被认为是第一个日不落帝国。
鼎盛时管辖面积超过300万平方公里，人口约500万。
曾为西班牙帝国的领土或殖民地16世纪中，西班牙和葡萄牙是欧洲环球探险和殖民扩张的先驱，并在各大海洋开拓贸易路线，使得贸易繁荣，路线从西班牙横跨大西洋到美洲，从墨西哥横跨太平洋，经菲律宾到东亚。
西班牙征服者摧毁了阿兹特克、印加帝国和玛雅文明，并对美洲大片领土宣称主权。
一时之间，凭著其经验充足的海军，西班牙帝国称霸海洋；凭著其可怕、训练有素的步兵方阵（Tercio），它主宰欧洲战场。
法国著名历史学家皮埃尔·维拉尔称之为“演绎出人类历史最非凡的史诗”，西班牙在16世纪至17世纪间经历其黄金年代。
展开剩余91%西班牙与敌对国家持续斗争，引起领土、贸易和宗教冲突，都使得西班牙国力在17世纪中叶开始下滑。
在地中海与奥斯曼帝国战事频繁；在西欧，法兰西殖民帝国逐渐崛起并威胁西班牙的霸权；在海外西班牙首先与葡萄牙帝国竞争，后来的对手还包括大英帝国和荷兰殖民帝国，而且英、法、荷三国支持海上抢劫，西班牙过度动用军力、政府贪污渐趋严重以及军费导致经济停滞，最终导致帝国的衰落。
1713年的乌得勒支和约使西班牙失去在亚平宁半岛和低地国家的剩余领土，结束其欧陆帝国的历史。
【西班牙统一】阿拉伯帝国时期的西班牙710年，由于争夺王位，西哥特人的一位王位竞争者寻求阿拉伯人（又称摩尔人）的帮助，从而开始了摩尔人的入侵历史。
711年，摩尔人入侵西班牙，赢得了瓜达莱特战役大捷，用7年时间就征服了伊比利亚半岛，西班牙开始了为期近800年的伊斯兰统治，称做“安达卢斯国”，中国古代称之为“绿衣大食”。
原住在伊比利亚半岛的西哥特人逃到半岛的北部，建立了阿斯图里亚斯、纳瓦尔、阿拉贡和卡斯蒂利亚等王国。
718年，阿斯图里亚斯王国国王佩拉约在科法敦加与入侵的阿拉伯人发生战斗，伊比利亚半岛东部的纳瓦尔、阿拉贡和加泰罗尼亚王国也加入收复失地的斗争。
海外殖民的英文表达
海外殖民的英文表达Overseas Colonization: A Complex Phenomenon in the History of Globalization.Overseas colonization, a pivotal aspect of thehistorical development of many civilizations, has left an indelible mark on the world's political, economic, and cultural landscapes. It is a multifaceted phenomenon that encompasses the establishment of colonies, the exploitation of resources, the dissemination of ideas, and the integration of diverse societies. This essay delves into the complexities of overseas colonization, examining its origins, motivations, impacts, and enduring consequences.Origins and Motivations.The origins of overseas colonization can be traced back to ancient civilizations such as the Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans, who ventured into the Mediterranean and beyond in search of trade routes, new territories, and wealth.However, it was during the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries that overseas colonization truly took off,led by European powers like Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands.The motivations for overseas colonization were diverse and multifaceted. Economic factors played a significant role, as European nations sought to expand their trade networks and access to precious metals, spices, and other commodities. Territorial expansion and the establishment of.。
2007年考研英语真题答案解析
2007年考研英语真题答案解析SectionⅠUse of English1.【答案】［B］【解析】词义辨析题，A.natives本地人；B.inhabitant居民；C.peoples民族；D.individuals个体。
本文首句指出：到了1830年，原来的西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地变成了独立国家。
本句解释了这些居住在摆脱殖民地地位而独立的国家的人们对于未来的态度。
这里的这里没有限定范围是“本地人”，也没有提及不同的民族，更没有强调个体差异，因此排除其他选项。
2.【答案】［D］【解析】词汇辨析题。
A.confusedly困惑地；B.cheerfully高兴的；C.worried担心的；D.hopefully充满期待地从首句已知这些国家的居民摆脱了西班牙和葡萄牙的殖民统治，虽然文中没有提到独立的过程，但是历史告诉我们，殖民地人们要求独立的愿望是一直存在的，是迫切的，由此可以判断，成立独立国家是殖民地人们的愿望，因此居民们对未来充满了期待，故选择hopefully合适。
3. 【答案】［A］【解析】逻辑关系题。
A.shared共有；B.forgot忘记；C.attained获得；D.rejected 拒绝。
本题所在的句子介绍了这些新独立国家的领导人们的治国理念。
首先提到了许多领导人们在治国理念中达成共识的部分，这由本句和下一句的内容及第二段首句中的less agreement得到印证，先指出领导人之间理念上的相同之处，再指出他们之间存在的分歧，shared the ideas符合上下文逻辑关系，故为答案。
4.【答案】［C］【解析】语义辨析题。
A.related相关的；B.close接近的；C.open开着的；D.devoted 投入的。
本句提到的新国家领导人共同的治国理念包括议会制政府等。
由这里的representative government，freedom of commerce and trade可以看出，这些都是先进的民主的治国方略，故此处的careers应为“向人才开放的职业”，这样才能让人们人尽其才，发挥自己的作用。
世界各国货币单位用英语怎么说？
世界各国货币单位用英语怎么说？猫眼猫眼是个非常烂的女司机，听到教练这么信誓旦旦地说，顿时有一种”大招终成马上要去渡劫”的神圣感，收到照片后赶紧存下来。
回了家，按捺下兴奋的心情打开手机图片打算细细揣摩一番。
然后。
猫眼就惊呆了。
因为猫眼收到的是这样一张图片。
猫眼在逐字逐句读过后，更加惊叹于普通话能以不变应万变之博大精深，于是那时就萌生了要写一篇这样的《世界货币单位英文读法》的普通话注解教学版。
下面就让我们开始吧！以下读音仅为英语发音，各国本国语言读法可能不同。
注音尽量使用汉字，若无相应汉字，则使用拼音标注，“儿”表示儿化音（如果不知道什么叫儿化音，找个北方的朋友咨询一下）。
第一组：现代常见主币单位1. 英镑（Pound）：读作“胖的”，“胖”字要拉长，“的”字为轻声。
2. 美元、加元、澳元以及各洲那些小国所用的“元”（Dollar）：读作“刀乐儿”，“刀”字为重音，“乐儿”要轻轻带过。
3. 欧元（Euro）：读作“优肉”，“肉”发音一定要轻，不要过分强调。
4. 法国（使用欧元前）、瑞士、比利时、卢森堡等国的“法郎”（Franc）：读作“腐ruàn 克”，“腐”和“克”轻轻带过，中间的“ruàn”是重音，而且其中“àn”发音要靠前，有点类似“验”字。
5. 日元（Yen）：读作“厌”。
发音要圆润，不要把“W”发成“V”。
6. 韩元（Won）：读作“万”，7. 美洲国家使用的“比索”（Peso）：读作“呸sou”，“sou”轻声。
8. 意大利（使用欧元前）、土耳其等国的货币单位“里拉”（Lira）：读作“列儿rua”，“列儿”要读得非常连贯非常快，“rua”是轻声。
9. 西班牙（使用欧元前）及殖民地的货币单位“比塞塔”（Peseta）：读作“破塞打”，“塞”读“sēi”，“破”和“打”为轻声10. 马克（Mark）：读作“骂儿克”，“克”轻声。
11. 卢布（Rouble）：读作“rū bou”，重音在“rū”，“bou”为轻声，如果想要读得更像美国人一些，则要多花心思练“rū”这个发音，实际上介于“rū”和“rǖ”之间。
法国 (法兰西)英文版
Louis XVI of France
French King who was the Louis XV's grandson, and also the last France's king before the Bourbon restoration. Eexcept he was also the only king who was executed on the history of Frace ,the lock technology of Louis XVI was high,and very creative. After the outbreak of the French Revolution, Louis XVI was forced to organizate constitutionalists to own up bourgeois with real power. 1792 France was forced to declare war on Austria. In 1792 Volunteers composing of French people repulsed the invaders of his country, and established the first French Republic. People urgently required the execution of Louis XVI. After the public under the Girondins, in 1793 he was brought to the guillotine on paris revolution Square.
November 27, 1790, the Constituent Assembly passed legislation requiring clergy swear allegiance to country, the law and the King, caused the crisis in the French Catholic Church, many priests of the Pope refuses to be sworn.( April 18, 1791, Louis XVI attempted to a castle near Paris, but he was surrounded by large group of people in the palace door in Diyi Er, ultimately failed to leave. After this, Louis XVI fled firm determination. June 21, 1791 morning, the king fled news spread in Paris. June 22, 1791 morning, Paris messenger arrived Wa Leina. Local city council did not hesitate to obey the commands of the Constituent Assembly. Louis XVI, accompanied by the National Guard departed for Paris.( September 1791 approved the "1791 Constitution", to accept a constitutional monarchy, the king of the French people 1792, the Legislative Assembly abolished monarchy. The next day, the French Republic. November 1792, he colluded with a foreign enemy, suppressing the revolution plot file is found, the National Association sentenced him to death. January 21, 1793, in Paris, Place de la Revolution (now Concorde) he was executed.
TheColonialOriginsofComparativeDevelopment部分翻译
V. 坚固性A．额外控制表4里2SLS（两阶段最小二乘法）结果的有效性依赖于假设：过去移民死亡率对当前经济表现没有直接影响。
虽然这个假设看起来合理（至少对我们来说），在这里，我们直接控制那些看起来可能与移民死亡率和经济成果相关联的变量，验证这些变量对我们的估计是否有影响，来进一步验证这个假设。
总的来说，我们发现列入这些变量时我们的结果变化得很少，而且很多在之前工作中得到重视的变量一旦制度影响被控制住，就会变得不显著。
La Porta等人（1999）强调了殖民地的起源（主要殖民国的身份）是当前制度的决定因素的重要性。
如David ndes(1998)强调，殖民地国家的身份也有影响，因为这可能在文化上产生了影响。
表5中的列（1）和列（2），我们加入了英国和法国的殖民虚拟变量（其他国家的殖民地是省略组）。
这对结果的影响很小。
而且，法国虚拟变量在第一阶段被估计为0，而英国虚拟变量是正的，轻微显著。
所以，就如La Porta等人（1998）建议的，英国殖民地看似有更好的制度，但是比起在不控制在制度发展对移民死亡率的影响的样本中，这种影响小的多也弱得多。
所以，看起来在其他研究中英国殖民地被发现本质上表现得更好，很大程度上因为英国殖民的是那些可以移民的地方，而且这使得英国殖民地继承了更好的制度。
为了进一步研究这个问题，列（3）和列（4）只为英国殖民地估计了我们的基本回归。
它们显示了这个25个英国殖民地的样本中，移民死亡率和制度间，制度和收入间的关系都与我们的基本样本非常相似。
例如制度对收入的影响的2SLS估计，在不控制latitude变量的情况下现在是1.07（s.e.=0.24），在控制的情况下为1.00（s.e.=0.22）。
这些结果证明了殖民者身份不是殖民模式和随后的制度发展的一个重要的决定因素。
Von Hayek(1960)和La Porta等人（1999）也强调了法律渊源的重要性。
在列（5）和列（6），我们控制了legal origin这个变量。
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In this 1493 engraving, Spanish King Ferdinand oversees Columbus’s journey to the New World. 2
Cortés and the Aztec Empire
Soon after establishing their first colony in the Caribbean, the Spanish attempted to expand their territory. In 1519 explorer Hernan de Cortés landed on the Yucatan in search of gold. Cortés' party was welcomed into the Aztec capitol Tenochtitlan, where he was believed to be the god Quetzalcoatl. In time, the population of Tenochtitlan was devastated by smallpox, carried by the Spanish explorers, a disease to which the natives had no natural resistance. Eventually, Cortés arrested the Aztec monarch Montezuma II and tried to assume power over Aztec lands and resources.
Ponce de Leon’s 1513 route to Florida.
5
Hernando de Soto Explores the Southeast
Spanish and French Colonization in North America: 1492-1763
Spanish Map of North America, 1563
1
Spanish Exploration: Christopher Columbus and the “Enterprise of the Indies”
Bartolome de las Casas
4
Ponce de Leon and Early Spanish Exploration of North America
In 1513, Ponce de Leon traveled from the Caribbean to North America in search of the Fountain of Youth and a city of gold rumored to exist on the mainland. His expedition landed near what is today St. Augustine, Florida. De Leon thought that he was on an island, not a peninsula of the American mainland. He named the supposed island “La Florida,” which means flowery place in Spanish. Although he was unsuccessful in finding either the fountain of youth or a city of gold, he returned in 1521 to establish a permanent colony, where he was mortally wounded by native inhasmallpox (Aztec drawing transcribed by Fray Sahaguns, “The Florintine Codex”).
3
A Crisis of Conscience: Bartolome de las Casas
Bartolome de las Casas was a Spanish priest who accompanied Columbus on his journey to the New World. In 1552,his disgust at Spanish treatment of the native population caused him to publish The Devastation of the Indies, an account of Spanish brutality to Native Americans. The activism of Casas and other dissenters eventually caused the Spanish to modify their treatment of the Native populations.
Christopher Columbus left Spain in 1492 to discover a trade route to the Orient. Spanish Monarchs commissioned the trip as they sought to compete with Portuguese domination of the Oriental Spice Trade. Columbus thought that he had landed in the Orient but was, in fact, in the Caribbean. He lived the remainder of his life without realizing what he had found.