上海市宝山区2018届高三下学期教学质量检测(二模)英语试题

宝山区2017-2018学年第二学期教学质量监测高三年级英语学科试卷Ⅱ. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.How Much of the Jetsons’ World Has Become a Reality?For most of our readers, The Jetsons may be an unfamiliar name. However, for many American born in or before the 1980s, it is a name we fondly remember. The Jetsons was a popular cartoon that featured a family living in an advanced world ___21___ people settle in houses built in the sky, work only three days a week and drive flying cars that resemble flying saucers. While sky-high houses and three-day workweeks don’t appear to be on the horizon, other visions of the future ___22___（turn）into practical realities.Flying cars have been on the minds of scientists and inventors for decades. They are part of a typical imaging of the future fast-paced and luxurious, ___23___（allow）us to speed through the skies. As ___24___（see）in The Sky’s No longer the Limit, this flight of fancy may soon be a reality in Dubai. Aiming ___25___（become）the world’s most advanced city, Dubai is currently testing the first-ever flying taxi.___26___ money still exists in its current cash-based form in The Jetsons, people today are looking toward a world where even cash is out-of-date. Bitcoin is a type of digital money that has taken the world by storm. Since its introduction, the money’s price ___27___（increase）to rates as high as US$ 19,000. This, however, may not predict well for the future of digital currency, as experts warn that Bitcoin is a bubble and ___28___ crash soon. It’s possible that some dreams of the future may still be ___29___ ______ ou r reach.Other more probable technologies already exist, for example, future flying eye hospitals in A Hospital with Wings, unusual-engineered folding paper in Clever Folding and the population of endangered corals（珊瑚）in Lab-Bred Coral to the Rescue, etc. All these show ___30___ humans are already capable of. So, what else could the future have in store for us?Section BDirections：After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one more word than you need.A. adaptedB. harderC. alternativesD. featuresE. cooperationF. questionsG. accuracy H. captured I. regardless J. opposite K. analyzingComputer reads brain activity to find out the music each person is listening to In the experiment, six volunteers heard 40 pieces of classical music, rock, pop, jazz, and others. The Neural （神经的）fingerprint of each song on participants’ brain was ___31___ by the Magnetic Resonance（MR）machine while a computer was learning to identify the brain patterns drawn out by each musical piece. Musical ___32___ such as tone, volume, rhythm and beat were taken in account by the computer.After that, researchers expected that the computer would be able to do the ___33___ way: identify which song participants were listening to, based on their brain activity –a technique known as brain decoding. When faced two options, the computer showed up to 85% ___34___ in identifying the correct song, which is a great performance, comparing to previous studies.Researchers then pushed the test even ___35___ by providing not two but 10 options（e.g. one correct and ninewrong）to the computer. In this situation, the computer correctly identified the song in 74% of the decisions.In the future, studies on brain decoding and machine learning will create possibilities of communication ___36___ any kind of written or spoken language.“Machines will be able to translate our musical thoughts into songs,”says Sebastian Hoefle, researcher from D’Or Institute and PhD student from Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The study is a result of a ___37___ between Brazilian researchers and colleagues from Germany, Finland and India.According to Hoefle, brain decoding researches provide ___38___ to understand neural functioning and interact with it using artificial intelligence. In the future, he experts to find answers for ___39___ like“what musical characteristics make some people love a song while others don’t? Is our brain ___40___ to prefer a specific kind of music?”Ⅲ. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections：For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Having a clear picture in mind of what their future will look like can motivate students to keep going despite the challenges of college life. This ___41___ seems to be particularly effective for female students from relatively low socioeconomic status（SES）backgrounds says Mesmin Destin of Northwestern University in the US. College is a time of great opportunity for some, but can be ___42___ for others. It is often the first time that many students are away from the regular and familiar support of their family and friends. Weak students from lower SES backgrounds often encounter greater financial and psychological challenges than others, and this can lead to ___43___ and even withdrawal from difficult situations, such as when interacting with their lecturers or taking tests and exams.Destin and his colleagues wanted to understand if students’ ___44___ to academic challenges improve when they look forward to the future. This idea is built around the theory of identity-based motivation. It holds that people can take positive action during times of unfavorable conditions when they ___45___ a successful future for themselves.“The theory of identity-based motivation proposes that stimulating a focus on a successful future identity may be especially ___46___ in motivating students who are weak during challenging academic situations to develop a sense of action readiness,”explains Destin. This involves feeling ready and able to take appropriate action when ___47___ difficulty.In two almost identical laboratory experiments—one involving 93 female students, the other 185 students （including 101 women）-- participants were first asked either to write about their past or their future ___48___. After their deep thoughts, the participants were filmed during an limited interview with a so-called lecturer, and then had to ___49___ a difficult academic test. The research team noted whether participants’ body language was bold and confident, and measured the amount of effort participants’ ___50___ the academic test.The results were in agreement with the theory of identity – based motivation. Destin and his team found that having a successful future identity can prevent especially female students from lower SES backgrounds from ___51___ during challenging academic situations. Specially, lower SES women who wrote about their future identities displayed greater action ___52___ compared to those who considered their past. They showed more confident body language. It helped them to make more effort to tackle the test, and had an indirect effect on their ___53___.“Simulating imagined successful future identities appears to provide a ___54___ pathway to enable weak students to effectively navigate everyday stressors,”says Destin.“The findings ___55___ suggest that certain students may benefit from strategies that remind them to image their successful futures before any difficult and important task that they might otherwise be likely to avoid.”41. A. instruction B. strategy C. challenge D. psychology42. A. disgraceful B. shameful C. harmful D. stressful43. A. hesitation B. intention C. depression D. decision44. A. willingness B. options C. responses D. applications45. A. destroy B. imagine C. abandon D. substitute46. A. powerful B. upright C. unique D. ambitious47. A. avoiding B. overcoming C. surrendering D. encountering48. A. experience B. suffering C. success D. failure49. A. design B. complete C. comment D. revise50. A. put away B. put on C. put out D. put into51. A. withdrawing B. transforming C. advancing D. engaging52. A. quantity B. dullness C. readiness D. inability53. A. fascination B. ignorance C. dilemma D. performance54. A. tolerable B. potential C. straight D. academic55. A. therefore B. however C. otherwise D. meanwhileSection BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.（A）I believe in getting lost. Lost in the text of the novel that is particular to your thoughts and feelings that you consider special. The song that reminds you of your childhood summers, where you close your eyes and lose yourself reliving a memory; feeling the warm wind brushing against your arm, the smell of the dusty sand that you stir up as you ride your bicycle, murmuring the tune of that song. Like the unprepared Sunday Drive, with no destination. You’re free to wander, take paths that you’ve never noticed, discover places you haven’t been. Then falling off on the path to lead you back home, leaving you to test directions and alertly absorb your surroundings in order to find your way back; that kind of lost.I get lost daily, whether it’s in thought, or the unplanned drive I just decided to go on. Getting lost is an adventurous learning experience that trains you how to be more aware of your surroundings. A few of my most favorite memories involve physically getting lost. That one late night trip back to Ludington from Grand Rapids I took with a few friends. We finally realized we were going the wrong way when we hit South Haven, almost three hours out of our way. There was also the time where I got lost in the De V os Place in Grand Rapids after the President’s Ball and then the parking garage for a solid two hours. I felt like my life was that one scene of an American television situation comedy, minus the air conditioner. At the time, these are nervous experiences that get your anxiety pumping. You’re fearful that you won’t be safe, but it always works itself out in the end. Physically losing yourself prepares you for how you manage when you emotionally or mentally lose yourself.You don’t always have to be lost in a literal sense to“get lost”and some of the time, losing yourself may not be a positive experience. There are times where I lose sight of who I am. While lost, I test our metaphorical paths and sometimes they turn out to be the right direction and other times they were a wrong turn. I make note of these wrong turns, so I can avoid them further on up the road of finding my way back to who I am.In Walden, Henry David Thoreau wrote“Not till we are lost, in other words not till we have lost the world, do we begin to find ourselves, and realize where we are and the infinite extent of our relations.”Getting lost fuels my curiosity and teaches me lessons on finding my way back to the right track. I believe in getting lost through daydreams, a misplacement, adventures, and difficult times where you make discoveries about yourself and the atmosphere around you. In order to truly find yourself, I believe that you should put down the map and get wonderfully lost.56. In the first paragraph, the author mainly expresses that ______.A. lost in a novel is a special feelingB. songs remind us of past experiencesC. wandering is a wonderful discoveryD. getting lost brings us benefits57. The author mentions the experiences of physically getting lost（in paragraph 2）in order to say _______.A. physically getting lost is most difficult to deal withB. we can enjoy trips while physically getting lostC. people are easy to get physically lost in our daily lifeD. we realize our surroundings while physically getting lost58. Words from Henry David Thoreau（in the last paragraph）imply that getting lost ______.A. enables us to look within and to see outwardB. pulls people back into the previous momentC. enables us to remind ourselves of adventuresD. helps us enjoy ourselves wherever we are59. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. I Once Was LostB. Wonderfully LostC. Physically Getting LostD. Mentally Getting Lost（B）Two in three Americans shower once a day or more, according to a YouGov poll. Here’s why you might be better off showering less frequently（and here are other ways you might be showering wrong）60. What’s the whole passage mainly about?A. Reasons you can probably get away with showering less.B. Advice you can take on how to shower more and better.C. Harmful effects made on you through showering less.D. Benefits you can get from showering on a daily basis.61. This passage provides us with the following further detailed information Except ___.A. the best time of day to showerB. the proper temperature for your showerC. the other ways you shower wrongD. the other ways to cut your water bill62. Which of the following is Not a reason why you should shower less?A. Showering gets rid of good bacteria.B. You’re absolutely as dirty as you think.C. Towel drying causes damage to your skin.D. You only really need to wash your smelly parts.（C）Social norms of right and wrong are vital to a well-functioning society. However, such moral standards are changeable and the psychological mechanisms（机制）driving this change are unknown. Now, researchers at Karolinska Institutet report that our view of selfish and unselfish behaviors changes depending on how common they are.The results are based on a combination of behavioral experiments, mathematical models and computer simulations. In the experiments, the participants first observed other people’s behavior in a so-called“public goods game,”in which players receive a sum of money and then choose either to invest it to varying degrees so that it benefits everyone in the group, or to keep it for themselves. After every round, the participants were asked tojudge the different choices as morally right or wrong, and whether the choices ought to be punished with areduction in how much the players gained.Unselfish behavior was considered more morally right than selfish, but both behaviors were judged to be more moral and less deserving of punishment if the majority exhibited them than if they were uncommon. The commonness of the selfish behavior also affected the participants’ willingness to themselves pay to punish selfishness.“Tolerance of selfish behavior increased when the majority of the players kept the money for themselves, which surprised me,”s ays principal investigator Andreas Olsson, senior lecturer at Karolinska Institutet’s Department of Clinical Neuroscience.“The fact that a behavior is common doesn’t automatically mean that it’s right – this idea is based on faulty logic that confuses facts with moral values.”The study shows our view of what is morally right and wrong has strong similarities with social comformity, in that we tend to adapt ourselves to the people around us and how they behave. This means that changes in our social environment can quickly alter our moral compass.“This is interesting from several angles, and could explain why moral attitudes change over time, such as those towards public goods or legality,”says Bjorn Lindstrom, postdoc at University of Zurich and Karolinska Institutet’s Department of Clinical Neuroscience.63. According to Andreas Olsson’s analysis, if people accept selfish behavior, they actually _____.A. get facts and moral values mixed upB. misunderstand social mechanismsC. follow the logic of their ownD. consider it correct and reasonable64. It can be concluded that the participants in the experiments are punished if ______.A. they can’t play“public goods game”B. invest the money to benefit group membersC. they behave differently from the majorityD. they keep the money for themselves65. According to the passage, what is morally right or wrong is shaped by the following Except ___.A. the way people around us behaveB. changes in our social environmentC. personal standards of values and attitudesD. how widespread a particular behavior is66. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. The psychological mechanisms behind attitude changeB. Behavior is considered more moral the more common it isC. Our view of selfish and unselfish behaviorsD. Moral standards of selfish and unselfish behaviorsSection CDirections：Complete the following passage by using the sentences in the box. Each sentences can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.A. They thus focused on two elements that are typical for contemporary work environments.B. The researchers used online questionnaires to obtain data.C. The notion that obtaining external feedback about one’s idea is essential for increasingcreativity is deeply rooted in society.D. The most important in that: when an organization stimulates feedback seeking, it needs toensure that this work environment is excellent enough to use the benefits of feedback.E. The question, however, is whether these beneficial effects always occur.F. The creative achievements were assessed by their direct managers.Seeking feedback not always sufficient for stimulating creativity It is widely believed that seeking feedback from colleagues, managers, friends and family enhances employees’ creativity. But is this always the case? No, a positive effect depends on the work, environment. This is the conclusion of new joint research study led by UvA work and organizational psychologist Roy Sijbom.___67___ For example, managers are encouraged to engage customers in order to confirm whether their business model is workable and scholars attend conferences to obtain feedback on their research results. A definite assumption is that individuals who have obtained feedback will also actually（be able to）use it.“The idea is simple: seeking feedback from different sources –also known as feedback source variety –benefits one’s creativity since it leads to a greater diversity of viewpoints”，says Sijbom.“And the more diverse the viewpoints, the more it benefits one’s creativity because by combing all the different viewpoint s new perspectives will emerge that in turn will result in more creativity. ___68___”The researchers examined how specific characteristics of the immediate work environment influence the relationship between feedback source variety and creative performance. ___69___ One is the recognized rate of change of performance standards. The other is the extent to which employees feel they have sufficient time to develop creative ideas at work（experienced creative time pressure）.“We discovered a growing relationship between the search for input from a variety of feedback sources and creativity, but only when performance standards within an organization are changing and when a relatively low creative time pressure is experienced”，says Sijbom.Sijbom offers several recommendations.“___70___ In a more concrete sense, organizations can, for example, consider using feedback workshops in which employees are encouraged to reflect on diverse feedback and equipped with techniques and strategies on how to absorb feedback in their daily work. In addition, managers should not only stimulate their employees to actively cultivate relationships with potential feedback sources within and outside the organization, but also provide sufficient time to process the feedback obtained from these relationships.”Ⅳ. Summary Writing71. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Screen-addicted teens are unhappyA new study explored the link between adolescent life satisfaction and screen time. Researchers found that teens who spent more time in front of screen devices – playing computer games, using social media, texting and video chatting –were less happy than those who invested more time in non-screen activities like sports, reading newspapers and magazines, and face-to-face social interaction.Total screen avoidance doesn’t lead to happiness either. The greater unhappiness among those with no screen exposure could be due to several factors, Twenge, the leading researcher said.“It could be that they are left out of the social scene of high school, that it’s very difficult to carry on friendships in high school these days without texting at all or being on social media.”It is also possible that those kids are outliers, Twenge said –teens with special needs or in special education, or those whose screens have been taken away from them by parents.The key to digital media use and happiness is limited use. The happiest teens used digital media a little less than an hour per day. But after a daily hour of screen time, unhappiness rises steadily along with increasing screen time, the researchers report in the journal Emotion.“Make effort to spend no more than two hours a day on digital media, and try to increase the amount of time you spend seeing friends face-to-face and exercising—two activities reliably linked to greater happiness.”Twenge said.“By far the largest change in teen’s lives between 2012 and 2016 was the increase in the amount of time theyspent on digital media, and the following decline in in-person social activities and sleep,”the leading researcher said.“The arrival of the smartphone is the most reasonable explanation for the sudden decrease in teens’ psychological well-being.”Ⅴ. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72. 我对这场比赛的结果抱乐观态度。

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2018年上海各区高三英语二模——语法填空

【2018-宝山区-二模】Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.How Much of the Jetsons' World Has Become a Reality?For most of our readers, The Jetsons may be an unfamiliar name. However, for many Americans born in or before the 1980s, it is a name we fondly remember. The Jestsons was a popular cartoon that featured a family living in an advanced world (21)______people settle in houses built in the sky, work only three days a week and drive flying cars that resemble flying saucers. While sky-high houses and three-day workweeks don’t appear to be on the horizon, other visions of the future (22)______(turn) into practical realities.Flying cars have been on the minds of scientists and inventors for decades. They are part of a typical imaging of the future fast-paced and luxurious, (23)______(allow) us to speed through the skies. As (24)______ (see) in The Sky’s No longer the Limit, this flight of fancy may soon be a reality in Dubai. Aiming (25)______ (become) the world’s most advanced city, Dubai is currently testing the first-ever flying taxi.(26)______ money still exists in its current cash-based form in The Jetsons, people today are looking toward a world where even cash is out-of-date. Bitcoin is a type of digital money that has taken the world by storm. Since its introduction, the money’s price (27)______ (increase) to rates as high as US$ 19,000. This, however, may not predict well for the future of digital currency, as experts warn that Bitcoin is a bubble and (28)______ crash soon. It’s possible that some dreams of the future may still be (29)______ ______ our reach.Other more probable technologies already exist, for example, future flying eye hospitals in A Hospital with Wings, unusual-engineered folding paper in Clever Folding and the population ofendangered corals(珊瑚) in Lab-are already capable of. So, what else could the future have in store for us?21 where22 have been/are /are being turned23 allowing24. seen/is seen27. has increased28may/might/can/could 25.to become26While/Though/Although29 out of30. what【2018-崇明区-二模】Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.China’s Good Samaritan Law (见见见见见) Takes EffectChina’s Good Samaritan Law went into effect on October 1 to encourage people who are ready to help others. Under the law, people who voluntarily offer emergency assistance to those who are, or who they believe to be, injured, ill or in danger, will not have civil responsibility in the event of harm to the victims.The new law aims to ease the reluctance people feel toward helping strangers for fear of legal consequences if they make mistakes in treatment. It is a response to the phenomenon of people (21)_____ (hesitate) to help fallen senior citizens due to concern that they might be blackmailed (见见) later.There has been no shortage of cases over the past decade (22)_____ people hesitated to offer assistance to those who are in need. And some good Samaritans have been blackmailed for charitable acts. In 2011, a two-year-old girl known as Xiao Yueyue was run over by two cars, and 18 people passed by (23)_____ offering emergency help. The girl died after days of medical treatment. In 2014, a man from Guangdong Province aided a senior citizen, but (24)_____ (accuse) of knocking him down. The man committed suicide when (25)_____ (face) with demands for a large sum of money.These cases (26)_____ (arouse) debate about morality and heroism in China in recent years. “If you don’t provide help, you will blame yourself, but if you do help, you are likely (27)_____ (hurt) by the people you help. It is really a difficult choice,” one netizen said on Sina Weibo.(28)_____ there had been calls for a national Good Samaritan law, only a few cities pushed ahead with such laws before the nationwide law came into effect.However, some experts are concerned (29)_____ there could be some danger from a nationwide Good Samaritan Law. “Rescuers who know little about first aid could bring serious harm to people in critical conditions,” said Yang Lixin, a professor at the Renmin University of China. He hoped the government (30)_____ introduce details of the policy soon while encouraging people to voluntarily offer assistance.21. hesitating22. where23. without24. was accused25. faced 26. have aroused27. to be hurt28. Although/Though/While29. that30. could【2018-奉贤区-二模】Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Time to End LonelinessUS author Henry Rollins once wrote: “Loneliness adds beauty to life. It puts a special burn on sunsets and makes night air smell better.” Indeed, in the eyes of artists, loneliness never seems to go out of style. There are paintings that portray loneliness, songs that (21)_______ (inspire) by loneliness, and many works of literature that center around this theme.In the eyes of UK economist Rachel Reeves, however, loneliness is far from romantic. Instead, it’s a “giant evil” that’s become a serious problem in the country.On Jan 17, UK Prime Minister Theresa May appointed politician Tracey Crouch as the country’s very first “Minister for Loneliness”. Her job is (22)_______ (deal) with the loneliness that the country’s been feeling — a problem which, according to UK government research, is affecting more than 9 million people in the country, and (23) ________ be more harmful to one’s physical and mental health than smoking 15 cigarettes a day.Back in 2014, the UK was given the title of the “loneliness capital of Europe” by The Telegraph. A survey carried out by the newspaper found that British people were (24)________ (likely) to get to know their neighbours or build strong relationships with people than those from other European countries.But this doesn’t mean it is the problem (25)________ (affect) Britons only. In fact, we’re all suffering from loneliness now more than ever, in spite of most of the world now being linked to the internet, (26) ________ has enabled us to be more connected than ever.(27)________ we need, according to Kim Leadbetter, sister of the late UK politician Jo Cox, is to have “proper human connections”.“Our lives nowadays are so busy. We spend the vast majority of our time on our phones, on our laptops. (28)________ ________ ________ busy we are, we need to press pause on that and actually sit down and speak to human beings,” Leadbetter said at an event last year.But the first steps toward (29)________ (fight) this problem are to accept its existence and not be ashamed or frightened by it. After all, (30)________ loneliness, many beautiful paintings, songs, and literary works wouldn’t even exist. Whether it is “evil” or not, being lonely is simply part of the experience of being human.21. are inspired22.to deal23.can/may24. less likely25. affecting26. which27. what28. No matter how29. fighting30. without【2018-虹口区-二模】Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Nook’s arrival, Good or Bad?Booklovers, most of them, will tell you (21)______ a pleasure it is to lend a favorite read to a friend – the novel you stayed up all night to get to the end of; the travel book that made you feel (22)____ ____ you yourself were on a train ride through India. For a while it seemed that e-book users were to be denied this pleasure of lending to friends. You could buy a book or magazine for your reading device, but you couldn’t lend it out.But now, with the Nook, the US book chain Barnes and Noble’s response to Amazon’s Kindle, electronic readers will be able to have their latest literary enthusiasm (23)_____ (press) on their friends, just like readers of physical books can. You simply email the book from your Nook and your friend can read it for two weeks, (24)______ (use) any device with the Barnes & Noble e-book reader software. It’s a big improvement from previous e-book readers.The Nook offers other features too. You read in black and white on the main screen, just like with Kindle. The difference is (25)______ on the lower part of the device there’s a color touchscreen, (26)______ allows you to browse through a book or magazine, but goes black when you’re not using it so that you save power.(27)______ exciting thing about the Nook is that it offers Wi-Fi, arguably a big advance on previous e-book readers. Customers in the United States can use the Internet connection (28)______ (read) whole e-books at Barnes and Noble’s hundreds of bookstores for free. None of Barnes and Noble’s competitors can come close to this.But the Nook, ironically, (29)______ (turn out) to be a money-loser for Barnes and Noble, or at least a job-loser for Barnes and Noble’s employees. According to Marian Maneker at The Big Money Website, (30)______ the Nook is successful it might take sales from the company’s bookstores, eventually forcing their closure and the loss of thousands of jobs.21. what22. as if/though23. pressed24. using25. that26. which27. Another28.to read29. has turned out (turns out) 30. if【2018-黄浦区-二模】Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Wildlife Secrets of Nigeria’s Last WildernessResearchers from Chester Zoo, working with the Nigeria National Park Service, surveyed over 1,000 square kilometres of the national park. Known (21) _____ its mountain rainforests and rolling grasslands, it is home to some of West Africa’s most threatened animals.The cameras (22) _____ (spot) some animals that have never been recorded before in the area and others, like chimps（黑猩猩）, (23)_____ are rarely seen. Stuart Nixon, the Africa Field Programme Co-ordinator at Chester Zoo, said confirmation of the locations of chimps was an important discovery. “Gashaka’s been regarded for many years as (24) _____ (have) the biggest population of this Nigeria-Cameroon chimp,” he said. “We consider it the most important population—that’s really (25) _____ we need to count it and see what the status of the chimp is right now—that will eventually affect what we know about this subspecies elsewhere.”The chimp (26) _____ (endanger) across its range in Cameroon and Nigeria. Its total population is down to fewer than 9,000 individuals, of which about 1,000 are thought (27) _____ (live) within the borders of the national park. “It’s an amazing tool to use these camera traps and toreveal that this park—which is a (28) _____ (forget) wilderness, really, for Nigeria—still has a really important store of important species for Nigeria and Africa in general,” said Stuart Nixon.Chester Zoo is funding guards for the rangers and providing training in wildlife monitoring and protection. “This work is helping us learn more about the secrets of one of our last wilderness areas and we must continue to work together to ensure (29) _____ survival for future generations,” said Stuart Nixon, “(30) _____ all this beauty were lost, it would be a terrible tragedy for all.”21. for22. spotted23. which24. having25. why 26. is endangered27. to live28. forgotten29. its30. If【2018-嘉定区-二模】Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form ofthe given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Stephen Hawking: Science’s Brightest StarHis family released a statement in the early hours of Wednesday morning confirming his deathat his home in Cambridge.Hawking’s children, Lucy, Robert and Tim, said in a statement: “We are deeply saddened thatour beloved father passed away today. He was a great scientist and an extraordinary man (21)______ work and legacy will live on for many years.”For fellow scientists and loved ones, it was Hawking’s intuition and wicked sense of humor (22)______ marked him out as much as the fierce intellect that, coupled with his illness, came to symbolize (23)______ unbounded possibilities of the human mind.Hawking was driven to Wagner, but not the bottle, when he (24)______ (diagnose) with motor neurone disease in 1963 at the age of 21. Doctors expected him (25)______ (live) for only two more years. But Hawking had a form of the disease that progressed more slowly than usual. He survivedfor more than half a century.Hawking once estimated he worked only 1,000 hours during his three undergraduate years at Oxford. In his finals, he came close (26) ______ a first-and second-class degree. (27)______ (convince) that he was seen as a difficult student, he told his examiners that if they gave him a firsthe would move to Cambridge to pursue his PhD. Award a second and he threatened to stay. They opted for a first.Those who live in the shadow of death are often those who live most. For Hawking, the early diagnosis of his terminal disease, and (28) ______ (witness) the death from leukemia of a boy he knew in hospital, aroused a fresh sense of purpose. “(29) ______ there was a cloud hanging over my future, I found, to my surprise, that I was enjoying life in the present more than before. I began to make progress with my research,” he once said. Taking up his career in earnest, he declared: “My goal is simple. It is a complete understanding of the universe, why it is (30)______ it is and why it exists at all.”21.whose22. that23. the24. was diagnosed25. to live 26. between27. Convinced28. witnessing29.Although/ though/While30. what/as【2018-金山区-二模】Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form ofthe given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.I was eighteen, summer fading, when my parents drove me to my university apartment. It wasmy first apartment. ___21___ (walk) my parents solemnly back to their car, I noticed that my mother had tears in her eyes. I ___22___ (struggle) to hold back my own. Such a strong woman wasshe ___23___ it was rare to see such a show of emotion. At the time, I was rather surprised. Beingthe youngest of five children, I thought that my parents were accustomed to ___24___ (let) go. But maybe it’s something that never gets any easier, ___25___ _______ _______ many practice swingsyou get. As my parents drove off, I realized that they would return to an empty home, ___26___ allof their children leaving to pursue dreams and lives of their own. Their nest, full of love and joy forso long, was now empty. Relishing ( 憧憬) my new-found freedom, I concentrated on my college life. My parents did their best to give me space to learn and grow, even if I neglected to call or visit.It was a time of “firsts,” and a taste of first “lasts.”I have recently been playing Travel Frog, a mobile game that has me emotionally ___27___ (influence). In the game you gather resources, send your frog on his adventures and your payoff is,*drum roll please* ... postcards. That’s right, postcards. I thought it was a silly, overly-simplistic game at first, but then it started to bring back memories from long ago.While the game lacks the narrative detail or the interactivity of other games, you have a lesson___28___ (learn) from your itinerant ( 四处奔波的) “Frog Son”. You do not control when hesets off on his adventures, ___ 29___ can you be sure that your hard work will land you a coveted ( 梦寐以求的) postcard. This game, however, has emotionally affected many players. They ___30___ (remind) of their parents who restlessly await their return home, their familiar voices, their love. Parents sacrifice a large part of themselves for their children. It is a sacrifice that can only be paid back with love.21. Walking22. struggled23. that24. letting28. to learn25. no matter how26. with27. influenced29. nor30. are reminded / have been reminded【2018-静安区-二模】Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Uh-oh, the new year's just begun and already you're finding it hard to keep those resolutionsto junk the junk food, get off the couch or kick smoking. There's a biological reason why a lot ofour bad habits are so hard to break – they get （21）______(wire) into our brains."Why are bad habits stronger? You're fighting against the power of an immediate reward," says Dr. Nora Volkow, director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse and an authority on the brain's pleasure pathway."We all as creatures are behaving that way, to give greater value to an immediate reward as opposed to (22)______ is delayed," V olkow says.How this bit of happiness turns into a habit involves a pleasure-sensing chemical named dopamine. It causes the brain (23)______(pursue) that reward again and again strengthening the connection each time – especially when it gets the right hint from your environment.People tend to overestimate their ability to resist temptations around them, thus (24)______(destroy) attempts to give up bad habits. Even scientists who recognize it (25)______ showweakness. "I know popcorns are not healthy. But every time I go to the cinema, I have to eat it,"V olkow says，"It's fascinating."A movement to pay people for behavior changes may exploit that connection, as some companies offer employees outright payments or insurance reduction for adopting better habits.(26)______well paying for behavior plays out, researchers say there are still some steps that may help fight your brain's hold (27)______ newly-established habits:Repeat, repeat, repeat the new behavior – the same routine at the same time of day. You decide to exercise. Doing it at the same time of the morning, rather than fitting it in casually, (28)______ (make) the striatum(终脑皮层)recognize the habit. Therefore, if you don’t keep doing it, you will feel frustrated.Exercise itself raises dopamine levels, so eventually your brain will get a feel-good hit (29)______ ______ your muscles protest.Besides, try to reward yourself with (30)______ that you really desire. For instance, if you exercise all week or stick to your diet, you could try a fancy restaurant - safer perhaps than a box of cookies because the price inhibits the quantity.21-wired 22. what 23. to pursue 24. destroying 25. can 26. However 27. on 28. makes 29. even if/even though 30. something【2018-闵行区，松江区-二模】Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Aunt Jane is now well over seventy, but she is still a great cinema-goer. The cinema in our town closed down years ago and sometimes she has to travel twenty miles or more to see a good film. And once a month at least she goes up to London to see (21)________(late) foreign films. Of course she could see most of these films on television, but the idea does not attract her. “It isn’t the same,” she says. “For one thing, the screen’s too small. Besides, I like going to the cinema!”However, one thing which has always puzzled us is that (22)________ Aunt Jane has lots of friends and enjoys company, she always goes to the cinema alone. We discovered the reason for this only recently—from Mother. “It may surprise you to learn that Aunt Jane wanted to be an actress when she was young,” she told us. “She used to wait outside film studios all day, just(23)________(appear) in crowd scenes. Your aunt has probably appeared in dozens of films. Sometimes she did not even know the name of the film they (24)________(make). Therefore, she couldn’t go to see (25)________ in the film at the cinema!“All the time, of course, she was looking for a small part in a film. Her big chance came (26)________ they started to make a film in our town. Jane managed to meet the director at a party and he offered her (27)________ role as a shopkeeper. It really was a very small part, but it was an important moment for Jane. Before the great event, she rehearsed for days. In fact, she turned the sitting-room into a shop! We all had to help, going to and out of the shop (28)_______ she could remember her words perfectly. And (29)________ the actual day she was marvelous. Jane thought that this was the beginning of her film career!“Unfortunately, in the end, they did not include the shop scene in the film. But nobody told Jane! When the film first appeared in London, she took all her friends to see it. And of course she wasn’t in it! It was a terrible blow! She stopped (30)________(go) to film studios and gave up the idea of becoming an actress. She still loves the cinema, as you all know, but from that day she has always gone alone!”21. the latest22. though23. to appear24. were making25. herself26. when27. a28. until29. on30. going【2018-浦东区-二模】Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America. When reports came into the London Zoo that a wild puma (21)______(spot) forty miles south of London, they were not taken seriously. However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts decided to investigate.The hunt (22)______ the puma began in a small village where a woman (23)______(pick) blackberries saw “a large cat” only five yards away from her. It immediately ran away when she saw it, and experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being (24)______ it is cornered. The search proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning and at (25)______ place twenty miles away in the evening. (26)______ it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits. Several people complained of “cat-like noises” at night and a businessman on a (27)______(fish) trip saw the puma up a tree.The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma, (28)______ where had it come from? As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country, this one (29)______ have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape. The hunt went on for several weeks,but the puma was not caught.It is disturbing (30)______(think) a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.21. had been spotted22. for23. picking24. unless26. Wherever27. fishing28. but29. must30. to think【2018-普陀区-二模】Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Jim ThompsonJim Thompson’s life story is one of success, achievement, and finally mystery because no one knows how it ended.Thompson was born in Delaware (21) _____ the east coast of the United States in 1906. After finishing high school, Thompson went to Princeton University and later studied architecture at the University of Pennsylvania. After graduation, Jim Thompson worked as an architect in New York City until 1940. Not long after this, he volunteered (22) _____ (serve) in the U.S. Army. During World War II, Thompson gathered intelligence for the army in Thailand. It was this first taste of life in the Far East (23) _____ changed Thompson’s life. He saw opportunities to develop tourism there, becoming (24) _____ (involve) in an ambitious scheme to restore the Oriental Hotel.While the hotel plan fell through, by that time Thompson had hit upon another scheme that would eventually make him a millionaire. While traveling around Thailand, he came across (25) _____ he considered exquisite (精美的) samples of handwoven Thai silk, a product that (26) _____ (become) rare. He persuaded the weavers to work with him and marketed the silk in New York, (27) _____ it became very popular. As a consequence, the Thai silk industry was revived (复兴) and the business made Thompson and some of the weavers very wealthy.With his success in the silk business, Jim Thompson continued his original interest in architecture on the side. He found six traditional Thai houses and had (28) _____ brought to Bangkok and reassembled there as one magnificent house. Today, not only is it a beautiful house inside and out, (29) _____ it is also filled with the works of art Thompson collected.In 1967 during a holiday in Malaysia, he went for a walk in the Jungle and disappeared forever. To this day, no clues (30) _____ (find) as to what happened to this wealthy American businessman who is credited with single–handedly reviving the Thai silk industry.21. on22. to serve23. that24. involved25. what26. had become 27. where 28. them 29. but 30. have been found【2018-青浦区-二模】Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.The kindness of Kiwi Lotto (乐透彩票) winnersWe’ve all dreamed of winning the Lotto but what actually happens when our numbers come up? The answer is rather heart-warming. New research out today from Lotto New Zealand reveals three-quarters of Powerball winners think of sharing (21) ______ spending.One lucky Powerball winner from Tauranga was even thinking of others before his numbers came up. “A week before I won Lotto, I saw an ambulance (22) ______ side bore the name of the donor, and I thought, ‘if I ever win Lotto, that’s what I will do’ and then 10 days’ later I won,” he said. Having won $5.5 million dollars, he’s now spending a part of the money on two ambulances for his local hospital. “They’re going to say ‘(23) ______ (donate) by a Lotto winner’ on the side. I hope that it will inspire others to pay it forward if they ever find (24) ______ in a fortunate position like I have.”“My life (25) ______ (save) many years ago by a St John ambulance and it’s a marvellous feeling repaying back that kindness.” It was this kind of behaviour (26) ______ led to Lotto NZ’s inspiring true story of a Kiwi man who won $15 million and, honouring a promise made long ago, went halves with his mate.2017 was the (27) ______ (lucky) year on record for Powerball winners. “Last year, there were 19 different Powerball winners — (28) ______ most of them had in common was the desire to share their good fortune.” said Emilia Mazur, General Manager Corporate Communications.“Another Tauranga man won $10 million with Powerball in July and once he got over the shock of winning, his first thought was his community and he has since shared some of his winnings to upgrade its facilities.”Group players are natural sharers — not only (29) ______ they share the winnings among themselves but they also then want to help outothers.“Everyone is just so happy, it’s created an amazing sense of freedom.” said one of the group leaders Tina. “For me personally, (30) ______ (know) how much of a significant difference you have made to your family and your circle of friends, I have a feeling that I have never experienced. It’s an unquantifiable feeling — it’s magic.”。

2018上海各区高三英语二模——Summary

2018届上海市各区高三英语二模试题汇编：阅读理解A篇（带答案已经校对）

Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)William Herschel was born on November 15th, 1738 in Hanover in a family of musicians. In 1757, he fled to England and began earning a living as an organist and later composer and conductor. In 1772, he convinced his sister Caroline to join him as a singer. In their spare time the brother-sister team became occupied in astronomy. William died at his home in Slough, near Windsor on August 25th,1822, and Caroline on September 1st,1848.Herschel’s first major discoveries were to show that Mars and Jupiter exhibit axialrotation (绕轴自转). Herschel struck fame in 1781, when on March 13th, he discovered the planet Uranus (天王星) while engaged in work aimed at determining stellar parallax (恒星视差). This being the first new planet discovered since ancient times, Herschel, until then a mere amateur astronomer relatively unknown even in England, became world-famous. Adopting a historically proven strategy, Herschel named the new planet Georgium Sidum, in honor of the then ruling English king George III. The trick worked once again, as King George III gave William and Caroline the titles of ―The King’s Astronomer‖ and ―Assistant to the King’s Astronomer‖, an honor which came with a life’s pension for both. In 1782 they moved to Bath, and shortly thereafter to S lough, and from this point on William and Caroline could devote themselves entirely to astronomy. The Herschels went on to discover two moons of Uranus in 1787.While Caroline became increasingly occupied with the search for comets at which she was quite s uccessful, William became for a time interested in the Sun. Inspired by Wilson’s 1774 work, he put forth the theory of sunspot, an opinion that continued to exist well into the nineteenth century. In 1800, he became interested in the solar spectrum (太阳光谱), and uncovered the first evidence for solar energy output outside of the visible spectrum, in what is now known as the infrared(红外线). In 1801, he published two papers that effectively started the field of solar influences on Earth’s weather.56.Herschel made himself known to the world mainly by __________.A. discovering the planet UranusB. determining stellar parallaxC. discovering two moons of UranusD. uncovering the evidence for the infrared57. It can be inferred from the passage that George III __________.A. liked science and technologyB. liked Herschel’s naming of the new planetC. was interested in astronomyD. gave Herschel a lot of useful suggestions58. What do we know about Caroline from the passage?A. She was successful in music.B. She was titled ―The King’s Astronomer‖.C. She died later than her brother.D. She published two papers.59. This passage mainly tells readers .A. some information about Herschel and his sisterB. how Herschel and his sister discovered the planet UranusC. Herschel and Caroline got along well with each otherD. Herschel and Caroline’s major scientific publicationsKeys: 56-59: A B C ASection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)The cold northern wind here in the streets of Petersburg strengthens my nerves and fills me with delight. I cannot think of the Pole as cold and empty;in my imagination it is a region of beauty and delight. Who knows what strange landscapes and creatures we may find there. I shall satisfy my curiosity with the sight of an unknown part of the world-and walk where no man has before.Thinking of it, I feel the same joy a child feels when he sails his little boat on a voyage ofdiscovery up his native river.This voyage was the favorite dream of my early years. My education was neglected, yet I was passionately fond of reading. Uncle Thomas's library contained only books about exploration, which I read day and night. Finally my thoughts comes to the idea of making a voyage of discovery.Six years have passed since I decided on the present voyage. I can, even now, remember the hour when I committed myself to this great enterprise. I began by making my body used to hardship. I went on whale hunting voyages to the North Sea; I voluntarily endured cold, hunger, thirst, and lack of sleep. I often worked harder than the common sailors during the day. Then, at nights, I studied mathematics, the theory of medicine,and sciences of practical importance for a seagoing adventurer. Twice I took jobs as an officer on a Greenland whaling ship. I felt a little proud when my captain asked me to remain with the ship, so valuable did he consider my services. And now, do I not deserve to achieve some great task? My life might have been passed in ease and comfort, but I preferred glory to every pleasure that wealth placed in my path.56.What does the author think of the Pole?A.It reminds him of his childhood.B. It must be a region full of surprises.C. It would fulfil his dream to be an adventurer.D. It's too cold a destination with almost nothing.57. To realize his childhood dream, the author got _______.A. physically prepared by experiencing great sufferingB. spiritually prepared by gaining captain's recognitionC. academically prepared by reading books on explorationD. financially prepared by serving on a whale hunting ship.58. According to the passage, the author is definitely a person full of _______.A. curiosityB. fancyC. perseveranceD.prideKeys:56-58: CACSection CDirections：Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box.Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.(A)In 1982, I had responsibility for Stephen Hawking’s third academic book for the Press, Superspace and Supergravity. This was a messy collection of papers from a technical workshop on how to devise a new theory of gravity. While that book was in production, I suggested he try something easier: a popular book about the nature of the Universe, suitable for the general market.Stephen hesitated over my suggestion. He already had an international reputation as a brilliant theoretical physicist working on rotating black holes and theories of gravity. And he had concerns about financial matters: importantly, it was impossible for him to obtain any form of life insurance to protect his family in the event of his death or becoming totally dependent on nursing care. So, he took precious time out from his research to prepare the rough draft of a book.At the time, several bestselling physics authors had already published non-technical books on the early Universe and black holes. Stephen decided to write a more personal approach, by explaining his own research in cosmology and quantum theory.One afternoon, in the 1980s, he invited me to take a look at the first draft, but first he wanted to discuss cash. He told me he had spent considerable time away from his research, and that he expected advances and royalties(定金和版税) to be large. When I pressed him on the market that he foresaw, he insisted that it be on sale, up front, at all airport bookshops in the UK and the US. I told that was a tough call for a university press. Then I thumbed the typescript. To my dismay, the text was far too technical for a general reader.A few weeks later he showed me a revision, much improved. Eventually, he decided to place it with a mass market publisher rather than a university press. Bantam published A Brief History of Time in March 1988. Sales took off like a rocket, and it ranked as a bestseller for at least five years. The book’s impact on the popularization of science has been incalculable.56. What suggestion did the writer give to Stephen Hawking?A. Simplifying Superspace and Supergravity.B. Formulating a new theory of gravity.C. Writing a popular book on the nature of the universe.D. Revising a book based on a new theory.57. Which of the following was Stephen Hawking most concerned about?A. Financial returns.B. Other competitors.C. Publishing houses.D. His family’s life insurance.58. The underlined word ―thumbed‖ is closest in meaning to _______.A. praisedB. typedC. confirmedD. browsed59. The greatest contribution of the book A Brief History of Time lies in _______.A. bringing him overnight fame in the scientific worldB. keeping up the living standard of his familyC. making popular science available to the general publicD. creating the rocketing sales of a technical bookKeys:56-59 CADCSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Warning from ExpertsA growing amount of human- made orbital debris(太空轨道残骸)---from rocket stages and out-of-date satellites---- is circling the Earth. Scientists say the orbital debris, better known as space junk, poses an increasing threat to space activities. ―This is a growing environmental problem,‖said Nicholas Johnson, the chief scientist and program manager for orbital debris at NASA(美国航空航天局) in Houston, Texas.Johnson and his team have developed a computer model capable of simulating past and future amounts of space junk. The model predicts that even without future rocket or satellite launches, the amount of debris in low orbit around Earth will steady through 2055, after which it will increase. While current efforts have focused on limiting future space junk, these scientists say removing large pieces of old space junk will soon be necessary.Since the first launch of satellite in 1957, humans have been generating space junk. The U.S. Space Surveillance Network is currently tracking over 13,000 human-made objects larger than tencentimeters in diameter orbiting the Earth. ―Of the 13,000 objects, over 40 percent came from breakups of both spacecraft and rocket bodies,‖ Johnson said. In addition, there are hundreds of thousands of smaller objects in space. These include everything from pieces of plastic to bits of paint. Much of this smaller junk has come from exploding rocket stages. Stages are sections of a rocket that have their own fuel or engines.These objects travel at speeds over 35,000 kilometers an hour. At such high speed, even small junk can tear holes in a spacecraft or disable a satellite by causing electrical shorts that result from clouds of superheated gas.Johnson believes it may be time to think about how to remove junk from space. Previous proposals range from sending up spacecrafts to grab junk and bring it down to using lasers to slow an objects orbit to cause it to fall back to Earth more quickly. Given current technology, those proposals appear neither technically nor economically practical, ―Space j unk is like any environmental problem,‖ Johnson admits. ―I t’s growing. If you don’t deal with it now, it will only become worse, and the solutions in the future are going to be even more costly.‖56. What is this passage mainly talking about?A. Advanced technology is used to remove space junk.B. NASA is responsible for the environmental problem.C. Cleaning up the space junk is greatly needed.D. Human activities generate much orbital debris.57. Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage?A. Rocket launches produce more debris than satellite launches.B. Space junk is endangering human beings' space activities.C.It's necessary to clean up the large pieces of old space junk.D. Even a tiny piece of space junk can destroy a spacecraft58. What does John think of the previous proposals to grab space junk and bring it down to the earth?A. Reasonable.B. Unbelievable.C. Reliable.D. Impractical.Keys:56-58 CADSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Have you ever had the experience of talking to someoneand you think they are lying?Well, you are not alone. We’veall had that feeling. But did you know that there are severalthings you can look for to see if you are being lied to?Sometimes you can tell if a person is lying by observing what they do with their body. When people are lying they tend not to move their arms, hands or legs very far from their body. They don’t want to take up very much space because they don’t want to be no ticed. Sometimes a person who is lying will not look you in the eyes. Other times people wholie try to look at you in a strong way because they want to convince you they are tellingthe truth.Liars also use deflection. For example, if you ask a liar the question ―Did you steal Fatima’s bag?‖, they may answer with something like ―Fatima is my friend. Why would Ido that?‖ In this situation the person is telling the truth, but they are also not answeringthe question. They are trying to deflect your attention. Liars may also give too many details. They may try to over-explain things. They do this because they want to convinceyou of what they are saying.Often when a person is lying, they do not want to continue talking about their lie. Ifyou think someone is lying, quickly change the subject. If the person is lying, they will appear more comfortable because they are not talking about their lie any longer. A little later, change the subject back to what you were talking about before. If the person seems uncomfortable again, they may be lying.It’s very hard for a liar to avoid filling silence created by you. He or she wants you to believe the lies being woven; silence gives no feedback on whether or not you’ve boughtthe story. If you’re a good listener, you’ll already be avoiding interruptions, which initself is a great technique to let the story unfold.Just because a person is showing these behaviors, it does not mean they are lying.They might be shy or nervous. But, if you think someone is lying, you might want to usesome of these techniques. Hopefully, you won’t need to very often.56. By saying ―Liars also use deflection‖, the writer means that liars may __________.A. tell great storiesB. change tone of voiceC. ask a question in replyD. avoid direct answers57. According to the passage, a person could be lying if he or she ____________.A. offers more information than necessaryB. appears to be shy or nervousC. changes the subject of the conversationD. speaks very fast and vaguely58. Whichof the following can be learned from the passage?A. Liars always try to avoid direct eye contact when they tell lies.B. We can make people lie by changing the subject in a conversation.C. Liars are often expansive in hand and arm movements while talking.D. We make liars uncomfortable by giving no feedback in a conversation.59. The passage mainly talks about __________.A. who deceives usB. why people tell liesC. how to detect liesD. what to do with liarsKeys:56-59 DADCSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.AIf a diver surfaces too quickly, he may suffer the bends. Nitrogen(氦)dissolved in his blood is suddenly liberated by the reduction of pressure. The consequence, if the bubbles accumulate(累积) In a joint,, is sharp pain and a bent body—thus the name. If the bubbles form in his lungs or his brain, the consequence can be death.Other air-breathing animals also suffer this decompression (减压) sickness if they surface too fast: whales, for example. And so, long ago, did ichthyosaurs(鱼龙).That these ancient sea animals got the bends can be seen from their bones. If bubbles of nitrogen form inside the bone they can cut off its blood supply. This kills the cells in the bone, and consequently weakens it, sometimes to the point of collapse. Fossil bones that have caved in on themselves are thus a sign that the animal once had the bends.Bruce Rothschild of the University of Kansas knew all this when he began a study of ichthyosaur bones to find out how widespread the problem was in the past. What he particularly wanted to investigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem of decompression over the 150 million years. To this end, he and his colleagues traveled the world's natural-history museums, looking at hundreds of ichthyosaurs from the Triassic period and from the later Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.When he started, he assumed that signs of the bends would be rarer in younger fossils, reflecting their gradual evolution of measures to deal with decompression. Instead, he was astonished to discover the opposite. More than 15% of Jurassic and Cretaceous ichthyosaurs had suffered the bends before they died, but not a single Triassic specimen(标本)showed evidence of that sort of injury.If ichthyosaurs did evolve an anti-decompression means, they clearly did so quickly-and, most strangely, they lost it afterwards. But that is not what Dr. Rothschild thinks happened. He suspects it was evolution in other animals that caused the change.Whales that suffer the bends often do so because they have surfaced to escape a predator (掠食性动物) such as a large shark. One of the features of Jurassic oceans was an abundance of large sharks and crocodiles, both of which were fond of ichthyosaur lunches. Triassic oceans, by contrast, were mercifully shark and crocodile-free. In the Triassic, then, ichthyosaurs were top of the food chain. In the Jurassic and Cretaceous, they were prey (猎物)as well as predator—and often had to make a speedy exit as a result.56. Which of the following is a typical symptom of the bends?A. A twisted bodyB. A gradual decrease in blood supply.C. A sudden release of nitrogen in blood.D. A drop in blood pressure57. The purpose of Rothschild's study is to see___.A. how often ichthyosaurs caught the bendsB. how ichthyosaurs adapted to decompressionC. why ichthyosaurs bent their bodiesD. when ichthyosaurs broke their bones58. Rothschild's finding stated in Paragraph 4_____.A. confirmed his assumptionB. speeded up his research processC. disagreed with his assumptionD. changed his research objectives59. Rothschild might have concluded that ichthyosaurs_______.A. failed to evolve an anti-decompression meansB. gradually developed measures against the bendsC. died out because of large sharks and crocodilesD. evolved an anti-decompression means but soon lost itKeys: 56-59 ABCASection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.AOne Friday morning, before Michael was leaving for work he told his wife that he had finally determined to ask his boss for a salary raise. All day Michael felt nervous and anxious as he thought about the upcoming showdown. What if Mr.Duncan refused to grant his request? Michael had worked so hard in the last 18 months and brought some great benefits to Braer and Hopkins Advertising Agency. Of course, he deserved a wage increase.The thought of walking into Mr. Duncan's office left Michael weak in the knees. Late in the afternoon he was finally courageous enough to approach his superior. To his delight and surprise, the ever- frugal (一惯节省的) Rowland Duncan agreed to give Michael a raise!Michael arrived home that evening-despite breaking all city and state limits-to a beautiful table set with their best china, and candles lit. His wife, Cassie, had prepared a delicate mealincluding his favourite dishes. Immediately he thought someone from the office had tipped her off!Next to his plate Michael found a beautiful lettered note. It was from his wife. It read: "Congratulations, my love! I knew you'd get the raise! I prepared this dinner to show just how much I love you. I am so proud of your accomplishments!" He read it and stopped to think about how sensitive and caring Cassie was.After dinner, Michael was on his way to the kitchen to get dessert when he observed that a second card had slipped out of Cassie's pocket onto the floor. He bent forward to pick it up. It read: "Don't worry about not getting the raise! You do deserve one! You are a wonderful provider and I prepared this dinner to show you just how much I love you even though you did not get the increase."Suddenly tears swelled in Michael's eyes. Total acceptance! Cassie's support for him was not conditional upon his success at work.The fear of rejection is often softened and we can undergo almost any setback or rejection when we know someone loves us regardless of our success or failure.56. What was Michaels plan that Friday?A. To find a job with the Braer and Hopkins Advertising Agency.B. To ask for a wage increase from his boss.C. To celebrate his success.D. To ask his boss to come for dinner.57. On his way back home, Michael______.A. felt weak in the kneesB. was punished by the traffic policemanC. was too anxious to share the news with his wifeD. couldn't wait to enjoy a meal58. Which of the following statements about the story is FALSE?A. Michael was afraid that his request would lead to a disaster.B. Michael had worked very hard and done his part for the company.C. Michael's boss agreed to his request.D. One of Michael's colleagues had told his wife the good news.59. According to the passage, which of the following can best describe Michael's wife, Cassie?A. Passionate, thoughtful and talented.B. Considerate, generous and reliable.C. Decisive, optimistic and energetic.D. Caring, tolerant and supportive.Keys: 56-59 BCDDSection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.(A)Last October, I was on a diving holid ay in the Philippines with with seven other advanced divers. I dived off the boat, slowly sinking to about 20m.After nearly 45 minutes, the sound of my breathing was drowned out by a low rumble like an engine, and I felt deep, powerful vibrations(震动), as if a big boat with a propeller was passing overhead. The dive instructor's eyes were wide with confusion too. We both swam next to each other, staying close to the side of the reef(礁石). The situation felt sinister.Then we were enveloped by clouds of white sand that mushroomed up around us, Could it be an underwater bomb? A giant turtle raced past us and into the deep; they are normally slow movers, so this was very weird behaviour. The vibration became so intense that I could feel it in my bones, and the sound turned into a deafening roar. Suddenly, a few meters below us, breaks began forming and the sand was sucked down. That's when I realized it was an earthquake. The noise was the sound of the Earth splintering open and grinding against itself.The instructor and I held hands and looked into each other's eyes; I felt comforted by his presence. I was numb(麻木的)for terror but clear-headed. My body went on high alert, ready to react. But I have no power over whatever this is. The only option is to stay very still and let it do whatever it's going to do.It took enormous willpower to resist the urge to swim to the surface, which is not sensible as situation on the surface at that time was ambiguous with potential threats pending. Soon we saw other divers.The sound and vibration lasted only two or three minutes and when they stopped I heard the swoosh of sand falling over the seabed. We all held hands before resurfacing to avoid decompression sickness, which can be fatal. When up,It was a huge relief to see all the divers and we all shared incredulous looksbefore pulling out our breathing apparatus and shouting, "What was that?"Back on the boat, we rushed to check the news and discovered we had witnessed a huge earthquake, measuring 7.2 on the Richter scale. It released more energy than 30 Hiroshima bombs, though it seemed that we were not at at the epicentre(震中). I was high and felt lucky surprisingly not because of my recent survival miracle, but to have experienced nature at its most stunning and its most frightening.56. How did the author realize that they met with an earthquake?A. By feeling the violent shake under the sea.B. By witnessing a normally-slow turtle quickly moving by.C. By seeing the seafloor crack.D. By checking the news and be informed of the event.57. Why didn’t the author rise to the surface before the vibration stopped?A. Because the instructor gestured him not to rise.B. Because he was numb in body.C. Because he could sense the unclear water situation.D. Because he tried to avoid unexpected danger above.58. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. At the beginning of the event, a big boat passed by causing big vibration.B. All the divers used the reef as the protection against the violent vibration.C. I felt relieved as the instructor was experience in handling situations like this.D. Powerless to fight nature, I was tame when under the water.59. Why did the author feel fortunate on the boat?A. Because he was not at the epicenter of the earthquake.B. Because he finally survived a huge earthquake.C. Because he could witness a rare natural phenomenon.D. Because he didn’t suffer from decompression sickness.Keys: 56-59 CCDCSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)In the world of higher education in the United States, competition seems more common than schools working together. Every college and university competes for students, as well as the best teachers and money for research programs.But one thing almost every school has in common is the difficulty they face in serving low-income students. The National Center for Education Statistics reports that low-income college students are less likely to complete their study programs than other students.It was only natural that the leaders of Michigan State University and ten other universities discussed this issue when they met in 2014. The 11 schools are spread across the United Sates and serve different populations and needs. But their leaders all saw improving graduation rates for all students as the biggest problem facing American higher education.So the group created an organization called the University Innovation Alliance or UIA for sharing information related to this problem. Its main goal is to get 68,000 more students at the member schools to graduate by 2025, with at least half of those studentsbeing low-income. The 11 schools now say their number of graduates has increased by over 7,200 in just three years. This includes an almost 25 percent increase in the number of low-income graduates.How were they able to make this happen? It began with each university looking at its own situation and finding out what it had been doing right and what it had been doing wrong.For example, before joining the UIA, academic advising at Michigan State mostly involved reacting to problems students faced after the problems had already arisen. Then school officials heard about a computer program that fellow UIA member Georgia State University was using. This computer program follows decisions students make about their classes and the progress they are making in their studies. It then sends academic advisors messages whenever a student shows signs that they are making mistakes or facingdifficulties. Hat way the advisors can try to help students before the problems become too serious. Michigan State began using the computer program and it has meant a world of difference.Michigan States has not only received useful。

上海市宝山区高三下册第二学期期中教学质量监测英语试卷(有答案)【精编】.doc

宝山区第二学期期中高三年级英语学科教学质量监测试卷I. Listening ComprehensionSection A1. A. At a train station. B. At a travel agency.C. At a bus station.D. At an airport.2. A. Receptionist and guest. B. Teacher and student.C. Boss and secretary.D. Husband and wife.3. A. $5 B. $10 C. $15 D. $504. A. Confused. B. Annoyed. C. Embarrassed. D. Bored.5. A. Planning to phone a friend. B. Camping in the countryside.C. Touring in a wonderful city.D. Discussing a weekend plan.6. A. The woman will soon be a superstar. B. Camping in the countryside.C. The woman should find a new partner.D. The woman should not give up.7. A. To a dress-up party. B. To the tailor’s.C. To the theater.D. To a shopping mall.8. A. Young sters don’t really know what fashion is.B. Styles change more quickly than necessary.C. People should care more about their appearance.D. It’s not sensible to go after designer clothing.9. A. He will have an agent serve the woman. B. The woman should buy an apartment.C. He will talk to the woman in a moment.D. The woman should pay the rent first.10. A. Keep working at the restaurant. B. Wash dishes for her in the kitchen.C. Stop delivering flowers every day.D. Leave the present job to work for her.11. A. The location. B. The scenery.C. The seafood.D. The culture.12. A. Attract whales to the closershore. B. Tell people where to see whales.C. Warn people to stay away from shore.D. Go around to gather enough visitors.13. A. It is held every other year in summer.B. It helps Whale Crier to show his talents.C. It guarantees every to find something to enjoy.D. It is one of the best eco-art festivals in South Africa.14. A. Weak bones. B. Loose teeth C. Skin problems. D. Heart diseases.15. A. Having food rich in vitamin.B. Walking midday in the sun with no suncream.C. Taking vitamin D pills every day.D. Wearing darker coloured clothes and sunhats.16. A. To analyze the common causes of lack of vitamin D.B. To encourage people to be exposed to the sun for vitamin D.C. To emphasize the importance of vitamin D in one’s healthD. To introduce some different ways to gain vitamin D.17. A. She wants to find a topic for her research.B. She tries to help the man with his paper.C. She hopes to learn how to write a paper.D. She plans to work on a similar topic.18. A. In 1813. B. In 1826. C. In 1839. D. In 1856.19. A. They are mainly grown for the domestic market.B. They were introduced to China from Australia.C. They were the first plant to be planted in England.D. They are kept warm in large plastic houses.20. A. Growth of domestic economy in Australia.B. Export and import of bananas in Australia.C. History of banana cultivation in Australia.D. Role of agriculture in Australian economy.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: Read the following two passages. Fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word. For the other blanks, fill in each blank with one proper word. Make sure that your answers are grammatically correct.Surviving Art TraditionNative American Indians expressed themselves through their artwork, which is carved onto totem（图腾）poles. Many people hold the belief (21) __________all Native American Indian tribes （部落）carve的totem poles, but this is far from the truth . Carving totem poles was a tradition among many tribes , especially those that lived along the Pacific coast (22)____________forest grew. However , those Native American Indians who lived in the south west and the plains , and Indians , but (23)_________(few) trees to carve than Pacific tribes.The height of totem poles can vary considerably . Long ago totem poles (24) ___________(find) to stand around 12m tall . Today , Native American Indian artists continue to care trees, but some totem poles are short and are used in homes as decoration .(25) _____________is not surprising that a genuine pole will cost more than $1500 per meter because traditionally carved totem involve a great deal of work , craftsmanship and time to produce.The raising of a totem pole is an important celebration among the India tribe . A hole is dug for the pole to stand in . The pole is carried to the site in a ceremony which other hundreds of people attend. Ropes are used (26)__________(raise) the pole into place. Singing and dancing to drums accompanies the pole raising . Often poles are raised in this way (27) ___________the carving begins . Carvers do their jobs then on the site.Many people believe that totem poles are religious symbols , but this idea is false. Instead of (28) __________(act) as religious symbols , carvings represent the tribal nation and convey the tribes’ history . The story of a totem pole is frequently passed down from generation to generation . Having the story documented this way helps keep this tradition (29) __________(recognize) in our history . These days , many totem poles no longer exist (30) _______ __________ decay and rot. However , there are still some tribesthat continue to practice this ancient are form , and these totem poles are still being enjoyed by collections of tribal art.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. acknowledgingB. bottledC. consequencesD. demandingE. financialF. FurtherG. inappropriatelyH. handleI. negative J. neglect K. unresolvedEmotional DebtMany people today live under the weight of debt from loans or credit cards . As harmful as ___31_______ debt is , there is another form of debt that is even more damaging ------emotional debt.Dr . James Richards states that emotional debt occurs ‘when we experience emotional pain t hat remain ______32___.” If the pain is not dealt with , it will affect us our entire lives. Throughout the years , we have chances for happiness , love and success . But unresolved pain can emerge , causing us to respond in ways that aren’t reasonable , resulting in destroyed relationships and lost opportunities . Another ___33____result of emotional debt is that our friends and loved ones are affected by it and pay a high price. When we have a tendency to respond _____34____, we often hurt those around us . Unfortunately our unsettled problems sometimes become too much for them to _____35____ causing them to abandon the relationship .People with destructive patterns should check their lives for signs of unresolved pain , for your emotional debt can come from various forms of past unfair , cruel or violent treatment or ____36_____. You may be holding onto painful memories of controlling parents or very _____37_____teachers , also you may not have dealt with the pain of a broken relationship or the death of a loved one. Any negative emotion that you have controlled over the year can come back to cause harm when you least expect it.Recognize your feelings , but don’t focus on them all the time , because ___38______and challenging your pain is difficult , but recognizing it is the first step toward dealing with it . Admit you are angry about the past , and discuss it with someone you trust , or write it down because this will ease some of the danger and hatred you’ve kept _____39____ up for years . Refuse to be a victim and accept responsibility for dealing with your painful past because this puts you in charge and limits the power your emotions have over you .Take specific steps to resolve your emotional debt now rather than deal with the ___40_____later .III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Ask Siri if she’s a woman. Go ahead; try it. She’ll tell you she’s ______41_____. “Like cacti. And certain species of fish,” she might say. So is Amazon’s Alexa, Microsoft’s Cortana, Samsung’s S Voice, and Google Now. But, man, do they ever sound a lot like women. ____42_______, we think of them as ladies too. (In Old Norse, Siri translates to “a beautiful woman who leads you to victory.”) We assign female pronouns to them, and, in turn, they fold feminine turns of phrase into their robotic and occasionally inane answers to our requests.If we prize gender diversity in other areas of daily life, why does our tech sound so_____43______? The biggest reason for the female phone fixation rests in social science. “Research indicates there’s likely to be greater acceptance of female____44_______,” says Karl MacDorman, an associate professor at Indiana University who specializes in human-computer interaction. MacDorman and his team played clips of male and female voices to people of both genders, then asked them to identify which they _____45______. The researchers also measured the way participants responded to the voices. In a 2011 paper, they reported that both women and men said female voices came across as warmer. _____46______, women even showed a subconscious preference for responding to females; men remained subconsciously neutral.Why the_______47____? Stanford University communications professor Clifford Nass, who coauthored the field’s seminal book,Wired for Speech, wrote that people tend to perceive female voices as helping them solve their problems by themselves, while they view male voices as authority figures who tell them the answers to their problems. We want _____48______ to help us, but we also want to be the boss of it, so we are more likely to opt for a female interface.This tendency suggests that companies will make a better impression on a ______49_____ group of customers with a woman’s voice. But not just any voice. It has to ______50_____ a brand’s personality. For help with that, companies often turn to Greg Pal, vice president of marketing, strategy, and business development at Nuance Communications, which licenses its _____51______ of more than 100 voices. Pal insists that some brands c hoose male speakers. He turned on his iPhone and pulled up the Domino’s Pizza app, which has an assistant, Dom. He sounded like my high school English teacher—educated and helpful but not______52_____. That’s about right for a brand attempting to ____53_______ guys ordering pies before the big game.As voice technology improves, though, designers say diversity will too. Many devices already let you _______54____ a voice interface. Homer Simpson can tell you where to take a left on your GPS device. And Siri can become a sir, if you take the time to ___55________. Want to know how to do it? Ask her. She’ll tell you in her uniquely warm, helpful—and female—tone.41. A. robotic B. high-tech C. genderless D. creative42. A. Culturally B. Obviously C. Grammatically D. Undoubtedly43. A. female B. ridiculous C. professional D. reasonable44. A. charm B. researchers C. speech D. participants45. A. accepted B. misunderstood C. studied D. preferred46. A. In practice B. On the contrary C. By this means D. At first47. A. neutrality B. prejudice C. authority D. conscience48. A. interaction B. technology C. personality D. society49. A. more sociable B. more talented C. broader D. wealthier50. A. improve B. develop C. admire D. suit51. A. market B. business C. research D. library52. A. strange B. bossy C. reliable D. unique53. A. appeal to B. look into C. meet with D. run after54. A. build B. tailor C. play D. improve55. A. repeat B. assist C. reprogram D. communicateSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)When Frank and I stepped through the post office doors, there was a crowd gathered, gawking at the new fixture on the wall like a chorus of wide-mouthed frogs. I had to get closer, and that was where being a girl that's scrawnier than a wire fence came in handy. Fortunately, Frank, my twin of eleven years, was just the same."Come on." I said, grabbing his hand, and we slid through the cracks between people until we spilled out in front.Finally I got a good look. It was fixed to the plaster next to the postmaster's window, the place of honor usually reserved for the Wanted posters. Beady-eyed Zedekiah Smith, the bank robber, still hung there, but even he had been pushed aside for something more important.A telephone. The first one in town."How's it work?" Noah Crawford called out. Noah's the best fix-it man around, and I could tell he was itching to get his fingers on those shiny knobs."Don't rightly know," answered the postmaster, and he tugged at his goatee as if it might tell him. "I do know the sound of your voice moves along wires strung on poles. It's sort of like the telegraph, only you hear words instead of dots and dashes.""Ah," the crowd murmured, and I felt my own mouth move along.I gazed at that gleaming wood box and something happened inside me. Something — I can only guess — that might be like falling in love. The thought of talking into that box — of making my voice sail through wires in the sky — it took over my brain.I couldn't get it out."Frank," I whispered to my twin. "I have to use that telephone."Five minutes later, Frank towed me up Main Street, toward home. "Liza — " he began, but I cut him off. We two thought so much alike, I had Frank's questions answered before he even asked.56. People crowded in the post office because ___________.A. they were attracted by a new posterB. the postmaster was delivering a speechC. they were curious about the telephoneD. there was a wanted bank robber captured57. Which of the following is Not True according to the passage?A. Many people stared at the new device in open-mouthed amazement.B. The slight-figured twins managed to push to the front of the crowd.C. Even the best fix-it man in the town got no idea about the new device.D. The postmaster didn’t know anything about how the telephone worked.58. By“It took over my brain. I couldn’t get it out.”,we get a clear picture of the girl’s ______.A. eagerness to use the telephoneB. fascination for the wood boxC. puzzlement over the strange soundD. determination to fly in the sky59. What is the passage mainly about?A. The twins’ frustrating experiences in the town.B. A special assembly called in the local post office.C. People’s reaction to the arrival of the first telephone.D. A great celebration of the start of telephone service.（B）Welcome to the LUSH Life!Out values are at the core of everything we do. From morally sourcing each ingredient and piece of packing to creating fresh, innovative cosmetics by hand, you’ll find a world of love and care in every product. Breathe deeply and soak up everything inside this box：we’ve made it just for you!60. From the leaflet, we can get to know all the following facts about LUSH except _____.A. providing financial support to societyB. taking the lead in cosmetics marketingC. testing on humans instead of on animalsD. crafting and packing their products by hand61. In the section Naked!, LUSH claims that they _______.A. advocate recyclable or even no packagingB. sell cosmetics without any wrapping paperC. have invented some recyclable cosmeticsD. have improved ways of transporting products62. What is LUSH’s business philosophy we can find from th e leaflet?A. The market image of a company should make way for its beliefs.B. Cosmetics are among the essentials of our lives in modern society.C. Homegrown vegetables and fruit are natural and reliable sources of cosmetics.D. Social responsibilities of a company can go hand in hand with profit making.（C）Since quitting can start feelings such as guilt and shame, we often do everythingpossible to avoid it. “We’re taught from our earlist days that if you quit something. It means you’re a failure,”says counseling psychologist Will Meek. He, however, suggests we view quitting differently.Quitting is like deciding to rearrange a room: you’ve grown comfortable with the status, and it can be hard to picture the end result or even see why change is necessary. And yet, there’s the upsetting feeling that you’re no longer entirely satisfied with your current circumstances, perhaps even that you’ve stopped making progress. While it’s not out of the question for feeling or regret to surface after a major refit, leaving a position, project or situation can reveal exciting possibilities, making you feel inspired and renewed.Quitting, often happens in situations where we’re unhappy, fearful or have determined we have no other choice, factors that can have opposing effects on our health. Perhaps you find your work unfulfilling, or you’ve jumped into a new relationship before you’re ready —and, as a result, you’re operating under intense pressure.“If stress is enduring and not managed well, it can start to take a toll.”says Meek. According to the American Psychological Association, long-term, ongoing stress can increase the risk for high blood pressure and heart attack, so walking away from whatever is causing it can deliver significant physical and emoti onal health benefits.“We often see a reduction in the stress hormone cortisol（应激激素皮质醇）, which can lower blood pressure and may even decrease the heart rate,”says Dr Alex Lickerman, a GP and expert on developing mental adaptability.Leaving situations that fail to bring you joy can leave you with sufficient time to explore where your heart is truly leading you. In a study that was published in 1999, then Harvard University professor Hermina Ibarra looked at how bankers tried different roles that required new skill sets—someone who spent a lot of time dealing with computers, for instance, was asked to take on personal interactions. Subjects were especially drawn to acting out a version of their future solves through ‘imitation strategies’—an approach they c ompared to ‘trying on different clothes,’ Mark Franklin, the president of CareerCyles, suggests a similar approach as a way to figure out what your true desires might be in your post-quitting life and foresee your future self.“Pretend to be a certain kind of person, or go and meet others who are doing what you want to do.”he says,“Try it on, see how it feels and decide if it’s a good fit for you.”It may not feel like it at the time, but just moving on from a situation that’s not quite right can help you get back on track.63. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that quitting may bring us feelings of being both ____.A. guilty and ashamedB. stupid and enthusiasticC. troubled and hopefulD. inspired and determined64. The phrase“take a toll”（paragraph 3）can be best replaced by“_____”.A. develop mental adaptabilityB. bring about changesC. keep up the pressureD. have a bad effect65. An approach suggested by Mark Franklin similar to ‘trying on different clothes’ is for _______.A. helping people find what truly suits them in careerB. telling capable employees from inadequate onesC. training employees to acquire different working skillsD. providing people with opportunities to have a role play66. It can be concluded from the passage that ______.A. quitting is track that only the timid will choose to followB. personal interaction can be must for reducing emotional pressureC. mental adaptability can be improved by the stress hormone cortisolD. knowing when to stop is wise and may make dreams happenSection CDirections: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Exoplanets：The Hunt Is OnToday scientists believe that planets could outnumber the stars. For centuries, scientists and natural philosophers have proposed that stars in the night sky have planetary systems similar to our own solar system. The existence of extrasolar planets, or exoplanets, has long been discussed. ___67___ Although not the first exoplanet discovery, a planet near a sun-like star was discovered by astronomers in 1995. This kicked off an era of exoplanet hunting, with thousands of discoveries and confirmations following in its wake.___68___ However, in 2015 NASA’s Kepler space telescope found its first Earth-sized planet in a “habitable”zone. This is the distance form a star where surface temperatures of a planet wouldn’t be too hot or too c old for liquid water. So far, only a small slice of our galaxy, the Milky Way, has been explored. Even so, scientists have confirmed over 3,500 exoplanets, with more being added every day.To detect exoplanets, scientists use data from a variety of sources. Large ground-based telescopes, earth-circling and sun-circling satellites all collect different types of information. Because exoplanets are so far away and very close to stars, it is very difficult to see them directly. ___69___ For example, when an exoplanet moves between its star and us, it causes a small drop in the star’s brightness. Measuring this drop is the transit（凌日）method of discovery. NASA’S Kepler space telescope has discovered many exoplanets this way.As a planet circles a star, it pulls on it and causes it to shake. ___70___ Measuring these slight changes is the radial velocity（径向速度）method of discovering planets. It is one of the most productive methods for finding and confirming exoplanets.These are just two examples of the many methods scientists use in their hunt for exoplanets, hoping for more information and enhanced detail. As time progresses and technology improves, who knows what else we may find!Ⅳ.Summary WritingHopeNothing in my life had prepared me for what I had to do. Choosing my words carefully, and fighting to stay calm, I told my 4-year-old daughter that her grandmother had suffereda stroke（中风），that she was unconscious, and that the doctors said she would probably never wake up. As she moved closer to me, Amelia looked at me, eyes bright, and said,“Maybe Grandma will be okay.”“Maybe she will,”I said, keeping back the tears, But I knew better.I was flying up to Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, from our Florida home in the morning to say good-bye to my mom.The rest of that awful week, I joined my brother and father sitting by my mother’s side in the hospital room. I held her hand and talked to her. I told her that we still needed her. I told her that it wasn’t time to leave yet. I told her how much I loved her. And I told her that her little granddaughter, Amelia, believed that she’d get better. The doctors, with all their years of training and experience, offered no hope for recovery. The damage was simply too extensive.Then, a couple of weeks later, an odd thing happened. Mom woke up. She regained consciousness. Persevered through a long and tough recovery, during which she had to learn to walk, read, and write all over again, and eventually returned home to Dad. The only one who wasn’t shocked was Amerlia. The doctors couldn’t explain it. Amelia didn’t need to. Hope came as naturally to her as breathings.So why are we so afraid to hope sometimes? Maybe it’s because over the year, life’s disappointments can turn us to disillusionment（理想破灭）. How many times have you heard someone say:“Hope for the best, expect the worst”?That’s not really hope at all.Hope is being able to look at our world with all of the joy and wonder of a child.V. Translation72.她在舞台上的表现让她成了“网红”。

2018年上海各区高三英语二模——语法填空

2018上海各区高三英语二模——6选4

【2018-宝山区-二模】Section CDirections: Complete the following passage by using the sentences in the box. Each sentence can only be used once.Note that there are two sentences more than you need.Seeking feedback not always sufficient for stimulating creativity It is widely believed that seeking feedback from colleagues, managers, friends and family enhances employees' creativity. But is this always the case? No, a positive effect depends on the work environment. This is the conclusion of new joint research study led by UAA work and organizational psychologist Roy Sijbom.(67)________For example, managers are encouraged to engage customers in order to confirm whether their business model is workable and scholars attend conferences to obtain feedback on their research results. A definite assumption is that individuals who have obtained feedback will also actually (be able to) use it.“The idea i s simple: seeking feedback from different sources -- also known as feedback source variety -- benefits one's creativity since it leads to a greater diversity of viewpoints”, says Sijbom. “And the more diverse the viewpoints, the more it benefits one's crea tivity because by combining all the different viewpoints new perspectives will emerge that in turn will result in more creativity.(68)________ ”The researchers examined how specific characteristics of the immediate work environment influence the relationship between feedback source variety and creative performance.(69)________ One is the recognized rate of change of performance standards. The other is the extent to which employees feel they have sufficient time to develop creative ideas at work (experien ced creative time pressure). “We discovered a growing relationship between the search for input from a variety of feedback sources and creativity, but only when performance standardswithin an organization are changing and when a relatively low creative time pressure is experienced”, says Sijbom.Sijbom offers several recommendations: “(70)________In a more concrete sense, organizations can, for example, consider using feedback workshops in which employees are encouraged to reflect on diverse feedback and equipped with techniques and strategies on how to absorb feedback in their daily work. In addition, managers should not only stimulate their employees to actively cultivate relationships with potential feedback sources within and outside the organization, but also provide sufficient time to process the feedback obtained from these relationships.”67--70 CEAD【2018-崇明区-高三英语-二模】Section CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Feel Y oung at Heart and Y ou’ll Enjoy a Longer LifeAge-liars and birthday-deniers... you’d best learn a thing or two from those who are young at heart. People who feel younger than their actual age may live longer than those who feel older than they truly are, a new study says.67_______ Results from the study, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, suggest that people who feel a year or more older than they truly are could have around 41 percent greater risk for death.Researchers looked at nearly 6,500 older adults, with an average age of 65.8 for the study. Around70 percent of them felt younger than they were, about a quarter felt their precise age and just under 5 percent felt a year or more older than they were, when asked “How old do you feel you are?”Those who felt older than they were had a higher death rate after a follow-up period of 99 months. While just 14.3 and 18.5 percent of people who felt younger or felt their age, respectively, died during those 99 months, 24.6 percent of those who felt aged beyond their years had died.The authors say more research is needed on the topic, but suggest it could be that those who feel “young at heart” have healthier behaviors and a stronger will to live. “ 68______Individuals who feel older could be targeted with health messages promoting positive health behaviors and attitudes toward aging,” the authors write in the study.The good news is that you can change your feeling of how young you are. 69______One recent study found that helping participants have positive feelings toward age, by showing them positive word associations, helped older adults improve in physical tasks like balancing and getting up out of a chair, in as little as four weeks. Another study found that negative feeling of aging andpoor memory can make older adults feel up to five years older, regardless of their actual mental abilities.There you have it.70 BDEA【2018-奉贤区-二模】Section CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in theYou won’t have any excuse to skip class anymore. French startup OpenClassrooms is offering the first State-recognized bachelor degree in France that uses only MOOCs (massive open online courses). The startup partnered with IESA Multimédia to create this program.There are three learning paths in engineering, design and marketing. Students will have to complete all the courses and required projects in order to get their degree. 67______ IESA is already working on 40 different MOOCs for this program.On average, it will take a year of hard work in order to complete all the classes. As always, it’s hard to keep going when you sign up for a MOOC. 68_______This kind of degree has many key advantages. For IESA, it gives the school more students. IESA is a private school, and its end goal is to make as much money as possible. So with these new MOOC students, IESA will be able to get more money per teacher on average.69______The startup already offers a course for €20 per month, but you need to pay €300 per month for the Premium Plus offering to use the state-recognized program. It’s unclear ho w much OpenClassrooms will keep, but it should be more than €20 per month.For students, it’s a cheaper way to get a degree. Maybe you can’t afford to study for three years at IESA and pay €6,950 per year. 70______ Sure, it’s probably a less enjoyable experience than going to your school and spending time with other students and teachers, but it makes sense for some students.It’s an interesting new direction for OpenClassrooms, and I can’t wait to see whether other schools will start working with the startup to provide online courses. It will be interesting to see whether the first students are satisfied with this kind of degree as well.C D A F【2018-虹口区-二模】Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Ways to Be More EfficientNot all tasks of the day are inspiring, fun or exciting. But you still have to wash those dishes and take care of those routine tasks at work or in school. So what can you do not to get lost in procrastination (拖延) ?I’ll share how I do it, how I get some motivation and find more pleasure in what may seem to be a boring task.Instead of focusing your mind on how boring a task may feel, focus your thoughts on why you are doing this and how good it will feel when you are done with it. If needed, sit down for a few minutes, close your eyes and see in your mind. Then go to work with that motivation and those positive feelings in your body.Do it attentively. 67______Focus 100% on just the work with all your senses—how it feels, looks and smells—as you are scrubbing it and nothing else. Don’t get lost in daydreams. If you are just there, I have found that even such a simple task becomes more enjoyable and something that can bring inner calm rather than distress.Make a deal with yourself and set a timer for 10 minutes. It is often easier to do tasks like these in small bursts. So make a deal with yourself to just spend 10 minutes on your reading or cleaning the house.68_____When the timer rings you can continue doing it if you feel like it (this often happens to me because getting started is the hard part) . Or you can stop and go do something more interesting instead.Create a pleasurable distraction. If possible, try to listen to the radio, your favorite songs, an audio book or watch a movie or TV episode while doing your boring task. 69_____I often listen to music or watch an episode of the Simpsons while doing the dishes or other routine work at home.70_____ Take a walk in the sun. Move on to a more fun or creative task at work or in school. Have a tasty treat. This habit can make it easier to get started and to keep going each day. Because you know that you can look forward to not just being done and the long-term payoff from that but also your immediate reward right after you are finished.E D F A【2018-黄浦区-二模】Section CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.For Self-driving Cars, Car Washes are a NightmareCar washes have been automated for decades, but companies developing fully self-driving vehicles must rely on a human touch to keep their cars and trucks in working condition.__67__ For example, soap remainder or water spots could effectively “blind” a self-driving car. A traditional car wash’s heavy brushes could jar the vehicle’s sensors, disturbing their standardization and accuracy. Even worse, sensors, which can cost over $100,000, could be broken. __68__ Dirt, dead bugs, bird droppings or water spots can impact the vehicle’s ability to drive safely.Avis, which has years of experience managing rental cars, has been tasked with cleaning and refueling the self-driving vans of Waymo, the self-driving arm of Google’s parent company. Avis chief innovation officer Arthur Orduña told CNN, “There a re special processes that definitely require a lot more care and focus, and you have to clean the vans quite often.”__69__ But other self-driving car companies such as Toyota, Aptiv, Drive, AI and Uber described to CNN that they use microfiber (微纤维) cloths along with rubbing alcohol, water or glass cleaner for manual cleanings.__70__ This should ease some need for manual cleaning. But because self-driving vehicles can have doze ns of sensors, Seeva CEO Diane Lansinger doesn’t imagine products like this will be able to clean every camera, radar or LIDAR, a laser sensor that most experts see as essential for self-driving vehicles. EFBD【2018-嘉定区-二模】Section CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.The Minoans: A Forgotten PeopleThe first advanced culture in ancient Greece was the Minoan culture. For thousands of years, knowledge of these people survived only in Greek myths. In the late 19th century, archaeologists began to unearth ruins. This inspired Arthur Evans to begin digging on the island of Crete near mainland Greece. On a dig in Kbossos, Evans found an ancient palace. Experts think that it was the palace of King Minos, a central figure in many Greek myths.67_____With his team, he uncovered a vast structure, varied works of art, and many hieroglyphic records. These finds, together with later finds, comprise all that experts know about Minoan culture.From the evidence experts gathered, it is clear that the Minoans were ahead of their time. The palace at Knossos was five floors high with hundreds of rooms. Buildings throughout the ancient city had plumbing and flush toilets. Stone pavement lined the surfaces of the roads. In addition, the Minoans possessed a highly developed naval fleet for long-distance trade. 68_____ These records confirm the central role of commerce in culture. Expert analysis of the evidence also offers insight into some aspects of Minoan society.69_____Ruins and artwork suggest that people of all classes enjoyed a high degree of social and gender equality. Religious icons show that Minoans worshiped bulls, the natural world, and many female gods.An unusual feature of Minoans culture was the pursuit of leisure interests. Sport and visual arts were central to Minoan life. Boxing and bull jumping, a sport in which players jumped over live bulls, were popular. Although bull jumping may have served some ritual purpose, experts believe that it was done mostly for fun. Similarly, although some works of art showed political and religious themes, other works served only as pleasant décor (装饰品).70_____ The Minoans met their demise after a series of natural disasters. Experts believe that group from the Greek mainland capitalized on these events and looked over the island.67-70. DFBA【2018-金山区-二模】Section CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.No one enjoys the moment. You are stuck at the back of a queue and as those in other lines move ahead and get served, the time to decide arrives. ____67____This question has now been solved by researchers at Harvard Business School. According to what they have found in a new study, they suggestpeople think twice before switching queues.The research was led by Ryan Buell, an expert in service management. He looked intoconsumer queuing behavior after working with economists on what is known as “last-place aversion,” the discomfort people feel when they know they earn less than others or consider themselves at the bottom of the social pile for some other reason. As a result of this aversion to being the last, when a person finds himself at the end of a queue, he can make decisions that he will later regret.Buell began by observing people at a multi-checkout grocery store and then set up an online survey. People who took part in the survey were told it would take about five minutes. In reality, it took only one minute, but when participants logged in for the survey, they were forced to wait in a virtual queue displayed on the screen. They started at the back and could wait, switch to a second queue or choose to leave.____68____ On average, however, those who switched waited 10 percent longer than if they had stayed put. Those who switched twice ended up waiting 67 percent longer than if they had never moved.“When we join a queue, we tend to make the most rational choice we can, which means joining the shortest queue. ____69____ Unfortunately, we can often get it wrong,” said Buell.____70____ After that, the aversion fades. The researcher suggests people have a chat with the person in front so that they can pass the time more comfortably until someone else joins behind them. “Remember that the person in front of you was the last until you arrived, so someone will show up if you h ang around long enough,” Buell said.67-70: CBAE【2018-静安区-二模】Section CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Most people don’t need science to appreciate the importance of a mother’s love. But to und erstand how early maltreatment can derail a child’s development requires careful study.In a famous research, Harry Harlow had demonstrated that proper psychological and physical development of infants requires nurturing and attention from a parent. ___67___ In that research, socially isolated monkey babies that were removed from their mothers were found to be clinging to a cloth-covered surrogate (替代的) mother for comfort.Such experimentations sound cruel. They, however, have been critical in helping change policies in human orphanages ( 孤儿院) in the U.S. For centuries some orphanages treated infants equally inhumanely. Despite early evidence that orphanage infants were far more likely to die than others, supporters argued that it didn’t matter whether children had “parents” specially devoted to them at the orphanage. ___68___ Orphans were supposed to be in positive mental and physical health until adoptive parents were found. Babies,they said, couldn’t remember anyway.The harrowing consequences of these theories were most vividly brought to light in Romania in the 1980s and ‘90s. A ban on abortion（流产) led to a surge in orphanage babies. Simply being fed and changed without individualized affection, some babies present serious problems. Many developed violent behaviors, repetitively rocking or banging their heads. Some were cold and withdrawn or indiscriminately affectionate. ___69___ Their head sizes were especially small. They even had problems with attention and comprehension. The longer these children were left alone, the more damage was seen.The lack of a secure attachment relationship in the early years has destructive consequences for both physical and mental health later in life, with long-lasting effects. The persistence of these effects emphasizes the need to intervene early in life. The Nobel-prize-winning economist James Heckman, has long argued that investing in early childhood education provides a greater return for society than virtually any other type of spending. It is obviously reflected in increased educational success and productivity,. The reduced crime, addiction, distress and disorder point to the same theory. Early life conditions critically affect adult life. ___70___ Remove it and theharm is great.67-70 EBFD【2018-闵行区-松江区-二模】Section CDirections: Read the following passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Rhythm of LifeChoosing the right time to sleep, the correct moment to make decisions, the best hour to eat—and even go into hospital—could be your key to perfect health.Centuries after man discovered the rhythms of the planets and the cycles of crops, scientists have learned that we too live by precise rhythms that govern everything from our basic bodily functions to mental skills. Man is a prisoner of time.But it’s not just the experts who are switching on to the way our bodies w ork. 67Prince Charles consults a chart which tells him when he will be at his peak on a physical, emotional and intellectual level. Boxer Frank Bruno is another who charts his bio-rhythms to plan for big fights.68 Sleep, blood pressure, hormone levels and heartbeat all follow their own clocks, which may bear only slight relation to our man-made 24-hour cycle.Research shows that in laboratory experiments when social signals and, most importantly, light indicators such as dawn are taken away, people lose touch with the 24-hour clock and sleeping patterns change. Temperature and heartbeat cycles lengthen and settle into “days” lasting about 25 hours.In the real world, light and dark keep adjusting internal clock to the 24-hour day. But the best indicator of performance is body temperature. As it falls from a 10 p.m. high of 37.2°C to a pre-dawn low of 36.1°C, mental functions fall too. 69______The most famous example is the nuclear accident at Three Mile Island in the US. The three operators in the control room worked alternating weeks of day, evening and night shifts.70_____ Investigators believe this caused the workers to overlook a warning light and fail to close an open valve.Finding the secret of what makes us tick has long fascinated scientists and work done over the last decade has yielded important clues. The aim is to help us become more efficient. For example, the time we eat may be important if we want to maximize intellectual or sporting performance. There is already evidence suggesting that the time when medicine is given to patients affects how well it works.【2018-浦东区-二模】Section CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box.Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Retro GamingThere’s no doubt that in today’s digital world, computer games are extremely sophisticated and capable of creating virtual reality experiences that were unimaginable only a few years ago.So I am interested to see that the simplistic games that I grew up with, are making a revival. But Why?In the 1970s, the original place to play a computer game was at an arcade. Here, you and your mates could try out the new big names in games such as Space Invaders and Pacman. _____67_____ And because of the technology involved, the gaming machines were too big to fit into your house.But in the 1980s and 90s, gaming arrived in our homes and people like me were addicted. The sound of beeping became a familiar sound emanating from bedrooms across the land! Names such as Tetris, Sonic and Street Fighter became popular language in the playground -- and now they are being talked about -- and played again. One of the reasons is the low cost. The BBC spoke to gamer, Gemma Wood, who says that: _____68_____ I understand that a lot of hard work has gone into the design etc., but how can anyone justify £50 to £60 for a game that you might not even enjoy?_____69_____ The graphics on old games may not compare with the detail and definition of modern games but they are fun and easy to use by children and adults alike. And of course, nostalgia plays its part. Some people want to relive their childhood while for others, it is a chance to show their children the computer games they grew up with.Technology journalist, KG Orphanides, says “it's important to recognize how well-designed many of those classic games are... the developers had so little space to work with -- your average Sega Mega Drive or SNES cartridge had a maximum capacity of just 4mb -- and limited graphics and sound capabilities.” This compares to an average capacity of 40G in today's games. _____70_____This craze for using retro hardware and grabbing an old joystick is certainly catching on. And to persuade those of us who are not sure about downgrading the gaming experience, manufacturers such as Nintendo, are bringing back some of their older consoles in new style casing.67-70B E A C【2018-普陀区-二模】Section C 8%Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.A.In daily life, imitation can hurt us if we subconsciously hold poor role models.B.Creative people have an endless resource of ideas.C.It is how to use imagination creatively that troubles us.D.Why follow someone else’s way of cooking when I could create my own?E.But if you begin to enter this field, imitation proves useful.F.If you are going to follow someone, focus on their talent, not their bad character orunacceptable behaviors.Blind imitation is self-destruction. To those who do not recognize their unique worth, imitation appears attractive; to those who know their strength, imitation is unacceptable.In the early stages of skill or character development, imitation is helpful. When I first learned to cook, I used recipes and turned out some tasty dishes. But soon I grew bored. ______67______Imitat ing role models is like using training wheels on a child’s bicycle; they help you get going, but once you find your own balance, you fly faster and farther without relying on them.______68______ If, as a child, you observed people whose lives were bad, you may have accepted their fear and pain as normal and gone on to follow what they did. If you do not make strong choices for yourself, you will get the results of the weak choices of others.In the field of entertainment, our culture glorifies celebrities. Those stars look great on screen. But when they step off screen, their personal lives may be disastrous. ______69______Blessed is the person willing to act on their sudden desire to create something unique. Think of the movies, books, teachers, and friends that have affected you most deeply. They touched you because their creations were motivated by inspiration, not desperation. The world is changed not by those who do what has been done before them, but by those who do what has been done inside them. ______70______ The problem a creator faces is not running out of material; it is what to do with the material knocking at the door of imagination.Study your role models, accept the gifts they have given, and leave behind what does not serve you. Then yo u can say, “I stand on the shoulders of my ancestors’ tragedies and declare victory, and know that they are cheering me on.”67-70 D A F B【2018-青浦区-二模】Directions:Read the following passage.Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Make traditional treasures come aliveThe Palace Museum Director Shan Jixiang delivered a cultural heritage speech on Feb 27 in Beijing, which was co-organized by the Beijing Diplomatic Service Bureau and Beijing Housing Service Corporation for Diplomatic Missions. 67_____On the theme The World of the Palace Museum and the Palace Museum of the World, the 64-year-old director shared his ideas about how to make traditional treasures come alive again. During the speech, which lasted two and a half hours, Shan touched on topics including upgrading museum infrastructure（基础设施）, restoring cultural sites, digitalizing online museums, setting up restoration hospitals, providing better visitor experiences and promoting the Palace Museum’s cultural items.“The abundant collection of cultural o bjects at the Palace Museum is the inspiration for the creative souvenirs and cultural items available,” Shan said. “ 68_____ ” Throughout 2017, the total sales of Palace Museum’s cultural items have been more than 1 billion yuan ($158million). Explaining the huge success of Palace Museum’s cultural souvenirs, Shan said: “The museum opened a shop on the e-commerce website Taobao in 2008, but sales remained neither high nor low for years, as more than 80 percent of the souvenirs sold in stores in the past were not related to our museum.” “Therefore, I wanted to change the situation. Now, souvenirs from the Palace Museum cover almost every aspect of life. After all, what matters to a museum is not how many visitors they have, but how close they are to people’s daily lives.”69______ Around 200 “doctors” are employed to analyze, examine, detect flaws or damage in ancient objects and restore them using more than 100 pieces of specialized equipment, including 3-D printers and scanners. The restoration hospital covers 13,000 square meters and boasts the nation’s most advanced restoration workshops.John Aquilina, Malta’s ambassador to China said that Shan’s speech showed a totally differentPalace Museum to foreign people. “China enjoys a long and profound culture a nd many of the national treasures have been preserved at the Palace Museum. It is no easy task to preserve them well. 70 ____”67-70 CEBA【2018-徐汇区-二模】Section CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.People discuss their problems with friends in the hope that they’ll gain some insight into how to solve them. And even if they don’t find a way to solve their problems, it feels good to let off some steam. (67)_______________ How problems are discussed, though, can be the difference between halving a problem or doubling it.The term psychologists use for negative problem sharing is “co-rumination”. Co-rumination is the mutual encouragement to discuss problems repeatedly going over the same problems, anticipating future problems and focusing on negative feelings.(68)________________ In a study involving children aged seven to 15 years of age, researchers found that co-rumination in both boys and girls is associated with “high-quality” and close friendships. However, in girls, it was also associated with anxiety and depression (the same association was not found with the boys). And studies suggest that co-rumination isn’t just a problem for girls. Co-rumination with work colleagues can increase the risk of stress and burn out, one study suggests.(69)________________ In a group of adults, the effects of co-rumination was compared between face-to-face contact, telephone contact, texting and social media. The positive effects of co-rumination were found in face-to-face contact, telephone contact and texting, but not in social media. The negative aspects of co-rumination (anxiety) was found in face-to-face communication。

2018上海各区高三英语二模——Summary

上海市宝山区届高三下学期教学质量检测(二模)英语试题知识交流

宝山区2017-2018学年第二学期教学质量监测高三年级英语学科试卷Ⅱ. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the otherblanks, use one word that best fits each blank.How Much of the Jetsons’ World Has Become a Reality?For most of our readers, The Jetsons may be an unfamiliar name. However, for many American born in orbefore the 1980s, it is a name we fondly remember. The Jetsons was a popular cartoon that featured a family living in an advanced world ___21___ people settle in houses built in the sky, work only three days a week anddrive flying cars that resemble flying saucers. While sky-high houses and three-day workweeks don’t appear to be on the horizon, other visions of the future ___22___（turn）into practical realities.Flying cars have been on the minds of scientists and inventors for decades. They are part of a typical imagingof the future fast-paced and luxurious, ___23___（allow）us to speed through the skies. As ___24___（see）in The Sky’s No longer the Limit, this flight of fancy may soon be a reality in Dubai. Aiming ___25___（become）theDubai is currently testing the first-ever flying taxi.world’s most advanced city,___26___ money still exists in its current cash-based form in The Jetsons, people today are looking toward aworld where even cash is out-of-date. Bitcoin is a type of digital money that has taken the world by storm. Since（increase）to rates as high as US$ 19,000. This, however, may notits introduction, the money’s price ___27___predict well for the future of digital currency, as experts warn that Bitcoin is a bubble and ___28___ crash soon.It’s possible that some dreams of the future may still be ___29___ ______ our reach.Other more probable technologies already exist, for example, future flying eye hospitals in A Hospital with Wings, unusual-engineered folding paper in Clever Folding and the population of endangered corals（珊瑚）inLab-Bred Coral to the Rescue, etc. All these show ___30___ humans are already capable of. So, what else couldthe future have in store for us?Section BDirections：After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each wordcan be used only once. Note that there is one more word than you need.A. adaptedB. harderC. alternativesD. featuresE. cooperationF. questionsG. accuracy H. captured I. regardless J. opposite K. analyzingComputer reads brain activity to find out the music each person is listening toIn the experiment, six volunteers heard 40 pieces of classical music, rock, pop, jazz, and others. The Neuralbrain was ___31___ by the Magnetic Resonance（MR）（神经的）fingerprint of each song on participants’　machine while a computer was learning to identify the brain patterns drawn out by each musical piece. Musical___32___ such as tone, volume, rhythm and beat were taken in account by the computer.After that, researchers expected that the computer would be able to do the ___33___ way: identify which song participants were listening to, based on their brain activity –a technique known as brain decoding. When faced two options, the computer showed up to 85% ___34___ in identifying the correct song, which is a great performance, comparing to previous studies.Researchers then pushed the test even ___35___ by providing not two but 10 options（e.g. one correct and ninewrong）to the computer. In this situation, the computer correctly identified the song in 74% of the decisions.In the future, studies on brain decoding and machine learning will create possibilities of communication___36___ any kind of written or spoken language.“Machines will be able to translate our musical thoughts intosongs,”says Sebastian Hoefle, researcher from D’Or Institute and PhD student from Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The study is a result of a ___37___ between Brazilian researchers and colleagues from Germany,Finland and India.According to Hoefle, brain decoding researches provide ___38___ to understand neural functioning andinteract with it using artificial intelligence. In the future, he experts to find answers for ___39___ like“whatmusical characteristics make some people love a song while others don’t? Is our brain ___40___ to prefer aspecific kind of music?”Ⅲ. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections：For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Fillin each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Having a clear picture in mind of what their future will look like can motivate students to keep going despitethe challenges of college life. This ___41___ seems to be particularly effective for female students from relativelylow socioeconomic status（SES）backgrounds says Mesmin Destin of Northwestern University in the US. Collegeis a time of great opportunity for some, but can be ___42___ for others. It is often the first time that many studentsare away from the regular and familiar support of their family and friends. Weak students from lower SES backgrounds often encounter greater financial and psychological challenges than others, and this can lead to___43___ and even withdrawal from difficult situations, such as when interacting with their lecturers or takingtests and exams.Destin and his colleagues wanted to understand if students’ ___44___ to academic challenges improve w they look forward to the future. This idea is built around the theory of identity-based motivation. It holds thatpeople can take positive action during times of unfavorable conditions when they ___45___ a successful future forthemselves.“The theory of identity-based motivation proposes that stimulating a focus on a successful future identity maybe especially ___46___ in motivating students who are weak during challenging academic situations to develop asense of action readiness,”explains Destin. This involves feeling ready and able to take appropriate action when___47___ difficulty.In two almost identical laboratory experiments—one involving 93 female students, the other 185 students（including 101 women）-- participants were first asked either to write about their past or their future ___48___.After their deep thoughts, the participants were filmed during an limited interview with a so-called lecturer, andthen had to ___49___ a difficult academic test. The research team noted whether participants’ b bold and confident, and measu red the amount of effort participants’ ___50___ the academic test.The results were in agreement with the theory of identity – based motivation. Destin and his team found thathaving a successful future identity can prevent especially female students from lower SES backgrounds from___51___ during challenging academic situations. Specially, lower SES women who wrote about their futureidentities displayed greater action ___52___ compared to those who considered their past. They showed moreconfident body language. It helped them to make more effort to tackle the test, and had an indirect effect on their___53___.“Simulating imagined successful future identities appears to provide a ___54___ pathway to enable weakstudents to effectively navigate everyday stressors,”says Destin.“The findings ___55___ suggest that certainstudents may benefit from strategies that remind them to image their successful futures before any difficult andimportant task that they might otherwise be likely to avoid.”41. A. instruction B. strategy C. challenge D. psychology42. A. disgraceful B. shameful C. harmful D. stressful43. A. hesitation B. intention C. depression D. decision44. A. willingness B. options C. responses D. applications45. A. destroy B. imagine C. abandon D. substitute46. A. powerful B. upright C. unique D. ambitious47. A. avoiding B. overcoming C. surrendering D. encountering48. A. experience B. suffering C. success D. failure49. A. design B. complete C. comment D. revise50. A. put away B. put on C. put out D. put into51. A. withdrawing B. transforming C. advancing D. engaging52. A. quantity B. dullness C. readiness D. inability53. A. fascination B. ignorance C. dilemma D. performance54. A. tolerable B. potential C. straight D. academic55. A. therefore B. however C. otherwise D. meanwhileSection BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that fits best accordingto the information given in the passage you have just read.（A）I believe in getting lost. Lost in the text of the novel that is particular to your thoughts and feelings that youconsider special. The song that reminds you of your childhood summers, where you close your eyes and lose yourself reliving a memory; feeling the warm wind brushing against your arm, the smell of the dusty sand that youstir up as you ride your bicycle, murmuring the tune of that song. Like the unprepared Sunday Drive, with no destination. You’re free to wander, take paths that you’ve never noticed, discover places you haven falling off on the path to lead you back home, leaving you to test directions and alertly absorb your surroundingsin order to find your way back; that kind of lost.in thought, or the unplanned drive I just decided to go on. Getting lost is anI get lost daily, whether it’sadventurous learning experience that trains you how to be more aware of your surroundings. A few of my mostfavorite memories involve physically getting lost. That one late night trip back to Ludington from Grand Rapids Itook with a few friends. We finally realized we were going the wrong way when we hit South Haven, almost threehours out of our way. There was also the time where I got lost in the De V os Place in Grand Rapids after the President’s Ball and then the parking garage for a solid two hours. I felt li ke my life was that one scene of an American television situation comedy, minus the air conditioner. At the time, these are nervous experiences thatget your anxiety pumping. You’re fearful that you won’t be safe, but it always works itself out in the end. Physically losing yourself prepares you for how you manage when you emotionally or mentally lose yourself.“get lost”and some of the time, losing yourself may not be You don’t always have to be lost in a literal sense toa positive experience. There are times where I lose sight of who I am. While lost, I test our metaphorical paths and sometimes they turn out to be the right direction and other times they were a wrong turn. I make note of thesewrong turns, so I can avoid them further on up the road of finding my way back to who I am.In Walden, Henry David Thoreau wrote“Not till we are lost, in other words not till we have lost the world, dowe begin to find ourselves, and realize where we are and the infinite extent of our relations.”Getting lost fuels my curiosity and teaches me lessons on finding my way back to the right track. I believe in getting lost through daydreams, a misplacement, adventures, and difficult times where you make discoveries about yourself and the atmosphere around you. In order to truly find yourself, I believe that you should put down the map and getwonderfully lost.56. In the first paragraph, the author mainly expresses that ______.A. lost in a novel is a special feelingB. songs remind us of past experiencesC. wandering is a wonderful discoveryD. getting lost brings us benefits57. The author mentions the experiences of physically getting lost（in paragraph 2）in order to say _______.A. physically getting lost is most difficult to deal withB. we can enjoy trips while physically getting lostC. people are easy to get physically lost in our daily lifeD. we realize our surroundings while physically getting lost58. Words from Henry David Thoreau（in the last paragraph）imply that getting lost ______.A. enables us to look within and to see outwardB. pulls people back into the previous momentC. enables us to remind ourselves of adventuresD. helps us enjoy ourselves wherever we are59. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. I Once Was LostB. Wonderfully LostC. Physically Getting LostD. Mentally Getting Lost（B）Two in three Americans shower once a day or more, according to a YouGov poll. Here’s why you m better off showering less frequently（and here are other ways you might be showering wrong）60. What’s the whole passage mainly about?A. Reasons you can probably get away with showering less.B. Advice you can take on how to shower more and better.C. Harmful effects made on you through showering less.D. Benefits you can get from showering on a daily basis.61. This passage provides us with the following further detailed information Except ___.A. the best time of day to showerB. the proper temperature for your showerC. the other ways you shower wrongD. the other ways to cut your water bill62. Which of the following is Not a reason why you should shower less?A. Showering gets rid of good bacteria.B. You’re absolutely as dirty as you think.C. Towel drying causes damage to your skin.D. You only really need to wash your smelly parts.（C）Social norms of right and wrong are vital to a well-functioning society. However, such moral standards are changeable and the psychological mechanisms（机制）driving this change are unknown. Now, researchers at Karolinska Institutet report that our view of selfish and unselfish behaviors changes depending on how commonthey are.The results are based on a combination of behavioral experiments, mathematical models and computer-called“public goods simulations. In the experiments, t he participants first observed other people’s behavior in a so game,”in which players receive a sum of money and then choose either to invest it to varying degrees so that it benefits everyone in the group, or to keep it for themselves. After every round, the participants were asked to judge the different choices as morally right or wrong, and whether the choices ought to be punished with areduction in how much the players gained.Unselfish behavior was considered more morally right than selfish, but both behaviors were judged to be moremoral and less deserving of punishment if the majority exhibited them than if they were uncommon. Thewillingness to themselves pay to punish commonness of the selfish behavior also affected the participants’　selfishness.“Tolerance of selfish behavior increased when the majority of the players kept the money for themselves, which surprised me,”says principal investigator Andreas Olsson, senior lecturer at Karolinska Institutet’s Department of Clinical Neuroscience.“The fact that a behavior is common doesn’t automatically mean that it right – this idea is based on faulty logic that confuses facts with moral values.”The study shows our view of what is morally right and wrong has strong similarities with social comformity,in that we tend to adapt ourselves to the people around us and how they behave. This means that changes in oursocial environment can quickly alter our moral compass.“This is interesting from several angles, and could explain why moral attitudes change over time, such as those towards public goods or legality,”says Bjorn Lindstrom, postdoc at University of Zurich and Karolinska Institutet’s Department of Clinical Neuroscience.ple accept selfish behavior, they actually _____.63. According to Andreas Olsson’s analysis, if peoA. get facts and moral values mixed upB. misunderstand social mechanismsC. follow the logic of their ownD. consider it correct and reasonable64. It can be concluded that the participants in the experiments are punished if ______.“public goods game”A. they can’t playB. invest the money to benefit group membersC. they behave differently from the majorityD. they keep the money for themselves65. According to the passage, what is morally right or wrong is shaped by the following Except ___.A. the way people around us behaveB. changes in our social environmentC. personal standards of values and attitudesD. how widespread a particular behavior is66. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. The psychological mechanisms behind attitude changeB. Behavior is considered more moral the more common it isC. Our view of selfish and unselfish behaviorsD. Moral standards of selfish and unselfish behaviorsSection CDirections：Complete the following passage by using the sentences in the box. Each sentences can only be usedonce. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.A. They thus focused on two elements that are typical for contemporary work environments.B. The researchers used online questionnaires to obtain data.C. The notion that obtaining external feedback about one’s idea is essential for increasingcreativity is deeply rooted in society.D. The most important in that: when an organization stimulates feedback seeking, it needs toensure that this work environment is excellent enough to use the benefits of feedback.E. The question, however, is whether these beneficial effects always occur.F. The creative achievements were assessed by their direct managers.Seeking feedback not always sufficient for stimulating creativityIt is widely believed that seeking feedback from colleagues, managers, friends and family enhances employees’ creativity. But is this always the case? No, a positive effect depends on the work, environment. This isthe conclusion of new joint research study led by UvA work and organizational psychologist Roy Sijbom.___67___ For example, managers are encouraged to engage customers in order to confirm whether theirbusiness model is workable and scholars attend conferences to obtain feedback on their research results. A definite assumption is that individuals who have obtained feedback will also actually（be able to）use it.“The idea is simple: seeking feedback from different sources –also known as feedback source variety –”，says Sijbom.“And the more diversebenefits one’s creativity since it leads to a greater diversity of viewpointsthe viewpoints, the more it benefits one’s creativity because by combing all the different viewpoint s new perspectives will emerge that in turn will result in more creativity. ___68___”The researchers examined how specific characteristics of the immediate work environment influence the relationship between feedback source variety and creative performance. ___69___ One is the recognized rate ofchange of performance standards. The other is the extent to which employees feel they have sufficient time todevelop creative ideas at work（experienced creative time pressure）.“We discovered a growing relationshipbetween the search for input from a variety of feedback sources and creativity, but only when performance standards within an organization are changing and when a relatively low creative time pressure is experienced”，says Sijbom.Sijbom offers several recommendations.“___70___ In a more concrete sense, organizations can, for example,consider using feedback workshops in which employees are encouraged to reflect on diverse feedback and equipped with techniques and strategies on how to absorb feedback in their daily work. In addition, managersshould not only stimulate their employees to actively cultivate relationships with potential feedback sourceswithin and outside the organization, but also provide sufficient time to process the feedback obtained from these relationships.”Ⅳ. Summary Writing71. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in nomore than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Screen-addicted teens are unhappyA new study explored the link between adolescent life satisfaction and screen time. Researchers found thatteens who spent more time in front of screen devices – playing computer games, using social media, texting andvideo chatting –were less happy than those who invested more time in non-screen activities like sports, readingnewspapers and magazines, and face-to-face social interaction.Total screen avoidance doesn’t lead to happiness either. The greater unhappiness among those with no screen exposure could be due to several factors, Twenge, the leading researcher said.“It could be that they are left out ofthe social scene of high school, that it’s very difficult to carry on friendships in high school these days without texting at all or being on social media.”It is also possible that those kids are outliers, Twenge said –teens withspecial needs or in special education, or those whose screens have been taken away from them by parents.The key to digital media use and happiness is limited use. The happiest teens used digital media a little lessthan an hour per day. But after a daily hour of screen time, unhappiness rises steadily along with increasing screentime, the researchers report in the journal Emotion.“Make effort to spend no more than two hours a day on digital media, and try to increase the amount of timeyou spend seeing friends face-to-face and exercising—two activities reliably linked to greater happiness.”Twengesaid.“By far the largest change in teen’s lives between 2012 and 2016 was the increase in the amount of time theyspent on digital media, and the following decline in in-person social activities and sleep,”the leading researcher said.“The arrival of the smartphone is the most reasonable explanation for the sudden decrease in teens’　psychological well-being.”Ⅴ. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72. 我对这场比赛的结果抱乐观态度。

2018届上海市各区高三英语二模试卷题型分类专题试题汇编--中英翻译--学生版

One【2018届上海市虹口区高三英语二模试题】V. TranslationDirections:T ranslate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72.应该采取措施阻止新病毒的蔓延。

(stop)73.在澳大利亚期间，他养成了每天和父母视频通话的习惯。

(habit)74.与成年人相比，年轻人更容易犯错误是因为他们不够成熟，缺少经验。

(likely)75.近年来，电子白板系统应高效灵活地运用于课堂教学的想法已被广泛接受，难道不是吗?(idea)Two【2018届上海市黄浦区高三英语二模试题】V. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72.他一直提醒自己不要对他人太苛刻。

(hard)73.正如歌中所唱，没有人可以随随便便成功。

(reason)74.在业余时间，汤姆通过替在外出差的人遛狗来赚取零用钱。

(spend)75.这家以牛排为特色的饭店很受欢迎，你至少要提前两周订座。

(feature)Three【2018届上海市浦东新区高三英语二模试题】V. TranslationDirections：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets)72.我们常常忍不住秒回刚收到的信息。

(can’t help73.当地政府不打算把音乐厅拆了，而是重新修复一下。

(instead of)74.学生在英语写作中词不达意的现象值得每位英语教师关注。

(worth)75.这部关于四代学生追寻爱情、志趣和梦想的电影如此感人，老老少少都想一睹为快。

2018上海各区高三英语二模——Summary

【2018-宝山区-二模】IV. Summary Writing71. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Screen-addicted teens are unhappyA new study explored the link between adolescent life satisfaction and screen time. Researchers found that teens who spent more time in front of screen devices -- playing computer games, using social media, texting and video chatting -- were less happy than those who invested more time in non-screen activities like sports, reading newspapers and magazines, and face-to-face social interaction.Total screen avoidance doesn't lead to happiness either. The greater unhappiness among those with no screen exposure could be due to several factors, Twenge, the leading researcher said. “It could be that they are left out of the social scene of high school, that it’s very difficult to carry on friendships in high school these days without texting at all or being on soc ial media.” It is also possible that those kids are outliers, Twenge said —teens with special needs or in special education, or those whose screens have been taken away from them by parents.The key to digital media use and happiness is limited use. The happiest teens used digital media a little less than an hour per day. But after a daily hour of screen time, unhappiness rises steadily along with increasing screen time, the researchers report in the journal Emotion."Make effort to spend no more than two hours a day on digital media, and try to increase the amount of time you spend seeing friends face-to-face and exercising -- two activities reliably linked to greater happiness." Twenge said."By far the largest change in teens' lives between 2012 and 2016 was the increase in the amount of time they spent on digital media, and the following decline in in-person social activities and sleep," the leading researcher said. "The arrival of the smartphone is the most reasonable explanation for the sudden decrease in teens' psychological well-being."Researchers found Teens who spent less time in front of screens and more time in non-screen activities were happier. But totally avoiding/breaking away from screens can be unpleasant. Limited use of digital media along with non-screen activities works better. The arrival of smartphones brings about teens’ negative psychological effects.【2018-崇明区-二模】IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Do Smartphones Make Us Smarter?Should teachers allow cellphones in a classroom? A recent study on the way smartphones disturb learning might help explain the issue. Researchers published findings showing how students were affected by their phones in the classroom. They explored the differences in student performance in four situations: open phone use allowed, phones allowed in the classroom but could not be used, no phones in the classroom and a no-instruction control group. After watching a 20-minute video, students took a short quiz. The result was that the students in a room without any cellphones performed significantly better on the test. Scientists believe the way we attach ourselves to our phones could be the problem.Smartphones have become so strongly established in society that many people are lost without them. We are now in an age when many people can’t imagine life without a phone. There is even a name for the anxiety caused by not having one—nomophobia, which is the powerful feeling people get when they don’t have signal, their battery is about to die, or they are separated from their phones. Their fear of missing out on important information or connections can have a controlling effect on their lives and can divide their attention from other important things like learning.So does information technology help or block the way we think? In the past, people relied heavily on specific knowledge and knew who in their circle of friends would be most likely to know things in different subjects. Now, our friend with all the information is the Internet. Indications are that people don’t remember information as well if they know they can use a computer or phone to recall it quickly. So it may be more difficult to move information from the Internet into our long-term memory.But the impact of being exposed to so much information isn’t all bad. Reports show that frequent Internet use can strengthen fast-paced problem solving and can speed up the ability to spot patterns in a lot of data.Researchers recently found smartphones influenced learning. For one thing, smartphones have become an essential part of life, without which people feel at a loss, thus distracting their attention from learning. For another, people rely so heavily on smartphones that their long-term memory can be affected. However, having access to a large amount of information also benefits people in some aspects. (60 words)【2018-奉贤区-二模】IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.The sharing economy has grown in recent years to include everything from apartment sharing to car sharing to community tool sharing.Since 2009, a new form of the sharing economy has been emerging in neighbourhoods throughout the US and around the world –Little Free Libraries. The libraries are boxes put in neighbourhoods from which local people can take out and put in books. Little Free Libraries come in all shapes and sizes. Some libraries also have themes, focusing on books for children, adults or tour guides.In 2009, Tod Bol built the first Little Free Library in the Mississippi River town of Hudson,Wisconsin, to honour his mother, who loved reading. When he saw the people of his community gathering around it, exchanging conversation as well as books, he knew he wanted to take his simple idea further.Since then, his idea has become a movement, spreading from state to state and country to country. According to , there are now 18,000 of the little boxes around the world, found in each of the 50 US states and 70 countries in Europe, Africa and Asia.The Internet has helped to spread Little Free Libraries. But an Atlantic article said that they are something different in a world of e-reader downloads. The little wooden boxes are refreshingly physical and human. When you open the door of the box, chance and your neighbours’ tastes determine what you’ll find. You might find a graphic novel, a cookbook or a tour guidebook.For many people, this sense of discovery is Little Free Libraries’ main appeal. “A girl walking home from school might pick up a graphic novel that gets her excited about reading; a man on his way to the bus stop might find a book of poetry that changes his view on life,” said The Atlantic article. “Every book is a potential source of inspiration.”71.Little Free Libraries, composed of all sizes of boxeswith various themes, have sprung up in neighborhoods across the world. Tod Bol established the first one to honor his mother fond of reading. After that, the idea spread internationally online. Different from e-reader downloads, books inside the wooden boxes can make readers excited or change their views etc. by inspiring them.【虹口区-高三英语-二模】IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.71. Clearly if we are to participate in the society in which we live, we must communicate with other people. A great deal of communicating is performed on a person-to-person basis by the simple means of speech. If we travel in buses, buy things in shops, or eat in restaurants, we arelikely to have conversations where we give information or opinions, receive news or comment and very likely have our views challenged by other members of society.Face-to face contact is by no means the only form of communication and during the last two hundred years the art of mass communication has become one of the dominating factors of current society. Two things, above others, have caused the enormous growth of the communication industry. Firstly, inventiveness has led to advances in printing, telecommunications, photography, radio and television. Secondly, speed has revolutionized the transmission and reception of communications so that local news often takes a back seat to national news, which itself is often almost eclipsed (失去优势) by international news.No longer is the possession of information restricted to a wealthy minority. In the last century the wealthy man with his own library was indeed fortunate, but today there are public libraries. Forty years ago, people used to go to the cinema, but now far more people sit at home and turn on the TV to watch a program that is being channeled into millions of homes.Communication is no longer merely concerned with the transmission of information. The modern communication influences the way people live in society and broadens their horizons by allowing access to information, education and entertainment. The printing, broadcasting and advertising industries are all involved with informing, educating and entertaining.The passage talks about some changes of communication. First, the art of mass communicationcommunication. Second, the possession of information belongs to the masses, not wealthy minority only. Third, modern communication is crucial to people’s lifestyle and broadens people’s horizons. (59ws)【2018-黄浦区-高三二模】IV．Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.The Dangerous Downsides of PerfectionismIn one of my earliest memories, I’m drawing. I don’t remember what the picture is supposed to be, but I remember the mistake. My marker slips, an unintentional line appears and my lip trembles. The picture has long since disappeared. But that feeling of deep frustration, even shame, stays with me.That’s the thing about perfectionism, a crucially self-defeating way to move through the world. It makes you better at your career and relationships and life in general. Culturally, we often see perfectionism as a positive.But the disadvantage of perfectionism isn’t just that it holds you back from being your most successful, productive-self. Perfectionistic tendencies have been linked to a long list of clinical issues: depression, social anxiety disorder, eating disorders, and most damaging of all, suicide (自杀).“Based upon the 60-odd studies that w e’ve done, the higher the perfectionism is, the more psychological disorders you’re going to suffer,” says York St John University’s Hill. “Factors often labeled ‘healthy’ perfectionism, like striving for excellence, aren’t actually perfectionism at all. They’re just conscientiousness (尽职尽责)—which explains why people with those tendencies often have different results in studi es. Perfectionism isn’t interpreted by working hard or setting high goals. It’s that critical inner voice.”Take the student who works hard and gets a poor mark. If she tells herself, “I’m disappointed, but it’s okay; I’m still a good person overall,” that’s healthy. If the message is, “I’m a failure. I’m not good enough,” that’s perfectionism.Perfectionists can make smooth sailing into a storm, a brief ill wind into a category-five hurricane.Eventually, the behaviours perfectionists adapt, actually, do make them more likely to fail.Many of us believe perfectionism is a positive. But researchers are finding that it is nothing short of dangerous, leading to a long list of health problems and failure in study or life. Besides, perfectionism is different from conscientiousness in that the former is connected with being particular about oneself.(50 words)【2018-嘉定区-高三二模】Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.The Conflict of the OrdersThe types of people who served as officials in the Roman government changed over time. These changes stemmed from the attempts of common people to more rights. The struggles became known as the Conflict of the Orders.In the early republic, Romans were divided into two classes of people: patricians and plebeians. Patricians were powerful landowners who controlled the government. As nobles, they inherited their power. Plebeians, who made up most of the population, were mainly farmers and workers. For many years, plebeians had few rights. They could vote, but they were barred from holding most public offices. Plebeians could not even know Roman laws because laws were not written down. In court, a judge stated and applied the law, but only patricians served as judges.Over time, plebeians increased their power through demand and strikes. They gained the right to join the army, hold government office, form their own assembly, and elect leaders. In one of their greatest victories, they forced the government to write down the laws of the Roman Republic. In about 450,B.C. the Romans engraved their laws on tablets called the Twelve Tables. The laws were placed in the Forum, the chief public square, for all to view.The first plebeians were appointed to the government in the late 400s B.C. After 342 B.C., a plebeian always held one of the consul positions. By about 300 B.C. many plebeians had become so powerful and wealthy themselves that they joined with patricians to form the Roman nobility. From that time on, the distinction between patricians and plebeians was not as important. Membership in the nobility was still very important, however, since government officials were not paid a salary, only wealthy nobles could afford to hold office. Thus, the nobles still controlled the republic.Romans was made up of two classes: patricians and plebeians. Patricians, the nobles, inherited power and controlled the government while plebeians, the common people, who used to have few rights, gradually gained various rights through struggles. From 300 B.C., the distinction between them was less obvious as many plebeians became nobles, and Rome was still controlled by nobles.【2018-金山区-高三二模】Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.As technology grows, many university instructors are finding ways to guide online learning platforms into their classrooms. Programs such as Blackboard, WebCT and Moodle allow teachers to post reading assignments, PowerPoint presentations, lecture notes and quizzes for students to complete outside of class. While posting lessons online can be friendly to students' communication styles and easily accessible, they also cause disadvantages.One disadvantage is that it may encourage students to depend on technology in the classroom. Instead of physical textbooks, many now bring cellphones to access materials during class discussions. While electronic devices can be valuable learning tools, they also can lead to distractions from learning, such as social networking and online games. It is extremely difficult for students being exposed to multiple electronic tasks to focus or remember key information.A second disadvantage is that online lessons open up potential for cheating. Many instructors require students to complete quizzes, post within discussion groups or submit major assignments online. As a result, there are some students having someone else complete their assignments. A contributing factor is that online assignments are best suitable for those self-motivated, self-directed students. Students who struggle with organization and completing assignments may find it easy to cheat online.In spite of these disadvantages, educators can take steps to make sure students use online lessons responsibly. If instructors are uncomfortable with electronic devices in the classroom, they can require students to print out assignments and readings to reference during sessions. To prevent cheating, teachers can use online assignments as a supplement to traditional in-class work, or create open-ended assignments rather than using assignments like multiple-choice quizzes that have only one right answer. Being familiar with what the platform looks like from a student perspective also can help instructors avoid potential pitfalls.Introducing online learning platform to university classrooms has two disadvantages: stu dents’ dependence on technology in the classroom and possibility for cheating. However, educators can find solutions to the problems. Furthermore, students can be asked to take paper files in class and be given supplementary online homework or open-ended a ssignment. Teachers’ familiarity with the platform is helpful. (56words)【2018-静安区-二模】Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.African elephants are in trouble. Their numbers have fallen violently from as many as ten million a hundred years ago to as few as 400,000 today. Losses are largely from poaching（偷猎）for the illegal ivory trade, and also because of the smaller living space for elephants, as people open up land for farming and development.Killing some elephants to help save the species is one suggested strategy for preserving them. Here’s the thinking:Invite rich hunters to pay generous fees to shoot specified numbers of elephants, and use that money as sources for various conservations.Some people claim that trophy hunting can provide generous financial support for people to conserve and restore wild elephant numbers, protect wildlife from poaching, and to help give local communities a boost in economy. Doing that, the theory goes, poor villagers won’t need to poach elephants to feed their families.To look into the new business closely, the trophy hunting industry does not provide significant benefits to the communities where it occurs. Across Africa, there are only about 15,000 hunting-related jobs created by the business—a tiny number, especially considering that the six main game-hunting countries alone have a population of nearly 150 million.Besides that, it is true the total income from trophy hunting is substantial. Take an unnamed area for example, the total income to wild conservancies from trophy hunting, amounted to $165,000. Six years later, this is expected to increase almost tenfold to $1,330,000. Yet after various kinds of processing fees and expenses are reduced, the local communities make an average of only ten cents a hectare (25 cents an acre) from trophy hunting. The return is so small that it justly explains locals’ lack of interest in preserving hunting areas and their continued poaching.African elephants are endangered with greatly reduced numbers due to unlawful poaching and shrinking habitat. Trophy hunting, legal elephant shooting for conservation fund, is considered a solution. According to some, it helps maintain elephant population and benefits local economy. However, it turns out the business employs few people and hunt fee trickling down to local villagers and communities is minimal.【2018-闵行松江区-二模】IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Quiet Virtue: The ConscientiousThe everyday signs of conscientiousness (认真尽责)—being punctual, careful in doing work, self-disciplined, and scrupulous (一丝不苟的) in attending to responsibilities—are typical characteristics of the model organizational citizen, the people who keep things running as they should. They follow the rules, help out, and are concerned about the people they work with. It’s the conscientious worker who helps newcomers or updates people who return after an absence, who gets to work on time and never abuses sick leaves, who always gets things done on deadline.Conscientiousness is a key to success in any field. In studies of job performance, outstanding effectiveness for almost all jobs, from semi-skilled labor to sales and management, depends on conscientiousness. Among sales representatives for a large American car manufacturer, those who were most conscientious had the largest volume of sales.Conscientiousness also offers a buffer (缓冲) against the threat of job loss in today’s constantly changing market, because employees with this quality are among the most valued. For the sales representatives, their level of conscientiousness mattered almost as much as their sales in determining who stayed on.But conscientiousness in the absence of social skills can lead to problems. Since conscientious people demand so much of themselves, they can hold other people to their own standards, and so be overly judgmental when others don’t show the same high levels of model behavior. Factory workers who were extremely conscientious, for example, tended to criticize co-workers even about failures that seemed unimportant to those they criticized, which damaged their relationships.When conscientiousness takes the form of living up to expectations, it can discourage creativity. Success in creative professions like art or advertising calls for a balance between wild ideas and conscientiousness. Without enough conscientiousness to follow through, people become mere dreamers, with nothing to show for their imaginativeness.Conscientiousness is the feature of model organizational employees and keeps the company functioning successfully.Conscientiousness has both advantages and disadvantages.With conscientiousness, employees give outstanding performance, so they are less likely to be jobless.Meanwhile, conscientious people without social skills tend to have tense relationships with their fellow workers and conscientiousness can also damage creativity.【2018-浦东区-高三二模】Ⅳ. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Every time there is a mass shooting, the debate surrounding guns tends to flare up in America. The abuse of guns has been a seriou s problem in the US all along, but why doesn’t the US government just dismiss owning guns privately?The right to own a gun and defend oneself is central to American society. As early as the 1600s, when the first Europeans set foot on the continent of North America, they had to face a lot of dangers. They could only rely on themselves. Therefore, guns played a significant role in self-defense. Guns were also important in America’s Independent War and the Civil War.Secondly, the American founding fathers believed that gun ownership was necessary for a truly free country. If the government distrusts the people and disarms them, then that government no longer represents the people. The Second Amendment to the US Constitution specifies that the American people cannot be deprived of the“right to keep and bear arms.”So the sale and purchase of firearms are legal in the United States according to law.The importance of guns is also derived from the role of hunting in American culture. In the nation’s early years, h unting was essential for food and shelter. Today, guns are a vital part of hunting, which remains very popular as both a sport and a way of life in many parts of the country. People spend time with friends, sharing the pleasure that the sport brings.For those reasons, when critics say guns mean violence, they miss a large part of the picture, and they misrepresent the complex nature of America’s diverse gun culture. Most people who own guns privately, are actually part of the gun culture. They have rational and thoughtful reasons to own and use guns.The US government doesn’t ban guns for the following reasons. Firstly, guns serve as a means of self-defense. Besides, the possession of a gun is a symbol of freedom. Finally, guns are important because hunting is still popular in people’s life as a sport. Despite the disputes,Americans are entitled to the use of guns.【2018-普陀区-二模】IV. Summary Writing 10%Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Better Memory Causes BoredomA new study shows that the better your short-term memory, the faster you feel fed up and decide you’ve had enough. The findings appear in the Journal of Consumer Res earch.Noelle Nelson, assistant professor of marketing and consumer behavior at the University of Kansas School of Business. She and her colleague Joseph Redden at the University of Minnesota tried to think outside the lunch box. “Something that was intere sting to me is that some people get tired of things at very different rates. When you think about pop songs on the radio, some people must still be enjoying them and requesting them even after hearing them a lot. But a lot of other people are really sick o f those same songs.” The difference, the researchers supposed, might have to do with memories of past consumption.The researchers tested the memory capacity of undergraduates. The students then viewed a repeating series of three classic paintings…like The Starry Night, American Gothic, and The Scream…or listened and re-listened to a series of three pop songs…or three pieces of classical music. Throughout the test, the participants were asked to rate their experience on a scale of zero to ten. And the better a participant scored in the memory test, the faster they got bored.“We found that people with larger capacities remembered more about the music or art, which led to them getting tired of the music or art more quickly. So remembering more details actually made the participants feel like they’d experienced the music or art more often.” The findings suggest that marketers could cope with our desire for their products by figuring out ways to distract us and keep us from fully remembering our experiences. We could also trick ourselves into eating less junk food by recalling the experience of a previous snack. As for kids easily bored, just tell them to forget about it—it might help them have more fun.A study shows if a person has a good short-term memory he is likely to feel bored quickly. Assuming memories of past experience may influence the different rates at which some people feel fed up, two researchers conducted a test, relating students’ memory capacity to their performance, and got the result. The findings may apply to marketing, self-controlling and educating.【2018-青浦区-二模】IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Ban the Bag!Standing in line at the grocery store last week, I watched the woman in front of me buy a tube of toothpaste. As the clerk placed her purchase in a plastic bag, I couldn’t help wondering how long it would take for that bag to end up in the trash.Then I noticed the big purse the woman was carrying and wondered why she had needed a plastic bag at all.People have come to rely on plastic bags as everything from shopping bags for groceries to trash-can bags. Although plastic bags can be recycled, only about one percent of those used in the United States are. Instead, after helping people transport items from one place to another, most are thrown away. They end up in landfills, where it can take a plastic bag up to a thousand years to decay. Some bags end up elsewhere in the environment, sticking to trees and fences, blocking rivers and oceans, or floating along city sidewalks.Plastic bags harm the environment in several ways. First, they break down into particles that pollute our soil and water. Because most plastic bags are made of polyethylene, a product derived from crude oil (原油) or natural gas, they waste nonrenewable resources. Plastic bags can also harm animals. Scientists estimate that more than one million sea animals, including whales, seabirds, and turtles, die each year from intaking or becoming stranded in plastic.People all over the world are starting to recognize the problems associated with plastic bags.Countries such as China, South Africa, Switzerland, and Uganda are taking action and banning the bags. Other nations, including Italy and Ireland, have been trying to restrict the use of plastic bags by taxing them. In the United States more and more communities are ridding themselves of plastic bags. Now more and more people are also purchasing inexpensive, reusable bags and using them when they shop.If we all take this simple step, we can be a part of a “green” revolution.Plastic bags are widely applied in day-to-day deals, but very few of them are properly recycled, harming the environment greatly. They could pollute or waste resources and cause harm to animals. Thankfully, many countries have become aware of the seriousness, limiting or banning the use of them. More individuals are joining in the campaign for an environmentally-friendly。

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