初中英语阅读材料选择及主观题问答训练
初中阶段学生英语阅读材料选择及主观题回答训练
潘桥中学吴淑明
2020.6.12 一.温州中考阅读现状：
温州英语中考自2016年度以后难度大幅度提升，难度在浙江省都首屈一指。最大难点主要集中在英语阅读这一块，尤其是C、D两篇的科技文和记叙文，而且记叙文最后一题设置是主观题问答。
科技文一般选最新近和热门的话题，会有很多专业的词汇。
记叙文一般是一篇带有某种寓意或反应某种社会现象的记叙文，下面的主观题往往就会要求学生阅读有所总结或反思。
二．中学英语教师对提高学生阅读能力的对策
1.科技文
科技文的阅读难度一般是整张试卷中难度最大的，读起来费事费力。
关于科技文的练习，首先可以选取《21世纪英语报》里的科技文或者中文的新近科技文章让学生阅读，有背景知识就可以降低学生阅读时的难度。
其次，词汇量是英语阅读取胜的关键，然后科技文往往会有大量的专业性生词，但是记忆大量的科技类专业词汇显然是让师生都有巨大负担的事情，很不现实。
因此像科技文这样的文章在平时训练时不是在记忆单词身上，而是在句型的分析上，通过句型分析理清句子的结构，明白或猜测生词的的词性及大概的意思。
出题者的意图也往往是不想在生词上难住学生，而是看学生能不能用句型分析、用连词分析来理解文章大意。
所以在进入初三阶段后平时训练上应该是抽取有难度阅读文本中的关键句，以及一些长句，让学生尝试去分析和翻译。
2.记叙文
记叙文的难度往往难度不如C篇那么大，但是细节题的选择题并不是很简单，需要学生加以分析理解。主观题更是既要理解又要能清晰地表达出来。所以平时就应该有阅读这类文章的习惯，并常常去体味里面的寓意。
那么我们平时可以从哪里找这样的阅读文本并编写主观题训练学生呢？看看周边的学校，有英语绘本的，绘本难度小适合所有学生，又有寓意值得讨论，适合初一到初二上阶段。也有学校做整书阅读写书评的，难度大，如果坚持下来学生会有很大收获，但教师需要较大的精力去监督和鼓励学生坚持。那有没有什么材料贴近中考难度，篇章短小，操作起来现实又省力的？
我们发现模拟考和中考这类的记叙文有些就是契科夫、莫泊桑、欧亨利这些著名作家他们短篇小说的改编，或者很类似他们的短文。那么我们是不是可以直接购买这些著名短篇作家的中英文对照文集让学生阅读，每篇设置一个主观题给他们。可以一周一篇，一篇回答一个或多个主观题。逐渐锻炼学生的分析和表达能力。
三．主观题的设置要点
手头有了材料，教师如何编写恰当的主观题？
主观题的命题原则：要求围绕文本的内容与主旨展开讨论。既不能脱离文本内容进行随意拓展，也不能奢望可以从文本中机械获得信息。它是考察学生的思维深度以及英语语言的表达能力和组织能力。
问题设置要清晰易理解，能指向文中的关键信息，最后要求学生归纳概括、完整合理地表达出来。
四．主观题案例
如附件图1的文本。我们九年级备课组在集体备课时当时设置了以下问题：
1.What do you think of Paul? 通过文本，分析主人公。
2.What does the passage want to tell us? 回答文本中心思想。
3.In the end of the passage, Paul said“Sorry sir, I forgot all about it.”Did Paul really forget
all about it? 学生既可以根据文本回答，又可以根据中心思想回答。
当训练一段时间后，就可以让有能力的学生自己帮助老师设置主观题，这对他们自己也是一种锻炼。当时我们九年级备课组7位老师讨论后，由两位老师将主要思路和课件备好，然后我们就按各自的风格及自己学生的情况进行个性化修改，其中A班（主要为优秀生）老师就是设置阅读完文本，学生自己编写主观题并回答，最后老师再总结。
附件图1：
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初中英语阅读理解和完形填空解题技巧及练习
初中英语阅读理解和完形填空解题技巧及练习
一．初中英语阅读理解的解题技巧 阅读理解也是中考英语题的必考题目之一，本题型旨在考查学生阅读，理解的能力，几年来，中考英语题中的阅读理解材料新，题材丰富，考查学生综合推断能力，根据语篇猜单词意思的能力的力度加大，也考查学生关注细节的能力。所以学生往往要么没能正确理解语篇中某些句子的意思，在细节题上丢分，要么就是对语篇的整体把握不够，在综合题或者推断题方面丢分。那么到底怎么做好阅读理解这一题型呢？我将从以下三个方面谈论这个问题： 一、解题思路 （一）先读问题，弄清考查要点，以便能带着问题看文章，这样会心中有数，有的放矢。在读题的时候划出题目的关键词。 （二）快速浏览全文，掌握全貌，注意发现与问题有关的信息，如果时间紧，至少要扫视一下起首段和尾段。再把标题和文章内容结合起来想一想，这样全文大意便清楚了。此时，不要忙于答题。 （三）细读原文，捕捉相关信息词，掌握短文细节内容。这是解题的关键，应特别注意以下几点： 1．抓住四个"W"和一个"H"，就是边读边用铅笔做些标记，把What (事件)，When （时间），Where（地点），Why（原因），How（经过）划出来。抓住了四个“W”和一个“H”，就抓住了文章的全貌，一些直接性的问题便可解决。 2．抓住连接词及起关键作用的副词、代词、介词、插入语等。因为这些词具有因果，让步，递进，转折，指代，列举及承上启下等各种连接上下文的特殊功能。这对考生分清文章层次，辨明各种关系，了解人物心理，推断作者意图，进行逻辑推理等手段来分析难点，都具有举足轻重的作用。 3．注意领会文章的寓意。 4．根据题意，初选答案。这一步须仔细审题，领会测试要求，确定解题方法。对那些明显的，有把握的题可以断然确定，不必把其余三个答案再作推敲而浪费时间：有些略难的题，应再查阅短文（不是重读一遍），迅速找出依据，予以排除。常用的解题方法有如下几种： ①直接解题法。即从原文中直接找出答案。 ②归纳解题法。对于不能从原文中直接找出答案的可在把握全文中心和线索的前题下进行概括、归纳得出正确答案。 ③综合推理法。读者需统观全文，认真分析，综合推理及至计算，最后归纳出正确答案。 题干中有"suggest, conclude, conclusion, probably, reason, because, according to“等字眼时，属于推断概括型，考查内容着眼于全篇，考生应具备一定的分析归纳，推理等逻辑思维能力。 ④捕捉关键词。在阅读时应该注意与问题相关的同义词，近义词，反义词或同位词等信息词来得出正确答案。
(精品)初中英语长难句——语篇从句讲义(初中学生版)
初中英语阅读理解之长难句分析讲义 语篇学语法——从句 I arrived in London on a foggy day, to go to a very important meeting. The place①where the meeting was going to be hel d was on the other side of the town. All traffic came to a stop②because the drivers were not able to see more than a yard in front of them. The meeting would begin at 9:00, so I decided to go there on foot. Minutes later, I was completely lost. I stood there and though t③that I would have to phone to the meeting to explain④that I was not able to arrive there on time. Then I heard a young man’s voice coming out of the fog, “I suppose⑤you are lost. Can I help you?” I was very glad to have a ma n ⑥who could take me to the meeting. Afterward I told him⑦where I wanted to go, took his arm, and we started. We walked quite fast, turning corners and crossing roads. ⑧As I followed him through the dark streets, I wondered⑨why he found his way so easily. “I know this part of London quite well,” he said. “But in such a fog it’s impossible to see anything,” I said. “I am blind, sir.” he answered, “In the fog, it is exactly the same for me as usual.” 在英语语法中，按照句子结构，英语句子主要可以分为三种类型：简单句、并列句和复合句。 1.简单句：最基本的句子类型，一个句子中只含有一个主谓结构。 Eg：My uncle gives me a camera. 2. 并列句：由两个或两个以上独立的主谓结构或简单句并列在一起的，通常用并列连词 来连接两个或两个以上的句子， Eg：Jim went to the party last night, but his wife didn’t.. Study hard and you will make progress. 3. 复合句：由一个主句与一个或一个以上的从句（从句有相应的连词引导）组成的句子。 因此，复合句含有两个或两个以上的主谓结构（完整的句子），句子与句子之间用连接词连接。其中，主句部分可以独立存在，但从句担当了主句某一句子成分，故通常不能独立存在。根据从句在句子中充当的成分，可以将其分为6类，即主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。