一些词汇用法和总结

Unit1 Supplementary informationstern adj., nounadj. (stern•er, stern•est)1 serious and often disapproving; expecting sb to obey youSTRICT: a stern face / expression / look a stern warning Her voice was stern.The police are planning sterner measures to combat crime.2 serious and difficult: a stern test of nerves We face stern opposition.stern•ly adv.stern•ness noun [U]be made of sterner stuff to have a stronger character and to be more determined in dealing with problems than other people: Many would have given up, but Tim was made of sterner stuff.noun the back end of a ship or boat—compare BOW1n., POOP see STEM n.ap•pre•hen•sion /pr hen n/noun1 [U, C] worry or fear that sth unpleasant may happenANXIETY: There is growing apprehension that fighting will begin again.He watched the election results with some apprehension.There is apprehension about the safety of the missing children. They shivered with apprehension.note atFEAR2 [U] (formal) the act of capturing or arresting sb, usually by the police: the apprehension of the terrorists in the early hours of this morningmin•gle /m l/ verb1 ~ (A) (with B)| ~ (A and B) (together) to combine or make one thing combine with another: [V] The sounds of laughter and singing mingled in the evening air.Her tears mingled with the blood on her face.The flowers mingle together to form ablaze of colour.[VN] He felt a kind of happiness mingled with regret.note at MIX2 [V] to move among people and talk to them, especially at a social event CIRCULATE: The princess was not recognized and mingled freely with the crowds.If you’ll excuse me, I must go and mingle (= talk to other guests).hold verb, nounverb (held, held /held/)IN HAND / ARMS1 [VN] to carry sth; to have sb/sth in your hand, arms, etc.: She was holding a large box.I held the mouse by its tail.The girl held h er father’s hand tightly.He was holding the baby in his arms.The winning captain held the trophy in the air.We were holding hands(= holding each other’s hands).The lovers held each otherclose.2 [VN] to put your hand on part of your body, usually because it hurts: She groaned and held her head.IN POSITION3 [usually +adv. / prep.] to keep sb/sth in a particular position: [VN] Hold your head up.Hold this position for a count of 10.The wood is held in position by a clamp.I had to hold my stomach in (= pull the muscles flat) to zip up my jeans.[VN-ADJ] I’ll hold the door open for you.SUPPORT4 [VN] to support the weight of sb/sth: I don’t think that branch will hold your weight.CONTAIN5 [VN] to have enough space for sth/sb; to contain sth/sb: This barrel holds 25 litres. The plane holds about 300 passengers.SB PRISONER6 to keep sb and not allow them to leave: [VN] Police are holding two men in connection with last Thursday’s bank raid.[VN-N] He was held prisoner for two years.CONTROL7 [VN] to defend sth against attack; to have control of sth: The rebels held the radio station.REMAIN8 [V] to remain strong and safe or in position: They were afraid the dam wouldn’t hold.9 [V] to remain the same: How long will the fine weather hold?If their luck holds, they could still win the championship.KEEP10 [VN] to keep sb’s attention or interest: There wasn’t much in the museum to hold my attention.11 [VN] to keep sth at the same level, rate, speed, etc.: Hold your speed at 70. Interest rates have been held at 8% for a year now.12 [VN] to keep sth so that it can be used later: records held on computer Our solicitor holds our wills.We can hold your reservation for three days.OWN13 [VN] to own or have sth: Employees hold 30% of the shares.JOB14 [VN] to have a particular job or position: How long has he held office?MrsThatcher held the post of Prime Minister longer than anyone else last century.RECORD / TITLE15 [VN] to have sth you have gained or achieved: Who holds the world record for the long jump?She held the title of world champion for three years.OPINION16 [VN] to have a belief or an opinion about sb/sth: He holds strange views on education.She is held in high regard by her students (= they have a high opinion of her).firmly-held beliefs17 (formal) to consider that sth is true: [V that] I still hold that the government’s economic policies are mistaken.[VN-ADJ] Parents will be held responsible for their children’s behaviour.[VN to inf] These vases are held to be the finest examples of Greek art.This pattern is usually used in the passive.MEETING18 [VN] [usually passive] to have a meeting, competition, conversation, etc.: The meeting will be held in the community centre.It’s impossible to hold a conversation with all this noise.The country is holding its first free elections for 20 years.ROAD / COURSE19 [VN] if a vehicle holds the road, it is in close contact with the road and easy to control, especially when driven fast20 [VN] if a ship or an aircraft holds a course, it continues to move in a particular directionIN MUSIC21 [VN] to make a note continue for a particular timeON TELEPHONE22 to wait until you can speak to the person you have telephoned: [V] That extension is busy right now. Can you hold?[VN] She asked me to hold the line.STOP23 [VN] used to tell sb to stop doing sth or not to do sth: Hold your fire! (= don’t shoot) Hold the front page! (= don’t print it until a particular piece of news is available) (NAmE, informal) Give me a hot dog, but hold the (= don’t give me any) mustard. Most idioms containing hold are at the entries for the nouns and adjectives in the idioms, for example hold the fort is at fort.hold good to be true: The same argument does not hold good in every case.hold it(informal) used to ask sb to wait, or not to move: Hold it a second—I don’t think everyone’s arrived yet.there is no holding sb a person cannot be prevented from doing sth: Once she gets onto the subject of politics there’s no holding her.hold sth a gainst sb to allow sth that sb has done to make you have a loweropinion of them: I admit I made a mistake—but don’t hold it against me.hold sb/sth back1 to prevent sb/sth from moving forward or crossing sth: The police were unable to hold back the crowd.The dam was not strong enough to hold back the flood waters.2 to prevent the progress or development of sb/sth: Do you think that mixed ability classes hold back the better students?We are determined that nothing should hold back the peace talks.hold sth back1 to not tell sb sth they want or need to know: to hold back information I think he’s holding something ba ck. I’m sure he knows more than he admits.2 to stop yourself from expressing how you really feel: She just managed to hold back her anger.He bravely held back his tears.hold back (from doing sth)|hold sb back (from doing sth) to hesitate or to make sb hesitate to act or speak:She held back, not knowing how to break the terrible news.I wanted to tell him the truth, but something held me back.hold sb down1 to prevent sb from moving, using force: It took three men to hold him down.2 to prevent sb from having their freedom or rights: The people are held down by a repressive regime.hold sth down1 to keep sth at a low level: The rate of inflation must be held down.2 [no passive] to keep a job for some time: He was unable to hold down a job after his breakdown.3 [no passive] (NAmE, informal) to limit sth, especially a noise: Hold it down, will you? I’m trying to sleep!hold forth to speak for a long time about sth in a way that other people mightfind boringhold sth in to not express how you really feel: to hold in your feelings / angerLET STH OUThold off1 (of rain or a storm) to not start: The rain held off just long enough for us to have our picnic.2 to not do sth immediately: We could get a new computer now or hold off until prices are lower.[+ -ing] Could you hold off making your decision for a few days?hold sb/sth off to stop sb/sth defeating you: She held off all the last-minutechallengers and won the race in a new record time.hold on1 (informal) used to tell sb to wait or stopWAIT: Hold on a minute while I get my breath back.Hold on! This isn’t the right road.2 to survive in a difficult or dangerous situation: They managed to hold on until help arrived.3 (informal) used on the telephone to ask sb to wait until they can talk to the person they want: Can you hold on? I’ll see if he’s here.hold sth on to keep sth in position: These nuts and bolts hold the wheels on.The knob is only held on by sticky tape.hold on (to sth/sb)|hold onto sth/sb [no passive] to keep holding sth/sb: Hold on and don’t let gountil I say so.He held onto the back of the chair to stop himself from falling.It’svery windy—you’d better hold onto your hat.note at HOLDhold on to sth|hold onto sth1 to keep sth that is an advantage for you; to not give or sell sth to sb else: You should hold on to your oil shares.She took an early lead in the race and held onto it for nine laps.2 to keep sth for sb else or for longer than usual: I’ll hold onto your mail for you until you get back.hold out1 to last, especially in a difficult situation: We can stay here for as long as our supplies hold out.2 to resist or survive in a dangerous or difficult situation: The rebels held out in the mountains for several years.hold out sth to offer a chance, hope or possibility of sth: Doctors hold out littlehope of her recovering.hold sth out to put your hand or arms, or sth in your hand, towards sb,especially to give or offer sth: I held out my hand to steady her.He held out the keys and I took them.hold out for sth [no passive] to cause a delay in reaching an agreement becauseyou hope you will gain sth: The union negotiators are holding out for a more generous pay settlement.hold out on sb (informal) to refuse to tell or give sb sthhold sth over [usually passive]1 to not deal with sth immediately; to leave sth to be dealt with later POSTPONE: The matter was held over until the next meeting.2 to show a film/movie, play, etc. for longer than planned: The movie proved so popular it was held over for another week.hold sth over sb to use knowledge that you have about sb to threaten them ormake them do what you wanthold sb to sth1 to make sb keep a promise2 to stop an opposing team scoring more points, etc. than you: The league leaders were held to a 0-0 draw.hold to gether|hold sth to gether1 to remain, or to keep sth, united: A political party should hold together.It’s the mother who usually holds the family together.2 (of an argument, a theory or a story) to be logical or CONSISTENT: Their case doesn’t hold together when you look at the evidence.—compare HANG TOGETHER at HANG3 if a machine or an object holds together or sth holds it together, the different parts stay together so that it does not breakhold up to remain strong and working effectively: She’s holding up well underthe pressure.hold sb/sth up [often passive]1 to support sb/sth and stop them from falling2 to delay or block the movement or progress of sb/sth: An accident is holding up traffic.My application was held up by the postal strike.—related noun HOLD-UP3 to use or present sb/sth as an example: She’s always holding up her children as models of good behaviour.His ideas were held up to ridicule.hold up sth to steal from a bank, shop/store, etc. using a gun: Masked men heldup a security van in South London yesterday.—related noun HOLD-UPhold with sth [no passive] (used in negative sentences or in questions) to agree with sthAPPROVE OF: I don’t hold with the use of force.[+ -ing] They don’t hold with letting children watch as much TV as they want.nounWITH HAND1 [sing., U] the action of holding sb/sth; the way you are holding sb/sthGRIP: His hold on her arm tightened.She tried to keep hold of the child’s hand.Make sure you’ve got a steady hold on the camera.IN SPORT2 [C] a particular way of holding sb, especially in a sport such as WRESTLING or in a fight: The wrestler put his opponent into a head hold.The exercise called for the recruits to get out of various holds.POWER / CONTROL3 [sing.] ~ (on / over sb/sth) influence, power or control over sb/sth: What she knewabout his past gave her a hold over him.He struggled to get a hold of his anger.—see also STRANGLEHOLDIN CLIMBING4 [C] a place where you can put your hands or feet when climbing: She put her foot firmly in the hold and pulled herself up.—see also FOOTHOLD, HANDHOLD, TOEHOLDON SHIP / PLANE5 [C] the part of a ship or plane where the goods being carried are storedcatch, get, grab, take, etc. (a) hold of sb/sth to have or take sb/sth in your hands: He caught hold of her wrists so she couldn’t get away.Lee got hold of the dog by its collar.Quick, grab a hold of that rope.Gently, she took hold of the door handle and turned it.get hold of sb to contact or find sb: Where have you been? I’ve been trying to get hold of you all day.Eventually, we got hold of Dan in New York.Do you know where I can get hold of a good plumber?get hold of sth1 to find sth that you want or need: I need to get hold of Tom’s address.It’s almost impossible to get hold of tickets for the final.The police do not know how the boy got hold of the knife.How did the press get hold of the story?2 to learn or understand sthno holds barred with no rules or limits on what sb is allowed to do: There will be no holds barred in his interview with the president this evening.on hold1 delayed until a later time or date: She put her career on hold to have a baby.The project is on hold until more money is available.The department has placed its plans on hold pending the results of the elections.2 if a person on the telephone is put on hold, they have to wait until the person that they want to talk to is freetake (a) hold to begin to have complete control over sb/sth; to become very strong: Panic took hold of him and he couldn’t move.They got out of the house just before the flames took hold.It is best to treat the disease early before it takes a hold.—more at WRONG adj.bull•head•ed /b l hed d/ adj. (NAmE) unwilling to change your opinion about sth, in a way that other people think is annoying and unreasonable obstinate,stubborn: You’re just being bullheaded now.bull•head•ed•ness noun [U]clam•our (BrE) (NAmE clamor) /kl m(r)/ verb, nounverb1 ~ (for sth)(formal) to demand sth loudly: [V] People began to clamour for his resignation.[V to inf] Everyone was clamouring to know how much they would get. [V speech] ‘Play with us!’ the children clamoured.2 [V] (of many people) to shout loudly, especially in a confused way: A crowd of reporters clamoured around the car.noun [sing., U] (formal)1 a loud noise especially one that is made by a lot of people or animals: the clamour of the market the incessant clamour of monkeys and birds2 ~ (for sth) a demand for sth made by a lot of people: The clamour for her resignation grew louder.clam•or•ous /kl m r s/ adj.clan /kl n/ noun [C+sing./pl. v.]1 a group of families who are related to each other, especially in Scotland: the Macleod clan clan warfare2 (informal, sometimes humorous) a very large family, or a group of people who are connected because of a particular thing: one of a growing clan of stars who have left Hollywoodpeer noun, verbnoun1 [usually pl.] a person who is the same age or who has the same social status as you: She enjoys the respect of her peers. A peer review system is being introduced to help teachers who are experiencing difficulty.Children are worried about failing in front of their peers.Peer pressure is strong among young people (= they want to be like other people of the same age).2 (in Britain) a member of the NOBILITY—see also LIFE PEER, PEERESSverb [V, usually + adv. / prep.] to look closely or carefully at sth, especially when you cannot see it clearly: We peered into the shadows.He went to the window and peered out.She kept peering over her shoulder.He peered closely at the photograph.note atSTAREcau•tious adj.~ (about sb/sth)| ~ (about doing sth) being careful about what you say or do, especially to avoid danger or mistakes; not taking any risks: He was very cautious about committing himself to anything.The government has been cautious in its response to the report.They’ve taken a very cautious approach.They expressed cautious optimism about a solution to the crisis.cau•tious•ly adv.: She looked cautiously around and then walked away from thehouse.I’m cautiously optimistic.cau•tious•ness noun [U]Prompt adj., verb, noun, adv.adj.1 done without delayIMMEDIATE: Prompt action was required as the fire spread. Prompt payment of the invoice would be appreciated.2 [not before noun] (of a person) acting without delay; arriving at the right timePUNCTUAL: Please be prompt when attending these meetings.prompt•ness noun [U]verb1 to make sb decide to do sth; to cause sth to happenPROVOKE: [VN] The discovery of the bomb prompted an increase in security.His speech prompted an angry outburst from a man in the crowd.[VN to inf] The th ought of her daughter’s wedding day prompted her to lose some weight.2 to encourage sb to speak by asking them questions or suggesting words that they could say: [VN] She was too nervous to speak and had to be prompted.(computing) The program will prompt you to enter data where required.[V speech] ‘And then what happened?’ he prompted. [also VN speech]3 [VN, V] to follow the text of a play and remind the actors what the words are if they forget their linesnoun1 a word or words said to an actor, to remind them what to say next when they have forgotten2 (computing) a sign on a computer screen that shows that the computer has finished doing sth and is ready for more instructionsadv. exactly at the time mentioned: The meeting will begin at ten o’clock prompt.un•set•tling adj. making you feel upset, nervous or worried: Seeing Nicky again after so long was an unsettling experience.The country’s economic crisis had an unsettling effect on world markets.tuck verb, nounverb [VN + adv. / prep.]1 to push, fold or turn the ends or edges of clothes, paper, etc. so that they are held in place or look neat: She tucked up her skirt and waded into the river.The sheets should be tucked in neatly (= around the bed).Tuck the flap of the envelope in.2 to put sth into a small space, especially to hide it or keep it safe or comfortable: She tucked her hair (up) under her cap.He sat with his legs tucked up under him.The letter had been tucked under a pile of papers.3 to cover sb with sth so that they are warm and comfortable: She tucked a blanket around his legs.tuck sth a way1 be tucked away to be located in a quiet place, where not many people go: The shop is tucked away down a backstreet.2 to hide sth somewhere or keep it in a safe place: She kept his letters tucked away ina drawer.They have thousands of pounds tucked away in a savings account.3 (BrE, informal) to eat a lot of foodtuck sb in / up to make sb feel comfortable in bed by pulling the covers uparound them: I tucked the children in and said goodnight.tuck in|tuck into sth (BrE, informal) to eat a lot of food, especially when it is donequickly and with enthusiasm: Come on, tuck in everyone!He was tucking into a huge plateful of pasta.noun1 [C] a fold that is sewn into a piece of clothing or cloth, either for decoration or to change the shape of it: We could take a tuck in the waist to give it a more fitted look.2 [C] (informal) a medical operation in which skin and/or fat is removed to make sb look younger or thinner: a tummy tuck3 [U] (old-fashioned, BrE, informal) food, especially sweets, etc. eaten by children at school: a tuck shopcrib noun, verbnoun1 (NAmE) = COT2 a long open box that horses and cows can eat fromMANGER3 (BrE) (NAmE crèche) a model of the scene of Jesus Christ’s birth, placed in churches and homes at Christmas4 (informal) written information such as answers to questions, often used dishonestly by students in tests: a crib sheet5 = CRIBBAGE6 (NAmE, informal) the house, flat/apartment, etc. where sb livesverb (-bb-) [V, VN] ~ (sth) (from sb) (old-fashioned) to dishonestly copy work from another student or from a bookglee•ful /li fl/ adj. happy because of sth good you have done or sth bad that has happened to sb else: a gleeful laughglee•ful•ly /f li/ adv.study noun, verbnoun (pl.-ies)ACTIVITY OF LEARNING1 [U] the activity of learning or gaining knowledge, either from books or by examining things in the world: a room set aside for private study academic / literary / scientific, etc. study It is important to develop good study skills. Physiology is the study of how living things work.2 studies [pl.] (formal) a particular person’s learning activities, for example at a college or university: to continue your studiesACADEMIC SUBJECT3 studies [U+sing./pl. v.] used in the names of some academic subjects: business / media / American studiesDETAILED EXAMINATION4 [U] the act of considering or examining sth in detail: These proposals deserve careful study.5 [C] a piece of research that examines a subject or question in detail: to make / carry out / conduct a study This study shows / confirms / suggests that ... a detailed study of how animals adapt to their environment scientific studies of fishing grounds and methods of fishing—see also CASE STUDYROOM6 [C] a room, especially in sb’s home, used for reading and writingART7 [C] a drawing or painting of sth, especially one done for practice or before doing a larger picture: a study of Chartres Cathedral a nude studyMUSIC8 (BrE) (also étude NAmE, BrE) [C] a piece of music designed to give a player practice in technical skillsPERFECT EXAMPLE9 [sing.] ~ (in sth) (formal) a perfect example of sth: His face was a study in concentration.see BROWN adj.verb (stud•ies, study•ing, stud•ied, stud•ied)LEARN1 ~ (sth) (at ... )| ~ (for sth) to spend time learning about a subject by reading, going to college, etc.: [VN] How long have you been studying English?[V] Don’t disturb Jane, she’s studying for her exams.My brother studied at the Royal College of Art.a composer who studied under Nadia Boulanger (= was taught by Nadia Boulanger) [V to inf] Nina is studying to be an architect.EXAMINE CAREFULLY2 [VN] to watch, or look at sb/sth carefully in order to find out sth: Scientists are studying photographs of the planet for signs of life.He studied her face thoughtfully. Fran was studying the menu.3 to examine sth carefully in order to understand it: [VN] We will study the report carefully before making a decision.[V wh-] The group will study how the region coped with the loss of thousands of jobs.note atEXAMINEtickle verb, nounverb1 to move your fingers on a sensitive part of sb’s body in a way that makes them laugh: [VN] The bigger girls used to chase me and tickle me.I tickled his feet with a feather.[V] Stop tickling!2 to produce a slightly uncomfortable feeling in a sensitive part of the body; to have a feeling like this: [VN] His beard was tickling her cheek.[V] My throat tickles. a tickling cough3 to amuse and interest sb: [VN] to tickle sb’s imagination[VN to inf] I was tickled to discover that we’d both done the same thing.be tickled pink (informal) to be very pleased or amused: She was tickled pink to be given flowers.tickle sb’s fancy (informal) to please or amuse sb: See if any of these tickle your fancy.If you see something that tickles your fancy, I’ll buy it for you.noun [usually sing.]1 an act of tickling sb: She gave the child a little tickle.2 a slightly uncomfortable feeling in a part of your body: to have a tickle in your throat (= that makes you want to cough) see SLAP n.。