2010年四川大学博士生入学考试英语试题
2012年四川大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题
2012年四川大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题阅读1）Sign has become a scientific hot button. Only in the past 20 years have specialists in language study realized that signed languages are unique—a speech of the hand. They offer a new way to probe how the brain generates and understands language, and throw new light on an old scientific controversy: whether language, complete with grammar, is something that we are born With, or whether it is a learned behavior. The current interest in sign language has roots in the pioneering work of one rebel teacher at Gallaudet University in Washington, D. C., the world’s only liberal arts university for deaf people.When Bill Stokoe went to Gallaudet to teach English, the school enrolled him in a course in signing. But Stokoe noticed something odd: among themselves, students signed differently from his classroom teacher.Stokoe had been taught a sort of gestural code, each movement of the hands representing a word in English. At the time, American Sign Language (ASL) was thought to be no more than a form of pidgin English (混杂英语). But Stokoe believed the “hand talk” his students used looked richer. He wondered: Might deaf people actually: have a genuine language? And could that language be unlike any other on Earth? It was 1955, when even deaf people dismissed their signing a s “substandard”. Stokoe’s idea was academic heresy (异端邪说).It is 37 years later. Stokoe—now devoting his time to writing and editing books and journals and to producing video materials on ASL and the deaf culture—is having lunch at a cafe near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution. For decades educators fought his idea that signed languages are natural languages like English, French and Japanese. They assumed language must be based on speech, the modulation (调节) of sound. But sign language is based on the movement of hands, the modulation of space. “What I said,” Stokoe explains, “is that language is not mouth stuff—it’s brain stuff.”21. The study of sign language is thought to be _____C___.A) a new way to look at the learning of languageB) a challenge to traditional, views on the nature of languageC) an approach: to simplifying the grammatical structure of a languageD) an attempt to clarify misunderstanding about the origin of language（C）22. The, present growing interest in sign language was stimulated by ___C_____.A) a famous scholar in the study of the human brainB) a leading specialist in the study of liberal artsC) an English teacher in a university for the deafD) some senior experts in American Sign Language（C）23. According to Stokoe, sign language is _____B___.A) a Substandard languageB) a genuine languageC) an artificial languageD) an international language（B）24. Most educators objected to Stokoe’s idea because they tho ught _____D___.A) sign language was not extensively used even by deaf peopleB) sign language was too artificial to be widely acceptedC) a language should be easy to use and understandD) a language could only exist in the form of speech sounds（D）25. St okoe’s argument is based on his belief that ____D____.A) sign language is as efficient as any other languageB) sign language is derived from natural languageC) language is a system of meaningful codesD) language is a product of the brain（D）2）It was the worst tragedy in maritime history, six times more deadly than the Titanic. When the German cruise ship Wilhelm Gustloff was hit by torpedoes fired from a Russian submarine in the final winter of World War II, more than 10,000 people-mostly women, children and old people fleeing the final Red Army push into Nazi Germany-were packed aboard. An ice storm had turned the decks into frozen sheets that sent hundreds of families sliding into the sea as the ship tilted and began to go down. Others desperately tried to put lifeboats down. Some who succeeded fought off those in the water who had the strength to try to claw their way aboard. Most people froze immediately. I’ll never forget the screams,” says Christa Ntitzmann, 87, one of the 1,200 survivors. She recalls watching the ship, brightly lit, slipping into its dark grave-and into seeming nothingness, rarely mentioned for more than half a century.Now Germany’s Nobel Prize-winning author Gtinter Grass has revived the memory of the 9,000 dead, including more than 4,000 children-with his latest novel Crab Walk, published last month. The book, which will be out in English next year, doesn’t dwell on the sinking; its heroine is a pregnant young woman who survives the catastrophe only to say later: “Nobody wanted t o hear about it, not here in the West (of Germany) and not at all in the East.” The reason was obvious. As Grass put it in a recent interview with the weekly Die Woche: “Because the crimes we Germans are responsible for were and are so dominant, we didn’t have the energy left to tell of our own sufferings.”The long silence about the sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff was probably unavoidable-and necessary. By unreservedly owning up to their country’s monstrous crimes in the Second World War, Germans have managed to win acceptance abroad, marginalize the neo-Nazis at home and make peace with their neighbors. Today’s unified Germany is more prosperous and stable than at any time in its long, troubled history. For that, a half century of willful forgetting about painful memories like the German Titanic was perhaps a reasonable price to pay. But even the most politically correct Germans believe that they’ ye now earned the right to discuss the full historical record. Not to equate German suffering with that of its victims, but simply to acknowledge a terrible tragedy.31. Why does the author say the sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff was the worsttragedy in maritime history? （B）A) It was attacked by Russian torpedoes.B) It caused the largest number of casualties.C) Most of its passengers were frozen to death.D) Its victims were mostly women and children.32. Hundreds of families dropped into the sea when ___（A）_____.A) the badly damaged ship leaned toward one sideB) a strong ice storm tilted the shipC) the cruise ship sank all of a suddenD) the frightened passengers fought desperately for lifeboats33. The Wilhelm Gustloff tragedy was little talked about for more than half a century because Germans _____（D）___.A) were eager to win international acceptanceB) had been pressured to keep silent about itC) were afraid of offending their neighborsD) felt guilty for their crimes in World War II34. How does Gunter Grass revive the memory of the Wilhelm Gustloff tragedy? （D）A) By describing the ship’s sinking in great detail.B) By giving an interview to the weekly Die Woche.C) By presenting the horrible scene of the torpedo attack.D) By depicting the survival of a young pregnant woman.35. It can be learned from the passage that Germans no longer think that ____（C）____.A) the Wilhelm Gustloff tragedy is a reasonable price to pay for the nation’s past misdeedsB) Germany is responsible for the horrible crimes it committed in World War IIC) they will be misunderstood if they talk about the Wilhelm Gustloff tragedyD) it-is wrong to equate their sufferings with those of other countries3）There are people in Italy who can’t stand soccer. Not all Canadians love hockey. A similar situation exists in America, where there are those individuals you may be one of them who yawn or even frown when somebody mentions baseball. 『Baseball to them means boring hours watching grown men in funny tight outfits standing around in a field staring away while very little of anything happens.』①They tell you it’s a game better suited to the 19th century, slow, quiet, gentlemanly. These are the same people you may be one of them who love football because there’s the sport that glorifies “the hit”.By contrast, baseball seems abstract, cool, silent, still.On TV the game is fractured into a dozen perspectives, replays, close ups. The geometry of the game, however, is essential to understanding it. You will contemplate the game from one point as a painter does his subject; you may, of course, project yourself into the game. It is in this projection that the game affords so much space andtime for involvement. The TV won’t do it for you.Take, for example, the third baseman. You sit behind the third base dugout and you watch him watching home plate. His legs are apart, knees flexed. His arms hang loose. He does a lot of this. The skeptic still cannot think of any other sports so still, so passive. 『But watch what happens every time the pitcher throws: the third baseman goes up on his toes, flexes his arms or bring the glove to a point in front of him, takes a step right or left, backward or forward, perhaps he glances across the field to check his first baseman’s position.』②Suppose the pitch is a ball. “Nothing happened,” you say. “I could have had my eyes closed.”The skeptic and the innocent must play the game. And this involvement in the stands is no more intellectual than listening to music is. Watch the third baseman. Smooth the dirt in front of you with one foot; smooth the pocket in your glove; watch the eyes of the batter, the speed of the bat, the sound of horsehide on wood. If football is a symphony of movement and theatre, baseball is chamber music, a spacious interlocking of notes, chores and responses.1. The passage is mainly concerned with .A. the different tastes of people for sportsB. the different characteristics of sportsC. the attraction of footballD. the attraction of baseball2. Those who don’t like baseball may complain that .A. it is only to the taste of the oldB. it involves fewer players than footballC. it is not exciting enoughD. it is pretentious and looks funny3. The author admits that .A. baseball is too peaceful for the youngB. baseball may seem boring when watched on TVC. football is more attracting than baseballD. baseball is more interesting than football4. By stating “I could have had my eyes closed. ” the author means (4th paragraph last sentence):A. The third baseman would rather sleep than play the game.B. Even if the third baseman closed his eyes a moment ago, it could make no different to the result.C. The third baseman is so good at baseball that he could finish the game with eyes closed all the time and do his work well.D. The consequent was too bad he could not bear to see it.5. We can safely conclude that the author .A. likes footballB. hates footballC. hates baseballD. likes baseballV ocabulary1. dugout n.棒球场边供球员休息的地方2. pitcher n.投手3. symphony n.交响乐4. chamber n.室内5. contemplate vt.沉思，注视长难句解析①【解析】此句的主干是“Baseball…means…watching…”，其中“in funny tight outfits”用来修饰“grown men”,“standing…”和“staring”用来做“grown men”的定语。
2010年四川大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷答案
一、名词解释1 【正确答案】 Language as interaction involves not just vocal behavior but many kinds of behavior and to engage in face-to-face communication is to co-monitor with the other person on a behavioral continuum along which a succession of integrated events can be expected to occur.【试题解析】 (考查语言交际论的定义)2 【正确答案】 It refers to the use of language for the sheer joy of using it, such as singing or poetry writing.【试题解析】 (考查语言的娱乐功能)3 【正确答案】 Universal grammar holds that there are certain fundamental grammatical ideas which all humans possess without having to learn them, which acts as a way to explain how language acquisition works in humans by showing the most basic rules that all languages have to follow.【试题解析】 (考查普遍语法的定义)4 【正确答案】 Fricative consonant is produced when there is close approximation of two articulators so that the airstream is partially obstructed and turbulent airflow is produced, which includes[f],[v],[θ], and so on.【试题解析】 (考查摩擦音的定义)5 【正确答案】 IC analysis, short for Immediate Constituent Analysis, refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents—word groups(or phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.【试题解析】 (考查直接成分分析法)6 【正确答案】 Conceptual meaning, also called denotative meaning, involves the relationship between a linguistic unit and the nonlinguistic entities to which it refers. Forexample, a desk is a piece of furniture with a flat top and four legs, at which one reads and writes; and a dog is an animal kept as a pet, for guarding buildings, or for hunting.【试题解析】 (考查概念意义)7 【正确答案】 Radiation is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays. The meanings are independent of one another, but can all be traced back to the central meaning. For example, the primary meaning of the word "neck" is that part of a man or animal jointing the head to the body, but it can also mean the neck of an animal used as food. Therefore, we can say "neck" has developed through the process of radiation. Another example is the word " head". In the phrases like the head of a school, to come to a head, the word " head" has different meanings, but they all derive from special application of the central idea of head as a part of the body.【试题解析】 (考查词义辐射)8 【正确答案】 Performative verbs are verbs carried out simply by means of uttering them aloud. The uttering of the verbs is, or is a part of, the doing of the action. Performative verbs include "promise" ,"invite" /'apologize" , and so on. For example, when a judge sentences someone to jail time, the action is completed when he or she says, "I hereby sentence you to five years in prison," or in sentences like "I name this ship the Queen Elizabeth. "【试题解析】 (考查施为性动词)9 【正确答案】 Conversational implicature is proposed by H. P. Grice. It refers to a type of implied meaning, which is deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims. In this sense, implicature is comparable to illocutionary force in speech act theory in that they are both concerned with the contextual side of meaning, or 言外之意 in Chinese. For example, the sentence "Mary had a baby and got married" strongly suggests that Mary had the baby before the wedding, but the sentence would still be strictly true if Mary had her baby after she got married. To make it clearer, we can see another Chinese examplein a film. A boy says to a girl “你不戴眼镜时很漂亮”, and the girl immediately responds “我戴眼镜时一定很丑了”. Now the boy may have reason to deny that the girl's interpretation is what he said. But he may not be able to deny in all fairness that this is, at least partly, what he implied.【试题解析】 (考查会话含义理论)10 【正确答案】 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis suggests that our language helps mould our way of thinking and, consequently, different languages may probably express our unique ways of understanding the world. The hypothesis has two important points, linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity. The principle of linguistic relativity holds that the structure of a language affects the ways in which its speakers are able to conceptualize their world, i. e. their world view. One of the examples is that there are many words for "snow" in the Inuit language, and the other example is that there are many words for "horse" in the Mongolian language.【试题解析】 (考查语言相对论)二、词汇题11 【正确答案】assets→asset12 【正确答案】 burgl ar→burgle13 【正确答案】enthusiasm→enthuse14 【正确答案】greedy→greed15 【正确答案】hushed→hush16 【正确答案】automation→automate17 【正确答案】donation→donate18 【正确答案】escalator→escalate19 【正确答案】homesickness→homesick20 【正确答案】amusingly→amusing三、简答题21 【正确答案】 We have to teach culture in the language classroom because language is an indispensable carrier of culture. Culture finds a better representation through language use. A joint study of these two subjects will definitely broaden the horizon of the students' knowledge and enhance the study of language. The correlation highlights the pursuit of the relationship between the two.(2 points)Therefore, we have to keep in mind that it is a rather difficult job to know another culture. At the same time, we have to realize the fascinating role of cultural knowledge in language teaching.(1 point)In language teaching, we have to get the students familiar with cultural differences; to help the students transcend their own culture and see things as the members of the target culture will; and to emphasize the inseparability of understanding language and understanding culture through various classroom practices. All in all, successful mastery of a given language has much to do with an understanding of that culture.(2 points)【试题解析】考查文化在外语教学中的重要意义。
四川大学考博英语真题及答案
2014年四川大学考博英语入学考试试题考生请注意：1．本试题共5大题，共12页，请考生注意检查，考试时间为180分钟。
2．1-70题答案请填写在机读卡相应处，否则不给分。
3．翻译和作文请答在答题纸上，答在试题上不给分。
书写要求字迹清楚、工整。
I．Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each)Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneIn general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant needto prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of productionor to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems the never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form, a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maxima, production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanistindustrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of all love and of reason-are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to deliver the idea that man is ____.[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible[B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society[C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society[D] a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ____.[A] they are likely to lose their jobs[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence3. From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of life belongs to those____.[A] who are at the bottom of the society[B] who are higher up in their social status[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors[D] who could dip fir away from this competitive world4. To solve the present social problems the author puts forward a suggestion that we should ____.[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities[D] take the fundamental realities for granted5. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of ____.[A] approval [B] dissatisfaction[C] suspicion [D] susceptibilityPassage TwoThe government-run command post in Tunis is staffed around the clock by military personnel, meteorologists and civilians. On the wall are maps, crisscrossed with brightly colors arrows that painstakingly track the fearsome path of the enemy.What kind of invader gives rise to such high-level monitoring? Not man, not beast, but the lowly desert locust（蝗虫）. In recent moths, billions of the 3-inch-long winged warriors have descended on Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, blackening the sky and eating up crops and vegetation. The insect invasion, the worst in 30 years, is already creating great destruction in the Middle East and is now treating southern Europe. The current crisis began in late 1985 near the Red Sea. Unusually rainy weather moistened the sands of the Sudan, making them ideal breeding grounds for the locust, which lays its eggs in the earth. The insect onslaught threatens to create yet another African famine. Each locust can eat its weight (not quite a tenth of an ounce) in vegetation every 24 hours. A good-size swarm of 50 billion insects eats up 100,000 tons of grass, trees and crops in a single night.All $150 million may be needed this year. The U.S. has provided two spraying planes and about 50,000 gal. of pesticide. The European Community has donated $3.8 million in aid and the Soviet Union, Canada, Japan and China have provided chemical-spraying aircraft to help wipe out the pests. But relief efforts are hampered by the relative mildness of approved pesticides, which quickly lose their deadly punch and require frequent replications. The most effective locust killer Dieldrin has been linked to cancer and is banned by many Western countries and some of the affected African nations. More than 5 million acres have been dusted with locust-killing chemicals; another 5 million will be treated by the end of June.On May 30, representatives of Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania will meet in Algiers to discuss tactics to wipe out the ravenous swarms. The move is an important step, but whatever plan is devised, the locust plague promised to get worse before the insects can be brought under control.6. The main idea of the first sentence in the passage is that ____.[A] the command post is stationed with people all the time.[B] the command post is crowded with people all the time.[C] there are clocks around the command post.[D] the clock in the command post is taken care of by the staff.7. The favorable breeding ground for the locust is ____.[A] rich soil.[B] wet land[C] spaces covered crops and vegetation[D] the Red Sea8. People are alert at the threat of the locust because ____.[A] the insects are likely to create another African famine.[B] the insects may blacken the sky.[C] the number of the insects increases drastically.[D] the insects are gathering and moving in great speed.9. Which of the following is true?[A] Once the pesticides are used, locust will die immediately.[B] Relief efforts are proved most fruitful due to the effectiveness of certain pesticides.[C] Dieldrin, the most effective locust killer, has been widely accepted in many countries.[D] Over 10 million acres of affected area will have been treated with locust-killingchemicals by the end of June.10. The purpose for affected nations to meet in Algiers on May 30 is ____.[A] to devise antilocust plans.[B] to wipe out the swarms in two years.[C] to call out for additional financial aid from other nations.[D] to bring the insects under control before the plague gets worse.Passage ThreeThe London 2012 sustainability watchdog embroiled in a row over the sports ship of the Olympic Stadium by Dow Chemical is to push the International Olympic Committee to appoint an “ethics champion” for future Games.The Commission for a Sustainable London 2012 has been bruised by criticism over Dow’s sponsorship of the wrap that will surround the Olympic stadium, particularly since commissioner Meredith Alexander last month resigned in protest.Campaigners believe that Dow has ongoing liabilities relating to the 1984 Bhopal disaster that resulted in the deaths of an estimated 20,000 people and the serious injury of tens of thousands more. Dow, which bought the owner of the plant in 2001, insists that all liabilities have been settled in full.Commission chairman Shaun McCarthy said that its tight sustainability remit did not extend to acting as moral guardian of the Olympic movement but that it would press for such a role to be created when evaluating sponsors for future Games.In addition to sponsoring the 7m pounds wrap that will surround the Olympic Stadium, Dow has a separate 100m dollars sponsorship deal with the IOC that was signed in 2010.But McCarthy also defended the commission’s role in evaluating the Dow deal, after Amnesty International wrote to London 2012 chairman Lord Coe to raise the issue.“What has been lost in all of this story is that a really excellent, sustainable product has been procured, we looked at Locog’s examination of Dow Chemical’s current corporate responsibility policies and, again, Dow achieved that highest score in that evaluation. We verified that.” said McCarthy.“As far as the history is concerned and issues around Bhopal, there is no doubt Bhopal was a terrible disaster and snore injustice was done to the victims. Who is responsible for that injustice is a matter for the courts and a matter for others. We have a specific remit and terms of reference that we operate under and we have operated diligently under those terms.”The commission will on Thursday release its annual review. It finds that “good press” has been made to wands many of Locog’s sustainability target, but that “major challenges” remain.In particular, the commission found that there was no coherent strategy to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon emissions after an earlier scheme to use renewable energy feel through when a wind turbine on the site proved impractical.“We had conversations with Locog over a year ago about this and said they had to demonstrate how they were going to achieve at least 20% carbon reductions through energy conservation if they’re not going to do it through renewable energy,”said McCarthy. “There are some good initiatives, but quite frankly they just haven’t done it.”11. Why was Dow’s sponsorship criticized according to the passage?[A] The products are not sustainable.[B] It was related to Bhopal disaster.[C] It bribed the London Olympic committee.[D] It can’t reduce 20% of the carbon emission.12. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?[A] Commission’s role[B] Commission’s achievements[C] Commission’s complaints[D] Commission’s defense13. Which of the following words can best replace the underlined word “row” (Para.1)?[A] line [B] argument[C] boating [D] course14. What is one of the challenges of the sustainability target mentioned in the passage?[A] Ethic champion of the games.[B] Reduction in carbon emissions.[C] The wind turbine proved to be impractical.[D] Renewable energy is not available.15. Which of the following can best summarize the passage?[A] Commission defends its own role in evaluating controversial.[B] Dow’s way to the 2012 London Olympic Games.[C] Campaign against Dow’s sponsorship.[D] IOC’s review on the controversy.Passage FourAs Facebook dominates the news with its initial public offering, activists are seizing the moment to pressure the company to add some estrogen and ethnicity to its white-male board.A women’s rights group called Ultraviolet, which has been running an online petition that claims to have attracted more than 50,000 signatures, is escalating its push, posting a new YouTube video called “Do Women Have a Future at Facebook?”. The video shows photos of successful women such as Hillary Clinton getting their heads cropped off the replaced with the smiling face of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.“Facebook has grown off the backs of women, who make up the majority of its users and are responsible for the majority of sharing and fan activity on the site,” the group says in a blurb accompanying the video. An all-male board, the group says, is “not just wrong, it’s bad for business”. A related campaign, called Face It, criticizes the lack of ethnic diversity on the seven-member board. “seven white men: That’s ridiculous,” the group says on its homepage, along side headshots of the men. The campaign, which lists dozens of human-rights groups and corporate executives as supporters, also has its own YouTube video. Called “Face it, Facebook”, the video cites a recent Zuckerberg letter to investors that says:“Facebook was not originally created to be a company. It was built to accomplish a social mission-to make the world more open and connected.”That message is at odds with the pale-faced board, activists say. Susan Stautberg, co-chairwoman of Women Corporate Directors, an organization for female corporate board members, says Zuckerberg’s thinking is flawed. “If you’re trying to expand a company globally, then you want someone on the board who has built a global brand,” she says. “Most of these guys on Facebook’s board all have the same skills-they’re mostly from Silicon Valley and Washington. You want someone who has worked in China and India and rising markets. You want someone who has marketedto women. When you’re putting together a board, you don’t want your best friends, you want the best people.”Having zero female directors does not appear to be a good business plan, research shows. Companies with women on the board perform substantially better than companies with all-mall boards, according to a 2011 study of Fortune 500 companies conducted by the research group Catalyst. The study showed that over the course of four to five years, companies with three or more female board members, on average, outperformed companies with no female board members by 84 percent when it came to return on sales and by 60 percent when it came to return on invested capital.Facebook may secretly be on the lookout for a female board member, according to a recent Bloomberg report. Citing unnamed sources, Bloomberg said Facebook had enlisted the corporate-recruitment firm Spencer Stuart to help seek some diversity. Spencer Stuary says it does not comment on clients due to confidentiality agreements.16. Which of the following descriptions is CORRECT about the Ultraviolet Group?[A] It is a non-government organization.[B] It is appealing for “more female roles in big corporations like Facebook” throughthe Internet.[C] It has the support of many female celebrities such as Hillary Clinton.[D] It is getting more and more support from the society.17. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about the campaign “Face It”?[A] It pointed out the irrational composition of Facebook’s board of directors.[B] The campaign has plenty of human-rights supporters.[C] It indicated the original objective of Zuckerberg’s establishment of Facebook.[D] It is constantly using other media devices to support Facebook.18. The underlined phrase “at odds with” in the fourth paragraph has the closest meaning of ____.[A] against all odds [B] supported by[C] disagree with [D] waifs and strays19. According to Susan Stauberg, a well-performed business should _____.[A] have a complex system of management.[B] possess the most market globally.[C] have your best and close friends as your board members.[D] have a diverse board member in which everyone has his/her own specialtiesand can contribute different skills into the corporation.20. What will probably happen to Facebook?[A] The corporation will turn to Spencer Stuart for recruiting more female board members.[B] The corporation will dominate the news because its worldwide popularity.[C] The corporation will gradually lose its users because it does not have femaleboard members.[D] None of the above.Passage FiveFor this generation of young people, the future looks bleak. Only one in six is working full time. Three out of five live with their parents or other relatives. A large majority-73 percent-think they need more education to find a successful career, but only half of those say they will definitely enroll in the next few years. No, they are not the idle youth of Greece or Spain or Egypt. They are the youth of America, the world’s richest country, who do not have college degrees and aren’t getting them anytime soon. Whatever the sob stories about recent college graduates spinning their wheels as baristas or clerks, the situation for their less-educated peers is far worse. For this group, finding work that pays a living wage and offers some sense of security has been elusive.Despite the continuing national conversation about whether college is worth it given the debt burden it entails, most high school graduates without college degrees said they believe they would be unable to get good jobs without more education.Getting it is challenging, though, and not only because of formidable debt levels. Ms. McClour and her husband, Andy, have two daughters under 3 and another due next month. She said she tried enrolling in college classes, but the workload became too stressful with such young children. Mr. McClour works at a gas station. He hates his work and wants to study phlebotomy, but the nearest school is an hour and half away.Many of these young people had been expecting to go to college since they started high school, perhaps anticipating that employers would demand skills high schools do not teach. Just one in ten high school graduates without college degrees said they were “extremely well prepared by their high school to succeed in their job after graduation.” These young people worried about getting left behind and were pessimistic about reaching some of the milestones that make up the American dream. More than half-56 percent-of high school graduates without college diplomas said that their generation would have less financial success than their parents. About the same share believed they would find work that offered health insurance within that time frame. Slightly less than half of respondents said the next few years would bring work with good job security or a job with earnings that were high “enough to lead a comfortable life”. They were similarly pessimistic about being able to start a family or buy a home.The online survey was conducted between March 21 and April 2, and covered a nationally representative survey of 544 high school graduates from the classes of 2006-11 who did not have bachelor’s degrees. The margin of sampling error was plus or minus 5 percentage points.21. What does the underlined phrase “spinning their wheels” mean in Paragraph 1?[A] fastening the pace [B] confusing the situation[C] asking for help [D] scooting out22. What will the high school graduates probably do according to the article?[A] Find jobs right after graduation.[B] Receive further study in college.[C] Go to join the national conversation.[D] Pay for the debt.23. What does the story of “Andy and Ms. McClour” try to inform us?[A] They both prefer making money to education.[B] Colleges do not accept students who are married and have children.[C] Although people are eager to join in the college, life burden may block in the way.[D] None of the above.24. What is the financial outlook for this generation compared with their parents?[A] They have a prosperous outlook compared with the last generation.[B] Their financial situation is not as successful as their parents.[C] It depends on how hard they work and their educational background.[D] Not mentioned in the article.25. What can we infer from the last sentence?[A] The online survey is done nationally.[B] The result of the survey is completely trustworthy.[C] There is more or less inaccuracy of the survey.[D] The survey will have a continuous part coming soon.Passage SixSome 60 years ago, George Orwell wrote an allegorical novel, called Nineteen Eighty-Four, to describe life in a futuristic Britain under a one party police-sate presided over by an all-powerful figure known as Big Brother. One of the fealures of the nasty world described by Orwell was its systematic misuse of language, which went by the name of “Newspeak”. By re-defining words and endlessly repeating them, the Ministry of Truth through the Thought Police was able to control what people thought, and through that, their actions. Language was instrumental in destroying the culture.The same technique is being used by different people today, with similar effects. In all areas of public administration, the words “spouse”, “husband” and “wife” have been replace by the word “partner”, although the words are subtly but substantially different in meaning, and convey different realities. In some schools and university departments, feminist ideologues have dictated that the personal pronoun “he” must not be used, and is replaced by the word “they”, which means something different. The word “homophobic”, which just a few years ago was used to describe a person who supported vigilante action against homosexuals, is now being used to describe anyone who defends the universal definition of marriage.Although the transformation of language is seen most obviously around social issues, it is also being used systematically to shape political debate. So, we are told that the federal government is introducing a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme, which is newspeak for its new carbon tax. The fact is that the new tax is not remotely concerned with “carbon pollution” at all, but rather with emissions of the gas CO2 which is not a pollutant by any credible definition, but rather, an essential building block in every cell in every living plant and creature. By the government’s own admission, it will not lead to any reduction in CO2 levels, either in Australia or globally. And the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme is being introduced in Australia at the same time the government is expanding exports of coal, which is virtually 100 percent carbon, to countries such as China.We live in a society in which the ordinary meaning of words is being systematically manipulated by spin-doctors and ideologues, as a means of changing the way people think, and, more fundamentally, the way they act. Language is an important part of the culture wars. For those of us who see this as a challenge to the foundations of society, it is important that we identify the problem and expose it.It is clearly preferable to avoid using the new debased, transformed language of the politically-correct left, although this can be difficult in situations where constant usage has already normalized it, as has happened with the term “same-sex marriage”. The alternative phrase, “same-sex unions”, has a different meaning. When such terms are used, they should be identified for what they are: a form of linguistic dishonesty, designed to undermine existing institutions and transform them.26. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about George Orwell’s allegorical novel Nineteen Eighty-Four?[A] It describes a story that happens in the future.[B] One of the features in the novel is the misuse of language.[C] It is the most famous detective novel in the world.[D] It was written in the 20th century.27. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of misuse of language?[A] Feminists insist “he” be replaced by “they”.[B] “Partner” has taken the place of “husband” and “wife”.[C] “Homophobic” is now being employed to refer to defend conventionalunderstanding of marriage.[D] The meaning of “literacy” is no longer restricted to the ability to read and write.28. The example of carbon pollution is used to illustrate _______.[A] transformation of language is usually seen in social issues.[B] transformation of language is also tracked in political debate.[C] transformation of language is generated in the age of information.[D] transformation of language is legitimate to a certain extent.29. The underlined word “credible” in Para. 3 means ______.[A] reliable [B] correct[C] beneficial [D] provable30. According to the passage, transformed language serves to _______.[A] make people sound fashionable[B] change the way people think and act[C] eliminate discrimination against minorities[D] None of the aboveII. Vocabulary (10%; 0.5 mark each)31. The town was flooded when the river burst its banks. To make it worse, thestorm _____ outside.[A] raided [B]ragged [C] raged [D]reaped32. My new laptop can _____ information much more quickly than my old computer.[A] proceed [B] precede [C] produce [D] process33. The country’s failure to abide by the Kyoto Protocol was _____ in all newspapers.[A] announced [B] denounced [C] renounced [D] trounced34. The company has _____ over three decades into a multi-million dollar organization.[A] evolved [B] revolved [C] involved [D] devolved35. We would like to _____ our customers of the best possible service.[A] assure [B] ensure [C] insure [D] ensue36. The government has promised to offer 10 million of emergency food aid to help______ the famine in this region.[A] release [B] relate [C] reveal [D]relieve37. The course _____ two year s’ training into six intensive months.[A] impresses [B] compresses [C] depresses [D] represses38. Make sure you pour the juice into the glass without _____ it.[A] splitting [B] spilling [C] spinning [D] spitting39. The vast majority of people in any culture _____ to the established standard of that culture.[A] confine [B] conform [C] confront [D] confirm40. Tom pointed out that the living standard of urban and _____ people continued to improve.[A] remote [B] municipal [C] rural [D] provincial41. The Egyptians _____ an area almost equal to France and Spain combined.[A] dwell [B] settle [C] reside [D] inhabit42. I’m going to have to take these clothes off, for I’m _____ to the skin![A] dipped [B] soaked [C] immersed [D] submerged43. The WHO has to come up with new and effective measures to _____ his nextmove in the game.[A] limit [B] cut [C] curb [D] keep44. My grandfather sat back in his chair for a few minutes to _____ his next move in the game.[A] think [B] ponder [C] reflect [D] dwell45. At this school we aim to _____ the minds of all the students by reading.[A] cultivate [B] instruct [C] teach [D] coach46. Most doctors _____ on a diet which contains a lot of fat.[A] criticize [B] object [C] oppose [D] frown47. Since you intend to sell your house, how will you _____ of all the furniture?[A] disapprove [B] discard [C] dispose [D] disregard48. The politicians were discussing the best way to _____ democracy and prosperityin their country.[A] hinder [B] foster [C] linger [D] quote49. Only one member of the committee _____ from the final report.[A] dissented [B] crawled [C] whispered [D] redeemed50. We always try to _____ him with financial assistance if necessary.[A] dazzle [B] sanction [C] accommodate [D] terminateIII. Cloze (10%; 0.5 mark each)The term “quality of life” is difficult to define. It (51) a very wide scope such as living environment, health, employment, food, family life, friends, education, material possessions, leisure and recreation, and so on. (52) speaking, the quality of life, especially (53) seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of the degree (54) which these various areas of life are available or provide (55) for the individual.As activity carried (56) as one thinks fit during on e’s spare time, leisure has the following (57): relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development. The importance of these varies according to the nature of one’s job and one’s life style. (58), people who need to (59) much energy in their work will find relaxation most (60) in leisure. Those with a better education and in professional occupations may (61) more to seek recreation and personal development (e.g.(62) of skills and hobbies) in leisure.The specific use of leisure (63) from individual to individual. (64) the same leisure activity may be used differently by different individuals. Thus, the following are possible uses of television watching, a (65) leisure activity, a change of experience to provide (66) from the stress and strain of work; to learn more about what is happening in one’s environment; to provide an opportunity for understanding oneself by (67) other people’s life experiences as (68) in the programs.Since leisure is basically self-determined, one is able to take (69) his interests and preferences and get (70) in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction.51. [A] composes [B] consists [C] covers [D] constitutes52. [A] Basically [B] Frankly [C] Primarily [D] Generally53. [A] when [B] as [C] while [D] which54. [A] to [B] as [C] of [D] in55. [A] satisfaction [B] information [C] respect [D] admiration56. [A] out [B] through [C] away [D] off。
四川大学英语翻译基础2010真题
2010 年攻读四川大学翻译 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
创业板 中国特色的社会主义市场经济 选秀 外交庇护 稳健的货币政策 摸着石头过河
II. Directions: Translate the following source texts into their target languages respectively. If the source text is in English, its target language is Chinese. If the source text is in Chinese, its target language is English. (120’) Source Text 1: For the Greeks, beauty was a virtue: a kind of excellence. Persons then were assumed to be what we now have to call--lamely, enviously-- whole persons. If it did occur to the Greeks to distinguish between a person's "inside" and "outside," they still expected that inner beauty would be matched by beauty of the other kind. The well-born young Athenians who gathered around Socrates found it quite paradoxical that their hero was so intelligent, so brave, so honorable, so seductive-- and so ugly. One of Socrates' main pedagogical acts was to be ugly-- and to teach those innocent, no doubt splendid-looking disciples of his how full of paradoxes life really was. They may have resisted Socrates' lesson. We do not. Several thousand years later, we are more wary of the enchantments of beauty. We not only split off--with the greatest facility--the 'inside" (character, intellect) from the "outside" (looks); but we are actually surprised when someone who is beautiful is also intelligent, talented, good. Source Text 2: Frankly speaking, Adam, I created Eve to tame you. Indeed she is wiser than you because she knows less but understands more. Charm is her strength just as your strength is charm. Doubtless you are active, eager, passionate, variable, progressive and original but she is passive, stable, sympathetic and faithful. In other words you are like animals which use up energy, whereas she is like the plants which store up energy. Henceforth you have got to get along with her willy-nilly in sun and rain, joys and sorrows, peace and turbulence. For you the Rubicon has been crossed. It is up to you now to make the situation a blessing or a curse. I would refuse to entertain any more request from you to take her back. Source Text 3: 新疆维吾尔自治区地处中国西北边陲，亚欧大陆腹地，面积 166.49 万平方公
四川大学2010年博士研究生入学考试英语试题
四川大学2010年博士研究生入学考试英语试题考生请注意:1.本试题共5大题，共12页，请考生注意检查，考试时间180分钟;2.1-70题答案请填在机读卡上相应处，否则不给分.3.翻译和作文请答在答题纸上，答在试题上不得分。
书写要求字迹清晰、工整。
I. Reading Comprehension (30%; one point each):Passage OneIn the case of mobile phones, change is everything. Recent research indicates that the mobile phone is changing not only our culture; but our very bodies as well.First, let's talk about culture. The difference between the mobile phone and its parent, the fixed-line phone, is that a mobile number corresponds to a person, while a landline goes to a place. If you call my mobile, you get me. If you call my fixed-line phone, you get whoever answers it.This has several implications. The most common one, however, and perhaps the thing that has changed our culture forever, is the "meeting" influence. People no longer need to make firm plans about when and where to meet. Twenty years ago, a Friday night would need to be arranged in advance. You needed enough time to allow everyone to get from their place of work to the first meeting place. Now, however, a night out can be arranged on the run. It is no longer "see you there at 8", but "text me around 8 and we'll see where we all are".Texting changes people as well. In their paper, "Insights into the Social and Psychological Effects of SMS Text Messaging", two British researchers distinguished between two types of mobile phone users: the "talkers" and the "texters"——those who prefer voice to text messages and those who prefer text to voice.They found that the mobile phone's individuality and privacy gave texters the ability to express a whole new outer personality. Texters were likely to report that their family would be surprised if they were to read their texts. This suggests that texting allowed texters to present a self-image that differed from the one familiar to those who knew them well.Another scientist wrote of the changes that mobiles have brought to body language .There are two kinds that people use while speaking on the phone. There is the "speakeasy": the head is held high, in a self-confident way, chatting away. And there is the "spacemaker"; these people focus on themselves and keep out other people.Who can blame them? Phone meetings get cancelled or reformed and camera-phones intrude on people's privacy. So, it is understandable if your mobile makes you nervous. But perhaps you needn't worry so much. After all, it is good to talk.1. When people plan to meet nowadays, they______.A. arrange the meeting place beforehandB. postpone fixing the place till the last minuteC. seldom care about when and where to meetD. still love to work out detailed meeting plans2. According to the two British researchers, the social and psychological effects are mostly likely to be seen on_________.A. talkersB. the "speakeasy"C. the " spacemaker "D. texters3. We can infer from the passage that the texts sent by texters are________.A. quite revealingB. well writtenC. unacceptable by others D, shocking to others4. According to the passage, who is afraid of being heard while talking on the mobile?A. Talkers.B. The "speakeasy".C. The "spacemaker".D. Texters.5. An appropriate tide for the passage might be__________.A. The SMS Effect.B. Cultural Implications of Mobile Phone Use.C. Changes in the Use of the Mobile.D. Body Language and the Mobile Phone.Passage 2Humanity uses a little less than half the water available worldwide. Yet occurrences of shortages and droughts are causing famine and distress in some areas, and industrial and agricultural by-products are polluting water supplies. Since the world's population is expected to double in the next 50 years, many experts think we are on the edge of a widespread water crisis.But that doesn't have to be the outcome. Water shortages do not have to trouble the world——if we start valuing water more than we have in the past. Just as we began to appreciate petroleum more after the 1970s oil crises, today we must start looking at water from a flesh economic perspective. We can no longer afford to consider water a virtually free resource of which we can use as much as we like in any way we want.Instead, for all uses except the domestic demand of the poor, governments should price water to reflect its actual value. This means charging a fee for the water itself as well as for the supply costs.Governments should also protect this resource by providing water in more economically and environmentally sound ways. For example, often the cheapest way to provide irrigation water in the dry tropics is through small-scale projects, such as gathering rainfall in depressions sand pumping it to nearby cropland.No matter what steps governments take to provide water more efficiently, they must change their institutional and legal approaches to water use. Rather than spread control among hundreds or even thousands of local, regional, and national agencies that watch various aspects of water use, countries should set up central authorities to coordinate water policy.6. What is the real cause of the potential water crisis?A. Only half of the world's water can be used.B. The world population is increasing faster and faster.C. Half of the world's water resources have been seriously polluted.D. Humanity has not placed sufficient value on water resources.7. As indicated in the passage, the water problem________.A. is already serious in certain parts of the worldB. has been exaggerated by some experts in the fieldC. poses a challenge to the technology of building reservoirsD. is underestimated by government organizations at different levels8. According to the author, the water price should_______.A. be reduced to the minimumB. stimulate domestic demandC. correspond to its real valueD. take into account the occurrences of droughts9. The author says that in some hot and dry areas it is advisable to____.A. build big lakes to store water.B. construct big pumping stationsC. build small and cheap irrigation systemsD. channel water from nearby rivers to cropland10. In order to raise the efficiency of the water supply, measures should be taken to______.A. guarantee full protection of the environmentB. centralize the management of water resourcesC. increase the sense of responsibility of agencies at all levelsD. encourage local and regional of control water resourcesPassage 3In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has so come to be taken for granted as a means of solving differences, that it is not even questioned. There are countries where the white man imposes his rule by brute force; there are countries where the black man protests by setting fire to cities and by looting and pillaging. Important people on both sides, who would in other respects appear to be reasonable men, get up and calmly argue in favor of violence-as if it were a legitimate solution, like any other. What is really frightening, what really fills you with despair, is the realization that when it comes to the crunch, we have made no actual remain basically unchanged. The whole of the recorded history of the human race, that tedious documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing. We have still not learnt that violence never solves a problem but makes it more acute . The sheer horror bloodshed and the suffering mean nothing. No solution ever comes to light the morning after when we dismally contemplate the smoking ruins and wonder what hit us.The truly reasonable men who know where the solutions lie are finding it harder and harder to get a hearing. They are despised, mistrusted and even persecuted by their own kid because they advocate such apparently outrageous things as law enforcement. If half the energy that goes into violent acts were put to good use, if our efforts were directed at cleaning up the slums and ghettos, at improving living-standards and providing education and employment for all, we would have gone a long way to arriving at a solution. Our strength is undermined by having to mop up the mess that violence leaves in its wake. In a well-directed effort, it would not be impossible to fulfill the ideals of a stable social program. The benefits that can be derived from constructive solutions are everywhere apparent in the world around us. Genuine and lasting solutions are always possible, providing we work within the framework of the law.Before we can even begin to contemplate peaceful co-existence between the races, we must appreciate each other's problems: And to do this, we must learn about them. it is a simple exercise in communication, in exchanging information. "Talk, talk, talk," the advocates of violence say, "all you ever do is talk, and we are none the wiser. "It's rather like the story of the famous barrister who painstakingly explained his case to the judge. After listening to a. lengthy argument the judge complained that after all this talk, he was none the wiser. "Possible, my lord," the barrister replied, "none the wiser, but surely far better informed." Knowledge is the necessary prerequisite to wisdom; the knowledge that violence creates the evils it pretends to solve.11. Which can best replace the word "acute" (Line 1, Para.1) mean?A. Intelligent and quick to notice and understand things.B. Having a sharp end or point.C. Very sensitive and well developed.D. Serious or severe.12. What does the author intend to convey in the first paragraph?A. Violence leads to nowhere but making things worse.B. Violence is the root of evils.C. Violence is what humankind resents most.D. Violence can be eliminated sooner or later.13. What does the author think of our energy and strength?A. They are wasted and might be well directed and achieve more meaningful results.B. They are already constructive and well directed and will fulfill a stable society.C. They will work only with coordinated efforts.D. They will work like magic on the solution of racial prejudice.14. What do truly reasonable men advocate to solve the problem of race prejudice?A. Law enforcement.B. Knowledge.C. NonviolenceD. Eliminating violence mess15. According to the author, what's the prerequisite of peaceful co-existence between the races?A. Mutual understandingB. Mutually cooperative.C. Learning from each other.D. Bridging the misunderstanding gap between races' customs.Passage 4Web browsers! Interactive software! There's a lot of new technology talk going on in public relations these days, and it's coming from a variety or sources, clients, fearful that they are missing out on some mysterious "next wave"，demand some kind of whiz-bang(尖端) demonstration of technology from agencies. Industry publications continuously tout the latest and greatest electronic innovations. College kids enter the marketplace armed with computer literacy completely alien to many veteran practitioners. And in some cases, members of the media demand that information be packaged to accommodate their particular technological preferences.Is technology now the tail wagging dog? The answer, unequivocally, is no. Technology remains what it has always been, a tool used by professionals to help them do their jobs. All of this millennium talk has produced an unnecessary level of anxiety about the necessity of technological innovation-the idea that you are light-years behind unless you are light——years ahead. Relax! .The foundations of good public relations remain the same: anticipating and meeting the needs of clients and the media, and providing informed and useful counsel: Solid research, strong writing skills, creativity, and an appreciation for the values of the media are the backbone of the profession, regardless of how information is packaged.Even if the speed of information transmission is increasing, high tech isn't for everyone. All clients don't need individual web pages and summaries of chat room activity. When considering applications of new technologies, consider the audiences for your client. Are they comfortable with technology? Do they have access to the distribution systems you are considering? Do they have the skills and knowledge to use these systems? Do they navigate the web, use CD-ROM, or even own a VCR?Consider the image of the company itself. The delivery system is part of the message and contributes to the overall image, so the practitioner should consider how that system affects the client, the product, and the audiences.Yes, a web page can be a cost-efficient communication tool when you consider the minimal media cost. But once it's up and running, you've got to keep it fresh, and that means a continual allocation of time and specialized resources. In the hyper-speed model of communications, nothing is older than information that is both outdated and on-line. And to information consumers, your web page will cease to be a source if it isn't kept current. In the last presidential election, more than one candidate had problems with their personal web pages because webmasters were not kept up to date on changes in campaign strategy and messages. The gap between what the candidate was saying and what the web page was showing became a story in itself. If you're going to have a presence on the Internet, you stave to budget for regular maintenance. Otherwise, you are putting a sign up that says "too cheap to lie relevant".16. The resent enthusiasm for new technology is partly brought on by_______.A. electronic innovationsB. the development of new interactive softwareC. consumers' fear of being, left behind the tideD. the popularization of the Web.17. What does the writer think of the recent new technology talk going on in public relations?A. It indicates a sudden realization of an oncoming radical change in public relationB. It reminds us of the fact that technology, remains what it has always been.C. It is superficial and does not mean that we are ushering in a new age.D. It is a sure sign that we are missing out some mysterious” next wave".18. The “tail wagging dog”(Para.2)most probably means.A. the overwhelmingly predominant thingB. the dog that tucks its tail between its legsC. the thing to be tamed urgentlyD. the problem to be tackled at once19. According to the author, the role of new technology in public relations .A. can't be too emphasized in today's worldB. is unnecessarily exaggeratedC. is not fully recognized yetD. is more important to the company than to the client20. It is implied in the last paragraph that a web page .A. can usually provide the viewers with the latest informationB. is not a good idea unless its information is updated constantlyC. may take more money to be set up and kept running than imaginedD. can find extensive applications in presidential electionsPassage5The potential of computers for increasing the control of organizations or society over their members and for invading the privacy of those members has caused considerable concern.The privacy issue has been raised most insistently with respect to the creation and maintenance of data files that assemble information about persons from a multitude of sources. Files of this kind would be highly valuable for many kinds of economic and social research, but they are bought at too high a price if they endanger human freedom or seriously enhance their opportunities of blackmailers. While such dangers should not be ignored, it should be noted that the lack of comprehensive data files has never before-been the limiting barrier to the suppression of human freedom.Making the computer the villain in the invasion of privacy or encroachment on civil liberties simply divers attention from the real dangers. Computer data bank files can and must be given the highest degree of protection form abuse. But we must be careful also, that we do not employ such crude methods of protection as to deprive our society of important data it needs to understand its down social processes and to analyze its problems.Perhaps the most important question of all about the computer is what it has come and will do to man's view of himself and his place in the universe. The most heated attacks on the computer are not focused on its possible economic effects, its presumed destruction of job satisfaction, or its threat to privacy and liberty, but upon the claim that it causes people to be viewed, and to view themselves, as machines.What the computer and progress in artificial intelligence challenge are an ethic that tests on man's apartness from the rest of nature. An alternative ethic, of course, views man as a part of nature, governed by nature law, subject to the forces of gravity and the demands of his body. The debate about artificial intelligence and the simulation of mean's thinking is, in considerable part, a confrontation of these two views of man's place in the universe.21.Why is it important to prevent the abuse of computer data bands ?A. To protect the right of the individual.B. To maintain discipline in society.C. To encourage economic and social research.D. To collect wide-ranging information22. Which of the following is not true about data files?A. It may cause invasion of privacy.B. Dangers caused by it should be paid much attention to.C. Computer data files should be protected from abuse.D. It is reasonable to cancel data files in order to protect privacy.23.Too much caution in the use of computers will_____.A. prevent the solution of economic problemsB. cause more suppression of human freedomC. lead to clumsy methods of protectionD. interfere with our study of society24.What lessons can be learned from the past in this decade ？A. Private issue has always been associated with data collectionB. Attacks on freedom are new.C. The accumulation of data encourages oppression.D. Privacy has been a neglected issue.25.The arrival of the computer has made man ______.A. have more difficulty understanding himselfB. think more like a machineC. look at himself in a different wayD. gain less satisfaction from his workPassage sixAmong the many ways in which people communicate through speech,public speaking has probably received more study and attracted more attention than any other. Politicians campaigning for public office, salespeople presenting products, and preachers delivering sermons all depend upon this form of public communication. Even people who do not make speaking a part of their daily work are often asked to make public speeches: students at graduation, for instance, or members of churches, clubs, or other organizations. Nearly, everyone speaks in public at some time or other, and those who perform the task well often become leaders.There are many reasons for speaking in public. A public speaker may hope to teach an audience about new ideas, for example, or provide information about some topic. Creating a good feeling or entertaining an audience may be another purpose. Public speakers, however, most often seek to persuade an audience to adopt new opinion, to take certain actions, or to see the world in a new way.Public speakers usually know well in advance when they are scheduled to make an address. Consequently, they are able to prepare their message before they deliver it . Sometimes, though, speakers must deliver the message unprepared, or off the cuff, such as when they are asked to offer a toast at a wedding reception or to participate in a televised debate or interview.When they do not have to speak unpreparedly, most speakers write their own speeches. Politicians and business executives sometimes employ professional writers who prepare their for them. These professional writers may work alone or in small teams. Although the speaker may have some input into the contents of the speech, the writers sometimes have a great influence over the opinions expressed by their employers. Regardless of how a speech is prepared, the person who delivers it is given credit for its effect upon its hearers.26. Public speaking is well known to the average people because ____.A. most of them have been trained as public speakersB. most of them have been audience of such activitiesC. most of them have to do it when they study at collegeD. the passage does not mention the reason27. Which of the following is rarely the purpose of public speaking?A. To influence people’s ideas and behavior.B. To enjoy the satisfaction from one’s own speech.C. To persuade the audience to accept an idea.D. To promote public interest.28. In paragraph 3, the expression “deliver the message off the cuff ”means_______.A. speak at a large receptionB. speak on televisionC. speak according to the scheduleD. speak without preparation29. Often the speech prepared by a professional writer for a boss_____.A. is very professional and tactfulB. expresses the writer’s idea of the matterC. expresses the boss’s idea of the matterD. expresses the ideas of both30. No matter who writes a speech, the audience _______.A. believe it expressed the speaker’s ideaB. know very well who the speaker isC. know whose idea the speech really expressesD. do not believe what the speaker saysII. Grammar and Vocabulary (10%; 0.5 point each):1._______the new fund-raising plan is approved, we will soon have more money to build the gymnasium.[A] While [B] Given [C] Unless [D] Even if2.The qualities of my home town, ______ on me as a boy, had a profound effect on the philosophy that directed my career.[A] having impressed [B] impressed[C] impressing [D] to be impressed3. I intend to move that our committee ______ Jim as chairman, and I hope that you will second my motion.[A] will appoint [B] appoints [C] appoint [D] appointed4. Our country had made great efforts to promote the family-planning policy, but the birth rate is getting higher and higher.[A] as it were [B] as it is [C] as it was [D] as is it5. He caused a false account of the event in the newspaper.[A] had published [B] to be published[C] being published [D] to have published6. Neptune is about thirty times as far from the Sun .[A] is the Earth [B] the Earth is[C] is as the Earth [D] as is the Earth7. Talking about that is useless, is familiar to me.[A] which fact [B] the fact of which[C] its fact [D] that fact8. According to the law which he later produced, everything in the universe attracts everything else towards .[A] it [B] everything [C] itself [D] each9. Thomas Edison, , seemed to be awkward in his childhood.[A] a great inventor [B] was a great inventor allowed[C] a great inventor who [D] who, as a great inventor10. The commander said to his troops that under no circumstances to step across the border.[A] the enemy should be allowed [B] should the enemy be allowed[C] should allow the enemy [D] the enemy should allow11. George Washington .[A] always will and always has been an American hero[B] always has and always will an American hero[C] always has and always will be an American hero[D] always has been and always will be an American hero12. To be frank, I'd sooner you a good review yesterday for the coming test.[A] hadn't done [B] didn't do[C] couldn't have done [D] wouldn't do13. These goods are sold at reduced prices, .[A] the defects are pointed out to the customers[B] the defects pointed out to the customers[C] the defects have been pointed out to the customers[D] the defects being pointed out to the customers14. There is what will happen to them.[A] no telling [B] not telling[C] not to tell [D] not to be told15. touching in O'Henry's stories is the gallantry with which ordinary people struggle to maintain their dignity.[A] Most is [B] It mostly is[C] Is it most [D] What is most16. On his wanderings he's Spanish, Italian, French and a smattering of Russian.[A] woken up [B] taken to [C] picked up [D] come to17. His eighth book came out earlier this year and was a(n) bestseller.[A] swift [B] instant [C] timely [D] punctual18. The ideological make-up of the unions is now different from what it had been.[A] violently [B] severely [C] extremely [D] radically19. There was snow everywhere, so that the shape of things was difficult to .[A] identify [B] authorize [C] justify [D] rationalize20. He said it would not be all that difficult to reach a peaceful conclusion to the .[A] paradox [B] dilemma [C] prejudice [D] conflictⅢ.Cloze(10％;0.5points each):Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and write A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET.You probably know that it's better for both you and the environment if you buy an organic tomato instead of one that's been doused in pesticides, but there are lots of other things to consider before venturing down the aisle of your local supermarket (or farmer's market).The explosion in 1 produce and other foods during the last few years has been an extremely 2 development in the food industry. However, 3 till exists about exactly what the organic 4 means.Do you know the difference between a cereal that's "organic," "100％organic,"and "made with organic 5 ?" The USDA has clearly defined standards that 6 which of those labels can legally go on your raisin bran. You can learn more about them at .Organic foods are great, but the jury is still very much out 7 another new development in the food world: genetically 8 organisms (GMOs). No one knows for certain the short and 9 effects of these products of gene engineering, 10 there's a chance they could lead to the 11 creation of "superweeds" or 12 with natural plant stocks, for more information on GMOs, we recommend visiting 13 you're shopping, don't forget toconsider the companies behind the 14 names. One cereal company might be an environmental champion, 15 the other manufactures its com flakes via 16 environmental practices. An easy way to compare two companies is to use 17 such as They present both the good and bad sides of every company they 18 ,and they grade hundreds of companies on social, ethical and environmental issues.Remember: 19 conscious shopping is a powerful tool for effecting change. You can make a difference every time you fill your 20 cart.1. A. green B. organic C. healthy D. optional2. A. positive B. negative C.active D. passive3. A. controversy B. contribution C.conversion D. confusion4. A. label B. mark C.word D. food5. A. components B. genes C.ingredients D. compositions6. A. determine B.illustrate C.recommend D. demonstrate7. A. in B. to C. for D. on8. A. moved B. modified C.modeled D. motivated9. A.long-run B. long-term C.long-day D. long-distance10. A. while B.and C.but D. or11. A. unconditional B.unexceptional C.unintentional D.uncontroversial12. A. interfere B. intervene C. interact D. intrude13. A. Anytime B. Anytime C. Sometime D. Sometime14. A. brand B. code C. product D. family15. A. when B. while C.as D. because16. A. constructive B. destructive C. instructive D. obstructive17. A. sights B. addresses C. Sites D. webs18. A. profit B. profile C. propose D. protect19. A. socially B. conditionally C. morally D. environmentally20. A. nursery B. grocery C. bakery D. stationeryⅣ.Translation(30％):Part A (20％):Translate the following passage into Chinese:To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use starting late in life to say:"I will take an interest in this or that." Such an attempt only aggravates the strain of mental of mental effort. A man may acquire great knowledge of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet hardly get any benefit or relief. It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do. Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death. It is no use offering the manual laborer, tired out with a hard week' s sweat and effort, the chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon. It is no use inviting the politician or the professional or businessman, who had been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry trifling things at the weekend.Part B (10％):Translate the following sentences into English:1) 成都是一座来了就不想走的城市。
博士生英语试题及答案
博士生英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题1分，共10分）1. The word "phenomenon" is most closely related to which of the following?A. AppearanceB. EventC. PhenomenonD. Fact2. Which of the following is the correct usage of "affect"?A. The weather will affect tomorrow.B. The weather will be affected by tomorrow.C. The weather will affect tomorrow's plans.D. The weather will be affected to tomorrow's plans. ...10. In the sentence "He is one of the most talented students in the class," the word "talented" refers to:A. GiftedB. EducatedC. SkilledD. Trained答案：1. C2. C...10. A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The _______ of the new policy has caused a lot of controversy.A. implementationB. introductionC. executionD. application2. Despite his _______, he managed to finish the project on time.A. illnessB. healthC. sicknessD. disease...10. The _______ of the experiment was to determine the effects of different variables.A. purposeB. goalC. aimD. target答案：1. B2. A...10. C三、阅读理解（每篇5分，共20分）阅读以下文章，回答后面的问题。
[考研类试卷]2010年四川大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc
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[考研类试卷]2010年四川大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、名词解释1 State what you know about the following terms IN ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH; language as interaction2 recreational function of language3 UG(universal grammar)4 fricative consonant5 IC analysis6 Define the following terms with at least two examples;conceptual meaning7 radiation in word meaning8 performative verb9 conversational implicature10 linguistic relativity二、词汇题11 Determine the original term from which the following words were back-formed:(10 points)asset12 burgle13 enthuse14 greed15 hush16 automate17 donate18 escalate19 homesick20 amusing三、简答题21 Why do we need to teach culture in our language classroom?22 What is communicative competence? How should we develop it in our foreign language learning?23 Please briefly answer the following question IN ABOUT 500 WORDS:(10 points) Anthropological linguists E. Sapir and B. Whorf claim that the language a people use shapes their perspective of perception, which in turn shapes their thought. The key notions of their famous " Sapir-Whorfian Hypothesis" include " language determinism" and " language relativity". Do you know anything about the notions of theirs? If you do, what is your opinion on it? Please briefly express your ideas in a passage.。
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编33(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编33(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．India’s internal structure can never be ______ with Europe’s.A．sameB．similarC．identicalD．equal正确答案：C解析：identical(with)a.同一个：完全相同的(如：That is the identical pen I lost．The fingerprints of no two persons are identical．This copy is identical with the ones you bought last week．)。
same a.相同的，一样的(习惯上与定冠词the连用)。
similar(to)a.相似的，类似的。
equal(to／with)a.相等的，同样的：平等的；胜任的。
2．Louis was asked to ______ the man who stole her purse.A．identifyB．recognizeC．claimD．confirm正确答案：A解析：identify vt．认出，鉴定(身份)；认为……等同于(with)(如：She identified him as her attacker．I cannot identify this signature．Wealth cannot be identified with happiness．)。
recognize vt．认出，识别；承认。
claim vt．声称，主张；说……是自己的，索取。
confirm vt．确定，批准，使巩固，使有效。
3．There was snow everywhere, so that the shape of things was difficult to ______. (2010年四川大学考博试题)A．identifyB．authorizeC．justifyD．rationalize正确答案：A解析：在给出的选项中：identify“识别，鉴定，认明，认同，感同身受”：authorize“授权给，全权委托，允许，认可，批准”；justify“替……辩护，证明合法”：rationalize“使合理化，使有理化”。
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Translation (30%)Part A (20%)要想真正生活得幸福和平安，一个人至少应该有两三种业余爱好，而且必须是真正的爱好。
到了晚年才开始说“我要培养这个或那个兴趣”是毫无用处的，这种尝试只会增加精神上的负担。
在与自己日常工作无关的领域中，一个人或许能获得渊博的知识，但却很难有所收益或得到放松。
做自己喜欢的事是无益的，你得喜欢自己所做的事。
广而言之，人可以分为三个类别：劳累而死的人、忧虑而死的人和无聊而死的人。
对于那些体力劳动者来说，一周辛苦的工作使他们筋疲力尽，因此在周六下午给他们提供踢足球或者打棒球的机会是没有意义的。
对于政界人士、专业人士或者商人来说，他们已经为棘手的事务操劳或者烦恼了六天，因此在周末请他们为琐事劳神同样毫无意义。
Part B (10%)1.Chengdu is a city that makes you reluctant to leave once you’re here.2.Do not lust for a windfall. Do not drink too much wine.3.Courtesy seats. (Seats reserved for the elderly, infirm, sick, disabled andpregnant.)4.As a job seeker, dressing too casually can be detrimental to your odds of beinghired.5.The survey shows that few people are able to devote themselves fully to theircareer.V. Writing (29%)SampleGo West, Revitalize Our NationAs with the great appeal for the western frontier development in the 19th in the USA, there is also an urgent need for patriotic and energetic young people to go west and make contributions to the western region development nowadays in China. During the decades of years, the eastern region of China has been developing rapidly since its reform and opening up to the outside world. But the western region still remains undeveloped.There are various reasons why the landlocked west has lagged behind in its economic development. The chief reason, I think, is that the opening up policies enables the east to lure more foreign capital and make a fantastic spurt in its development. As a result, the gap between the east and the west has been widened. In addition, the west’s unique unfavorable geographic positions greatly limit its development. In fact, most of the poor population, who still have subsistence problems, live there. If left unchanged, the underdevelopment in the west will greatly affect overall prosperity and even social stability.The large-scale development of West China is of a profound significance. Firstly, it will open a broad development space for central and eastern regions. Besides, it’s essential to China’s overall economic progress. What’s more, it’s theonly effective way to decrease the imbalance of economic development in the East and West so as to revitalize our nation.However, the western region development is a long-term systematic project. The chief goal is to build west China with economic prosperity, social progress, political stability and beautiful landscape. I am deeply convinced that with the joint participation of people from all walks, we can develop the western region soundly in the near future.Sample 2Developing western region is a contemporary social issue in China of common interests, in accordance with the “Go west, young man”, a history topic in the United States that people who are interested in making their lives worthy on the frontier. In the 19century, government has couraged more and more people to devoted their life arising from the striking economic development.Patriotic and energetic young people going west are more likely to be promoted. It is found that there are a number of factors accounting for this phenomenon that make contributions to the western region, of which the following three may be the most significant. First, there are poor education in western, in contrast to the easter confronted stepping into a variety of education around the world. Second, in the western, the pace of economic development was slower than the easterns’. Finally, with many cities in the western dealing with divers social problems.Correction:As for me, there are a couple of reasons accounting for the urgent need to develop the western region of China. First, the west lags far behind the east in the standard of education, which is detrimental to cultivating talents. Second, by contrast, the pace of economic development in the west is much slower than that in the east, and that not only contributes largely to poverty and backwardness here but also triggers frequent occurrences of social unrest, which aggravates poverty and backwardness in turn.In my opinion, never in the history has the issue of developing western region been more provocative than at present. It is imperative that we take the initiative to encourage young people, especially graduated students from college, to induce widely concern about the western development and make a variety of lifestyles in the western.。