2013年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题(B卷)041019110028
2013年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（B卷）
******************************************************************************************** 学科、专业名称：中药学硕士（专业学位）
研究方向：
考试科目名称：350中药学专业基础综合
3. 当丁烷从最稳定构象顺时针旋转240︒时, 其间经过几次最高能量状态( )
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
4. 鉴别环丙烷和丙烯, 可采用的试剂是( )
A. 溴水
B. KMnO4溶液
C. 硝酸银溶液
D. H2/Ni
5. 能产生4种单溴代产物的化合物是( )
A. 2, 3-二甲基丁烷
B. 正己烷
C. 2-甲基戊烷
D. 3-甲基戊烷
6. 不属于S N2历程的说法是( )
A. 产物的构型完全转变
B. 增加NaOH的浓度,卤代烷烃的水解速度加快
C. 反应不分阶段一步完成
D. 反应速度叔卤代烃明显大于伯卤代烃
7. 淀粉中连接葡萄糖的化学键是( )
A. 肽键
B. 氢键
C. 苷键
D. 配位碱
8. 烯醇式含量最高的是( )
A. CH3COCH2COOC2H5
B. CH3COCH2CH3
C. CH3COCH2COCH3
D. CH2(CO2C2H5)2
9. 下列化合物中具有芳香性的是（）
A. 环丙烯
B. 环庚三烯正离子
C. 环丙烯负离子
D. 环辛四烯
10. Markovnikov规则适用于解释( )
A. 烯烃的亲电加成反应
B. 芳香烃的亲电取代反应
C. 羰基的亲电加成反应
D. 氧化还原反应
11. 下列化合物属于甾体激素的是( )
A. 己烯雌酚
B. 胆固醇
C. 雌二醇
D. 维生素D3
12. 在稀碱溶液中最稳定的化合物是( )
A. 丙醛
B. 苄氯
C. 丙酸苄酯
D. β-D-苄基葡萄酸酯
13. 以下化合物哪一个由于在紫外光区有明显的吸收而不宜作为溶剂用于紫外检测( )
A. 水
B. 甲苯
C. 乙睛
D. 甲醇
14. 具有手性碳原子而可能没有光学活性的化合物是( )
A. 酒石酸
B. 苹果酸
C. 乳酸
D. 异柠檬酸
15. 下列化合物经NaBH4还原后能产生手性碳原子的是( )
A. 丙酮
B. 乙醛
C. 丁酮
D. 3-戊酮
16. 下列化合物中不能发生碘仿反应的是( )
A. 乙酸乙酯
B. 乙醇
C. 2, 4-戊二酮
D. 丙酮
17. 油脂的酸值越高, 表明油脂( )
A. 游离脂肪酸的含量越高
B. 不饱和度越大
C. 越易水解
D. 分子量越大
18. 区别甲苯与氯苯最好采用( )
A. Br2/CCl4
B. 浓硫酸
C. KMnO4
D. AgNO3
4. 大部分真核细胞mRNA的3′-末端都具有（）
A．多聚A B．多聚U C．多聚T D．多聚C
5. 维生素B2是下列哪种辅基或辅酶的组成成分（）
A .NAD+ B.NADPH C.磷酸吡哆醛 D. FAD
6. hnRNA是下列那种RNA的前体（）
A．tRNA B．rRNA C．mRNA D．SnRNA
7. 加入下列试剂不会导致蛋白质变性的是（）
A．尿素（脲）B．盐酸胍C．十二烷基磺酸SDS D．硫酸铵
8. DNA复制时不需要下列哪种酶？（）
A．DNA指导的DNA聚合酶B．RNA引物酶
C．DNA连接酶D．RNA指导的DNA聚合酶
9. 丙二酸对琥珀酸脱氢酶的抑制作用，按抑制类型应属于（）
A．反馈抑制B．非竞争性抑制
C．竞争性抑制D．底物抑制
10. 有关转录的错误叙述是（）
A．RNA链按3′→5′方向延伸B．只有一条DNA链可作为模板C．以NTP为底物D．遵从碱基互补原则
11. DNA变性后，下列那一项变化是正确的（）
A、对260nm紫外吸收减少
B、溶液粘度下降
C、磷酸二酯键断裂
D、核苷键断裂
12. 阻遏蛋白结合的位点是（）
A．调节基因B．启动因子C．操纵基因D．结构基因
13. 细胞色素在呼吸链中传递电子的顺序是（）
A．a→a3→b→c1→c B．b→a→a3→c1→c
C．b→c1→c→aa3D．c1→c→b→a→a3
14. 戊糖磷酸途径不产生（）
A．NADPH B．CO2和水C．葡萄糖-1-磷酸D．NADH
15. 将体内糖、脂、蛋白质三大物质代谢联系起来的是（）
A．糖酵解B．TCA 循环
C．乙醛酸循环D．β-氧化
16. 合成DNA的原料是( )
A．dATP、dGTP、dCTP、dTTP B．ATP、dGTP、CTP、TTP
C．ATP、UTP、CTP、TTP D．dATP、dUTP、dCTP、dTTP
17. 酶原指的是( )
A．没有活性的酶的前身B．具有催化作用的酶
C．温度高时有活性的酶C．pH高时有活性的酶
18. 转氨酶的辅酶是( )
A．磷酸吡哆醛B．焦磷酸硫胺素
C．生物素D．四氢叶酸
19. 质粒的重要特性不包括( )
A．复制细菌染色体DNA B．自我复制
C．携带特殊遗传信息D．小型环状双链DNA分子
20. 嘌呤核苷酸分解的最终产物是( )
A、尿素
B、酮体
C、尿酸
D、乳酸
九、问答题（共70分）
1. 简述原核与真核生物核糖体组分的区别。
（15分）
2. 某DNA一段链的阅读序列为5ˊTCGTCGACGATGATCATCGGCTACTCGA3ˊ试写出：（1）互补DNA链的序列；（2）假设此DNA链从左到右转录，哪一条是有编码链？请写出相应的mRNA序列。
（3）该mRNA翻译成蛋白质的氨基酸序列。
（15分）
3. 在氨基酸的生物合成中，哪些氨基酸与三羧酸循环中间物有关？哪些氨基酸与糖酵解和戊糖磷酸途径有直接联系？（20分）
4. 试述原核生物的转录过程。
（20分）
（全卷完，以下空白）。
2013暨南大学考研试卷
16.下列哪些酶系定位于线粒体基质？( )
A. F1-F0H+-ATPase B. CFl-CF0H+-ATPase
C.呼吸链D. TCA循环酶系
17.下述哪种物质专一地抑制F0因子? ( )
A．鱼藤酮B．抗霉素A C.寡霉素D．苍术苷
18.关于糖异生与ＥＭＰ的调节下列描述错误的是（）
研究方向：
考试科目名称：713生物化学B
考生注意：所有答案必须写在答题纸（卷）上，写在本试题上一律不给分。
（一）名词解释（5×4＝20分）
1.等电点
2.Km
3.三羧酸循环
4.血脂
5.随从链
（二）是非判断题（正确打√，错误打×，20×1＝20分）
1.类脂分布于体内各种组织中，以神经组织中最少。（）
2.当底物处于饱和水平时，酶促反应的速度与酶浓度成正比。（）
13.真核细胞的DNA全部定位于细胞核。（）
14.一种酶的最适pH、最适温度以及其对某种底物的Km值都是酶的特征常数。（）
15.稳定DNA双螺旋的主要因素是碱基堆ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ力，而决定碱基配对特异性的是氢键。（）
16.二硫键能稳定蛋白质的三级结构，但它又属于一级结构的内容。（）
17.mRNA的选择性剪接可以通过使用不同的5’剪接点或3’剪接点来进行。（）
3.什么是底物水平磷酸化？在三羧酸循环中，哪一步涉及底物水平磷酸化？（10分）
4.酶的疏水环境对酶促反应有何意义？（10分）
5.DNA复制需要RNA引物的证据有哪些？（10分）
6.原核生物RNA聚合酶是如何找到启动子的？真核生物RNA聚合酶与之相比有何异同？（15分）
7.试论述Na+-K+泵的结构及作用机理。（15分）
2013年全国硕士研究生入学
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试语文课程与教学论考试大纲目录Ⅰ考查目标 (2)Ⅱ考试形式和试卷结构 (2)Ⅲ考查内容 (2)Ⅳ题型示例及参考答案 (4)Ⅰ考查目标语文课程与教学论教育硕士入学考试科目“语文课程与教学论”考试内容包括语文教育史、语文课程论、语文教学论和语文教师论等四个主要部分。
要求考生系统掌握语文课程与教学论的基本知识、基础理论和基本方法，并能运用相关理论和方法分析、解决语文教育实际问题。
Ⅱ考试形式和试卷结构一、试卷满分及考试时间本试卷满分为150分，考试时间为180分钟。
二、答题方式答题方式为闭卷、笔试。
三、试卷内容结构总分为150分，各部分内容所占分值为：语文教育史约20分语文课程论约40分语文教学论约60分语文教师论约30分四、试卷题型结构名词解释题4小题，每小题5分，共20分简答题 4小题，每小题10分，共40分分析题 1小题，每小题15分，共15分实践操作题1小题，每小题25分，共25分论述题1小题，每小题50分，共50分Ⅲ考查内容语文教育史【考查目标】1．理解语文课程发展历史轨迹，掌握中国古代语文教育和现代语文教育概况。
2．熟记语文教育家的观点、著作，影响。
3．理清现代语文课程、教材、教学的发展历程。
一、中国古代语文教育概述（一）中国古代语文课程（二）中国古代语文教材（三）中国古代语文教学（四）中国古代语文教育家（五）中国古代语文教育论著二、中国现代语文教育概述（一）中国现代语文课程（二）中国现代语文教材（三）中国现代语文教学（四）中国现代语文教育家（五）中国现代语文教育论著语文课程论【考查目标】1．系统掌握语文课程的性质、特点与价值。
2．理解语文课程目标，掌握语文课程标准。
3．熟悉语文课程的内容、资源，掌握教材编写理论。
4．了解我国语文教材的发展过程与特点。
一、语文课程性质（一）语文课程的含义（二）语文课程的特点（三）语文课程的价值二、语文课程目标（一）语文课程目标概述（二）义务教育阶段语文课程目标（三）普通高中阶段语文课程目标三、语文课程标准（一）语文课程标准的历史沿革（二）语文课程标准的基本理念（三）语文课程标准的内容结构四、语文课程内容（一）语文课程内容概述（二）语文课程内容的选择五、语文教材的编制（一）语文教材的内涵与功能（二）语文教材编制的新理念及构成要素（三）语文教材的结构类型六、语文新课程教科书评介（一）小学语文新课程教科书评介（二）初中语文新课程教科书评介（三）高中语文新课程教科书评介七、语文课程资源（一）语文课程资源概述（二）语文课程资源的开发与利用（三）语文地方课程与校本课程语文教学论【考查目标】1．全面掌握语文教学的基本理论知识，包括教学设计；2．了解和掌握语文识字写字教学、阅读教学、写作教学的过程与方法；3．熟练地进行语文教学设计、说课与评价。
2013年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题B卷
2013年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（B）卷********************************************************************************************学科、专业名称：护理学研究方向：考试科目名称：308护理综合考生注意：所有答案必须写在答题纸（卷）上，写在本试题上一律不给分。
一.名词解释（每词4分，共32分）(1) 角色（2）造血干细胞移植 (3) 胰岛素抵抗 (4) 静息痛（5）假性尿失禁（6）胎先露（7）功能失调性子宫出血（8）计划免疫二．选择题：A型题(每小题2分，共84分。
每一道试题下面有A、B、C、D、E五个备选答案，请从中选择一个最佳答案，并在答题卡上写出相应题号和正确答案。
）1.为肝昏迷病人灌肠时,不易选用肥皂水溶液,其原因是A.防止发生腹胀B.防止对肠黏膜的刺激C.减少氨的产生及吸收D.以免引起顽固性腹泻E.防止发生酸中毒2.输液中发生肺水肿时吸氧需用 50%~70% 的酒精湿化，其目的是A.使病人呼吸道湿润B.使痰液稀薄，易吐出C.消毒吸入的氧气D.降低肺泡表面张力E.降低肺泡泡沫表面张力3.生物学死亡的特征是A.循环停止B.呼吸停止C.各种反射消失D.神志不清E.尸斑出现4.腰穿后6小时内去枕平卧的目的A.预防脑压升高B.预防脑压降低C.预防脑缺血D.预防脑部感染E.有利于脑部血液循环5.有关呕血与黑便的叙述，下列哪项是正确的A.呕血一般不伴黑便B.黑便一定伴呕血C.上消化道出血只有呕血D.下消化道出血仅有黑便E.出血量至少在5ml以上才会有黑便6.从左心衰竭发展到全心衰竭时，下列哪项可减轻A.发绀B.颈静脉怒张C.下肢水肿D.呼吸困难E.肝肿大7.患者男性，60岁，因疑为肺癌而做支纤镜检查，术后病人立即要求喝水，被护士劝阻，理由是这样做会引起A.喷嚏B.咳嗽C.呕吐D.呃逆E.误吸8.对呼吸衰竭的患者采用低流量、低浓度吸氧的目的A.保持缺氧对呼吸中枢的刺激作用B.保持缺氧对颈动脉窦、主动脉体化学感受器的刺激作用C.保持CO2对呼吸中枢的刺激作用D.保持CO2对颈动脉窦、主动脉体化学感受器的刺激作用E.纠正缺氧9.关于呼吸衰竭分类，正确的说法是A.I型呼吸衰竭：仅有缺氧，无CO2潴留，PaCO2降低或正常B.I型呼吸衰竭：PaO2＞60mmHg，无CO2潴留，PaCO2降低或正常C.II型呼吸衰竭：PaO2＞60mmHg，无CO2潴留，PaCO2降低或正常D.II型呼吸衰竭：PaO2＜60mmHg，无CO2潴留，PaCO2降低或正常E.II型呼吸衰竭：PaO2＞60mmHg，有CO2潴留10.高血压治疗的控制目标，正确的是A.高血压病人血压应降到130/90mmHg以下B.高血压合并糖尿病者应降到130/80 mmHg以下C.高血压合并慢性肾脏病变者应降到120/80 mmHg以下D.老年收缩期性高血压应使收缩压降到130～140mmHgE.老年人舒张压应低于80 mmHg11.做尿培养和菌落计数时，正确的护理应是A.收集标本前用消毒液充分清洗外阴部B.留取在膀胱内停留有6~8h的尿液C.留取初始尿液置于清洁容器内D.应取患者停用抗菌药物后第3天的尿液E.若尿标本不能立即送检时应加适量防腐剂12.白血病细胞浸润所致骨病，下列哪项最为显著A.颅骨疼痛B.胸骨疼痛C.锁骨疼痛D.肋骨疼痛E.四肢关节痛13.与甲状腺功能亢进症表现无关的是A.甲状腺肿大B.浸润性突眼C.表情淡漠D.肌病E.心动过缓14.哪项指标对判断糖尿病控制好坏最佳A.空腹血糖B.糖化血红蛋白C.24h尿糖定量测定D.口服糖耐量试验E.胰岛素释放试验15.鉴别I型和Ⅱ型糖尿病最好的指标是A.空腹血糖B.尿糖C.糖化血红蛋白D.葡萄糖耐量试验E.胰岛素释放试验16.蛛网膜下腔出血患者不应出现A.剧烈头痛B.频繁呕吐C.一侧肢体瘫痪D.脑膜刺激征E.一过性意识障碍17.脑出血最常见的原因是A.颅内动脉瘤B.高血压及动脉硬化C.脑肿瘤D.血液病E.脑血管畸形18.可疑脊柱骨折患者急救运送时,下列哪项是正确的?A.疑有颈椎骨折时,去枕平卧B.一人抬头.一人抬足的方法C.仰卧在床单上D.由人搂抱E.仰卧在硬板上19.甲状腺次全切除术中患者突然挣扎、呼吸困难、失音、紫绀,应考虑A.喉头水肿B.血肿压迫气管C.一侧喉返神经损伤D.两侧喉返神经损伤E.双侧喉上神经损伤20.胃部手术后倾倒综合征多发生于进食后A.10～20分钟B.20～30分钟C.1～2小时D.2～4小时E.进食后任何时间21.急救电击伤患者,首先应:A.胸外心脏按摩B.口对口的人工呼吸C.切断电源D.包扎出血的伤口E.马上送医院22.早期就出现神经精神症状的是A.高渗性脱水B.低渗性脱水C.等渗性脱水D.急性水中毒E.慢性水中毒23.急性失血超过下列哪项指标就会引起休克?A.超过总血容量的1/5B.超过总血容量的1/3C.超过总血容量的1/2D.超过总血容量的2/3E.超过总血容量的1/424.患者男性,30岁,阵发性腹痛,腹胀,呕吐,肛门停止排便、排气4天,3年前曾做阑尾切除术。
西南财经大学2013年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题(B)
西南财经大学2013年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（B）专业：民商法学考试科目：613《民商法》重要提示：答案一律做在答题纸上，并标明题目番号，否则答题无效一.名词解释（每小题5分，共计30分）1.不安抗辩权：2.留置：3.清洁提单：4.证券登记结算机构：5.共同海损：6.民事行为能力：二.简答题（每小题10分，共计60分）1.简述公平责任原则的主要特点。
2.简述一人公司的法律特征。
3.简述票据法上非票据关系与票据关系的区别。
4.简述合同解除的法定条件。
5.简述债务承担的效力。
6.简述财产关系的概念及民法调整的财产关系的特征。
三.论述题（每小题15分，共计30分）1.试论诉讼时效与除斥期间的区别。
2.试论我国股份有限公司设立的条件。
四.案例分析（每小题15分，共计30分）1.2009年3月，甲公司向乙银行借款100万人民币，期限1年，丙公司与乙银行签订保证合同，为甲公司借款提供一般保证。
借款到期后，甲公司只还了60万元，乙银行便要求丙公司偿还余款和利息，丙公司拒绝支付。
请回答：(1)一般保证人享有什么权利？(2)丙公司拒绝支付是否有法律依据？(3)如果当事人未约定保证期间，法定的保证期间是多少？(4)乙银行应如何维权？2.春节期间，王飞一家外出旅游，临行前，王飞委托邻居刘勇帮忙照看其饲养的一头牛。
王飞一家走后，刘勇发现王飞家的院墙如不及时修缮将有倒塌的危险。
刘勇以200元雇佣同村的李响共同修缮王飞家的院墙。
此外刘勇还为此垫付材料费500元。
问：(1)刘勇帮忙照看王飞家的牛是否构成无因管理？为什么？(2)刘勇帮忙修缮院墙是否构成无因管理？为什么？(3)刘勇能否请求王飞偿还材料费500元？能否请求王飞支付李响的劳务费200元？为什么？。
2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学二试题-推荐下载
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2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学二试题一、选择题：1～8小题，每小题4分，共32分，下列每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求的，请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸．．．指定位置上. （1）设cos 1sin ()x x x α-=，其中()2x πα<，则当0x →时，()x α是（ ）（A ）比x 高阶的无穷小 （B ）比x 低阶的无穷小 （C ）与x 同阶但不等价的无穷小 （D ）与x 等价的无穷小（2）设函数()y f x =由方程cos()ln 1xy y x +-=确定，则2lim ()1n n f n→∞⎡⎤-=⎢⎥⎣⎦（ ）（A ）2 （B ）1 （C ）1- （D ）2- （3）设函数sin ,0()=2,2x x f x x πππ≤<⎧⎨≤≤⎩，0()()x F x f t dt =⎰，则（ ）（A ）x π= 是函数()F x 的跳跃间断点 （B ）x π= 是函数()F x 的可去间断点（C ）()F x 在x π=处连续但不可导 （D ）()F x 在x π=处可导（4）设函数111,1(1)()=1,ln x e x f x x e x xαα-+⎧<<⎪-⎪⎨⎪≥⎪⎩，若反常积分1()f x dx +∞⎰收敛，则（ ）（A ）2α<- （B ）2α> （C ）20α-<< （D ）02α<< （5）设()yz f xy x=，其中函数f 可微，则x z z y x y ∂∂+=∂∂（ ） （A ）2()yf xy ' （B ）2()yf xy '- （C ）2()f xy x （D ）2()f xy x- （6）设k D 是圆域{}22(,)|1D x y x y =+≤在第k 象限的部分，记()(1,2,3,4)kk D I y x dxdy k =-=⎰⎰，则（ ）（A ）10I > （B ）20I > （C ）30I > （D ）40I > （7）设矩阵A,B,C 均为n 阶矩阵，若,B AB C =则可逆，则 （A ）矩阵C 的行向量组与矩阵A 的行向量组等价 （B ）矩阵C 的列向量组与矩阵A 的列向量组等价 （C ）矩阵C 的行向量组与矩阵B 的行向量组等价 （D ）矩阵C 的行向量组与矩阵B 的列向量组等价（8）矩阵1111a a b a a ⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭与2000b 0000⎛⎫ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎝⎭相似的充分必要条件为（A ）a 0,b 2== （B ）为任意常数b a ,0= （C ）0,2==b a（D ）为任意常数b a ,2=二、填空题：9-14小题，每小题4分，共24分，请将答案写在答题纸．．．指定位置上. (9) 1ln(1)lim(2)x x x x→∞+-= ． (10) 设函数()xf x d t -=⎰，则()y f x =的反函数1()x f y -=在0y =处的导数0y dx dy== ．(11)设封闭曲线L 的极坐标方程为cos3()66r ππθθ=-≤≤，则L 所围成的平面图形的面积为 ．(12)曲线arctan ln x ty =⎧⎪⎨=⎪⎩1t =的点处的法线方程为 ．(13)已知321x x y e xe =-，22x x y e xe =-，23xy xe =-是某二阶常系数非齐次线性微分方程的3个解，该方程满足条件00x y==01x y ='=的解为y = ．（14）设ij A (a )=是三阶非零矩阵，|A |为A 的行列式，ij A 为ij a 的代数余子式，若ij ij a A 0(i,j 1,2,3),____A +===则三、解答题：15—23小题，共94分.请将解答写在答题纸．．．指定位置上.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.（15）（本题满分10分）当0x →时，1cos cos2cos3x x x -⋅⋅与nax 为等价无穷小，求n 与a 的值。
江西财经大学2013年财政学考研真题
江西财经大学2013年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（B卷）专业：财政学、区域经济学考试科目：经济学基础（802）重要提示：考生必须将所有答案写在答题纸上，本试题上的任何标记均不作判题依据一、名词解释（本类题共40分，每题5分）1.劣等品2.偏好的非饱和性3.固定投入比例的生产函数4.D需求曲线5.永久收入消费理念6.托宾的“q”说7.结构性通货膨胀8.实际经济周期理论二、简答与计算分析题（本类题共60分，每题12分）1.用图分析吉芬品的替代效应与收入效应，并进一步说明需求曲线的特征。
2.请简要说明长期平均成本LAC曲线呈U型特征的决定因素。
3.请在IS-LM成本分析框架范围内分析古典主义的极端情况。
4.请简要说明内生增长理论。
5.某大学生只有6天时间应付期末考试。
该生要靠数学、经济学、英语三门课。
他的目标是要求得三门课尽可能高的成绩（或者说三门课尽可能高的平均成绩）。
他每门课的成绩依赖于他分配在每门课上的复习时间。
根据时间的安排，每门课成绩最佳估计分数如下：经济学英语数学复习时间（天数）成绩复习时间（天数）成绩复习时间（天数）成绩0 20 0 40 0 801 45 1 52 1 902 65 2 62 2 953 75 3 71 3 974 83 4 78 4 985 90 5 83 5 996 92 6 86 6 99该生应如何让分配复习时间才能使总成绩最高？说明理由三、论述题（本类题共50分，每题25分）1.多数人认为偏好在完全竞争市场经济下经济效率一定会好于垄断条件下这一判断，但也有经济学家认为完全竞争市场经济是一种理想状态，离我们现实的生活、生产太遥远，而垄断更似乎是一种常态，于是认为垄断也可能会促进经济效率，你认同这一观点吗？请说明理由。
2.请在AD-AS的分析框架内分析新凯恩斯主义的基本思想及其政策含义？。
2013年全国硕士研究生入学考试数学一试题答案(详解)
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2013年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
2013年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
******************************************************************************************** 学科、专业名称：建筑与土木工程专业学位
研究方向：
在所研究的机械运动问题中，物体的变形可以不予考虑，那么此物体可视为
平衡方程。
平面任意力系二矩式平衡方程的限制条件是
考试科目：工程力学共6 页，第1 页
:
I
II
考试科目：工程力学共 6 页，第2 页
，相互夹角为120°。
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情形下才会通过截面形心（z为中性轴，考试科目：工程力学共 6 页，第3 页
题1图题2图
的圆轮可绕轮心的轴O转动。
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（）这是否说明力偶可以用一力与之平衡
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考试科目：工程力学共 6 页，第4 页
y σ
题2图
的圆钢杆，外粘结一内径为d ，外径为D ，若钢杆的剪切弹性模量80s G GPa =，铜）若两种材料的杆的横截面上分担同样大小的扭矩，）试求内、外杆中的最大切应力各为多少？（20分）
结构承载如图所示，钢制圆杆的横截面面积280A cm =，抗弯截面系数W。
2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案
Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that __1_ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by _2_ factors. But Dr Simonton speculated that an inability to consider the big _3_ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. _4_, he theorized that a judge _5_ of appearing too soft _6_crime might be more likely to send someone to prison __7_he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To __8__this idea, they turned their attention to the university-admissions process. In theory, the ____9___ of an applicant should not depend on the few others___10____ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonton suspected the truth was____11____.He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews _12_ by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had _13_ applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale _14_ numerous factors into consideration. The scores were _15_ used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the GMAT, a standardized exam which is _16_out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonton found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one _17__ that, then the score for the next applicant would_18_ by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to_19_the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been _20__.1. A grants B submits C transmits D delivers2. A minor B external C crucial D objective3. A issue B vision C picture D moment4. A Above all B On average C In principle D For example5. A fond B fearful C capable D thoughtless6. A in B for C to D on7. A if B until C though D unless8. A. test B. emphasize C. share D. promote9. A. decision B. quality C. status D. success10. A. found B. studied C. chosen D. identified11. A. otherwise B. defensible C. replaceable D. exceptional12. A. inspired B. expressed C. conducted D. secured13. A. assigned B. rated C. matched D. arranged14. A. put B. got C. took D. gave15. A. instead B. then C. ever D. rather16. A. selected B. passed C. marked D. introduced17. A below B after C above D before18. A jump B float C fluctuate D drop19. A achieve B undo C maintain D disregard20. A necessary B possible C promising D helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweaterdescended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s thr ee-year indictment of ―fast fashion‖. In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encouragestyle-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable--meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s D ilemma. ―Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,‖ Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year – about 64 items per person – and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes – and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment – including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably w hen they can’t afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her .[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to .[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word ―indictment‖ (Line 3, Para.2) is clo sest in meaning to .[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim ―behavioral‖ ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioral ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, MMicrosoft's chief privacy officer, blogged:"we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that ―behavioral‖ ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D] provide better online services27. ―The industry‖ (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D] internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D] goes against human nature29. which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioral ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciation[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence .Perhaps willfully , it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN’s ―Red List‖ suggest that human being are[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world’s dominant power[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona's immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the federal government and the states.Anarizona. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona's controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigrations law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to "establish a uniform Rule of Anturalization" and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state police that ran to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court's liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun .On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately "occupied the field " and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal's privileged powersHowever, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as ―a shocking assertion of federal executive power‖. The White House argued the Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorit ies, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status. It could. never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn't want to carry out Congress's immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’information.[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law.[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enf orcement.[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states’ interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] Outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states’ support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development andhealth.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers . Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.Today ,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords―environmental changed‖ or ―climate change‖ have increased rapidly since2004,(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues ,their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020,a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science ; rather ,the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of socialscientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highlyspecialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishingelsewhere, such as policy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010,about 1,600 of the100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of theseKeywords.[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and thebio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior. All require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development .[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a ―still point of the turning world,‖ to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49) most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a ―liberated‖ sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see basophilic- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuming uncanny representational forms.46. yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges beyond that of decoration and creative expression.47. A sacred place of peace, however, crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter which is a distinctly animal need.48. The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless garden introduce from in to an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such49 . Most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic50. It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of t he word garden, though in a ―liberated‖ sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college, inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use ―Li Ming ―instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing .In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly.2) interpret its intended meaning ,and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20points)。