延续性动词与非延续性动词及其转换

延续性动词与非延续性动词及其转换

动词按其动作发生的方式、发生过程的长短可分为延续性动词与非延续性动词。一 . 延续性动词表示能够延续的动作 , 如:learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。延续性动词可以与表示时间段的状语连用。

表示时间段的短语有 : ⑴ for+一段时间 , 如 :for 2 years; ⑵ since 从句 , 如 since he came here; since+过去时间点名词 , 如 since last year, since 5 days ago. 例 :

He has lived here for 6 years. Y ou can keep the book for 5 days.

二 . 非延续性动词也称终止性动词、瞬间动词 , 表示不能延续的动作 , 这种动作发生后立即结束。如 : open, die, close, begin, finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend, buy 等。

非延续性动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用,如:two years ago; at 5

o'clock;

例 : He died 5 years ago.

三 . 延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换:

例:He left five minutes ago. = He has been away for five minutes.

这句话的意思是指他离开的动作是 5分钟之前发生的,是过去时。也就是说从他离开到现在已经有五分钟了,这个动作是延续的,要用现在完成时,并且要把原来的短暂性动词改为延续性动词。

下面是一些短暂性动词及相应的延续性动词,须牢记。

leave --- be away, borrow --- keep, buy --- have,

begin/start --- be on, die --- be dead, finish --- be over,

join --- be in+组织机构 , be a member of+组织机构 ,

open sth --- keep sth open, fall ill --- be ill, get up---be up,

catch a cold --- have a cold, come here --- be here,

go there --- be there, become --- be, come back --- be back,

fall asleep --- be asleep, get to/ arrive/reach --- be (in,

leave --- be away from, get to know --- know,

go (get out → be out, put on→ wear ; catch a cold → have a cold等。练习 :

1. The old man died 4 years ago.

----The old man___________________for 4 years.

2. He joined the Party 2 years ago.

-----He __________________the Party for 2 years.

3. I bought the book 5 days ago.

--- I _________________the book for 5 days.

现在完成时(一

现在完成时是初三教材中的一个重点语法项目,下面我们就来学习它的构成。 1.现在完成时的基本句式是“have (has +过去分词” 。如:

① I have seen that film.我已经看过那部影片了。

② We have just finished our homework.我们刚刚做完家庭作业。

③ She has gone home.她回家去了。

注意:1该句式中的 have 或 has 是助动词, has 用于第三人称单数,其它人称一律用 have 。 2该句式中 have (has 和过去分词之间可用 just 插入。 3 把该句式译成汉语时,往往用“ 已经” 、“ 刚刚” 、“ 过” 或“ 了” 等。

2.现在完成时的一般疑问句式是把助动词 have 或 has 提到主语之前。如:④Have you read this story book yet?你读过这本故事书吗?

⑤ Has he eaten that apple yet?他吃那个苹果了吗?

注意:1现在完成时的一般疑问句往往在句末加 yet 。 2把现在完成时的一般疑问句译成汉语时,往往译成“…… 过吗? ” 、“ 还有…… 吗? ” 等。 3其肯定回答用:Y es , . . . have (has .否定回答用:No , . . . haven't (hasn't .有时用: No , not yet.或 No , never .

3.现在完成时的否定句式是“have (has +过去分词” 。如:

⑥ We haven't studied Unit 2yet.我们还没学习第二单元。

⑦ The train hasn't stopped yet.火车还没有停下来。

注意:1现在完成时的否定句句末往往加 yet 。 2否定句常译为“ 还没有……” 等。

现在完成时(二

现在完成时表示过去发生或完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。如: Have you read that story?你读过那个故事吗?(“ 读” 这一动作发生在过去,对现在造

成的影响是:是否知道故事的内容

I have bought two apples.我买了两个苹果。(“ 买” 这一动作发生在过去,对现

在造成的结果是:拥有两个苹果