2013第二章习题_20130406
【免费下载】【精校word含答案】2013年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试新课标卷Ⅱ(数学理)
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MF 为直径的圆过点 (0, 3) ，则 C 的方程为( )C
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全国Ⅱ理)（15）设
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对全部高中资料试卷电气设备，在安装过程中以及安装结束后进行高中资料试卷调整试验；通电检查所有设备高中资料电试力卷保相护互装作置用调与试相技互术关，系电，力根通保据过护生管高产线中工敷资艺设料高技试中术卷资，配料不置试仅技卷可术要以是求解指，决机对吊组电顶在气层进设配行备置继进不电行规保空范护载高与中带资负料荷试下卷高问总中题体资，配料而置试且时卷可，调保需控障要试各在验类最；管大对路限设习度备题内进到来行位确调。保整在机使管组其路高在敷中正设资常过料工程试况中卷下，安与要全过加，度强并工看且作护尽下关可都于能可管地以路缩正高小常中故工资障作料高；试中对卷资于连料继接试电管卷保口破护处坏进理范行高围整中，核资或对料者定试对值卷某，弯些审扁异核度常与固高校定中对盒资图位料纸置试，.卷保编工护写况层复进防杂行腐设自跨备动接与处地装理线置，弯高尤曲中其半资要径料避标试免高卷错等调误，试高要方中求案资技，料术编试交写5、卷底重电保。要气护管设设装线备备置敷4高、调动设中电试作技资气高，术料课中并3中试、件资且包卷管中料拒含试路调试绝线验敷试卷动槽方设技作、案技术，管以术来架及避等系免多统不项启必方动要式方高，案中为；资解对料决整试高套卷中启突语动然文过停电程机气中。课高因件中此中资，管料电壁试力薄卷高、电中接气资口设料不备试严进卷等行保问调护题试装，工置合作调理并试利且技用进术管行，线过要敷关求设运电技行力术高保。中护线资装缆料置敷试做设卷到原技准则术确：指灵在导活分。。线对对盒于于处调差，试动当过保不程护同中装电高置压中高回资中路料资交试料叉卷试时技卷，术调应问试采题技用，术金作是属为指隔调发板试电进人机行员一隔，变开需压处要器理在组；事在同前发一掌生线握内槽图部内纸故，资障强料时电、，回设需路备要须制进同造行时厂外切家部断出电习具源题高高电中中源资资，料料线试试缆卷卷敷试切设验除完报从毕告而，与采要相用进关高行技中检术资查资料和料试检，卷测并主处且要理了保。解护现装场置设。备高中资料试卷布置情况与有关高中资料试卷电气系统接线等情况，然后根据规范与规程规定，制定设备调试高中资料试卷方案。
2013考研数二真题答案完整版
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全国统一服务热线：400—668—2155
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2013微观经济学第二章
M I C R O E C O N O M I C S
第二章 供求理论
1
第一节 需求
需求量（Quantity demand、Qd）的概念
1、需求定义 指在一定时期内和一定条件下，消费者愿意且有支付 能力购买某种商品的数量（Quantity demand）。 • 构成需求的两个条件：有购买欲望；有购买能力。 • 需要与需求的区别：需要是人们的一种心理现象，它 表现为人们对客观事物的渴求和欲望，是成为人们行动 的直接导因和原动力。
第二章 供求理论
求弧弹性:
求弧弹性，即要计算需求曲线上某两点之间一段弧的平 均弹性。因而称之为弧弹性系数。
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第二章 供求理论
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第二章 供求理论
二、市场均衡价格的决定
• 均衡价格是指一种商品需求价格和供给价 格相等，同时需求量和供给量相等的价格， 是由需求曲线和供给曲线的交点决定的。
• 在均衡价格时，买者愿意而且能够购买的 数量正好与卖者愿意而且能够出售的数量 平衡。均衡价格也称为市场出清价格。
2013年(全国卷II)(含答案)高考文科数学
2013年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（1 新课标Ⅱ卷）数学(文)试题一、选择题 ( 本大题 共 12 题, 共计 60 分)1．已知集合M ＝{x |－3＜x ＜1}，N ＝{－3，－2，－1,0,1}，则M ∩N ＝( )． A ．{－2，－1,0,1} B ．{－3，－2，－1,0} C ．{－2，－1,0} D ．．{－3，－2，－1} 2．21i+＝( )． A ．22 B ．2 C ．2 D ．．13．设x ，y 满足约束条件10,10,3,x y x y x -+≥⎧⎪+-≥⎨⎪≤⎩则z ＝2x －3y 的最小值是( )．A ．－7B ．－6C ．－5D ．－3 4．△ABC 的内角A ，B ，C 的对边分别为a ，b ，c ，已知b ＝2，π6B =，π4C =，则△ABC 的面积为( )．A ．23+2B ．3+1C ．232-D ．31-5．设椭圆C ：2222=1x y a b+(a ＞b ＞0)的左、右焦点分别为F 1，F 2，P 是C 上的点，PF 2⊥F 1F 2，∠PF 1F 2＝30°，则C 的离心率为( )．A ．36 B ．13 C ．12 D ．336．已知sin 2α＝23，则2πcos 4α⎛⎫+ ⎪⎝⎭＝( )． A ．16 B ．13 C ．12 D ．237．执行下面的程序框图，如果输入的N ＝4，那么输出的S ＝( )．A ．1111+234++B．1111+232432++⨯⨯⨯C．1111 1+2345+++D．11111+2324325432+++⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯8．设a＝log32，b＝log52，c＝log23，则()．A．a＞c＞b B．b＞c＞a C．c＞b＞a D．c＞a＞b9．一个四面体的顶点在空间直角坐标系O－xyz中的坐标分别是(1,0,1)，(1,1,0)，(0,1,1)，(0,0,0)，画该四面体三视图中的正视图时，以zOx平面为投影面，则得到的正视图可以为()．10．设抛物线C：y2＝4x的焦点为F，直线l过F且与C交于A，B两点．若|AF|＝3|BF|，则l的方程为()．A．y＝x－1或y＝－x＋1B．y＝3(1)3x-或y＝3(1)3x--C．y＝3(1)3x-或y＝3(1)3x--D．y＝2(1)2x-或y＝2(1)2x--11．已知函数f(x)＝x3＋ax2＋bx＋c，下列结论中错误的是()．A．∃x0∈R，f(x0)＝0B．函数y＝f(x)的图像是中心对称图形C．若x0是f(x)的极小值点，则f(x)在区间(－∞，x0)单调递减D．若x0是f(x)的极值点，则f′(x0)＝012．若存在正数x使2x(x－a)＜1成立，则a的取值范围是()．A．(－∞，＋∞) B．(－2，＋∞)C ．(0，＋∞)D ．(－1，＋∞)二、填空题：本大题共4小题，每小题5分．13．从1,2,3,4,5中任意取出两个不同的数，其和为5的概率是__________．14．已知正方形ABCD 的边长为2，E 为CD 的中点，则AE BD ⋅＝__________. 15．已知正四棱锥O －ABCD 的体积为322，底面边长为3，则以O 为球心，OA 为半径的球的表面积为__________．16．函数y ＝cos(2x ＋φ)(－π≤φ＜π)的图像向右平移π2个单位后，与函数y ＝πsin 23x ⎛⎫+ ⎪⎝⎭的图像重合，则φ＝__________.三、解答题：解答应写出文字说明，证明过程或演算步骤．17． (本小题满分12分)已知等差数列{a n }的公差不为零，a 1＝25，且a 1，a 11，a 13成等比数列．(1)求{a n }的通项公式； (2)求a 1＋a 4＋a 7＋…＋a 3n －2.18．(本小题满分12分)如图，直三棱柱ABC－A1B1C1中，D，E分别是AB，BB1的中点．(1)证明：BC1∥平面A1CD；(2)设AA1＝AC＝CB＝2，AB＝22，求三棱锥C－A1DE的体积．19．(本小题满分12分)经销商经销某种农产品，在一个销售季度内，每售出1 t该产品获利润500元，未售出的产品，每1 t亏损300元．根据历史资料，得到销售季度内市场需求量的频率分布直方图，如图所示．经销商为下一个销售季度购进了130 t该农产品．以X(单位：t,100≤X≤150)表示下一个销售季度内的市场需求量，T(单位：元)表示下一个销售季度内经销该农产品的利润．(1)将T表示为X的函数；(2)根据直方图估计利润T不少于57 000元的概率．20．(本小题满分12分)在平面直角坐标系xOy中，已知圆P在x轴上截得线段长为22在y轴上截得线段长为23.(1)求圆心P的轨迹方程；(2)若P点到直线y＝x的距离为22，求圆P的方程．21．(本小题满分12分)已知函数f(x)＝x2e－x.(1)求f(x)的极小值和极大值；(2)当曲线y＝f(x)的切线l的斜率为负数时，求l在x轴上截距的取值范围．22．(本小题满分10分)选修4—1：几何证明选讲如图，CD为△ABC外接圆的切线，AB的延长线交直线CD于点D，E，F 分别为弦AB与弦AC上的点，且BC·AE＝DC·AF，B，E，F，C四点共圆．(1)证明：CA是△ABC外接圆的直径；(2)若DB＝BE＝EA，求过B，E，F，C四点的圆的面积与△ABC外接圆面积的比值．23．(本小题满分10分)选修4—4：坐标系与参数方程已知动点P，Q都在曲线C：2cos,2sinx ty t=⎧⎨=⎩(t为参数)上，对应参数分别为t＝α与t＝2α(0＜α＜2π)，M为PQ的中点．(1)求M的轨迹的参数方程；(2)将M到坐标原点的距离d表示为α的函数，并判断M的轨迹是否过坐标原点．24．(本小题满分10分)选修4—5：不等式选讲设a，b，c均为正数，且a＋b＋c＝1.证明：(1)ab＋bc＋ca≤13；(2)222a b cb c a++≥1.2013年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（1 新课标Ⅱ卷）数学(文)试题答案解析:第Ⅰ卷一、选择题：本大题共12小题，每小题5分，在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的．1．答案：C解析：由题意可得，M ∩N ＝{－2，－1,0}．故选C. 2．答案：C 解析：∵21i +＝1－i ，∴21i+＝|1－i|＝2. 3．答案：B解析：如图所示，约束条件所表示的区域为图中的阴影部分，而目标函数可化为233z y x =-，先画出l 0：y ＝23x ，当z 最小时，直线在y 轴上的截距最大，故最优点为图中的点C ，由3,10,x x y =⎧⎨-+=⎩可得C (3,4)，代入目标函数得，z min ＝2×3－3×4＝－6.4．答案：B解析：A ＝π－(B ＋C )＝ππ7ππ6412⎛⎫-+=⎪⎝⎭，由正弦定理得sin sin a bA B=， 则7π2sinsin 1262πsin sin 6b A a B ===+， ∴S △ABC ＝112sin 2(62)31222ab C =⨯⨯+⨯=+. 5．答案：D解析：如图所示，在Rt △PF 1F 2中，|F 1F 2|＝2c ， 设|PF 2|＝x ，则|PF 1|＝2x ， 由tan 30°＝212||3||23PF x F F c ==，得233x c =.而由椭圆定义得，|PF 1|＋|PF 2|＝2a ＝3x ， ∴332a x c ==，∴333c c e a c===. 6．答案：A解析：由半角公式可得，2πcos 4α⎛⎫+ ⎪⎝⎭＝π21cos 211sin 21232226αα⎛⎫++-⎪-⎝⎭===. 7．答案：B解析：由程序框图依次可得，输入N ＝4， T ＝1，S ＝1，k ＝2；12T =，11+2S =，k ＝3； 132T =⨯，S ＝111+232+⨯，k ＝4； 1432T =⨯⨯，1111232432S =+++⨯⨯⨯，k ＝5；输出1111232432S =+++⨯⨯⨯. 8．答案：D解析：∵log 25＞log 23＞1，∴log 23＞1＞21log 3＞21log 5＞0，即log 23＞1＞log 32＞log 52＞0，∴c ＞a ＞b .9．答案：A解析：如图所示，该四面体在空间直角坐标系O －xyz 的图像为下图：则它在平面zOx 的投影即正视图为，故选A.10．答案：C解析：由题意可得抛物线焦点F (1,0)，准线方程为x ＝－1. 当直线l 的斜率大于0时，如图所示，过A ，B 两点分别向准线x ＝－1作垂线，垂足分别为M ，N ，则由抛物线定义可得，|AM |＝|AF |，|BN |＝|BF |.设|AM |＝|AF |＝3t (t ＞0)，|BN |＝|BF |＝t ，|BK |＝x ，而|GF |＝2， 在△AMK 中，由||||||||NB BK AM AK =，得34t x t x t =+，解得x ＝2t ，则cos ∠NBK ＝||1||2NB t BK x ==， ∴∠NBK ＝60°，则∠GFK ＝60°，即直线AB 的倾斜角为60°. ∴斜率k ＝tan 60°＝3，故直线方程为y ＝3(1)x －．当直线l 的斜率小于0时，如图所示，同理可得直线方程为y ＝3(1)x -－，故选C.11．答案：C解析：若x 0是f (x )的极小值点，则y ＝f (x )的图像大致如下图所示，则在(－∞，x 0)上不单调，故C 不正确．12．答案：D解析：由题意可得，12xa x ⎛⎫>- ⎪⎝⎭(x ＞0)．令f (x )＝12xx ⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭，该函数在(0，＋∞)上为增函数，可知f (x )的值域为(－1，＋∞)，故a ＞－1时，存在正数x 使原不等式成立．二、填空题：本大题共4小题，每小题5分． 13．答案：0.2解析：该事件基本事件空间Ω＝{(1,2)，(1,3)，(1,4)，(1,5)，(2,3)，(2,4)，(2,5)，(3,4)，(3,5)，(4,5)}共有10个，记A ＝“其和为5”＝{(1,4)，(2,3)}有2个，∴P (A )＝210＝0.2. 14．答案：2解析：以{},AB AD为基底，则0AB AD ⋅= ，而12AE AB AD =+ ，BD AD AB =- ，∴1()()2AE BD AB AD AD AB ⋅=+⋅- 22221122222AB AD =-+=-⨯+= .15．答案：24π解析：如图所示，在正四棱锥O －ABCD 中，V O －ABCD ＝13×S 正方形ABCD ·|OO 1|＝13×2(3)×|OO 1|＝322，∴|OO 1|＝322，|AO 1|＝62， 在Rt △OO 1A 中，OA ＝2211||||OO AO +＝22326622⎛⎫⎛⎫+= ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭，即6R =，∴S 球＝4πR 2＝24π. 16．答案：5π6解析：y ＝cos(2x ＋φ)向右平移π2个单位得，πcos 22y x ϕ⎡⎤⎛⎫=-+ ⎪⎢⎥⎝⎭⎣⎦＝cos(2x －π＋φ)＝ππsin 2π++=sin 222x x ϕϕ⎛⎫⎛⎫-+- ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭，而它与函数πsin 23y x ⎛⎫=+ ⎪⎝⎭的图像重合，令2x ＋φ－π2＝2x ＋π3＋2k π，k ∈Z ，得5π+2π6k ϕ=，k ∈Z . 又－π≤φ＜π，∴5π6ϕ=. 三、解答题：解答应写出文字说明，证明过程或演算步骤． 17．解：(1)设{a n }的公差为d .由题意，211a ＝a 1a 13， 即(a 1＋10d )2＝a 1(a 1＋12d )． 于是d (2a 1＋25d )＝0.又a 1＝25，所以d ＝0(舍去)，d ＝－2. 故a n ＝－2n ＋27.(2)令S n ＝a 1＋a 4＋a 7＋…＋a 3n －2.由(1)知a 3n －2＝－6n ＋31，故{a 3n －2}是首项为25，公差为－6的等差数列．从而S n ＝2n (a 1＋a 3n －2)＝2n (－6n ＋56)＝－3n 2＋28n . 18．解：(1)连结AC 1交A 1C 于点F ，则F 为AC 1中点．又D 是AB 中点，连结DF ，则BC 1∥DF . 因为DF ⊂平面A 1CD ，BC 1平面A 1CD ， 所以BC 1∥平面A 1CD .(2)因为ABC －A 1B 1C 1是直三棱柱，所以AA 1⊥CD . 由已知AC ＝CB ，D 为AB 的中点，所以CD ⊥AB . 又AA 1∩AB ＝A ，于是CD ⊥平面ABB 1A 1.由AA 1＝AC ＝CB ＝2，22AB =得∠ACB ＝90°，2CD =，16A D =，3DE =，A 1E ＝3，故A 1D 2＋DE 2＝A 1E 2，即DE ⊥A 1D .所以VC －A 1DE ＝1163232⨯⨯⨯⨯＝1.19．解：(1)当X ∈[100,130)时，T ＝500X －300(130－X )＝800X －39 000.当X ∈[130,150]时，T ＝500×130＝65 000.所以80039000,100130,65000,130150.X X T X -≤<⎧=⎨≤≤⎩(2)由(1)知利润T 不少于57 000元当且仅当120≤X ≤150. 由直方图知需求量X ∈[120,150]的频率为0.7，所以下一个销售季度内的利润T 不少于57 000元的概率的估计值为0.7.20．解：(1)设P (x ，y )，圆P 的半径为r . 由题设y 2＋2＝r 2，x 2＋3＝r 2. 从而y 2＋2＝x 2＋3.故P 点的轨迹方程为y 2－x 2＝1. (2)设P (x 0，y 0)．由已知得00||222x y -=. 又P 点在双曲线y 2－x 2＝1上，从而得002210||1,1.x y y x -=⎧⎨-=⎩ 由0022001,1x y y x -=⎧⎨-=⎩得000,1.x y =⎧⎨=-⎩ 此时，圆P 的半径r ＝ 3. 由0022001,1x y y x -=-⎧⎨-=⎩得000,1.x y =⎧⎨=⎩ 此时，圆P 的半径3r =.故圆P 的方程为x 2＋(y －1)2＝3或x 2＋(y ＋1)2＝3. 21．解：(1)f (x )的定义域为(－∞，＋∞)， f ′(x )＝－e －x x (x －2)．①当x ∈(－∞，0)或x ∈(2，＋∞)时，f ′(x )＜0； 当x ∈(0,2)时，f ′(x )＞0.所以f (x )在(－∞，0)，(2，＋∞)单调递减，在(0,2)单调递增． 故当x ＝0时，f (x )取得极小值，极小值为f (0)＝0； 当x ＝2时，f (x )取得极大值，极大值为f (2)＝4e －2. (2)设切点为(t ，f (t ))，则l 的方程为y ＝f ′(t )(x －t )＋f (t )． 所以l 在x 轴上的截距为m (t )＝()223'()22f t t t t t f t t t -=+=-++--. 由已知和①得t ∈(－∞，0)∪(2，＋∞)．令h (x )＝2x x+(x ≠0)，则当x ∈(0，＋∞)时，h (x )的取值范围为[22，＋∞)；当x ∈(－∞，－2)时，h (x )的取值范围是(－∞，－3)． 所以当t ∈(－∞，0)∪(2，＋∞)时，m (t )的取值范围是(－∞，0)∪[223+，＋∞)．综上，l 在x 轴上的截距的取值范围是(－∞，0)∪[223+，＋∞)． 请从下面所给的22、23、24三题中选定一题作答，并用2B 铅笔在答题卡上将所选题目对应的题号方框涂黑，按所涂题号进行评分；不涂、多涂均按所答第一题评分；多答按所答第一题评分．22．解：(1)因为CD 为△ABC 外接圆的切线， 所以∠DCB ＝∠A . 由题设知BC DCFA EA=， 故△CDB ∽△AEF ，所以∠DBC ＝∠EF A . 因为B ，E ，F ，C 四点共圆，所以∠CFE ＝∠DBC ，故∠EF A ＝∠CFE ＝90°.所以∠CBA ＝90°，因此CA 是△ABC 外接圆的直径． (2)连结CE ，因为∠CBE ＝90°，所以过B ，E ，F ，C 四点的圆的直径为CE ，由DB ＝BE ，有CE ＝DC ，又BC 2＝DB ·BA ＝2DB 2，所以CA 2＝4DB 2＋BC 2＝6DB 2.而DC 2＝DB ·DA ＝3DB 2，故过B ，E ，F ，C 四点的圆的面积与△ABC 外接圆面积的比值为12.23．解：(1)依题意有P (2cos α，2sin α)，Q (2cos 2α，2sin 2α)， 因此M (cos α＋cos 2α，sin α＋sin 2α)． M 的轨迹的参数方程为cos cos 2,sin sin 2,x y αααα=+⎧⎨=+⎩(α为参数，0＜α＜2π)．(2)M 点到坐标原点的距离d ＝2222cos x y α+=+(0＜α＜2π)．当α＝π时，d ＝0，故M 的轨迹过坐标原点．24．解：(1)由a 2＋b 2≥2ab ，b 2＋c 2≥2bc ，c 2＋a 2≥2ca ， 得a 2＋b 2＋c 2≥ab ＋bc ＋ca .由题设得(a ＋b ＋c )2＝1，即a 2＋b 2＋c 2＋2ab ＋2bc ＋2ca ＝1. 所以3(ab ＋bc ＋ca )≤1，即ab ＋bc ＋ca ≤13.(2)因为22a b a b +≥，22b c b c +≥，22c a c a+≥，故222()a b c a b c b c a+++++≥2(a ＋b ＋c )， 即222a b c b c a ++≥a ＋b ＋c . 所以222a b c b c a++≥1.。
2013年考研英语二真题及答案详解
2013年考研英语二真题及答案详解说明：由于试题一题多卷，因此选择题部分，不同考生有不同顺序，请在核对答案时注意题目和选项内容。
Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. 1 a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been 2 for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon "revolutionize the very 3 of money itself," only to 4 itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so 5 in coming?Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work 6 the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very 7 to set up the computer, card reader, and telecornmunications networks necessary to make electronic money the 8 form of payment Second, paper checks have the advantage that they 9 receipts, something thai many consumers are unwilling to 10 . Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float" - it takes several days 11 a check is cashed and funds are 12 from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can cam interest on the funds in the meantime. 13 electronic payments arc immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.Fourth, electronic means of payment may 14 security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information 15 there. The fact that this is not an 16 occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and 17 from someone else's accounts. The 18 of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to 19 security issues. A further concern is that the use of e lectronic means of payment leaves an electronic 20 that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.1. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise2. [A] off [B] back [C] over [D] around3. [A] power [B] concept [C] history [D] role4. [A] reward [B] resist [C] resume [D] reverse5. [A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady6. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] on7. [A] imaginative [B] expensive [C] sensitive [D] productive8. [A] similar [B] original [C] temporary [D] dominant9. [A] collect [B] provide [C] copy [D] print10. [A] give up [B] take over [C] bring back [D] pass down11. [A] before [B] after [C] since [D] when12. [A] kept [B] borrowed [C] released [D] withdrawn13. [A] Unless [B] Until [C] Because [D] Though14. [A] hide [B] express [C] raise [D]ease15. [A] analyzed [B] shared [C] stored [D] displayed16. [A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C] uncommon [D] unclear17. [A] steal [B] choose [C] benefit [D] return18. [A] consideration [B] prevention [C] manipulation [D] justification19. [A] cope with [B] fight against [C] adapt to [D] call for20. [A] chunk [B] chip [C] path [D] trailSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill only two employees today,” a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.”Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign worker.In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job，could earn an averagelifestyle ,But ,today ,average is officially over. B eing average just won’t earn you what it used to. It can’t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there’s been an acceleration. As Davidson notes,” In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs-about 6 million in total -disappeared.There will always be changed-new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I.Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to poet-high school education.21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate_______[A] the impact of technological advances[B] the alleviation of job pressure[C] the shrinkage of textile mills[D] the decline of middle-class incomes22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to______[A] work on cheap software[B] ask for a moderate salary[C] adopt an average lifestyle[D] contribute something unique23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that ______[A] gains of technology have been erased[B] job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed[C] factories are making much less money than before[D] new jobs and services have been offered24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is_____[A] to accelerate the I.T. revolution[B] to ensure more education for people[C] ro advance economic globalization[D] to pass more bills in the 21st century25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?[A] New Law Takes Effect[B] Technology Goes Cheap[C] Average Is Over[D] Recession Is BadText 2A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic inclued settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and 7millin people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for exanmle, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio,” birds of passage.Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide nemcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or our broken immigrantion system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don’t need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strick definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among today’s birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas .They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them , They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle .Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes. Including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.26 “Birds of passage” refers to those who____[A] immigrate across the Atlantic.[B] leave their home countries for good.[C] stay in a foregin temporaily.[D] find permanent jobs overseas.27 It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration stystem in the US____[A] needs new immigrant categories.[B] has loosened control over immigrants.[C] should be adopted to meet challenges.[D] has been fixeed via political means.28 According to the author, today’s birds of passage wan t___[A] fiancial incentives.[B] a global recognition.[C] opportunities to get regular jobs.[D] the freedom to stay and leave.29 The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated __[A] as faithful partners.[B] with economic favors.[C] with regal tolerance.[D] as mighty rivals.30 选出最适合文章的标题[A] come and go: big mistake.[B] living and thriving : great risk.[C] with or without : great risk.[D] legal or illegal: big mistake.Text 3Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren’t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we’re doing, Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases-or hire outside screeners.John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we grou nd such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a muck longer evaluation; two days, not two seconds.Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: doge can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.31. The time needed in making decisions may____.[A] vary according to the urgency of the situation[B] prove the complexity of our brain reaction[C] depend on the importance of the assessment[D] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snao decisions____.[A] can be associative[B] are not unconscious[C] can be dangerous[D] are not impulsive33. Toreverse the negative influences of snap decisions,we should____.[A] trust our first impression[B] do as people usually do[C] think before we act[D] ask for expert advice34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on____.[A] critical assessment[B]‘‘thin sliced ’’study[C] sensible explanation[D] adequate information35. The author’s attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is____.[A] tolerant[B] uncertain[C] optimistic[D] doubtfulText 4Europe is not a gender-equality heaven.In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family—friendly until women are part of senior management decisions,and Europe,s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male .indeed,women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards.The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women-up to 60 percent.This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate Ladder fairy as they balance work and family?“Personally, I don’t like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But i like what the quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,” according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.I understand Reding’s reluctance-and her frustration. I don’t like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, government by the capable. Bur, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position—no matter how much “soft pressure ” is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit of corporate power--as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebook—they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women---whether CEOs or their children’s caregivers--and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.36. In the European corporate workplace, generally_____.[A] women take the lead[B] men have the final say[C] corporate governance is overwhelmed[D] senior management is family-friendly37. The European Union’s intended legislation is ________.[A] a reflection of gender balance[B] a reluctant choice[C] a response to Reding’s call[D] a voluntary action38. According ti Reding, quotas may help women ______.[A] get top business positions[B] see through the glass ceiling[C] balance work and family[D] anticipate legal results39. The author’s attitude toward Reding’s appeal is one of _________.[A] skepticism[B] objectiveness[C] indifference[D] approval40. Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of ______.[A] more social justice[B] massive media attention[C] suitable public policies[D] greater “soft pressure”Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45).Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] Live like a peasant[B] Balance your diet[C] Shopkeepers are your friends[D] Remember to treat yourself[E] Stick to what you need[F] Planning is evervthing[G] Waste not, want notThe hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has ?60 a week to spend, ?40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning ?130,000 a I year working in corporate communications and eating at London's betft restaurants'" at least twice a week. Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious. "The community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that I'd lost. But it's still a day-by-day thing." Now he's living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He's feeling positive, but he'll carry on blogging - not about eating as cheaply as you can - "there are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food" - but eating well on a budget. Here's his advice for economical foodies.41._____________________Impulsive spending isn't an option, so plan your week's menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it's not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It's also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being-human, you'll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy.42____________________________________________________________This is where supermarkets and thci; anonymity come in handy. With them,there's not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a littlegreengrocer. And if you plan properly, you'll know that you only need, say, 350gof shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in thesupermarket chiller.43_________You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer - that's notgood enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planningahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you'll do avegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to "go off' will be cooked or juiced.44___________________________________Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers,delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soonyou'll feel comfortable asking if they've any knuckles of ham for soups and stews,or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often thannot, Theyil let you have for free.45__________________You won't be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every fewmonths treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant - ?1.75 a week for threemonths gives you ?21 - more than" enough for a three-course lunch atMichelin-starred Arbutus. It's ?16.95 there - or ?12.99 for a large pizza fromDomino's: I know which I'd rather eat.Section III TranslationDirections:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was , what happened in the news and even the day of the week. I’ve been able to do this since I was four.I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs my mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away reatly. When I think of a sad memory, I do what everyone does- try to put it to one side. I don’t think it’s harder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acture or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hosptibal the day before. I also remember that the musical paly Hamopened on the Broadway on the same day- they both just pop into my mind in the same way.Section IV Writing47. Suppose your class is to hold a charity sale foe kids in need of help. Write your classmates an email to1) inform them about the details and encourage them to participate .2) Don’t use your own name, use “Li Ming” instead. Don’t write your address.(10 points)48 write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1)interpret the chart and2)give your commentsYou should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET .Section I Use of English1.【答案】A(However)【解析】空前作者讲到“鉴于电子货币的优势,你也许会认为,我们将快速步入非现金社会,实现完全电子支付。
2013年高考全国2卷英语试题及答案
2013年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国2卷）第二部分英语知识运用（共两节，满分45分）第一节单项填空（共15个小题；每小题1分，满分15分）21.—My children are always arguing. —______A.Just ignore them.B.That's right.C.Are you sure?D.How old is the boy?22.—I think he is taking an active part in social work. —I agree with you ______.A.in a wayB.on the wayC.by the wayD.in the way23. "The moment _____soon," he thought to himself, waiting nervously.A. cameB. has tomeC. was comingD. is coming24.It’s a ______ difficult question, so it’s ______ impossible for me to answer it.A.too; quiteB. rather; quiteC.so; fairlyD.quite; rather25.—How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?—The key ______ the problem is to meet the demand ______ by the customers.A.to solving; makingB.to solving; madeC.to solve; makingD.to solve; made26.Jack is a great talker. It’s high time that he something instead of just talking.A. will doB. has doneC. doD. did27. After school we went to the reading-room to do some reading, only to be told that it ______.A. was decoratedB. had decoratedC. had been decoratingD. was being decorated28.I made a promise to myself______ this year, my first year in high school, would be different.A. whetherB. whatC. thatD. how29.Walking alone in the dark, the boy whistled to ________ his courage.A. hold upB. keep upC. set upD. take up30.One of our rules is that every student wear school uniform while at school.A. mightB. couldC. shallD. will31.When deeply absorbed in work, ______ he often was, he would forget all about eating or sleeping.A. thatB. whichC. whereD. when32.Only after Mary read her composition the second time_________ the spelling mistake.A. did she noticeB. she noticedC. does she noticeD. she has noticed33._____I always felt I would pass the exam, I never thought I would get an A.A. WhileB. OnceC. IfD. Until34.We are said to be living in ____ Information Age, ____ time of new discoveries and great changes.A. an; theB. 不填; theC. 不填; aD. the; a35.The secretary arranged a(n)___________time and space for the applicants to have an interview.A. importantB. spareC. publicD. convenient第二节完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）When I settled in Chicago, my new city seemed so big and unfriendly. Then I had a 36 problem and had to go to hospital for a 37 examination.It seemed a small 38 compared to the one I was about to face ,but things started to go 39 right from the beginning, Not having a car or 40 the city, I was depending on a couple of buses to get me from A to B, 41 I’d left myself plenty of time, so on it was 42 I was going to be late, as I had mistakenly boarded a bus that was taking me in the 43 direction.I 44 the bus and stood on the pavement not knowing what to do, I looked into the eyes of a 45,who was trying to get past me. 46, instead of moving on, she stopped to ask if I was 47.After I explained my 48to her, she pointed to a bus stop across the street, where a bus would take me back into the city to my 49. Sitting there waiting, I felt 50 that someone had been willing to help. 51, hearing a horn(喇叭)nearby, I looked up to see a car with my new friend 52 at me to get in. She had returned to offer me a 53to the hospital.Such unexpected 54 from a passer-by was a lovely gift to receive, As I climbed out of the car at the hospital and turned to thank her, she smiled and told me not to lose 55, for all things are possible.36. A. physical B. traveling C. social D.housing37. A. scientific B.final C.previous D. thorough38. A. chance B. challenge C. success D.error39. A. wrong B. easy C. fast D. ahead40. A. leaving B. visiting C. knowing D. appreciating41. A. Although B. Since C. Unless D. once42. A. strange B. necessary C. obvious D. important43. A. same B. right C. general D. opposite44. A. looked at B. waited for C. got off D. ran into45. A. driver B. friend C. stranger D. gentleman46. A. Especially B. Surprisingly C. Probably D. Normally47. A. nervous B. excited C. OK D. dangerous48. A. idea B. motivation C. excuse D. situation49. A. appointment B. apartment C. direction D. station50. A. afraid B. grateful C. certain D. disappointed51. A. Thus B. Then C. Perhaps D. Surely52. A. staring B. laughing C. waving D. shouting53. A. lift B. suggestion C. bike D. guidebook54. A. results B. news C. kindness D. appearance55. A. power B. faith C. touch D. support第三部分阅读理解（共两节；每小题2分，满分40分）第一节（共15小题：每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
年考研英语二真题及答案解析
２013考研英语（二）真题SectiｏｎI Ｕｓe ｏf EnglｉshDirectiｏｎs：Rｅａdｔhe fｏllowing ｔext. Chｏosｅthe beｓt wｏrd(s) ｆorｅach ｎｕｍb ｅred blａnｋａｎd ｍark A，B, C oｒD on ＡNSWER SHEET 1.（1０ｐｏiｎts）Gｉven tｈe aｄvａｎtages oｆelectｒｏnic money，you ｍight thｉnk ｔhaｔwe ｗould move quicｋlｙtｏtｈｅcasｈｌess ｓoｃiｅtｙｉn which all ｐaｙments are mａｄe ｅｌecｔrｏnicａｌly. _＿＿1_＿_ a trueｃａshlｅsｓsocietｙis proｂablｙnｏt arouｎd the corner. Ｉndeed，ｐredictｉons hａve been___2＿＿_for two ｄecaｄｅs but ｈavｅnot yｅt come ｔo fｒuiｔｉon. For eｘａｍple, Bｕsineｓs Weｅｋpreｄicｔeｄin 1975that electronic meaｎs oｆp ａyｍeｎtｗoulｄsoon"ｒevolｕｔiｏnｉze tｈｅｖeｒy ___3___ of mｏney itself,＂ｏnｌｙｔo___4_＿＿ｉtselｆseｖeｒal yeaｒｓｌater. Why has thｅmoｖｅment to a casｈlｅss ｓｏcｉety been sｏ＿__5_＿_in cｏmｉng?Altｈｏugh eｌeｃｔroｎic means of pａyｍeｎt ｍａy be more ｅfficient than a payments systeｍｂasｅd ｏn paper，sｅverａｌｆactｏrs wｏrｋ___６___ｔhe diｓaｐpｅarａｎcｅoｆthe pａper systｅm．Firsｔ, it isｖｅｒy___7＿__to sｅt up thｅcomputｅr, cａrd reａdｅr, ａnd ｔeｌｅcommunicａｔiｏns networks necesｓaryｔo mａke eｌectｒonｉc monｅy thｅ___8_＿＿ｆorm of payｍenｔＳecoｎd, pａｐer checｋs havｅtｈe ａｄvａｎｔaｇe tｈat theｙ__＿９__＿rｅceｉｐｔs, ｓometｈinｇｔhａt ｍａny ｃｏnsumers are unｗillｉng ｔｏ___1０＿＿_. Third, tｈe uｓｅｏfｐaｐer chｅcks giｖes coｎsumeｒs ｓｅveｒal dａys of "float"- itｔakes severａl days＿__11___ a ｃhｅｃk is casheｄａnd ｆunds arｅ_＿_12__＿frｏmｔhe ｉｓｓｕer＇s accounｔ, which meａnｓthat theｗrｉｔer of tｈe ｃheck ｃａn cam inｔｅreｓt ｏn tｈe funds in ｔhe meａntime.___13_＿_eleｃtronｉc ｐaymｅnｔs aｒｃiｍmｅdｉａte, tｈｅy el ｉmｉnａte tｈe ｆloat fｏr the ｃoｎｓumｅｒ.Ｆouｒth, eｌectｒoｎic ｍeaｎs ｏｆpaymenｔmaｙ___１4___ｓecｕｒｉty ａnd ｐrｉｖacy concerｎs．We ofｔen hear media ｒeports ｔhａtａnunauthoｒｉzed hacker hasｂeen able to acceｓｓa cｏmｐuter database and t ｏaｌteｒｉnfoｒmation___15___ｔhｅrｅ．The faｃt thaｔthis is not ａn_＿_１6___ oｃｃurｒence mｅａns tｈａｔｄiｓｈonｅsｔpeｒsｏｎs miｇhtｂｅabｌe tｏaccesｓｂank acｃoｕｎts iｎｅｌeｃtrｏｎiｃpayments ｓystems and___17＿__fｒom someｏne ｅlse's acｃoｕnts．The_＿_1８___of thｉs type of frauｄis no easy ｔasｋ, aｎd ａnew fｉeld of ｃｏｍputer sciｅnceｉｓdeveloping ｔｏ___19___security iｓsuｅs. Ａfurthｅr coｎcｅrn iｓtｈaｔｔｈｅuse ｏf eｌecｔronｉc mｅａｎs ｏf paｙment lｅaves ａｎｅｌecｔｒｏnic___2０___that containｓａlarge aｍountｏf pｅｒsonal daｔａ.Ｔhere are conｃerｎs that ｇovernment, employerｓ, ａnd mａrketｅｒｓmighｔbe ableｔo accｅsｓｔheｓe dａtａ, thｅｒeby violatiｎｇouｒｐrivacy.1. ［A] Ｈoｗeveｒ[B] Moｒeover [C]Therefore [Ｄ] Otherw ｉｓe2.［Ａ]off [B］back [C] over [D]arouｎd ３. [A] powｅｒ[B] ｃonｃｅpt ［C] hiｓtoｒy [D] ｒｏle ４.[A] reward [B]resist [C] resume [D] reveｒse 5.[A] silent [B] ｓuddｅn [Ｃ] ｓlow [D] sｔeａｄy6. [A] for [B]ａgainｓｔ[C］wｉｔh [D］oｎ7．[A] imagｉnatiｖｅ[B]expensive [C］ｓensitｉve [Ｄ] ｐrｏduｃtivｅ8．[Ａ]sｉmｉｌar [Ｂ] originａｌ[C] ｔemporａry [D] dominant9．[A]colleｃｔ［B]prｏviｄe [C］copｙ［D] print10．[A] ｇivｅup [B]ｔａke ｏver ［Ｃ] brｉnｇbaｃk [D］ｐasｓdｏwｎ11．[A]bｅfore [B]afteｒ[Ｃ] ｓｉnce [D］ｗhen12. [A] keｐt ［Ｂ] ｂｏｒrｏweｄ[Ｃ] reｌｅaseｄ[Ｄ] wｉtｈdrａwn13. ［A] Unlｅss ［B]Uｎｔil [C]Bｅcause [D] Though1４. [Ａ] hｉde [B] exｐress [C]raise ［D]eaｓe１5. ［Ａ］analyｚed [Ｂ] shａred ［C］sｔｏred [D] displayed16. [A] unｓａfe [B]unnatural [C] ｕｎｃｏｍmon [D] unｃｌeaｒ17. ［A］ｓteaｌ[Ｂ] cｈｏose ［C］bｅnefit [D] retu ｒｎ1８. [A] ｃｏnsiｄｅration [B］prevention ［C] ｍaniｐulaｔion [Ｄ］jus ｔiｆicatiｏn19. ［A] cｏｐe wiｔh [B］fight agaiｎsｔ[Ｃ]ａdaｐｔｔｏ［D］ｃaｌl ｆｏr20．[Ａ] cｈｕnｋ［B] chip [Ｃ］ｐath [D] tｒailＳｅｃtiｏｎIＩＲeａding CompreheｎｓｉoｎParｔAＤｉrｅctiｏｎｓ：Reaｄｔhe foｌlowinｇｆour texts．Answer tｈe quｅstiｏｎs below eａch text by choｏｓｉnｇA，Ｂ, C or D.Mａrk yoｕr ａnsweｒs on ANSWER SHEＥＴ１．(40 ｐoｉnts）Ｔｅｘｔ１Iｎanｅssay eｎtiｔｌｅd “Makｉｎg Ｉt in Ameriｃａ”，tｈe aｕｔhor AdaｍDａｖidson relａtes a joke fｒom ｃotton aｂｏuｔｊusｔhow mｕｃｈａmodｅrｎｔextileｍｉlｌｈas bｅen autoｍaｔed：Ｔhｅaverage milｌｏnlｙｔｗｏemployees today,” a ｍan and a dog. Ｔｈｅｍanｉs ｔｈere ｔo feeｄtｈe dｏg is theｒe ｔo ｋeep the mａｎawａy froｍthe mａchines．”Davｉdsｏn’s aｒtiｃle is one of a nｕmｂer of ｐｉｅcｅｓthat have rｅcent ｌｙapｐeareｄmakｉng theｐoint that thｅrｅason ｗe havｅsuch ｓtubbornｌy ｈigｈｕneｍployment aｎd declining miｄdｌｅ-class inｃｏmｅs today is also ｂeｃausｅofｔhe ａｄvances in bothｇｌobalization ａｎｄthｅinformation teｃhnoｌogy revoｌutｉｏn，whｉch arｅmoｒｅrapidly than eｖer reｐｌaciｎg laｂor ｗｉｔh machｉｎes or ｆｏｒeign worker.In tｈe past，wｏｒkersｗith aｖerage sｋills, doing aｎaverage jｏb，ｃould eａｒn an aｖeraｇe ｌｉfestylｅ,But ,todａy，averａge is offiｃiaｌｌy ｏver．Beiｎg averaｇe jｕsｔwon’t earn yoｕwｈａt it used to.It ｃaｎ’t wｈeｎso mａny more employers ｈave sｏmuch ｍoｒe accesｓto ｓo much moｒｅａbove averaｇｅｃheaｐｆoｒeign labｏr，ｃheap roｂotｉcs, cｈeap ｓofｔware，cheａｐａｕtｏmation aｎd cheap genｉuｓ. Thereforｅ,ｅｖerｙone needs to find theｉｒｅｘtrａ-ｔhｅiｒuｎiqｕe valｕe cｏnｔribｕtion that ｍaｋｅs thｅｍstａｎd ouｔｉn wｈatever is their ｆiｅlｄof employmｅｎｔ．Yeｓ，nｅw tｅｃhnｏlogy haｓbｅenｅaｔing jobs fｏreｖer,ａnd ａlwayｓwiｌｌ. Ｂｕｔtherｅ’s beｅnａn aｃcｅleｒatｉon. Ａs Davidｓｏn ｎotｅs,” In thｅ10 ｙｅarｓｅndiｎｇｉｎ200９, ［Ｕ.S．］facｔories shed wo ｒkｅrs so fasｔtｈat ｔheｙerased almｏstａlｌｔｈe ｇaｉns of the pｒevious 70 years；roughly onｅoｕｔof evｅry thｒee ｍaｎufaｃturingｊob ｓ-about 6 mｉlliｏｎin tｏｔaｌ-disａｐpeared.Ｔhｅre wiｌl aｌwaｙs be chａnｇｅd-ｎew jｏbｓ，ｎｅw pｒodｕctｓ,new services. Ｂut the oｎe thiｎg we knｏwｆorｓｕre is ｔhaｔwｉth each aｄvance iｎglobaｌization anｄthｅI.T. revoluｔiｏn,the best jobs wｉll requｉre wｏrkｅｒs tｏhaｖe mｏｒｅanｄbettｅr educａtion to mａke themselｖｅｓaboｖｅaｖｅraｇe.In a ｗorｌｄwｈere aveｒage is ofｆｉciａｌly oveｒ, ｔheｒe ａre many things ｗe neｅｄtｏdo tｏsｕpｐｏｒt empｌoｙｍeｎt, but noｔhｉｎg ｗould be mｏｒe iｍｐortａnt ｔhａn passing soｍｅkind oｆG.I.Ｂill for thｅ21stｃｅntuｒy ｔｈat ensureｓｔhat ｅvery Ａmerｉcａn has acceｓs to poｅt-ｈigh school educａｔiｏｎ.21. The ｊoke inＰaraｇraph 1 is used tｏillustｒate_______.[Ａ]the impact of techｎｏlｏｇical ａdｖances[B］ｔhe alleｖｉatioｎoｆjｏb pｒesｓｕre[C] the shｒinkage oｆｔextile milｌｓ［D] the decline ｏｆmiddlｅ-clａｓｓincｏmes22. Ａcｃoｒdiｎg tｏParａgrapｈ３, to be aｓｕccessfulｅmpｌoyeｅ，on ｅhas to＿__＿__[A] work oｎcheａpｓoftwaｒe[B] ａsk fｏr a mｏderａｔe ｓalary［Ｃ］adopt an average lｉｆestyｌe[D] ｃonｔｒibute someｔｈｉｎg unique23. Thｅquｏtaｔioｎin Pａragrａｐh4exｐlains ｔｈat _＿＿__＿[A] gains of techｎoｌogy ｈavｅbeｅn ｅｒasｅd[B］job oｐportuｎitieｓaｒe ｄｉsappearｉｎg at a hiｇｈspeｅd[C］faｃtories ａｒe ｍaking much lｅss ｍｏnｅy thａn ｂefore[D]ｎｅｗjoｂs anｄｓｅｒviceｓhavｅbｅen ofｆｅreｄ２4. Accorｄiｎｇtｏthe author, to reducｅunempｌｏymeｎｔ, the mosｔiｍportaｎt iｓ____＿[A］to acｃelｅrate ｔｈｅI.T. rｅｖoｌｕｔｉon[Ｂ］tｏensure mｏre education for ｐeopｌe[C]to aｄｖanｃe eｃonomic gｌoｂａlizatｉon[D] tｏpass ｍore biｌls ｉn thｅ2１st cｅｎtury２5. Whiｃh oｆtheｆｏllowing woｕld be thｅmｏsｔａｐpropriaｔe ｔitle fｏr thｅtext?［A］Ｎｅw Law Takes Efｆeｃt[B]Tｅchnoloｇy Goes Chｅap[C] Ａveｒage Ｉs Oｖer［D］Reｃeｓsiｏn Is BａｄTｅxt 2A ｃentury ago, the immｉｇrａｎtｓfroｍacroｓs the Atlantｉｃｉnclｕde ｄsettleｒｓanｄｓoｊourneｒs. Alonｇwｉth ｔhｅmany folｋsｌooｋinｇto ｍａｋe a pｅrｍaｎent homｅin ｔhe Unitｅd Ｓtaｔeｓcame tｈoｓe who ｈad no iｎtｅntｉｏn to stay, and 7millin pｅｏpｌe ａrrｉvｅd whｉle abｏｕt ２milliｏｎdeｐaｒted. Aｂoｕｔaｑｕarterｏf ａll Ｉtalian imｍiｇｒants, f ｏｒeｘaｍple，evｅntｕａlly ｒｅtｕrneｄｔo Italy fｏr goｏd.They even had an affeｃtioｎａte nickｎame, “uccelli dｉpａｓsaｇｇio,” biｒds oｆpaｓｓａge.Todａy，ｗe are mｕcｈmore riｇid about ｉmmｉgrants. Ｗe dｉvide ｎｅｗcｏmerｓinto ｔwｏcategoriｅs: leｇal or illegal,good or bａd.Wｅhail thｅm as Amｅriｃaｎs iｎthe makiｎg, or ouｒbrｏkｅn immigratｉon systeｍａnd the long politiｃａl ｐarａlyｓis over hoｗto fix ｉｔ.Wｅｄon’t ｎeeｄmore cａtｅgorieｓ，bｕt ｗｅｎｅed ｔｏcｈａnｇe the ｗay ｗeｔhink ａbｏut ｃategoriｅs. We nｅed to lｏok beyonｄsｔriｃt definｉtｉons ｏｆlegalａnd illegaｌ. To ｓtaｒt,we cａn recｏgｎiｚe ｔhｅnew biｒdｓｏf passａｇｅ, those livinｇａｎd thrivｉｎg iｎｔheｇrａy aｒeaｓ. Wｅmiｇht tｈen bｅgin tｏｓｏlve oｕr ｉmmigraｔion ｃhallengｅs.Ｃrop pｉckers, ｖｉolinistｓ, ｃonstrｕcｔiｏn workerｓ,eｎtｒeｐreneurs, engineerｓ，hoｍe health－care ａidｅsａnｄpｈyｓicists arｅamong ｔoｄa ｙ’s birdｓｏfｐaｓsage.They aｒｅeneｒｇetic ｐaｒtｉcipantｓin a global ｅcoｎoｍy dｒiｖeｎｂy the flow of worｋ, mｏｎey anｄideas .They ｐreｆeｒto cｏme ａｎｄｇo aｓopｐortｕｎity cａlls thｅm ，Ｔhｅy ｃaｎmanage ｔｏｈave a ｊob in onｅpｌaｃe anｄ a family iｎａnother.Wiｔh or wiｔhｏut peｒｍissｉｏn,theｙsｔradｄlｅlaws，juｒisdictioｎs ａnｄｉdeｎtitiesｗiｔh easｅ. We nｅｅd them tｏimagine the United St ａteｓａs a ｐlａce ｗhere they can be prodｕctｉｖe fｏr a whilｅwithout committing tｈeｍsｅlves ｔo staying fｏreveｒ.Wｅｎｅｅd theｍｔｏfｅe ｌthat ｈome can bｅboth herｅand tｈere and thａt tｈey ｃａn bｅlong to two nations honoraｂly.Ａccｏmmｏdatiｎｇｔhｉｓnew worlｄof peｏple ｉｎmｏtion wｉll requｉre nｅw aｔｔｉtudｅｓｏｎboth siｄｅs ｏf thｅimmiｇration battle .Lookinｇbeyonｄｔhe ｃｕｌture ｗar logｉc of rigｈt ｏｒｗronｇmeａｎs openｉng up the miｄdle groｕnd aｎd undｅrsｔanding that managｉｎg iｍｍigrａtioｎtｏday reqｕireｓmulｔiｐlｅpatｈs ａnd multｉｐlｅouｔcomes.Inclｕdinｇｓｏmｅthat are not ｅａｓy to ａccomｐlｉsh legａlｌy in ｔhe exｉｓｔｉng system.26 “Bｉrｄｓof paｓｓａge” referｓtｏthoｓe wｈo＿___．[A]ｉmmigrate acｒｏｓs the Atlantｉc[Ｂ] ｌeａve their home countｒies for gooｄ[C] ｓtａy ｉｎa foreｉｇnｔemｐorarily[D]fｉnd permanent jobs ｏvｅrseas2７It iｓimplieｄｉｎpａraｇｒapｈ 2 thａt thｅcuｒrent immiｇraｔｉoｎｓｙsｔem in ｔｈｅUＳ____.［A] nｅeｄs newｉmmiｇraｎt catｅｇｏries[B］has looｓｅｎed ｃontroｌｏver iｍmｉgrants[C]ｓhoulｄbe aｄopｔed to ｍeet chａllｅnｇes［Ｄ] has bｅeｎfixed vｉa ｐoliｔｉｃal mｅanｓ2８Aｃcording tｏthe auｔhoｒ, toｄay’s birｄs oｆpaｓｓaｇe want＿__ [Ａ] fiｎａnｃial incentives．[B] a globａl ｒecoｇｎｉtｉoｎ.[C]oｐportuｎities to ｇｅｔreｇuｌar jobs．[D]the ｆreeｄｏｍtｏsｔay anｄleａvｅ.2９Theａuthor suggｅｓｔs thaｔｔhe birds oｆpaｓｓagｅtｏdａy should ｂe tｒeaｔed ＿_[A]as faｉthful partners.[Ｂ] with eｃonoｍic ｆavors.[C] ｗithｒegal toｌeｒance.[Ｄ]as mighty ｒiｖals.３0 whicｈiｓthｅｂｅstｔitｌe oｆthe ｐaｓsａge?[A］come ａnd ｇo: ｂig miｓtake[B]living and thrｉving: gｒeａt rｉsk[C]with oｒwithouｔ: great ｒｉsk[Ｄ]ｌegal ｏrｉｌｌegal: big mｉsｔaｋeTｅxt 3Scientｉsts havｅfoｕｎd tｈatａltｈoｕｇｈwe arｅprone to snap ｏverｒeａctiｏｎs,ｉf we take a moment and thｉｎｋaｂｏut ｈｏw we ａre liｋely tｏｒeａct,we cａn reduceｏr evｅｎeliminatｅthｅnegatiｖe ｅfｆectｓｏf ouｒｑｕick, hａrd-wｉred rｅsponsｅｓ.Snap dｅcisiｏnsｃaｎｂe ｉmｐortａｎt deｆense ｍeｃｈaniｓms; if we are jｕdgｉｎg wｈｅther ｓoｍｅone is ｄangeｒous,our brａinｓanｄbodies aｒｅhard-wirｅd ｔo react very quicｋlｙ，within miｌlisecｏnds.But wｅｎｅed ｍoｒe tiｍｅto aｓｓｅsｓoｔher ｆactorｓ.Tｏaｃｃurａteｌy telｌwhｅthｅｒsomeoｎｅis sｏciable, sｔudｉeｓsｈｏw,wｅｎeed aｔleaｓｔa minuｔe, pｒｅferaｂly fiｖe.Ｉt ｔakes a whｉlｅtｏｊｕｄｇe coｍｐleｘａｓpects of peｒｓonality, lｉｋｅneurotiｃism orｏpeｎ-mindeｄnｅss.Butｓnaｐｄｅciｓions ｉn ｒeaction to rapid stimuli aren’t exｃluｓｉve to ｔhe iｎtｅｒpersｏnaｌrealm. Ｐｓychologistｓat tｈe Ｕniveｒsity oｆToronｔo ｆouｎｄthatｖiｅwing ａfａst-fｏod lｏgｏfor just a ｆew ｍilliseｃondｓpriｍes us to ｒead 20perceｎｔｆasｔer, even thoｕgh reading ｈas liｔｔle to dｏｗｉth eatinｇ.We ｕｎｃonsｃiouｓly aｓｓｏｃiａte ｆast ｆoｏd witｈspeｅｄａnd impａｔiｅnce and cａrry those impｕlses inｔoｗhateveｒｅlｓｅwｅ’rｅdoing, Sｕｂjecｔｓexposｅｄｔo fasｔ-food flashes also teｎｄto thｉnk a mｕsiｃal pieｃe lasts tｏo loｎg.Yet we caｎｒevｅrse ｓuch ｉｎfluｅncｅs.If we knｏw we will overreact to ｃｏnsｕmer ｐｒoｄucts or housing options whｅｎｗｅｓee ａhａppｙｆacｅ(one reasoｎgooｄsaleｓreprｅsｅntatｉｖes and rｅａl es ｔaｔｅagents ａre alwayｓsmilｉnｇ), wｅcan ｔａｋe a ｍoｍeｎt ｂeｆｏre buyiｎｇ．Ｉｆｗe ｋnoｗfｅmａlｅjoｂｓcrｅｅneｒs ａre morｅlｉkｅly to reｊeｃt atｔracｔｉve fｅmａle ａpplicants, we can help screeneｒs uｎdeｒstanｄtheir biａses－ｏr hire ｏutside sｃreeners.Ｊoｈn Gottman, ｔhｅmarriagｅｅｘpert, explaｉns ｔhaｔwe ｑuickly “ｔhin sｌice” ｉnformａtｉon rｅlｉａｂly ｏｎｌｙafｔer we ground such ｓｎap reacｔｉｏns iｎ“thick slicｅd” long-terｍstudy. ＷhｅnＤｒ.Ｇｏtｔmａｎｒeaｌlｙwaｎｔs to assｅss ｗhether aｃouｐlｅwｉlｌstａy ｔogether, ｈe ｉnvitｅs ｔｈem ｔｏhis ｉｓlanｄretreａｔｆoｒ a muck loｎｇer ｅvaluaｔion；tｗｏdays,ｎot two secondｓ．Ｏur abiliｔy to mute our ｈａrd－ｗiｒed rｅａｃｔiｏnｓby pａusiｎg is whatｄiｆfｅｒentiates uｓｆrom ａnimaｌs: doge cａn tｈｉnｋaｂｏｕt tｈｅfuturｅonly intermitteｎtly oｒfｏr a fewｍinutｅs．Ｂuｔhｉstorically we have sｐｅntａｂout12 peｒcent oｆｏuｒｄａｙs contｅｍplatiｎg the ｌo ｎgｅr tｅrm. Ａltｈough technology miｇht cｈangｅtheｗａy we ｒeact,ｉt haｓｎ’t cｈangedｏｕr nature. Weｓtill haveｔhe iｍagｉnａtｉｖe ca ｐaｃityｔo risｅabove tｅｍptａtionａnｄreveｒｓｅthｅhigｈ-ｓpeeｄtrend.3１. Ｔhe tｉmｅneeded inｍａｋiｎg dｅcisｉoｎs ｍａy＿__＿.［Ａ] ｖａry accoｒｄing tｏthe urgeｎcy oｆtｈe situatioｎ[Ｂ]provｅthe compｌexity of oｕr brａｉn reａctｉon[C] depｅnd on tｈe impｏrtａnce of the assessmｅnt［D] predeteｒmiｎｅｔhe accｕracy of oｕｒjｕｄgｍent３2. Our reacｔionｔo a fａst-fｏod lｏgo showｓthａt ｓnaｐｄｅcｉsions__＿_.[A]caｎbe asｓociativｅ［Ｂ］are not unｃonsciouｓ[C]can be dangｅroｕs［D]are not impulsiｖe33. To ｒevｅrｓｅｔhｅnegａtiｖe ｉｎfluences of sｎap dｅciｓions，wｅsｈoｕlｄ____．[Ａ] trｕsｔoｕr first imprｅssiｏn[B] do as peopｌe uｓuａlｌy do［Ｃ］thinｋbefore we acｔ[D］asｋfoｒｅxpert advice34．John Gottmａn sａyｓthａtｒeｌiabｌe ｓnap reaction ａre based on____.[A] criticａl aｓseｓｓment[B]‘tｈｉｎｓlicｅd’ study[C］sｅnsible explａnaｔiｏn［Ｄ]adeｑｕaｔe informatiｏｎ35.Theａuｔhoｒ’ｓatｔｉtuｄｅｔｏwaｒd ｒevｅrsinｇthｅhigｈ-sｐeed trenｄis＿_＿＿.[A] toleranｔ[B］uncertain[C]oｐtimｉstiｃ[D］douｂtfulTｅxt ４Eurｏpe is not a geｎｄeｒ-ｅｑualiｔｙhｅavｅn．Ｉn paｒtiｃｕlar，ｔh ｅcorpoｒate workplace wiｌｌｎeveｒbe coｍpleｔelｙfamｉly—frｉendlｙuntil women arｅｐart of seniｏr manageｍent deｃiｓions，and Eｕｒoｐe’s top cｏrporate-goverｎａｎｃe pｏsitiｏnｓremａin ovｅrwhelmingly male. Ｉnｄeeｄ，woｍen hｏld ｏｎｌy 1４ｐｅrcｅnｔof ｐoｓitｉons on Eｕｒope coｒpoｒate bｏaｒdｓ.Ｔhe Euｒope Union iｓnoｗｃonsideｒｉng ｌeｇislａtiｏn ｔoｃｏmｐel corpoｒate boarｄs tｏｍａintaｉn a certａiｎpｒoｐorｔion of ｗomeｎ－up to 60 percent.Tｈiｓproｐosed mａｎdate ｗas borｎｏf ｆrusｔrａtiｏｓtｙeａｒ, ＥuropｅCommission Vice Ｐreｓiｄｅｎt Vｉvｉane Reｄing isｓｕed ａcaｌl to ｖoluntａrｙaction. Ｒeding invitｅｄｃｏｒｐorａｔions to ｓｉgn up foｒｇender bａlａnce goaｌof 40 perｃent female boarｄmeｍbeｒshi ｐ. But her appealｗas cｏnsidｅrｅd a ｆailurｅ:only ２4 coｍpａｎｉeｓｔook ｉt uｐ.Do we neeｄquotas tｏenｓure tｈat ｗomen canｃoｎtｉnue tｏcliｍb the corｐｏrateＬadder faｉrｙaｓtheｙbalance worｋand famiｌy?“Perｓｏｎａlｌｙ, Ｉdon’ｔlike ｑｕotas,”Ｒeding said rｅcentｌy．“Bｕｔi ｌｉke what thｅquotas do.” Quoｔas get acｔｉon: thｅy “oｐen the way ｔo ｅｑuaｌitｙand they breａk thｒoｕｇh thｅglaｓs ceiling,” acｃorｄing to Redｉng, a result seen in Fraｎcｅaｎｄother coｕntｒi ｅs wiｔｈlegalｌy ｂｉnding proｖiｓｉons onｐlａcing womeｎin top ｂusiｎeｓs ｐositiｏｎｓ.I undｅrstand Rｅｄinｇ’s rｅluctance－and ｈer fｒusｔrａtiｏn．I dｏn’t likｅquｏtas ｅitｈｅr；they ｒunｃoｕnteｒｔo my bｅlief in ｍeriｔocrac ｙ,ｇovｅrnment by the capable．Ｂur, wｈen onｅcoｎｓｉdeｒs tｈe obｓtacles to aｃhｉｅvinｇthe meritocratiｃｉdeal, it does ｌoｏk as if ａfaiｒer worlｄmust be ｔeｍｐｏrarily ordereｄ.Aｆtｅr ａll，ｆour decadeｓof ｅｖidenｃe has nｏw shown ｔhat corｐorations in Eｕｒｏpe as thｅＵS are evadiｎg the merｉｔocratｉc hiring and ｐｒomotｉon oｆｗｏmen to top ｐosition—no maｔter how ｍｕch “sｏfｔpressure ” ｉs pｕｔupon tｈeｍ. Whenｗｏmｅn ｄo break throｕｇｈto thｅsumｍｉt of cｏrporate powｅr－-as,ｆor eｘaｍple，Ｓherｙl Saｎdbeｒg recentｌyｄid aｔFacebook—they atｔract maｓｓｉｖe atｔｅｎtion ｐrｅｃis ｅlｙｂecause theｙreｍａｉn the exｃｅｐｔion tｏthe ｒule.If ａpproprｉatｅpubic policｉes wｅｒｅin plａｃe ｔo help all women—whether CＥOs or theｉr ｃhｉldｒen’s carｅｇivers—and allｆamｉlieｓ, Saｎdbeｒg wｏｕlｄｂe no more newsworｔhｙｔhan any ｏthｅｒhｉghly ｃapaｂｌe pｅｒson liｖinｇin a more just society.３6．Ｉn tｈｅEｕroｐean coｒｐorate woｒkpｌace,ｇeneraｌｌy___＿＿.[A] ｗoｍｅn ｔake the leａd[B]meｎｈave thｅfiｎal ｓay[C] coｒｐorａｔe ｇovernance is ovｅrwhｅlmｅd［D］seniｏr maｎａgement is fａmily-ｆriendｌy37．The Eｕropean Union’s intendeｄlｅgisｌation ｉs __＿_____.［A] a reflｅｃtionｏf geｎdeｒbaｌance［B]ａｒeｌｕctaｎｔｃhoiｃe［Ｃ] ａreｓponse tｏRｅｄiｎｇ’s call[D] a vｏｌｕntaｒy action3８. According ｔo Rｅding，qｕotas mａｙheｌp ｗoｍen ____＿_．［A] gｅt top bｕｓｉness positiｏns[B］sｅe tｈrｏｕgh tｈe gｌａss ceｉling[C］baｌance worｋａnd ｆamiｌy[D] aｎticipatｅleｇalｒｅｓｕlｔs39. The author’s aｔtｉtude towarｄReding’s appeal is one of _＿__＿____.[A]ｓkeｐticｉｓm[B]objectiｖｅness［C] ｉｎdiffeｒenｃe[Ｄ] aｐprｏval40.Ｗoｍen eｎｔerinｇｔｏp maｎagemeｎt beｃome headｌineｓｄue to the ｌacｋoｆ_＿＿＿__.[A] ｍoｒe social jusｔicｅ［B] ｍaｓsive mｅdｉa atteｎｔiｏn［C] ｓuitａbｌe pubｌicｐoliｃies[D]ｇreater “ｓofｔpｒessuｒｅ”Part BDireｃtions:Ｙou ａre goiｎg to read a liｓｔof ｈeadiｎｇｓanｄa ｔexｔ. Cｈoose the most ｓuitａbｌe hｅaｄing ｆｒom the liｓｔＡ－Ｆｆoｒｅａch ｎｕmｂered paragraph (４1-4５).Maｒk ｙour ansｗeｒs on ANＳＷER ＳHEET１．（10 points）Ｔhｅhｕgely popularｂｌoｇｔhe Ｓｋiｎt Fｏodｉｅchrｏnｉｃｌes how Tony baｌａnces his lｏve of gooｄfood with lｉｖing oｎbeｎefits. After billｓ，Toｎy has £６0 ａweek to spｅｎd, £40 ｏf whiｃh gｏeｓｏｎfood，bｕt 10 yｅarsａｇｏｈｅwaｓeａrｎing £１30,00０a Ｉyear woｒkｉｎg in corpｏｒate communicａtions and eaｔiｎg at Lｏndon's bｅtft rｅstauranｔｓ'" at least twiｃe aｗeek.Ｔｈen his marriaｇe faｉled，ｈｉs cａre ｅr burned ouｔaｎd ｈis drｉnking bｅcａｍｅｓｅrｉouｓ. "The ｃoｍmunity ｍeｎtalｈeaｌth team saved my life. And I felｔlikｅtｈaｔagaｉn, toａceｒtain dｅｇｒee, wｈｅn ｐeoｐle responded tｏｔhe bｌog so wｅll. It gave me thｅｖalidatｉon anｄconfｉdｅnｃe thａt I'ｄlｏｓt. Ｂｕt it'ｓstilｌａdａy-by-dａy ｔhｉng." Nｏw ｈe's lｉviｎg in a cｏuｎｃil ｆlat and fielｄｉng offeｒｓfｒｏｍliteraｒy ａｇeｎts. He'ｓfｅeling poｓitｉｖe, but hｅ'll caｒrｙon bｌｏｇging - noｔａbouｔｅaｔinｇas cheapｌｙaｓyou can - "there aｒｅsｏmａny people ｉn a muｃh worse sｔaｔe, with baｒely ａｎｙmｏnｅｙto sｐend on fｏod"－but eaｔing ｗｅll on a budget.Herｅ's his advicｅfor econｏmicａl foodies.［A］Liｖe liｋｅａpｅａsaｎt［B] Ｂalance yoｕｒｄｉet[C]Shopkeｅｐers are your friｅnds［D] Remeｍber ｔo treaｔyourself[Ｅ] Stick to what you need[F］Pｌanｎing is eｖｅｒythinｇ[Ｇ] Wａsｔe ｎoｔ, want not４１.＿＿＿_＿______＿_＿___＿___Ｉmpuｌsｉｖe sｐｅndｉnｇisn't ａn option, soｐlan yｏur week＇s mｅnu in advance, making shｏppinｇｌists for yoｕr ingredients in thｅiｒeｘａct quantitiｅs. I have aｎExcｅｌtｅmplａｔe ｆor aｗeｅk of ｂreａkfasｔ，lun ｃh ａnd dｉnner. Sｔoｐlａugｈｉng: ｉt＇ｓnｏt just cost effectiveｂｕt hel ｐs you balａnce ｙour dｉet. It's also a good idｅa to shop ｄaily insteadｏf weｅkｌｙ，becａuse, beｉng-ｈumａn,yoｕ'll ｓometimeｓchａｎｇe yoｕr mind about ｗhat you faｎcｙ.4２______＿＿______＿___＿_＿_＿＿____＿_＿_＿＿＿＿_＿_＿_＿＿＿____＿__＿__＿__＿＿_Thiｓis whｅreｓupermaｒｋｅtｓand tｈeir anｏｎymitｙｃｏme in hanｄy．With tｈem, tｈere's not thｅsａｍe embaｒrassｍｅnt aｓwｈen buying o ｎe carroｔin a liｔtlｅgｒeengrocｅｒ. And iｆｙｏu plａn ｐrｏperｌy, you＇ll knｏw thａｔyｏu onlｙnｅed, say，350ｇof ｓhｉn of beef anｄsix r ａshｅrs of baｃｏn,not whatevｅr weight is ｐｒe-pacｋeｄｉn tｈｅsｕpｅrmａrｋeｔcｈilｌｅr.4３________＿You maｙｐroｕdlｙclaiｍtｏonlｙhave frozen pｅａｓｉnｔｈe ｆreｅzer-ｔｈaｔ'ｓnoｔgood ｅnouｇh．Mine is ｆillｅd with leftovers，bｒeａd, sｔocｋ, meaｔaｎd fish．Plannｉnｇaｈeａd shｏuｌd eｌiminａteｗａstage, bｕｔiｆyoｕｈave suｒpluｓｖｅgｅtables yoｕ'll do a ｖｅgｅtabl ｅsoup，ａnd aｌｌｆruits thｒeatenｉng to "goｏｆf' wiｌl bｅｃoｏkeｄor ｊuiced．4４__＿__＿＿_＿__＿________＿＿_＿＿__＿＿______Ｅverｙone saｙｓｔhis, buｔit reaｌlｙｉs aｔop tip foｒfruｇａl eat ｅrｓ. Ｓhｏｐａt bｕtcｈｅｒｓ，dｅｌis and fish-seｌｌeｒsｒegｕlarly, eｖen foｒｓmall thｉngｓ,andｂe super frｉeｎｄlｙ．Soon yｏu'll fｅｅl cｏｍfｏｒtａｂle asｋing if theｙ've any knuckleｓｏｆhaｍfor sｏups ａnｄｓteｗs, orｂeef bones, chicｋｅn ｃarcａｓseｓand fish hｅaｄｓｆor ｓtｏck which，moｒe ofteｎｔhaｎｎot, They ｗill let you ｈaｖe for free.45______________＿___You woｎ＇t be eating oｕt a lot, buｔsave your pennieｓand onｃe ｅv ｅrｙｆeｗmonｔhs treaｔyourself tｏa sｅｔｌunch at a ｇooｄresｔaurａnt －£1.75 a ｗeｅk fｏr three moｎtｈs givｅs ｙoｕ£21- more ｔhan"eｎoｕgh foｒa ｔhreｅ-course luncｈat Mｉcheｌin-starredＡｒbuｔus.Ｉt＇ｓ£1６.95t ｈere -oｒ£1２.９9for aｌａrgｅpizza fromＤomｉno's：Ｉkｎｏwｗh ｉcｈI'd ratｈer eat.Sectｉon IＩI TransｌａtｉｏnDiｒectｉｏns:Transｌate ｔhｅfollowing tｅxｔfｒoｍEngliｓh into Chinesｅ. Write ｙour translation on ＡNＳWEＲSＨEET ２. (１5 poｉntｓ)I cａn ｐｉck ａdaｔeｆｒｏm the pａsｔ53 ｙeａrs anｄｋnow instantlｙwhereＩｗaｓ, what haｐpｅned ｉｎtｈe neｗs aｎd even ｔhe day of ｔhe ｗeek. Ｉ’ve beｅn abｌｅtｏｄo this ｓiｎce I waｓｆoｕr.I nｅｖerｆeel oｖerwhelmeｄｗｉth the amount of informａtion my brain absorbｓmyｍind ｓeｅms to bｅablｅto copｅand thｅｉｎformationｉｓsｔoｒeｄaway reatly．WheｎＩthink of a ｓaｄmemory，Ｉｄo what eve ｒyone doｅs－trｙtｏput ｉt to one sidｅ. I don’ｔthｉnｋiｔ’s ｈaｒder foｒme just becaｕｓe my memoｒy is cｌearer.Powｅrful mｅmｏry dｏeｓn’t ｍake ｍｙｅmｏtiｏns aｎy mｏre aｃｕte ｏｒvivｉd. I cａn rｅｃall ｔhe daｙｍｙgrandｆathｅｒdied anｄthe ｓadnessＩｆelt wｈen we went to the ｈｏspital the dａy bｅfoｒe．I ａlso rｅmeｍberｔｈat the ｍｕsiｃaｌpla ｙＨair ｏpeｎed on the Broaｄｗay on tｈｅｓaｍe dａy-they both ｊust po ｐｉnto mｙmｉnd ｉｎtheｓame ｗaｙ.Ｓｅcｔiｏn IV Wｒiｔｉng4７. Ｓｕpｐose your ｃlａss is to hold aｃharｉｔy ｓａｌｅｆｏe kｉds i ｎneｅｄｏf heｌp. Wｒｉte your clasｓmａtｅs ａn email to1) iｎｆoｒm ｔｈem ａbｏｕｔｔｈe detaｉls ａnd encoｕrage them ｔo parｔici ｐatｅ .2）Ｄon’t uｓe your own nａme, use “Li Ming” ｉｎstｅad．Ｄon’ｔwrit ｅｙoｕr adｄreｓs.(10 poinｔs）ﻫ48 wriｔe aｎｅssay ｂaseｄon thｅfｏｌloｗing cｈａrt. In your writing, you should1)iｎtｅrpret thｅchart anｄ2）gｉve yｏur coｍｍentsＹou sｈould writｅaｂout150 worｄs2013考研英语（二)答案Sectiｏn I uｓe ｏf Eｎｇliｓh1．【答案】Ａ(However）【解析】空前作者讲到“鉴于电子货币的优势，你也许会认为，我们将快速步入非现金社会,实现完全电子支付。
2013全国卷二数学
2013 全国卷二数学满分 :班级： _________ 姓名： _________ 考号： _________一、单选题（共12 小题）1．已知集合M=｛x|-3<x<1｝，N=｛-3-2，-10 1M∩ N=（），，，｝，则A ．｛ -2，-1， 0,1｝B ．｛ -3， -2， -1， 0｝C． {-2 ，-1， 0}D．{-3 ，-2，-1 }2．=（）A．B． 2C．D．13．设x，y满足约束条件，则z=2x-3y的最小值是（）A．B．-6C．D．4．△ABC的内角A,B,C的对边分别为a,b,c,已知 b=2，B=，C=，则△ ABC的面积为（）A．B．C．D．5．设椭圆C：的左、右焦点分别为、，P是C上的点，⊥，∠=，则C的离心率为（）A．B．C．D．26．已知sin2α=，则cos (α+)=（）A．B．C．D．7．执行右面的程序框图，如果输入的N=4 ，那么输出的S=（）A．1B．1+C．1+ ++ +D．1+ +++8．设a=log 2,b=log52,c=log23,则（）3A ． a＞ c＞bB ． b＞ c＞ a C． c＞ b＞a D ． c＞ a＞ b9．一个四面体的顶点在空间直角坐系O-xyz中的坐标分别是（101 1 1 0），，，），（，，（ 0， 1， 1），（ 0， 0， 0），画该四面体三视图中的正视图时，以zOx 平面为投影面，则得到的正视图可为（）A．B．C．D．10．设抛物线C:y2=F F C A, B.|AF|=3|BF|4x的焦点为过且与交于，则的方，直线两点若程为（）A ． y=x-1 或 y=-x+1B ． y=（ X-1 ）或 y=（x-1 ）C． y=（ x-1 ）或 y=（ x-1 ）D ． y=（x-1 ）或 y=（ x-1 ）11．已知函数f(x)=,下列结论中错误的是（）A ．, f()=0B ．函数 y=f(x) 的图像是中心对称图形C．若是f(x)的极小值点，则f(x) 在区间（ -∞ ,）单调递减D ．若是f（x）的极值点，则()=0x12．若存在正数 x 使 2 （ x-a）＜ 1 成立，则 a 的取值范围是（）A．（-∞ +∞B．(-2, + ∞)，）C． (0, +∞) D ．（ -1， +∞）二、填空题（共 4 小题）13.从 1， 2， 3，4， 5 中任意取出两个不同的数，其和为 5 的概率为 ________.14.已知正方形ABCD 的边长为2， E 为 CD 的中点，则=_______.15.已知正四棱锥O-ABCD的体积为，底面边长为，则以O 为球心，OA为半径的球的表面积为________.16.函数的图像向右平移个单位后，与函数的图像重合，则=___________.三、解答题（共8 小题）17.已知等差数列｛a n｝的公差不为零，a1 =25，且，，成等比数列.（Ⅰ ）求的通项公式；（Ⅱ）求+a4+a7++a3n-2..18.如图，直三棱柱ABC-A1B1 C1 中，D,E分别是AB ， BB1的中点（Ⅰ）证明：BC1//平面 A 1CD;（Ⅱ）设 AA 1= AC=CB=2 ， AB=2，求三棱锥 C 一 A 1DE 的体积 .19.经销商经销某种农产品，在一个销售季度内，每售出1t 该产品获利润500 元，未售出的产品，每1t亏损300 元 .根据历史资料，得到销售季度内市场需求量的频率分布直图，如右图所示 .经销商为下一个销售季度购进了130t 该农产品.以（单位：t， 100≤ ≤150)表示下一个销售季度内的市场需求量，T(单位 :元 )表示下一个销售季度内经销该农产品的利润 .（Ⅰ）将 T 表示为的函数；（Ⅱ）根据直方图估计利润T 不少于 57000 元的概率 .20.在平面直角坐标系xOy 中，己知圆P 在 x 轴上截得线段长为2，在轴上截得线段长为.（Ⅰ）求圆心P 的轨迹方程 ;（Ⅱ）若 P 点到直线y=x 的距离为，求圆P的方程.21.己知函数.(I)求 f(x) 的极小值和极大值；(II) 当曲线 y = f(x) 的切线的斜率为负数时，求在x轴上截距的取值范围.22.如图， CD 为△ ABC 外接圆的切线，AB 的延长线交直线CD 于点 D ， E， F 分别为弦AB 与弦 AC 上的点，且BC·AE=DC· AF ，B, E, F,C 四点共圆。
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第二章混凝土结构的设计方法（注：个别习题用浅灰色，该题可忽略）一、填空题1、结构的、、、统称为结构的可靠性。
2、当结构出现或或或状态时即认为其超过了承载力极限状态。
3、当结构出现或或或状态时即认为其超过了正常使用极限状态。
4、结构的可靠度是结构在、、完成的概率。
5、可靠指标β= ，安全等级为二级的构件延性破坏和脆性破坏时的目标可靠指标分别是和。
6、结构功能的极限状态分为和两类。
7、我国规定的一般结构的设计基准期是年。
8、结构完成预定功能的规定条件是、、。
9、可变荷载的准永久值是指。
10、工程设计时，一般先按极限状态设计结构构件，再按极限状态验算。
二、判断题1、结构的可靠概率是指：结构在规定的时间内，在规定的条件下，完成预定功能的概率值。
2、偶然作用发生的概率很小，持续的时间很短，但一旦发生，其量值可能很大。
3、钢筋强度标准值的保证率为97.73%。
HPB300级钢筋设计强度270N/mm2，意味着尚有2.27%的钢筋强度低于270N/mm2。
4、可变荷载准永久值：在整个设计基准期内出现时间较长（总的持续时间不低于25年）的那部分荷载值。
5、结构设计的使用年限一般为50年。
即在50年内，结构是可靠的，超过50年结构就失效。
6、构件只要在正常使用中变形及裂缝不超过《规范》规定的允许值，承载力计算就没问题。
7、某结构构件因过度的塑性变形而不适于继续承载，属于正常使用极限状态的问题。
8、请判别以下两种说法的正误：(1)永久作用是一种固定作用；(2)固定作用是一种永久作用。
9、计算构件承载力时，荷载应取设计值。
10、结构设计使用年限被超过后，其可靠性减小。
11、正常使用极限状态与承载力极限状态相比，失效概率要小一些。
12、没有绝对安全的结构，因为抗力和荷载效应都是随机的。
13、实用设计表达式中的结构重要性系数，在安全等级为二级时，取00.9γ=。
14、在进行正常使用极限状态的验算中，荷载采用标准值。
15、钢筋强度标准值应具有不少于95%的保证率。
16、结构设计的目的不仅要保证结构的可靠性，也要保证结构的经济性。
17、我国一般结构的设计使用年限是50年，结构设计的条件：正常设计、正常施工、正常使用。
18、结构设计中承载力极限状态和正常使用极限状态是同等重要的，在任何情况下两者都应进行计算。
19、结构的可靠指标β愈大，失效概率就愈大；β愈小，失效概率就愈小。
20、承载能力极限状态和正常使用极限状态，都应采用荷载设计值进行计算，因为这样偏安全。
三、选择题1、在下列各项结构功能要求中，你认为哪项表达的有遗漏？A 、能承受在正常使用时可能出现的各种外加变形和约束变形；B 、在正常使用时具有良好的工作性能；C 、在正常维护下具有足够的耐久性能；D 、在偶然事件发生时及发生后，仍能保持必需的整体稳定性。
2、下列哪种状态应按正常使用极限状态设计？A 、结构作为刚体失去平衡；B 、因过度的塑性变形而不适于继续承载；C 、影响耐久性能的局部损坏；D 、构件丧失稳定。
3、正常使用阶段短期标准效应组合的表达式为：A 、nG G k Ql Ql lk Qi Qi Ci ik i=2γC G +γC Q +γC ψQ ∑；B 、nG G k Qi ik i=2γC G +ψC Q ∑；C 、G k Ci Qi ik C G +ψC Q ∑；D 、G k Qi lk Ci Qi ik C G +C Q ψC Q +∑。
4、现行规范关于结构可靠度的设计准则为：A 、半概率设计准则；B 、近似概率设计准则；C 、全概率设计准则。
5、荷载准永久值用在下面哪种组合中？A 、荷载的基本组合；B 、荷载的偶然组合；C 、荷载的短期效应组合；D 、荷载的长期效应组合。
6、在算结构抗倾覆时，永久荷载的分项系数应取：A 、0.9；B 、1.0；C 、1.2；D 、1.4。
7、对楼面结构，当可变荷载标准值不小于4kN/m 2时，其分项系数取：A 、1.0；B 、1.2；C 、1.3；D 、1.4。
8、按承载力极限状态计算的表达式为：A 、0S k R k γγS γR ≤；B 0k S k R γS /γR /γ≤；C 、0k S R k γS /γγR ≤；D 、0S k k R γγS R /γ≤。
9、材料强度设计值是：A 、材料强度标准值乘以分项系数；B 、材料强度标准值除以分项系数；C 、正态分布曲线上，具有95%保证率的下分位值；D 、正态分布曲线上，具有95%保证率的上分位值。
10、结构的可靠指标β，A 、在z σ不变的情况下，随z μ的增大而增大；B 、在z σ不变的情况下，随z μ的增大而减小；C 、在z μ不变的情况下，随z σ的增大而增大；D 、在z μ不变的情况下，z σ、β也不变。
11、砼强度标准值的保证率为：A 、100%；B 、97.7%；C 、95%；D 、84.13%。
12、我国建筑用钢材的强度标准值的保证率为：A 、100%；B 、97.73%；C 、95%；D 、84.13%。
13、进行结构正常使用极限状态验算时，应A 、采用材料强度设计值计算结构抗力；B 、对重要结构取结构重要性系数0γ 1.1=；C 、采用荷载设计值计算荷载效应；D 、按验算要求采用荷载的标准效应组合或准永久组合并考虑长期作用的影响。
14、按承载力极限状态计算时，0γ提高一级，可靠度指标β A 、大约减少0.5；B 、大约增加0.5；C 、大约减少1.0；D 、大约增加1.0。
15、( )属于超出承载能力极限状态。
A 、裂缝宽度超过规定限值；B 、挠度超过规范限值；C 、结构或构件视为刚体失去平衡；D 、预应力构件中混凝土的拉应力超过规范限值。
16、下列不属于正常使用极限状态的情况是( )。
A 、雨篷倾倒；B 、现浇双向板楼面在人行走动中震动较大；C 、连续梁中间支座产生塑性铰；D 、雨篷梁出现裂缝。
17、根据结构的重要性及破坏可能产生后果的严重程度，将结构的安全等级划分为( )级。
A 、3；B 、5；C 、7；D 、10。
18、为了保证结构的正常使用和耐久性，构件裂缝的控制等级有( )级。
A 、10个；B 、5个；C 、3个；D 、2个。
19、构件允许出现裂缝，但最大裂缝宽度不应大于《混凝土结构设计规范》规定的允许值，则其裂缝控制等级为( )级。
A 、一；B 、二；C 、三；D 、四级。
19、按荷载标准效应组合计算时，构件受拉边缘混凝土不应产生拉应力的构件的裂缝控制等级为( )。
A 、一级；B 、二级；C 、三级；D 、四级。
21、我国钢筋混凝土结构规范度量混凝土结构可靠性的原则是( )。
A 、用分项系数，不用f p ；B 、用分项系数和结构重要性系数，不用f p ；C 、用β，不用f p ；D 、用β表示f p ，并在形式上采用分项系数和结构重要性系数代替β。
22、规范对混凝土结构的目标可靠指标要求为3.7(属脆性破坏)和3.2(延性破坏)时，该建筑结构的安全等级属于( )。
A 、一级 重要建筑；B 、二级 重要建筑；C 、二级 一般建筑；D 、三级 次要建筑。
23、有关荷载分项系数的叙述：( )不正确。
A 、G γ为恒载分项系数；B 、Q γ用于计算活载效应的设计值；C 、G γ不分场合，均取1.2；D 、Q γ取1.4，对楼面结构，当活载标准值不小4kN/mm 2时，取1.3。
24、一般说结构的可靠性是指结构的( )。
A 、安全性；B 、适用性；C 、耐久性；D 、安全性、适用性、耐久性。
25、结构可靠的条件可以写成( )。
A 、Z <0；B 、Z >0；C 、Z =0；D 、Z ≥0。
26、目前结构设计所用材料强度值是( )。
A 、材料的平均强度值；B 、材料的平均强度除以分项系数；C 、具有一定保证率的材料强度值；D 、材料的最小强度值。
27、可变荷载在整个设计使用期内出现时间不少于( )的那部分荷载值，称为该可变荷载的准永久值。
A 、10年；B 、25年；C 、50年；D 、100年。
28、结构可靠度的定义所说的结构的规定时间应为( )。
A 、10年；B 、30年；C 、40年；D 、50年。
29、结构可靠度定义中所说的规定条件是指( )。
A 、正常设计、正常施工；B 、正常使用；C 、正常设计、正常施工、正常使用且考虑人为的过失；D 、正常设计、正常施工、正常使用且不考虑人为的过失。
四、简答题1、建筑结构有哪几个方面的功能要求？2、什么叫结构的极限状态，分几类？3、什么是结构的可靠性，它包含几方面的含义？4、什么叫结构的可靠度？5、已知结构的失效概率为46.910f P −=×，求结构的可靠概率S P ？6、设结构抗力为R ，荷载效应为S ，结构的状态函数Z R S =−，试指出>0z ，=0z ，<0z 分别相应于结构处于何种状态？7、已知状态函数的变异系数0.3125z δ=，求结构的可靠指标β？8、已知结构的可靠指标 3.2β=，当结构上的作用变异性加大后，可靠指标β是变大了还是变小了？9、有一批短柱其承载力R 为正态分布(3560,377R R KN KN μσ==)，用于房屋结构，其荷载效应S 也为正态分布(1960,316S S KN KN μσ==)求结构可靠指标β？10、计算跨度为L 的简支梁，梁上作用有均布可变荷载，试写出跨中截面弯矩效应系数？ 11、钢筋强度标准值的取值原则？12、混凝土强度标准值的取值原则？13、试把材料平均强度、标准强度、设计强度按数值大小排序？14、影响结构目标可靠指标的两个主要因素是什么？15、结构的设计使用年限是否就是结构的使用寿命，为什么？16、什么是结构的可靠度？结构的可靠度与结构的可靠性之间有什么关系？ 17、荷载设计值与荷载标准值有什么关系？18、结构构件的重要性系数如何取值？。