2012年考研英语(一)作文评析
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．考 试 专 栏 ． １ ◆ １ ◆
２ ０２年考研英语（ 作文评析 １ 一）
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小作文
今 年 的考 研英 语 （ ） 作文 是公务 信 函 。 一 小 小作文 强调信 息 覆盖要 全 ． 以题 目所列 两 项 所 写 作任 务 （ 示欢 迎 、 建议 ） 必须完 成 。但 这并 不意 味着 对此 两项 平 均用 墨 。 表 提 都 而是要 有 所 侧重。 从方 便写作 的角度考 虑 ， 我们 不妨把 第二 项 （ 建议 ） 提 作为 重点 ， 把它 写成一 封建 议信 。 结 构上 可做 如下安 排 ： 一段 表示 欢 迎 ； 二段 提 出两 、 第 第 三条 建议 ； 三段 表示 期 盼和祝 第 愿 。请 参 阅范文 ：
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2012年英语一解析
2012年英语一解析（文章开头和结尾可以适当增加字数）2012年英语一考试作文题目为：假设你是某国际学校的学生李华，请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，写一篇英语短文介绍海洋环境的变化情况，并表示自己的观点。
Pictures 1 to 4 show the changes in the ocean environment. In Picture 1, fish swim happily in clean water. However, in Picture 2, the water has become polluted due to industrial waste and garbage. In Picture 3, many fish and marine creatures are trapped in plastic debris, leading to their death. Finally, in Picture 4, people are working together to clean the ocean and restore its health.From the pictures, we can see that the ocean environment has undergone significant changes over time. Initially, the ocean was a clean and thriving ecosystem, providing a home for various species. However, due to human activities, particularly industrial waste and garbage disposal, the ocean has become polluted and its inhabitants are suffering.In Picture 2, the pollution is clearly visible. The once-clean water is now contaminated with chemicals and waste products, endangering the lives of not only the marine animals but also humans who rely on the ocean for various resources. This pollution problem should be addressed urgently to prevent further damage to the environment and ensure the well-being of all organisms.Furthermore, in Picture 3, the devastating impact of plastic debris on marine life is highlighted. The fish and marine creatures are trapped and killed as a result of the excessive plastic waste dumped into the ocean. This not only disrupts the marine food chain but also causes immense suffering to the animals. Measures must be taken to reduce the usage of single-use plastics and promote recycling initiatives to protect the ocean and its inhabitants.Fortunately, in Picture 4, we can see that people are realizing the importance of cleaning the ocean and taking action. Cooperation and unity are essential in this endeavor. Governments, organizations, and individuals must come together to develop and implement effective strategies to clean the ocean, reduce pollution, and restore the health of marine ecosystems. Education and awareness programs should also be conducted to encourage responsible behavior and promote sustainable practices.In conclusion, the pictures vividly illustrate the changes in the ocean environment, highlighting the negative impact of pollution and plastic debris. It is crucial for us to recognize the urgency of the situation and take immediate action to protect and restore the ocean. Only through collective efforts and conscious choices can we ensure a clean and thriving ocean ecosystem for future generations.。
2012年考研英语_一_大作文真题详解_钱希
T e s t B i b l e 试考试手考试手手册Ne e w w Or ie e nt n t al E E ng g li l i sh s 总的来说，本次考研英语(一)大作文的出题中规中矩，主题并不生僻，写作难度适中。
不过，今年的题目在话题方面与往年略有不同：2009~2011年的考研英语大作文考查的都是有争议的现象或负面现象类的话题，而此次考试考查的是正面观点类(乐观心态)的话题。
鉴于此，笔者认为2013年考研英语大作文也有可能继续考查这一类型的话题，因此考生对此要予以足够的重视。
Test Bible考试手册4 . New Oriental English 针对2012年考研英语(一)大作文真题及答题情况，笔者对参与本次考研英语阅卷的三位老师以及三十余位考生进行了相关采访，了解了考生在写大作文时存在的主要问题。
下面笔者就结合自己多年的考研英语写作的授课和研究经验，对这些问题进行归纳和分析，并提出相关的解决方案，希望对今后参加考研英语的学生有指导和借鉴意义。
真题回放及命题思路Directions: W rite an essay of 160~200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)全完了！幸好还剩点儿。
T e s t B i b l e考试考试手手试手册N Ne e w w OrO e ie t n nt al a l E E ngn g i li l sh s h5Test Bible考试手册New Oriental English.答题问题及解决方案据笔者对本次考研英语大作文答题情况的了解，考生答题的主要问题存在于审题、文章结构以及语言组织三个方面。
2012考研英语（一）真题答案（作文）
51题应用文Dear international students,I am the chairman of the Students’ Union. I’ve just received the emails from you and got the news that you would come to our university. Firstly, I’d like to show our warm welcome. On behalf of our university and all the students here, I really look forward to your coming。
In order to make all of you feel at home, here are some conductive suggestions. Firstly, you’d better take some warm clothes with you because it is winter in China now and it is very cold in Beijing. Secondly, I advise you to prepare some relevant knowledge about Chinese culture for better understanding in class。
I really hope you’ll find these proposals useful. And I’m looking forward to your coming!Yours sincerely,Li Ming52题大作文How vivid the cartoon it is! What the profound cartoon reflects is a not uncommon social phenomenon, from which we can observe that in this cartoon stand two men and a bottle of milk. The 2 men show different perspectives toward the bottle of milk that is place on the ground。
2012年考研英语大作文
2012年考研英语大作文篇一：2012年考研英语一大作文In the picture above, there are two men watching a fallen bottle, the water in which has almost all spilled out. Cupping his head, one of them says in distress that it is over while the other reaches out for the bottle feeling lucky that some water still remains in it. What a thought provoking sight it is !In common with these two men, people vary in sentiments towards same issues, which gives rise to different feelings. Facing problems, some people tend to look at the bad aspects and be unhappy, whereas others choose to lay their eyes on bight sides rather than the ones that bring only sorrow. It is beyond doubt that these pessimists live a life of better quality. What good would it bring when one choose to adopt a passive attitude instead of a active one to what is done ? In my humble opinion, it is highly advisable for people to take things optimistically since it is no use feeling down about what is done. After all, what life is all about is happiness not bitterness.篇二：2012考研英语万能大作文模板大作文：（1）正面（正确、积极的）：01、02、03、08、10反面（不正确的做法、消极）：04、05、06、07、09、11 （2）一幅图还是两幅图（04、06）（3）作文有无规定题目（仅02）（4）1st：描述图画，2nd:解释图画要表达的含义，3rd：严重性及采取的举措。
2012考研英语(一)写作真题解析与参考范文
2012考研英语(一)写作真题解析与参考范文2012考研英语（一）写作真题解析与参考范文1、小作文：Directions: Some international students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students' Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address.(10 points).命题解析：在2011年所有的面授及讲座中，笔者均预测2012年英语（一）小作文70%的可能性是考察书信。
不出所料，今年再次考察了从2005年至2011年已经连续考察过六次的书信。
值得高度关注的是，今年再次考察了考研已经考察过四次的建议信：2007年给图书馆提建议、2008年给房东道歉加建议、2009年给编辑提建议、2011年英语（二）祝贺表弟入学并提建议。
尤其与2011年英语（二）的建议信颇为相似，均为关于大学生活提出建议。
再次提醒广大考生：反押题的逆向出题方式才是考研的命题方式！切勿以为考过的题型不会重考，真题才是最宝贵的复习资源！2011年笔者讲授的北京新东方学校各类考研写作课程均提供了小作文10大必背范文，其中均有1-3篇建议信，尤其是提供的招新启事前两段今年小作文均可使用。
拙著《2012考研英语高分写作》第63至64页详细讲解了建议信的注意事项、写作方法，并提供了经典范文与万能句型；第二章第五节详细解析了2007至2009年三年的建议信真题，各提供了两篇经典范文、参考译文与范文详解。
2012年考研英语一真题难度分析
2012年考研英语一真题难度分析跨考教育英语教研室2012年的考研英语已经结束了，难也好、易也罢，它终于在众多莘莘学子的期待中揭开了面纱。
现在我们可以静下心来，分析一下本套试卷的特点，以便能够把握考研英语的总体出题脉络。
1.文章难度中等，选项陷阱重重考研的学生都知道，在考研英语中，“得阅读者得天下”，因为它占的比例太大了。
本套试题的阅读理解部分总体来说难度依旧，文章看似容易、选项陷阱重重，要想得高分恐怕不是件易事。
虽然个别文章理解起来难度不大，但选项设计模棱两可，区分度很低，容易使考生上当丢分，所以我们还不能盲目乐观。
尽管如此，专家在历年试题中常用的出题手法在本套试题中依然比比皆是。
2.今年的新题型并没有出乎大家所料，考查的是以前已经考过的备选题型，选择填空题。
七年已经四年考过的7选5，在第八年再次回到7选5，难度适中。
这种题型主要考查考生对文章“统一性”的把握，它既考查全文的统一性。
这类题型最简单的答题方法就是两个字：主题。
全文有全文的主题，段落有段落的主题。
只要循着“主题”这根主线，没有找不到答案的道理。
而主题又离不开名词，所以，只要看清每个空前后作为主题的名词，抓根提串，抓住了主题这个“根”，后面的句子就肯定能够串起来。
3.小作文重考以往题型，建议信写作难度不大从2005年开设小作文题型至今已有8个年头了，分别考的是辞职信、请求信、建议信和道歉信，可能出乎大家预料，今年的小作文考又考了2007年、2009年考过的建议信。
“校园生活”是一个我们非常熟悉的话题。
只要在作文中写出了①自己的看法，那就是“如何适应校园生活”；②给出自己的建议等要点，保证切题；使用了first, second,third等连接词，体现行文逻辑；句子结构不是过于简单，展示自己的语言功底，得到6分以上的成绩还是可以期待的。
另外，我们一再强调，考试之前一定要背下一些信件的开头和结尾套话，如果真的背下来了，这篇小作文肯定能够给你往上拉分。
点评2012年考研英语一阅读解析
考研英语一细节题解析考研英语选材广泛，newspapers，magzines，books和websites皆有可能；并非像有些菜鸟所说的都来自于Economist。
以今年为例，四片文章分别来自：时代周刊Time波士顿城市网站一本不知名的书：<<科学的每日实践:激情和理性与客观和逻辑的碰撞>>Everyday Practice of Science: Where Intuition and Passion Meet Objectivity and Logic》和经济学人Economist。
也就是说，把最近一年的Economist 的3000篇文章看一遍，才能碰到一篇真题。
所以侥幸的心理不能有，必须要有科学的备考心态和解题方法。
下面以text 1 为例，讲述使用强化班教授的定位方法，快速确定题目解题范围的过程：Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure.It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force throughwhat she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a soc ial cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors“peer pressure often emerges ”和“first paragraph”是我们定位的关键。
(免费)2012年考研英语作文模板精析
2012年考研英语作文模板精析第一点:考试情况分析篇分析一:觉得自己没什么思路时间又不够时,虽然构思内容不够丰富精彩,思维短路,举实例!提出一个观点,举实例!提出一个方案,举实例!。
至少会得平均分,不要着急。
分析二:在你觉得文章有内容可写,自己观点清晰、分析深刻时,可以尝试写得高分的作文。
所以一定要强调构思,这和英语没关系,是思路的问题。
但却非常重要。
这时套话一定不能作为文章主体。
套话要用,但不可多用,并不是看你“因为、所以、例如”这些句子用的有多复杂。
但写文章主体时,句式要富于变化!不然文章没有亮点。
第二点:文章模版篇第一部分、开头:一、结构: 开头图面描述+小的概括,点明图画的意义,揭示的问题。
在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短,且先长后短例如As is indicated in the picture, an adolescent is telling his grandfather a good news - he can go to a state-class university with his University Admission Report, while his grandpa has also received his own Admission Report of the university for the elder.(长句) How exciting and encouraging it is!(短句)二、套话:1、开头图面描述:As is indicated in the picture, an adolescent is telling例如As is indicated in the picture, an adolescent is telling his grandfather a good news –2、小的概括:An overwhelming/ A noticeable trend /situation is illustrated in an explicit(直接的)/ implicit暗示的 manner:例如A noticeable situation is illustrated in an explicit manner: Pollution poses a great threat to our existence. {Pose a great threat to ~~ (对...造成一大威胁)} 第二部分 (主要是原因、举例和措施的写法)一、原因部分:(一)最佳方案:用3、4句话排比,层层深入点明主题。
2012年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not_5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely_14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.‖ Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!‖ pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cur e as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the disc overy of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management– especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate vot ed 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extensi on.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase ―reneging on‖(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as ―seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.‖ But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility ―happens‖ to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. ―We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.‖31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientif ic Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized. 000There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions. 00 0At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.000In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly ―backloaded‖ public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.0 0Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have foug ht against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.000As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of peopleuploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on..(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and upload ing - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits(particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between parti cular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of theStudents’ Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use ―Li Ming‖ instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points）1.【答案】B00【解析】从空后信息可以看出，这句表达的是―_ _法官表现得像政治家‖的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，所以应该选C,maintain―维持，保持‖，其他显然语义不通。
2012年1月考研英语一小作文(标准版)
2012年1月考研英语一小作文（标准版)2012年1月考研英语(一)作文范文以及解析。
作文Directions:Some international students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students' Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, Use "Li Ming"instead.Do not write the address.(10 points).小作文范文Dear my friends,I am writing this letter to welcome you to our university. I expect you to arrive here with increasing joy as well as excitement. It is of great pleasure to anticipate your coming soon.As foreign students, you will find everything on our campus quite different, fresh and alien. Therefore, after arriving, you can take full advantage of every opportunity to communicate with us directly to bridge the gap. To be more specific, the climate in Beijing is considerably different from your hometown, but you will soon get accustomed to living here. Finally, I hope to accompany you and introduce some special or unique campus characteristics and cultures to you so as to let you better understand our college life.We shall strive to make your visit as pleasant as possible by providing the best service as well as support for you. All of our students are looking forward to your early coming eagerly.Students' UnionLi MingDear friends，I am very glad to hear that you would come to our school. Firstly I will extend to you our warmest welcome, and we are looking forward to the coming learning.Before you come here, I will try to make some useful suggestions for you. First of all, it is better to learn Chinese well as soon as possible. Perhaps it's not easy to master a language in a short time, but it is very important in your daily life. Secondly, it is necessary to know some cultural differences between two countries. Otherwise, you will meet some unnecessary troubles.At last, you should get to know the weather and prepare for the cloths in each season.We are looking forward to seeing you soon and wish everything goes well.Sincerely yours,Li Ming这篇小作文是考过三次的建议信，我原本预计今年考投诉信，没有想到英语二用了投诉信，而英语一用的还是建议信，呵呵，看来出题的老师没有太多的思路可以展拓了，好在今年没有考摘要，原本预计有30%的可能考摘要的，那样就麻烦了，没有模板~~~哈哈这篇建议信四平八稳，可以说只要读懂题目，应该得到6分以上的分数。