博迪投资学第九版课件
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兹维博迪-投资学-第九版-中文PPT课件
1-31
1-25
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系统性风险的上升
银行资产和负债的到期日和流动性之间并不匹配。
负债是短期的、流动的 资产是长期的、非流动的 需要不断再融资改善资产组合
高杠杆比率使得银行几乎没有保证金来确保其安全。
1-26
-
系统性风险的上升
投资者过分依赖结构化产品，如信用违约掉期来实现信 用升级。
信用违约掉期合约通常是场外交易，缺少公开披露，没 有要求保证金。
为什么会低估信用风险?
没有人会预料到房地产市场的价格会一直下跌 跨地区来分散风险的愿望并未实现 代理问题和评级机构 信用违约掉期并未像预计那样降低风险
1-22
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信用违约掉期 (CDS)
信用违约掉期实质上是一种针对借款者违约的保险合同。 投资者购买次级贷款使用信用违约掉期来保证其安全性。
投资银行
• 同意买下新发行的股票 和债券
• 在一级市场上向公众销 售新证券
• 投资者在二级市场上买 卖一级市场发行的证券
商业银行
• 吸收存款、发放贷款
1-14
-
-
2008年的金融危机
金融危机的前情:
“大稳健”: 美国经历了一个低利率和经济稳定的时期，只有一 些温和的经济衰退，经济周期似乎已被驯服。
第一章
1
投资环境
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
-
-
实物资产与金融资产
实物资产 取决于该社会经济的生产能力，为经济创 造净利润。 如土地、建筑物、机器以及可用于生产产 品和提供服务的知识。
1-25
-
系统性风险的上升
银行资产和负债的到期日和流动性之间并不匹配。
负债是短期的、流动的 资产是长期的、非流动的 需要不断再融资改善资产组合
高杠杆比率使得银行几乎没有保证金来确保其安全。
1-26
-
系统性风险的上升
投资者过分依赖结构化产品，如信用违约掉期来实现信 用升级。
信用违约掉期合约通常是场外交易，缺少公开披露，没 有要求保证金。
为什么会低估信用风险?
没有人会预料到房地产市场的价格会一直下跌 跨地区来分散风险的愿望并未实现 代理问题和评级机构 信用违约掉期并未像预计那样降低风险
1-22
-
信用违约掉期 (CDS)
信用违约掉期实质上是一种针对借款者违约的保险合同。 投资者购买次级贷款使用信用违约掉期来保证其安全性。
投资银行
• 同意买下新发行的股票 和债券
• 在一级市场上向公众销 售新证券
• 投资者在二级市场上买 卖一级市场发行的证券
商业银行
• 吸收存款、发放贷款
1-14
-
-
2008年的金融危机
金融危机的前情:
“大稳健”: 美国经历了一个低利率和经济稳定的时期，只有一 些温和的经济衰退，经济周期似乎已被驯服。
第一章
1
投资环境
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
-
-
实物资产与金融资产
实物资产 取决于该社会经济的生产能力，为经济创 造净利润。 如土地、建筑物、机器以及可用于生产产 品和提供服务的知识。
投资学课件—博迪第九版—Ch03 Types of Orders & Margin Accounts
Exercise 2
On January 1, you sold short one round lot (that is, 100 shares) of Zenith stock at $14 per share. On March 1, a dividend of $2 per share was paid. On April 1, you covered the short sale by buying the stock at a price of $9 per share. You paid 50 cents per share in commissions for each transaction. What is the value of your account on April 1?
Stock $10,000
New position
Borrowed $4,000 Equity $3,000
Stock price falls to $70 per share Stock $7,000
Margin% = $3,000/$7,000 = 43%
How far can the stock price fall before a margin call?
Sale Proceeds initial margin
New position
Stock price rises to $110 Sale Proceeds $100,000 Initial Margin $50,000 Stock Owed $110,000 Net Equity $40,000 Margin% = $40,000/ $110,000 = 36%
Chap002 资产类别与金融工具兹维 博迪 《投资学 》第九版课件PPT
2-9
2.2 债券市场
1、中长期国债
① 期限： – 中期国债 – 期限最长是10年 – 长期国债 – 期限从10年到30年不等 ② 面值 – 1000美元； ③ 利息支付期—半年； ④ 行情– 以面值的百分比；1/32
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2.2 债券市场
2.3 权益证券
• 1、普通股：代表所有权 – 剩余索取权最后 – 有限责任 • 2、优先股： 永续性 – 固定收益； – 求偿权优先于普通股，次于债券； – 税务处理：股利部分免税； • 美国存托凭证ADR：在美国市场上ODIE, KANE, MARCUS
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2-21
标准普尔指数
• 标准普尔500指数：
– 涵盖500家公司的指数
– 市值加权指数
• 投资者可以购买指数投资组合:
– 购买与各种指数相对应的共同基金；
– 购买交易所交易基金 (ETFs)；
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2-8
2.2 债券市场
• 1、中期国债和长期国债 • 2、通胀保值债券 • 3、联邦机构债券 • 4、国际债券 • 5、市政债券 • 6、公司债券 • 7、抵押贷款和抵押担保证券
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第二章
资产类别与金融工具
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
博迪投资学第九版ppt
NE, MARCUS
27-11
Table 27.4 The Optimal Risky Portfolio with Constraint on the Active Portfolio (wA ≤1)
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• How accurate is your forecast?
• Regress forecast alphas on actual, realized alphas to adjust alpha for the accuracy of the analysts’ previous forecasts.
• The BL model is a generalization of the TB model that allows you to have views about relative performance that cannot be used in the TB model.
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27-13
Table 27.5 The Optimal Risky Portfolio with the Analysts’ New Forecasts
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27-14
Adjusting Forecasts for the Precision of Alpha
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27-17
Steps in the Black-Litterman Model
27-11
Table 27.4 The Optimal Risky Portfolio with Constraint on the Active Portfolio (wA ≤1)
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• How accurate is your forecast?
• Regress forecast alphas on actual, realized alphas to adjust alpha for the accuracy of the analysts’ previous forecasts.
• The BL model is a generalization of the TB model that allows you to have views about relative performance that cannot be used in the TB model.
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27-13
Table 27.5 The Optimal Risky Portfolio with the Analysts’ New Forecasts
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27-14
Adjusting Forecasts for the Precision of Alpha
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27-17
Steps in the Black-Litterman Model
博迪投资学第九版课件Chap008
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8-17
Optimal Risky Portfolio of the Single-Index Model
• Maximize the Sharpe ratio – Expected return, SD, and Sharpe ratio:
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8-12
Table 8.1 Interpretation
• Correlation of HP with the S&P 500 is 0.7238.
• The model explains about 52% of the variation in HP.
• Variance of the equally weighted portfolio of firm-specific components:
1 2 1 2 (eP ) (ei ) (e) n i 1 n
n 2
2
• When n gets large, σ2(ep) becomes negligible and firm specific risk is diversified away.
8-9
Figure 8.2 Excess Returns on HP and S&P 500
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8-10
Figure 8.3 Scatter Diagram of HP, the S&P 500, and HP’s Security Characteristic Line (SCL)
Chap012 行为金融与技术分析兹维 博迪 《投资学 》第九版课件PPT
由框定依赖导致的认知与判断的偏差即为框定偏差它是指人们的判断与决策依赖于所面临的决策问题的形式即尽管问题的本质相同但因形式的不同也会导致人们做出不同的决策
第十二章
行为金融与技术分析
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
1. 基本趋势/主要趋势: 股价的长期趋势，持续时间从 几个月到几年不等。 2. 二级趋势或中间趋势: 价格对目标趋势线的短期偏 离，当价格回归到趋势值时，这些偏离就会消失。 3. 三级趋势或次要趋势: 几乎不重要的日波动。
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12-19
12-21
图12.5 移动平均线（惠普公司）
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12-22
趋势与修正: 宽度
宽度:常用的测量 方法是计算价格 出现上涨的股票 数量和出现下跌 的股票数量之差。
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12-23
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12.2.3 警告!
• 很可能会观察出实际上并不存在的波动形式。 • 图12.8A 是基于真实的数据资料。图B描述的 是利用任意数字算出的股票收益。 • 图12.9 描述的是图12.8对应的每周股价变化， 可以看出其明显的随机性。
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12-12
第十二章
行为金融与技术分析
INVESTMENTS | BODIE, KANE, MARCUS
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
1. 基本趋势/主要趋势: 股价的长期趋势，持续时间从 几个月到几年不等。 2. 二级趋势或中间趋势: 价格对目标趋势线的短期偏 离，当价格回归到趋势值时，这些偏离就会消失。 3. 三级趋势或次要趋势: 几乎不重要的日波动。
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12-19
12-21
图12.5 移动平均线（惠普公司）
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12-22
趋势与修正: 宽度
宽度:常用的测量 方法是计算价格 出现上涨的股票 数量和出现下跌 的股票数量之差。
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12-23
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12-26
12.2.3 警告!
• 很可能会观察出实际上并不存在的波动形式。 • 图12.8A 是基于真实的数据资料。图B描述的 是利用任意数字算出的股票收益。 • 图12.9 描述的是图12.8对应的每周股价变化， 可以看出其明显的随机性。
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12-12
博迪投资学第九版课件
p
24-11
Risk Adjusted Performance: Treynor
2) Treynor Measure
(rP rf )
P
rp = Average return on the portfolio
rf = Average risk free rate ßp = Weighted average beta for portfolio
24-2
Introduction
• Two common ways to measure average portfolio return: 1. Time-weighted returns 2. Dollar-weighted returns • Returns must be adjusted for risk.
24-7
Time-Weighted Return
53 50 2 r1 10% 50 54 53 2 r2 5.66% 53
rG = [ (1.1) (1.0566) ]1/2 – 1 = 7.81% The dollar-weighted average is less than the time-weighted average in this example because more money is invested in year two, when the return was lower.
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24-14
M Measure
• Developed by Modigliani and Modigliani • Create an adjusted portfolio (P*)that has the same standard deviation as the market index. • Because the market index and P* have the same standard deviation, their returns are comparable:
Chap009 资本资产定价模型兹维 博迪 《投资学 》第九版课件PPT
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9-18
图9.3 证券市场线和一只α值为正的股票
股票的实际期望 收益与正常期望收 益之间的差，称为 股票的阿尔法，。 被低估的股票期 望收益值将高于证 券市场线给出的正 常收益值。
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9-24
9.4 计量经济学与期望收益—贝塔关系
9.3.2 实证检验不支持CAPM
• 实证拒绝了假设：α等于0。 • 统计偏差的引进。 • 米勒和斯科尔斯的论文证明了计量问题可 能会导致拒绝资本资产定价模型，即使该 模型是非常有效的。 • 但也可能是模型本身的问题。
E r r
M f
9-7
• 变换一下，我们可以得到：
ErGE rf GE ErM rf
– 风险溢价取决于两个因素：
• 一是市场组合风险报酬[E(r )－rf]； • 二是资产对市场组合的风险暴露程度β；
M
注意：预测的是收益
9-8
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E (rM ) rf M E ( r ) r M f
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9-15
9.1.5 证券市场线★
均衡市场中，所有证券 都必须在证券市场线上。 证券市场线：期望收益 -贝塔关系。斜率为市 场投资组合的风险溢价 ：【E(rM)-rf 】。
• βi为个股对市场组合方差的贡献。
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9-18
图9.3 证券市场线和一只α值为正的股票
股票的实际期望 收益与正常期望收 益之间的差，称为 股票的阿尔法，。 被低估的股票期 望收益值将高于证 券市场线给出的正 常收益值。
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9-24
9.4 计量经济学与期望收益—贝塔关系
9.3.2 实证检验不支持CAPM
• 实证拒绝了假设：α等于0。 • 统计偏差的引进。 • 米勒和斯科尔斯的论文证明了计量问题可 能会导致拒绝资本资产定价模型，即使该 模型是非常有效的。 • 但也可能是模型本身的问题。
E r r
M f
9-7
• 变换一下，我们可以得到：
ErGE rf GE ErM rf
– 风险溢价取决于两个因素：
• 一是市场组合风险报酬[E(r )－rf]； • 二是资产对市场组合的风险暴露程度β；
M
注意：预测的是收益
9-8
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E (rM ) rf M E ( r ) r M f
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9-15
9.1.5 证券市场线★
均衡市场中，所有证券 都必须在证券市场线上。 证券市场线：期望收益 -贝塔关系。斜率为市 场投资组合的风险溢价 ：【E(rM)-rf 】。
• βi为个股对市场组合方差的贡献。
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Security D and Security E
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7-9
Two-Security Portfolio: Risk
• Another way to express variance of the portfolio:
2 P wD wDCov(rD , rD ) wE wE Cov(rE , rE ) 2wD wE Cov(rD , rE )
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7-20
Figure 7.6 The Opportunity Set of the Debt and Equity Funds and Two Feasible CALs
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7-15
Figure 7.3 Portfolio Expected Return as a Function of Investment Proportions
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7-16
Figure 7.4 Portfolio Standard Deviation as a Function of Investment Proportions
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7-5
Figure 7.2 Portfolio Diversification
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7-6
Covariance and Correlation
• Portfolio risk depends on the correlation between the returns of the assets in the portfolio
CHAPTER 7
Optimal Risky Portfolios
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
– Systematic or nondiversifiable
• Firm-specific risk
– Diversifiable or nonsystematic
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7-4
Figure 7.1 Portfolio Risk as a Function of the Number of Stocks in the Portfolio
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7-17
The Minimum Variance Portfolio
• The minimum variance portfolio is the portfolio composed of the risky assets that has the smallest standard deviation, the portfolio with least risk. • When correlation is less than +1, the portfolio standard deviation may be smaller than that of either of the individual component assets. • When correlation is -1, the standard deviation of the minimum variance portfolio is zero.
7-14
Three-Asset Portfolio
E (rp ) w1E (r1 ) w2 E (r2 ) w3 E (r3 )
2 2 2 2 2 p w1212 w2 2 w3 3 2w1w21,2 2w1w31,3 2w2 w3 2,3
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7-25
Markowitz Portfolio Selection Model
• Security Selection – The first step is to determine the riskreturn opportunities available. – All portfolios that lie on the minimumvariance frontier from the global minimum-variance portfolio and upward provide the best risk-return combinations
3. Security selection of individual assets within each asset class
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7-3
Diversification and Portfolio Risk
• Market risk
7-21
The Sharpe Ratio
• Maximize the slope of the CAL for any possible portfolio, P. • The objective function is the slope:
SP
E (rP ) rf
P
• The slope is also the Sharpe ratio.
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7-26
Figure 7.10 The Minimum-Variance Frontier of Risky Assets
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7-27
Markowitz Portfolio Selection Model
• We now search for the CAL with the highest reward-to-variability ratio
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wE
D E
D
1 wD
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7-13
Table 7.2 Computation of Portfolio Variance From the Covariance Matrix
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7-8
Two-Security Portfolio: Risk
2 2 2 2 2 p wD D wE E 2wD wECovrD , rE
2 D = Variance once of Security E
CovrD , rE = Covariance of returns for
• Covariance and the correlation coefficient provide a measure of the way returns of two assets vary
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7-7
Two-Security Portfolio: Return
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7-12
Correlation Coefficients
• When ρDE = 1, there is no diversification
P wE E wD D
• When ρDE = -1, a perfect hedge is possible
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7-22
Figure 7.7 The Opportunity Set of the Debt and Equity Funds with the Optimal CAL and the Optimal Risky Portfolio
rp rP rD rE
Portfolio Return Bond Return Equity Return
wr
D
D
wE r E
wD Bond Weight wE Equity Weight
E (rp ) wD E (rD ) wE E (rE )
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7-11
Correlation Coefficients: Possible Values
Range of values for 1,2
+ 1.0 > > -1.0 If = 1.0, the securities are perfectly positively correlated If = - 1.0, the securities are perfectly negatively correlated
INVESTMENTS | BODIE, KANE, MARCUS
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Figure 7.5 Portfolio Expected Return as a Function of Standard Deviation