2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题及答案解析
2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题答案解析万学海文教研中心英语教研室Section I Use of English1、【答案】[D] what【解析】该题考查的是语法知识。
根据句子结构和选项的特点，可以判断出空格处应填从属连词引导从句；再根据句子的内容，可以看出该从句是一项研究的相关内容（what），不是指研究的时间（when），原因（why）和方式（how），因此，该题的答案为what。
2、【答案】[B] concluded【解析】从此题所在的句子的前后内容可以判断出，that is_______ 中的that是指第一句话的内容（朋友与我们基因上的相关性），很显然是研究得出的结论。
因此，答案为concluded。
3、【答案】[C] on【解析】根据空格所在句子的内容（研究对1932分独特的受试者进行分析）判断出进行分析的对象是1932 unique subjects。
conduct analysis on…是固定表达。
4、【答案】[A] compared【解析】该空格所在的句子是which 引导的定语从句修饰study,意思是：对几对基因不相关的朋友和陌生人进行_______。
因为“研究”的内容是关于朋友间基因上的相关性问题，所以完整的意思应该是：对几对基因不相关的朋友和陌生人进行比较。
所以最佳答案为compared。
5、【答案】[C] samples【解析】根据空格的前后内容判断，到第五个空为止，文章都在讲实验过程，和实验对象，第五个空格所在句子的内容是：相同的人们都用于实验中的这两类______。
所以根据上下文语境和内容，应该选与实验对象相对应的samples（样例）.因此，答案是samples。
6、【答案】[A] insignificant【解析】空的语境为：尽管这1%看起来似乎____，但是遗传学家可不这么认为。
空前后形成对比转折的逻辑关系，而从后文列举的例子中可知遗传学家James Fowler对这1%基因的态度是肯定的，故答案为A。
7、【答案】[D] know【解析】空的语境为：大多数人甚至不____他们隔三代的表亲，但却设法选择那些____我们亲戚的人作为朋友。
填入的词必须满足前后句之间的转折逻辑关系，四个选项带入，只有D选项符合上下文语义。
8、【答案】[A] resemble【解析】空的语境为：大多数人甚至不认识他们隔三代的表亲，但却设法选择那些____我们亲戚的人作为朋友。
根据全文中心：基因上的相似性，可知本题选择A。
9、【答案】[B] also【解析】空所在的句子开头用“The study…”,显然这是对上文话题的继续阐述，前文指出研究发现朋友与我们有1%的基因关系，而空所在句“the genes for smell were something shared in friends”在进一步详细讨论该话题，前后之间是顺接关系，故答案为B。
10、【答案】[D] Perhaps【解析】从选项和文字中句子结构可以判断，空格处要求填入一个能够体现前后两个句子逻辑关系的副词，空前的句子谈到“为什么在嗅觉基因方面存在相似性还很难解释”，空后却紧接着对此得出一个相关结论，很明显是矛盾的，所以此结论只能是一种不确定的推测，故答案为D。
11、【答案】[B] to【解析】该题为介词选择题。
后半句出现比较级，可见是和前文形成比较关系，因此和上半句介词保持一致，用介词to。
该句翻译：它（这种相似性）吸引我们到相同的环境，并且使我们更为相似。
因此答案为to。
12、【答案】[A] drive【解析】该句意思为：很多机制共同作用，从而_____我们选择基因相似的朋友，_____和_____交朋友的“功能关系”。
根据上下文可知，此处所填入动词需符合结构_____sb. in doing sth，B选项observe（观察，遵守）和C选项confuse（困惑）均无此用法。
符合该结构只有A选项drive（驱使）和D选项limit（限制）。
根据上下文可得知：这些机制驱使我们选择基因相似的朋友，符合文章主题。
如果选限制则为反向干扰。
因此答案为drive。
13、【答案】[B] rather than【解析】所填词为逻辑关系短语，空前说选择基因相似的朋友，空后说具有“实用关系”的朋友，可知前后为对立关系，并且根据文章主题，可知肯定前者而否定后者，可锁定B选项rather than。
A选项according to（根据）没有体现出对立及取舍关系，因此排除；C 选项regardless of（不管）表让步关系，干扰性较强，但文章更强调取前舍后，因此排除；D选项along with（伴随）表顺接，故排除。
故答案为rather than。
14、【答案】[D] benefits【解析】根据前文functional kinship（实用关系）可得出D选项benefits（利益），前后形成呼应。
A选项chances（机会）、B选项responses（反应）、C选项missions（使命）均不符合题意。
故答案为benefits。
15、【答案】[C] faster【解析】该句为：evolving ______ than other genes（比其他基因进化得______）. 根据同词复现，我们找到该段第二句话中：human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years（人类进化在过去30000年间提速）。
C 选项faster与下文picked pace（加速）形成呼应，故答案为faster。
16、【答案】[C] understand【解析】此题考查动词。
根据语意。
空格后面是一个why引导的宾语从句，意为“人类进化在过去三万年间得以加速的原因”，表示这一研究的结果和意义。
能与这一宾语从句构成搭配的只有C选项understand。
A选项forecast“预测”与“过去三万年”相矛盾，B 选项remember“记住”和D选项“express”均不符合文意。
17、【答案】[B] contributory【解析】此空需要填入一个形容词，表达社会环境对人类进步所起到的作用。
help，pick pace这两个词表达的都是积极的含义，因此此处需要填入一个带有褒义的感情色彩的词，因此排除A选项“不可预测的”和D选项“破坏性的”; B 而C选项“可控的”,与语意无关；因此正确答案为B选项contributory“促进的”。
18、【答案】[D] tendency【解析】此处进一步陈述这一研究的结论。
A选项endeavor“努力”，B选项“决定”，C选项“安排”，D选项“倾向”。
本文的主旨重在解释人们在交朋友的不自觉的一种倾向，而非通过人为的有意识的举动来选择朋友。
因此正确答案为D。
19、【答案】[C] ethnic【解析】结合文意，人们普遍希望和有相似基因背景的人。
C选项ethnic意为“种族的，民族的”，是对上文中多次重复出现的genes,以及下文的the same population的同义复现。
因此正确答案为C。
A选项political“政治的”，B选项“宗教的”，D选项“经济的”均不符合原文文意。
20、【答案】[A] see【解析】此处考察动词，动词势必要看前后搭配。
see that 构成固定词组，意为“务必使……”，符合文意，即：即使所有的受访者都拥有欧洲血统，(研究者们)仍然悉心确保所有的受访者、朋友和陌生人都来自于同一群种。
选项B“展示”,选项C“证明”，选项D “辨别”均无此含义，且不符合文意。
Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 121、【答案】[D] ended his reign in embarrassment【解析】事实细节题。
根据题干要求，定位到文章前两段。
而文章第一段的第二句话提到“But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.”（在最近的欧洲选举中，令人尴尬的丑闻和受欢迎的共和党，均迫使Carlos收回前言并退位）。
D选项中，“stand down”是“end reign”的同义置换，且“embarrassment”与导致Carlos卸任的原因“embarrassing scandals”是相呼应的。
故D是正确答案。
A、B、C均属于无中生有。
22、【答案】[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status【解析】事实细节题。
根据题干关键词“monarchs”和“heads of state”，定位到第三段的最后一句话“...most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.”（大多数的王室幸存下来是由于他们让选民可以避免去寻找一个不受争议且受尊敬的公众人物的困难）其中“non-controversial but respected public figure”正是A选项中“undoubted and respectable status”的同义置换。
故A是正确答案。
23、【答案】[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies【解析】事实细节题。
定位在第四段的最后一句话“...it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.”（离奇的是，富有的贵族竟然仍是现代民主国家的象征核心）其中，the symbolic heart of modern democratic states 是题干the role of the nobility in modern democracies的同义置换。
24、【答案】[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role【解析】事实细节题。
该题考查：英国皇家贵族们非常害怕是因为查尔斯……。
根据题干专有名词Charles可定位到文章第七段“the danger will come with Charles...worst enemies”。
2015 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)真题+答案
2015 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In our contemporary culture, the prospect of communicating with — or even looking at — a stranger is virtually unbearable. Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they cling to their phones, even without a __1__ on a subway.It’s a sad reality — our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings — becausethere’s __2__ to be gained from talking to the stranger standing by you. But you wouldn’t know it, __3__ into your phone. This universal protection sends the __4__: “Please don’t approach me.” What is it that makes us feel we need to hide __5__ our screens?One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, an executive mental coach. We fear rejection,or that our innocent social advances will be __6__ as “weird.” We fear we’ll be __7__. We fe ar we’ll be disruptive.Strangers are inherently __8__ to us, so we are more likely to feel __9__ when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances. To avoid this uneasiness, we __10__ to our phones. “Phones become our security blanket,” Wortmann says. “They are our happy glasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more __11__.”But once we rip off the bandaid, tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look up, it doesn’t__12__ so bad. In one 2011 experiment, behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable: Start a __13__. They had Chicago train commuters talk to their fellow __14__. When Dr. Epley and Ms. Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to __15__ how they would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their __16__ would be more pleasant if they sat on their own,” The New York Times summarizes. Though the participants didn’t expect a positive experience, after they __17__ with the experiment, “not a single person reported having been embarrassed.”__18__, these commutes were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those without communication, which makes absolute sense, __19__ human beings thrive off of social connections. It's that __20__: Talking to strangers can make you feel connected.1.[A]ticket [B]permit [C]signal [D]record2.[A]nothing [B]little [C]another [D]much3.[A]beaten [B]guided [C]plugged [D]brought4.[A] message [B]code [C]notice [D] sign5.[A]under [B]beyond [C]behind [D]from6.[A] misinterpreted [B]misapplied [C]misadjusted [D] mismatched7.[A]fired [B]judged [C]replaced [D]delayed8.[A]unreasonable [B]ungrateful [C]unconventional [D]unfamiliar9.[A]comfortable [B]anxious [C]confident [D]angry10.[A]attend [B]point [C]take [D]turn11.[A]dangerous [B]mysterious [C]violent [D]boring12.[A]hurt [B]resist [C]bend [D]decay13.[A]lecture [B]conversation [C]debate [D]negotiation14.[A]trainees [B]employees [C]researchers [D]passengers15.[A]reveal [B]choose [C]predict [D]design16.[A]voyage [B]flight [C]walk [D]ride17.[A]went through [B]did away [C]caught up [D]put up18.[A]In turn [B]In particular [C]In fact [D]In consequence19.[A]unless [B]since [C]if [D]whereas20. [A]funny [B]simple [C]logical [D]rare Section II Reading ComprehensionPart A:Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET I. (40 points)Text1A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys, people are actually more stressed athome than at w ork. Researchers measured people’s cortisol, which is a stress marker, while they were at work and while they were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge.“Further contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women a s well as men havelower levels of stress at work than at home,” writes one of the researchers, Sarah Damaske. In fact women even say they feel better at work, she notes. “It is men, not women, who report being happier at home than at work.” Another sur prise is that the findings hold true for both those with children and without, but more so for nonparents. This is why people who work outside the home have better health.What the study doesn’t measure is whether people are still doing work when they’re at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office. For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who stay home, they never get to leave the office. And for women who work outside the home, they often are playing catch-up-with-household tasks. With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace in making adjustments for working women, it’s not surprising that women are more stressed at home.But it’s not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what they’re supposed tobe doing: working, marking money, doing the tasks they have to do in order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure: Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws out life-sustaining moola.On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. There are a lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home colleagues-your family-have no clear rewards for their labor; they need to be talked into it, or if they’re teenagers, threatened with complete removal of all electronic devices. Plus, they’re your family. You cannot fire your family. You never really get to go home from home.So it’s not s urprising that people are more stressed at home. Not only are the tasks apparently infinite, the co-workers are much harder to motivate.21. According to Paragraph 1, most previous surveys found that home _____.[A] was an unrealistic place for relaxation[B] generated more stress than the workplace[C] was an ideal place for stress measurement[D] offered greater relaxation than the workplace22. According to Damaske, who are likely to be the happiest at home?[A] Working mothers.[B] Childless husbands.[C] Childless wives.[D] Working fathers.23. The blurring of working women's roles refers to the fact that _____.[A] they are both bread winners and housewives[B] their home is also a place for kicking back[C] there is often much housework left behind[D] it is difficult for them to leave their office24. The word “ moola” (Line 4, Para. 4) most probably means _____.[A] energy[B] skills[C] earnings[D] nutrition25. The home front differs from the workplace in that _____.[A] home is hardly a cozier working environment[B] division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut[C] household tasks are generally more motivating[D] family labor is often adequately rewardedText 2For years，studies have found that first-generation college students – those who do not have a parent with a college degree – lag other students on a range of education achievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them. This has created “a paradox” in that recruitingfirst-generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has “continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close” an achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach (which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap (measured by such factors as grades) between first-generation and other students.The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on astudy involving 147 students (who completed the project) at an unnamed private university. First generation was defined as not having a parent with a four-year college degree. Most of thefirst-generation students (59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants, a federal grant for undergraduates with financial need, while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students with atleast one parent with a four-year degree.Their thesis – that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact – was based onthe view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students. They cite past research by several authors to show that this is the gap that must be narrowed to close the achievement gap.Many first-generation students “struggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher education, learn the ‘rules of the game,’ and take advantage of college resources,” they write. And this becomes more of a problem when colle ges don’t talk about the class advantages and disadvantages of different groups of students. Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students’ educational experience, many first-generation students lack sight about why they are struggling and do not understand how students like them can improve.26. Recruiting more first-generation students has _____.[A] reduced their dropout rates[B] narrowed the achievement gap[C] missed its original purpose[D] depressed college students27. The authors of the research article are optimistic because _____.[A] the problem is solvable[B] their approach is costless[C] the recruiting rate has increased[D] their finding appeal to students28. The study suggests that most first-generation students _____.[A] study at private universities[B] are from single-parent families[C] are in need of financial support[D] have failed their college29. The authors of the paper believe that first-generation students_____.[A] are actually indifferent to the achievement gap[B] can have a potential influence on other students[C] may lack opportunities to apply for research projects[D] are inexperienced in handing their issues at college30. We may infer from the last paragraph that _____.[A] universities often reject the culture of the middle-class[B] students are usually to blame for their lack of resources[C] social class greatly helps enrich educational experiences[D] colleges are partly responsible for the problem in questionText 3Even in traditional offices, “the lingua franca of corporate America has gotten much more emotional and much more right-br ained than it was 20 years ago,” said Harvard Business School professor Nancy Koehn. She started spinning off examples. “If you and I parachuted back to Fortune 500 companies in 1990, we would see much less frequent use of terms like journey, mission, p assion. There were goals, there were strategies, there were objectives, but we didn’t talkabout energy; we didn’t talk about passion.”Koehn pointed out that this new era of corporate vocabulary is very “team”-oriented — andnot by coincidence. “Let’s not forget sports — in male-dominated corporate America, it’s still a big deal. It’s not explicitly conscious; it’s the idea that I’m a coach, and you’re my team, and we’re in this together. There are lots and lots of CEOs in very different companies, bu t most think of themselves as coaches and this is their team and they want to win.”These terms are also intended to infuse work with meaning — and, as Khurana points out, increase allegiance to the firm. “You have the importation of terminology that hi storically used to be associated with non-profit organizations and religious organizations: terms like vision, values, passion, and purpose,” said Khurana.This new focus on personal fulfillment can help keep employees motivated amid increasingly loud debates over work-life balance. The “mommy wars” of the 1990s are still going on today, prompting arguments about why women still can’t have it all and books like Sheryl Sandberg’s Lean In, whose title has become a buzzword in its own right. Terms like unplug, offline, life-hack, bandwidth, and capacity are all about setting boundaries between the office and the home. But if your work is your “passion,” you’ll be more likely to devote yourself to it, even if that means going home for dinner and then working long after the kids are in bed.But this seems to be the irony of office speak: Everyone makes fun of it, but managers love it, companies depend on it, and regular people willingly absorb it. As Nunberg once said, “You can get people to think it’s nonsense at the same time that you buy into it.” In a workplace that’s fundamentally indifferent to your life and its meaning, office speak can help you figure out how you relate to your work — and how your work defines who you are.31. According to Nancy Koehn, office language has become ______.[A] more emotional [B] more objective[C] less energetic [D] less strategic32. “Team”-oriented corporate vocabulary is closely related to ______.[A] historical incidents [B] gender difference[C] sports culture [D] athletic executives33. Khurana believes that the importation of terminology aims to ______.[A] revive historical terms [B] promote company image[C] foster corporate cooperation [D] strengthen employee loyalty34. It can be inferred that Lean In ______.[A] voices for working women[B] appeals to passionate workaholics[C] triggers debates among mommies[D] praises motivated employees35. Which of the following statements is true about office speak?[A] Managers admire it but avoid it.[B] Linguists believe it to be nonsense.[C] Companies find it to be fundamental.[D] Regular people mock it but accept it.Text 4Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reported for June, alongwith the drop in the unemployment rate to 6.1 percent, as good news. And they were right. Fornow it appears the economy is creating jobs at a decent pace. We still have a long way to go to get back to full employment, but at least we are now finally moving forward at a faster pace. However, there is another important part of the jobs picture that was largely overlooked.There was a big jump in the number of people who report voluntarily working part-time. This figure is now 830,000 (4.4 percent) above its year ago level.Before explaining the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth making an important distinction. Many people who work part-time jobs actually want full-time jobs. They takepart-time work because this is all they can get. An increase in involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labor market and it means that many people will be having a very hard time making ends meet.There was an increase in involuntary part-time in June, but the general direction has been down. Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the recession, but it is down by 640,000 (7.9 percent) from its year ago level.We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-time employment because people tell us. The survey used by the Labor Department asks people if they worked less than 35 hours in the reference week. If the answer is “yes”, they are classified as working part-time. The survey asks whether they worked less than 35 hours in that week because they wanted to work less than full time or because they had no choice .They are only classified as voluntary part-time workers if they tell the survey taker they chose to work less than 35 hours a week.The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare because one of the main purposes wasto allow people to get insurance outside of employment. For many people, especially those with serious health conditions or family members with serious health conditions, before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was through a job that provided health insurance.However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either get insurancethrough Medicaid or the exchanges. These are people who may previously have felt the need to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families. With Obamacare there is no longer a link between employment and insurance.36. Which part of the jobs picture was neglected?[A] The prospect of a thriving job market.[B] The increase of voluntary part-time market.[C] The possibility of full employment.[D] The acceleration of job creation.37. Many people work part-time because they _____.[A] prefer part-time jobs to full-time jobs[B] feel that is enough to make ends meet[C] cannot get their hands on full-time jobs[D] haven’t seen the weakness of the market38. Involuntary part-time employment in the US_____.[A] is harder to acquire than one year ago[B] shows a general tendency of decline[C] satisfies the real need of the jobless[D] is lower than before the recession.39. It can be learned that with Obamacare, _____.[A] it is no longer easy for part-timers to get insurance[B] employment is no longer a precondition to get insurance[C] it is still challenging to get insurance for family members[D] full-time employment is still essential for insurance40. The text mainly discusses _____.[A] employment in the US[B] part-timer classification[C] insurance through Medicaid[D] O bamacare’s troublePart B:Directions:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extra Subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) [A] You are not alone[B] Don’t fear responsibility for your life[C] Pave your own unique path[D] Most of your fears are unreal[E] Think about the present moment[F] Experience helps you grow[G] There are many things to be grateful forSome Old Truths to Help You Overcome Tough TimesUnfortunately, life is not a bed of roses. We are going through life facing sad experiences. Moreover, we are grieving various kinds of loss: a friendship, a romantic relationship or a house. Hard times may hold you down at what usually seems like the most inopportune time, but you should remember that they won't last forever.When our time of mourning is over, we press forward, stronger with a greater understandingand respect for life. Furthermore, these losses make us mature and eventually move us toward future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to share these old truths I’ve learned along the way.41. ____________Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us bysignaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately, people create inner barriers with ahelp of exaggerating fears. My favorite actor Will Smith once said, “Fear is not real. It is a product of thoughts you create. Do not misunderstand me. Danger is very real. But fear is a choice.” I do completely agree that fears are just the product of our luxuriant imagination.42. _____________If you are surrounded by problems and cannot stop thinking about the past, try to focus on the present moment. Many of us are weighed down by the past or anxious about the future. You may feel guilt over your past, but you are poisoning the present with the things and circumstances you cannot change. Value the present moment and remember how fortunate you are to be alive. Enjoy the beauty of the world around and keep the eyes open to see the possibilities before you. Happiness is not a point of future and not a moment from the past, but a mindset that can be designed into the present.43. __________________Sometimes it is easy to feel bad because you are going through tough times. You can beeasily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the things you have. Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining about something.44. _______________No matter how isolated you might feel and how serious the situation is, you should always remember that you are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost everyone respects and wants to help you if you are trying to make a good change in your life, especially your dearest and nearest people. You may have a circle of friends who provide constant good humor, help and companionship. If you have no friends or relatives, try to participate in several online communities,full of people who are always willing to share advice and encouragement.45.___________________Today many people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance by gaining objectivity from external sources. This way you devalue your opinion and show that you are incapable of managing your own life. When you are struggling to achieve something important you should believe in yourself and be sure that your decision is the best. You live in your skin, think your own thoughts, have your own values and make your own choices.Section III Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)Think about driving a route that’s very familiar. It could be your commute to work, a trip into town or the way home. Whichever it is, you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand. On these sorts of trips it’s easy to zone out from the actual driving and pay little attention to the passing scenery. The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.This is the well-travelled road effect: People tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention. When we travel down awell-known route, because we don’t have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly. And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can’t remember the journey well because we didn’t pay much attention to it. So we assume it was shorter.Section IV Writing47. Directions:Suppose your university is going to host a summer camp for high school students. Write a notice to1) briefly introduce the camp activities, and2) call for volunteers.You should write about 100 words on the ANSERE SHEET.Do not use your name or the name of your university.Do not write your address. (10 points)48. Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your commentsYou should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案Section I: Use of English (10 points)1 - 5: CDCAC6 - 10: ABDBD11-15: AABDC16-20: DACBBSection II: Reading Comprehension (50 points)21-25: DBACB26-30: CACDD31-35: ACDAD36-40: BCBBA41-45: DEGACSection III :Translation (15 Points)不妨想想在一条熟悉的道路上开车行驶。
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题及答案解析
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题及答案解析2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreach numberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(20 points)Trustisatrickybusiness.Ontheonehand,it'sanecessarycondition__1__manyworthwhilethings:childcare,friendships,etc.Ontheother hand,puttingyour__2__,inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh__3__. __4__,whydowetrustatall?Well,becauseitfeelsgood.__5__people placetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsrelease oxytocin,ahormonethat__6__peasurablefeelingsandtriggersthe herdinginstructthatpromptshumansto__7__withoneanother. Scientistshavefoundthatexposure__8__thishormoneputsusina trusting__9__:InaSwissstudy,researcherssprayedoxytocinintothe nosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantly higheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir__10__who inhaledsomethingelse.__11__forus,wealsohaveasixthsensefordishonestythatmay__12__us.ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscan differentiate__13__acrediblepersonandadishonestone.Sixtytoddlers wereeach__14__toanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer.Thetester wouldask,"What'sinhere?"beforelookingintothecontainer,smiling, andexclaiming,"Wow!"Eachsubjectwastheninvitedtolook__15__. Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf__16__thecontainerwas empty—andrealizedthetesterhad__17__them. Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere__18__ tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthat theytrustedhisleadership.__19__,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpaired withthe"__20__"testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity.1.A.onB.likeC.forD.from2.A.faithB.concernC.attentionD.interest3.A.benefitB.debtC.hopeD.price4.A.ThereforeB.ThenC.InsteadD.Again5.A.UntilB.UnlessC.AlthoughD.When6.A.selectsB.producesC.appliesD.maintainspare8.A.atB.byC.ofD.to9.A.contextB.moodC.periodD.circle10.A.counterpartsB.substitutesC.colleaguesD.supporters11.A.FunnyB.LuckyC.OddD.Ironic12.A.monitorB.protectC.surpriseD.delight13.A.betweenB.withinC.towardD.over14.A.transferredB.addedC.introducedD.entrusted15.A.outB.backC.aroundD.inside16.A.discoveredB.provedC.insistedD.remembered17.A.betrayedB.wrongedC.fooledD.mocked18.A.forcedB.willingC.hesitantD.entitled19.A.IncontrastB.AsaresultC.OnthewholeD.Forinstance20.A.inflexibleB.incapableC.unreliableD.unsuitableSectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbelow eachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1 Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethat willprobablygounmentionedinthenextpresidentialcampaign:What happenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs?Don'tdismissthatpossibilityentirely.AbouthalfofU.S.jobsareat highriskofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOxfordstudy, withthemiddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed.Lower-incomejobs likegardeningordaycaredon'tappealtorobots.Butmanymiddle-classoccupations—trucking,financialadvice,softwareengineering—have arousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill.Therichowntherobots,sotheywill befine.Thisisn'ttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnological upheavalhasbenefitedworkersinthepast.TheIndustrialRevolution didn'tgosowellforLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanized looms,butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobs thanitdestroyed.Likewise,automationshouldeventuallyboost productivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andfreeworkers fromhard,boringwork.Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworkers mayneedalotofhelpadjusting.Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinThe SecondMachineAge,shouldberethinkingeducationandjobtraining. Curriculums—fromgrammarschooltocollege—shouldevolvetofocus lessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcomplex communication.Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffostering problem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots. Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalkind.Itcouldmakeextra trainingandinstructionaffordable.Professionalstryingtoacquirenew skillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt. ThechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedfortheU.S.toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:Startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier.Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange, entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombine laborandmachines.Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualreality haven'tbeeninventedyet.TheU.S.needsthenewcompaniesthatwill inventthem.Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetween capitalincomeandlaborincome,taxesandthesafetynetwillhavetobe rethought.Taxesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidies suchastheearnedincometaxcreditshouldbeexpanded:Thiswould boostincomes,encouragework,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,and reduceinequality. Technologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloverthenext fewyears,yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesand careersupendedbyautomation.Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomi ngforourjobswouldbenuts.Butpoliciestohelpworkersadaptwillbe indispensable.21.Whowillbemostthreatenedbyautomation?A.Leadingpoliticians.B.Low-wagelaborers.C.Robotowners.D.Middle-classworkers.22.Whichofthefollowingbestrepresenttheauthor'sview?A.Worriesaboutautomationareinfactgroundless.B.Optimists'opinionsonnewtechfindlittlesupport.C.Issuesarisingfromautomationneedtobetackled.D.Negativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeavoided.cationintheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasis on________.A.creativepotentialB.job-huntingskillsC.individualneedsD.cooperativespirit24.Theauthorsuggeststhattaxpoliciesbeaimedat________.A.encouragingthedevelopmentofautomationB.increasingthereturnoncapitalinvestmentC.easingthehostilitybetweenrichandpoorD.preventingtheincomegapfromwidening25.Inthistext,theauthorpresentsaproblemwith________.A.opposingviewsonitB.possiblesolutionstoitC.itsalarmingimpactsD.itsmajorvariationsText2AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsof youngAmericansdisapproveofPresidentTrump'suseofTwitter.The implicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobe filteredthroughothersource,notapresident'ssocialmediaplatform. MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines.Yetas distrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheir medialiteracyskills.Suchatrendisbadlyneeded.Duringthe2016 presidentialcampaign,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitter usersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfakenews,according totheUniversityofOxford.AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNews found44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthe mediagiant. Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmore skillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace.AKnight Foundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24 foundtheyuse"distributedtrust"toverifystories.Theycross-check sourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectives—especiallythose thatareopenaboutanybias."Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealof personalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingo utopposingviewpoints,"thesurveyconcluded. Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A2014surveyconductedinAustralia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityof Wisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeople'srelianceonsocialmedia ledtogreaterpoliticalengagement. Socialmediaallowsuserstoexperiencenewseventsmoreintimately andimmediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasa projectionoftheirvaluesandinterests.Thisforcesuserstobemore consciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation.AsurveybyBarna researchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefake newsphenomenonis"readererror,"moresothanmade-upstoriesor factualmistakesinreporting.Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenews liesin"misinterpretationorexaggerationofactualnews"viasocialmedia .Inotherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheart oftheissue."Thisindicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibilityin counteractingthisproblem,"saysRoxanneStone,editorinchiefatBarna Group.Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,they revealamentaldisciplineinthinkingskills—andintheirchoiceson whentoshareonsocialmedia.26.AccordingtotheParagraphs1and2,manyyoungAmericanscast doubtson________.A.thejustificationofthenews-filteringpracticeB.people'spreferenceforsocialmediaplatformsC.theadministration’sabilitytohandleinformationD.socialmediawasareliablesourceofnews27.Thephrase"beerup"(Line2,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto________.A.sharpenB.defineC.boastD.share28.Accordingtotheknightfoundationsurvey,youngpeople________.A.tendtovoicetheiropinionsincyberspaceB.verifynewsbyreferringtodiverseresourcesC.haveastrongsenseofresponsibilityD.liketoexchangeviewson"distributedtrust"29.TheBarnasurveyfoundthatamaincauseforthefakenewsproblem is________.A.readersoutdatedvaluesB.journalists'biasedreportingC.readers'misinterpretationD.journalists'made-upstories30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.ARiseinCriticalSkillsforSharingNewsOnlineB.ACounteractionAgainsttheOver-tweetingTrendC.TheAccumulationofMutualTrustonSocialMediaD.ThePlatformsforProjectionofPersonalInterestsText3Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritain'sNationalHealthService(NHS)andDeepMindmuststartby acknowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell.DeepMindisoneoftheleading artificialintelligence(AI)companiesintheworld.Thepotentialofthis workappliedtohealthcareisverygreat,butitcouldalsoleadtofurther concentrationofpowerinthetechgiants.Itisagainstthatbackground thattheinformationcommissioner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedher damningverdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS, whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsin 2015onthebasisofavagueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccount ofthepatients'rightsandtheirexpectationsofprivacy. DeepMindhasalmostapologized.TheNHStrusthasmendedits ways.Furtherarrangements—andtheremaybemany—betweentheN HS andDeepMindwillbecarefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessary permissionshavebeenaskedofpatientsandallunnecessarydatahas beencleaned.Therearelessonsaboutinformedpatientconsenttolearn .Butprivacyisnottheonlyangleinthiscaseandnoteventhemost important.Ms.DenhamchosetoconcentratetheblameontheNHStrust, sinceunderexistinglawit“controlled”thedataandDeepMindmerely “processed"it.Butthisdistinctionmissesthepointthatitisprocessing andaggregation,notthemerepossessionofbits,thatgivesthedatavalu e. Thegreatquestioniswhoshouldbenefitfromtheanalysisofallthedata thatourlivesnowgenerate.Privacylawbuildsontheconceptofdamage toanindividualfromidentifiableknowledgeaboutthem.Thatmissesthe waythesurveillanceeconomyworks.Thedataofanindividualthere gainsitsvalueonlywhenitiscomparedwiththedataofcountless millionsmore. Theuseofprivacylawtocurbthetechgiantsinthisinstancefeels slightlymaladapted.Thispracticedoesnotaddresstherealworry.Itis notenoughtosaythatthealgorithmsDeepMinddevelopswillbenefit patientsandsavelives.Whatmattersisthattheywillbelongtoaprivate monopolywhichdevelopedthemusingpublicresources.Ifsoftware promisestosavelivesonthescalethatdugsnowcan,bigdatamaybe expectedtobehaveasabigpharmhasdone.Wearestillatthebeginning ofthisrevolutionandsmallchoicesnowmayturnouttohavegigantic consequenceslater.Alongstrugglewillbeneededtoavoidafutureof digitalfeudalism.Ms.Denham'sreportisawelcomestart.31.WhatistrueoftheagreementbetweentheNHSandDeepMind?A.Itcausedconflictsamongtechgiants.B.Itfailedtopaydueattentiontopatient'srights.C.Itfellshortofthelatter'sexpectations.D.Itputbothsidesintoadangeroussituation.32.TheNHStrustrespondedtoDenham'sverdictwith______.A.emptypromisesB.toughresistanceC.necessaryadjustmentsD.sincereapologies33.TheauthorarguesinParagraph2that________.A.privacyprotectionmustbesecuredatallcostsB.leakingpatients'dataisworsethansellingitC.makingprofitsfrompatients'dataisillegalD.thevalueofdatacomesfromtheprocessingofit34.Accordingtothelastparagraph,therealworryarisingfromthisdeal is________.A.theviciousrivalryamongbigpharmasB.theineffectiveenforcementofprivacylawC.theuncontrolleduseofnewsoftwareD.themonopolyofbigdatabytechgiants35.Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheapplicationofAItohealthcareis______.A.ambiguousB.cautiousC.appreciativeD.contemptuousText4TheU.S.PostalService(USPS)continuestobleedredink.Itreported anetlossof$5.6billionforfiscal2016,the10thstraightyearits expenseshaveexceededrevenue.Meanwhile,ithasmorethan$120 billioninunfundedliabilities,mostlyforemployeehealthandretirement costs.Therearemanybankruptcies.Fundamentally,theUSPSisina historicsqueezebetweentechnologicalchangethathaspermanently decreaseddemandforitsbread-and-butterproduct,first-classmail,and a regulatorystructurethatdeniesmanagementtheflexibilitytoadjustits operationstothenewreality Andinterestgroupsrangingfrompostalunionstogreeting-cardmakers exertself-interestedpressureontheUSPS'sultimate overseer—Congress—insistingthatwhateverelsehappenstothePost alService,aspectsofthestatusquotheydependongetprotected.Thisis whyrepeatedattemptsatreformlegislationhavefailedinrecentyears,leavingthePostalServiceunabletopayitsbillsexceptbydeferringvital modernization. Nowcomeswordthateveryoneinvolved—Democrats,Republicans,th ePostalService,theunionsandthesystem'sheaviestusers—hasfinally agreedonaplantofixthesystem.Legislationismovingthroughthe HousethatwouldsaveUSPSanestimated$28.6billionoverfiveyears, whichcouldhelppayfornewvehicles,amongothersurvivalmeasures. Mostofthemoneywouldcomefromapenny-per-letterpermanentrate increaseandfromshiftingpostalretireesintoMedicare.Thelatterstep wouldlargelyoffsetthefinancialburdenofannuallypre-fundingretiree healthcare,thusaddressingalong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSand itsunion.IfitclearstheHouse,thismeasurewouldstillhavetogetthroughthe Senate—wheresomeoneisboundtopointoutthatitamountstothebare, bareminimumnecessarytokeepthePostalServiceafloat,not comprehensivereform.There'snochangetocollectivebargainingatthe USPS,amajoromissionconsideringthatpersonnelaccountsfor80 percentoftheagency'scosts.Alsomissingisanydiscussionof eliminatingSaturdayletterdelivery.Thatcommon-sensechangeenjoy swidepublicsupportandwouldsavetheUSPS$2billionperyear.Butpostalspecial-interestgroupsseemtohavekilledit,atleastintheHouse. Theemergingconsensusaroundthebillisasignthatlegislatorsare gettingfrightenedaboutapoliticallyembarrassingshort-termcollapsea ttheUSPS.Itisnot,however,asignthatthey'regettingseriousabout transformingthepostalsystemforthe21stcentury.36.ThefinancialproblemwiththeUSPSiscausedpartlyby________.A.itsunbalancedbudgetB.itsrigidmanagementC.thecostfortechnicalupgradingD.thewithdrawalofbanksupport37.AccordingtoParagraph2,theUSPSfailstomodernizeitselfdueto________.A.theinterferencefrominterestgroupsB.theinadequatefundingfromCongressC.theshrinkingdemandforpostalserviceD.theincompetenceofpostalunions38.Thelong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSanditsunionscanbe addressedby________.A.removingitsburdenofretireehealthcareB.makingmoreinvestmentinnewvehiclesC.adoptinganewrate-increasemechanismD.attractingmorefirst-classmailusers39.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorseemstoviewlegislatorswith______.A.respectB.toleranceC.discontentD.gratitude40.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.TheUSPSStartstoMissItsGoodOldDaysB.ThePostalService:KeepAwayfromMyCheeseC.TheUSPS:ChronicIllnessRequiresaQuickCureD.ThePostalServiceNeedsMorethanaBand-AidPartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.For Questions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoa coherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothe numberedboxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.(10 points)[A]InDecemberof1869,Congressappointedacommissiontoselect asiteandprepareplansandcostestimatesforanewStateDepartment Building.Thecommissionwasalsotoconsiderpossiblearrangementsf ortheWarandNavyDepartments.Tothehorrorofsomewhoexpecteda GreekRevivaltwinoftheTreasuryBuildingtobeerectedontheother sideoftheWhiteHouse,theelaborateFrenchSecondEmpirestyle designbyAlfredMullettwasselected,andconstructionofabuildingto houseallthreedepartmentsbeganinJuneof1871.[B]Completedin1875,theStateDepartment'ssouthwingwasthe firsttobeoccupied,withitselegantfour-storylibrary(completedin 1876),DiplomaticReceptionRoom,andSecretary'sofficedecoratedwit hcarvedwood,Orientalrugs,andstenciledwallpatterns.TheNavy Departmentmovedintotheeastwingin1879,whereelaboratewalland ceilingstencilingandmarquetryfloorsdecoratedtheofficeofthe Secretary.[C]TheState,War,andNavyBuilding,asitwasoriginallyknown, housedthethreeExecutiveBranchDepartmentsmostintimately associatedwithformulatingandconductingthenation'sforeignpolicyin thelastquarterofthenineteenthcenturyandthefirstquarterofthe twentiethcentury—theperiodwhentheUnitedStatesemergedasan internationalpower.Thebuildinghashousedsomeofthenation'smost significantdiplomatsandpoliticiansandhasbeenthesceneofmany historicevents.[D]ManyofthemostcelebratednationalfigureshaveparticipatedinhistoricaleventsthathavetakenplacewithintheEEOB'sgranitewalls. TheodoreandFranklinD.Roosevelt,WilliamHowardTaft,DwightD. Eisenhower,LyndonB.Johnson,GeraldFord,andGeorgeH.W.Bush allhadofficesinthisbuildingbeforebecomingpresident.Ithashoused 16SecretariesoftheNavy,21SecretariesofWar,and24Secretariesof State.WinstonChurchilloncewalkeditscorridorsandJapanese emissariesmetherewithSecretaryofStateCordellHullafterthe bombingofPearlHarbor.[E]TheEisenhowerExecutiveOfficeBuilding(EEOB)commandsa uniquepositioninboththenationalhistoryandthearchitecturalheritage oftheUnitedStates.DesignedbySupervisingArchitectoftheTreasury, AlfredB.Mullett,itwasbuiltfrom1871to1888tohousethegrowing staffsoftheState,War,andNavyDepartments,andisconsideredoneof thebestexamplesofFrenchSecondEmpirearchitectureinthecountry.[F]Constructiontook17yearsasthebuildingslowlyrosewingby wing.WhentheEEOBwasfinished,itwasthelargestofficebuildingin Washington,withnearly2milesofblackandwhitetiledcorridors. Almostalloftheinteriordetailisofcastironorplaster;theuseofwood wasminimizedtoinsurefiresafety.Eightmonumentalcurvingstaircase sofgranitewithover4,000individuallycastbronzebalustersarecapped byfourskylightdomesandtwostainedglassrotundas.[G]ThehistoryoftheEEOBbeganlongbeforeitsfoundationswere laid.Thefirstexecutiveofficeswereconstructedbetween1799and1820 .Aseriesoffires(includingthosesetbytheBritishin1814)and overcrowdedconditionsledtotheconstructionoftheexistingTreasury Building.In1866,theconstructionoftheNorthWingoftheTreasury BuildingnecessitatedthedemolitionoftheStateDepartmentbuilding. PartCDirections:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatethe underlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewritten neatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Shakespeare'slifetimewascoincidentwithaperiodofextraordinary activityandachievementinthedrama.(46)Bythedateofhisbirth Europewaswitnessingthepassingofthereligiousdrama,andthe creationofnewformsundertheincentiveofclassicaltragedyand comedy.Thesenewformswereatfirstmainlywrittenbyscholarsand performedbyamateurs,butinEngland,aseverywhereelseinwestern Europe,thegrowthofaclassofprofessionalactorswasthreateningto makethedramapopular,whetheritshouldbeneworold,classicalor medieval,literaryorfarcical.Court,school,organizationsofamateurs, andthetravelingactorswereallrivalsinsupplyingawidespreaddesire fordramaticentertainment;and(47)noboywhowenttoagrammarschoolcouldbeignorantthatthedramawasaformofliteraturewhich gaveglorytoGreeceandRomeandmightyetbringhonortoEngland. WhenShakespearewastwelveyearsoldthefirstpublicplayhouse wasbuiltinLondon.Foratimeliteratureshowednointerestinthis publicstage.Playsaimingatliterarydistinctionwerewrittenforschools orcourt,orforthechoirboysofSt.Paul'sandtheroyalchapel,who, however,gaveplaysinpublicaswellasatcourt.(48)Butthe professionalcompaniesprosperedintheirpermanenttheaters,and universitymenwithliteraryambitionswerequicktoturntothesetheaters asofferingameansoflivelihood.BythetimethatShakespearewas twenty-five,Lyly,Peele,andGreecehadmadecomediesthatwereat oncepopularandliterary;Kydhadwrittenatragedythatcrowdedthepit; andMarlowehadbroughtpoetryandgeniustotriumphonthecommon stage—wheretheyhadplayednopartsincethedeathofEuripides.(49)A nativeliterarydramahadbeencreated,itsalliancewiththepublic playhouseestablished,andatleastsomeofitsgreattraditionshadbeen begun. ThedevelopmentoftheElizabethandramaforthenexttwenty-five yearsisofexceptionalinteresttostudentsofliteraryhistory,forinthis briefperiod,wemaytracethebeginning,growth,blossoming,anddecay ofmanykindsofplays,andofmanygreatcareers.Weareamazedtoday atthemerenumberofplaysproduced,aswellasbythenumberofdramatistswritingatthesametimeforthisLondonoftwohundred thousandinhabitants.(50)Torealizehowgreatwasthedramaticactivity, wemustrememberfurtherthathostsofplayshavebeenlost,andthat probablythereisnoauthorofnotewhoseentireworkhassurvived. SectionⅢWritingPartA51.Directions: Writeanemailtoallinternationalexpertsoncampus,invitingthemto attendthegraduationceremony.Inyouremail,youshouldincludethe time,placeandotherrelevantinformationabouttheceremony. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsneatlyontheANSWERSHEET. e"LiMing"instead. (10points)PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthepicturebelow.Inyour essay,youshould1)Describethepicturebriefly,2)Interpretthemeaning,and3)GiveyouranswerneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）答案及解析参考答案：1-5：CADBD6-10：BCDBA11-15：BBACD16-20：ACBAC21-25：DCADB26-30：DABCA31-35：BCDDB36-40：BAACD41-45：EGABD46.参考译文：在他出生之前，欧洲正在经历宗教戏剧的衰退，古典悲剧和喜剧催生了新的戏剧形式。
2015考研英语真题及答案
2015年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as “related”as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_.While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.”The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_”functional Kinship” of being friends with_(14)_! One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply exp lain people’s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised3. [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by 研途考研V I P4. [A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected5. [A] tests [B] s [C]samples [D] examples6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C]unbelievable [D] incredible7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know8. [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps11. [A] about [B] to [C]from [D]like12. [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D]limit13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with14. [A] chances [B]responses [C]missions [D]benefits15. [A] later [B]slower [C] faster [D] earlier16. [A]forecast [B]remember [C]understand [D]express 17. [A] unpredictable [B]contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive18. [A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tellSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1 研途考研V I PKing Juan Ca rlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.”But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere”politics and “embody”a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explainsmonarchs’continuing popularity polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history —and sometimes theway they behave today –embodiesoutdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example. It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand thatmonarchies have largely survived because they provide a service – as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know 研途考研V I Pthat as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A] used turn enjoy high public support[B] was unpopular among European royals[C] cased his relationship with his rivals[D]ended his reign in embarrassment22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status [B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C] to give voter more public figures to look up to[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4? [A] Aristocrats’excessive reliance on inherited wealth[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies [C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families[D]The nobil ity’s adherence to their privileges24. The British royals “have most to fear”because Charles[A] takes a rough line on political issues[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised[C] takes republicans as his potential allies[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text? 研途考研V I P[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsTEXT 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Cpurt will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone- a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspect’s purse .The court has ruled that police don't violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or porcketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history ,financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing.” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now. 研途考研V I P26. The Supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to[A] search for suspects’mobile phones without a warrant.[B] check suspects’phone contents without being authorized.[C] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of[A] tolerance.[B] indifference. [C] disapproval.[D] cautiousness.28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable to[A] getting into one’s residence. [B] handing one’s historical records.[C] scanning one’s correspondences. [D] going through one’s wallet.29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B] the court is giving police less room for action.[C] phones are used to store sensitive information.[D] citizens’privacy is not effective protected.30.Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that(A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly. 研途考研V I P(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.(C)California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution.(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered. Text 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,”writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manu will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manus. Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase repro ducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.”He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”31、It can be learned from Paragraph I that[A] Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.[B]journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C]few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis. 研途考研V I P[D]lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32、The phrase “flagged up ”(Para.2)is the closest in meaning to[A]found.[B]revised.[C]marked[D]stored33、Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may[A]pose a threat to all its peers [B]meet with strong opposition[C]increase Science’s circulation.[D]set an example for other journals34、David Vaux holds that what Science is doing nowA. adds to researchers’worklosd.B. diminishes the role of reviewers.C. has room for further improvement.D. is to fail in the foreseeable future.35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?A. Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in PapersB. Professional Statisticians Deserve More RespectC. Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Ed itors’DesksD. Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4 研途考研V I PTwo years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter ,Elisabeth ,spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of ourinstitutions”Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of aco llective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism ”in society should be profit and the market .But “it’s us ,human beings ,we the people who create the society we want ,not profit ”.Driving her point home, she continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous foals for capitalism and freedom.”This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International ,shield thought ,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking . As the hacking trial concludes –finding guilty ones-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones ,and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge –the winder issue of dearth of integrity still standstill, Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people .This is hacking on an industrial scale ,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place .One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, wow little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired wow the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today’s world, title has become normal that well—paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business –friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions —nor received traceable, recorded answers. 研途考研V I P36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism[B] companies’financial loss due to immoral practices.[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.[D]the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that[A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.[C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.[D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38. The autho r believes the Rebekah Books’s deference[A] revealed a cunning personality[B] centered on trivial issues [C] was hardly convincing[D] was part of a conspiracy 39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows [A] generally distorted values[B] unfair wealth distribution[C] a marginalized lifestyle[D] a rigid moral cote40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?[A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.[B] Common humanity is central news reporting.[C] Moral awareness matters in exciting a newspaper. 研途考研V I P[D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.Part BDirectionsIn the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks .Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar.(41)________You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved. Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where. The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds ofcomprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues.(42)_________Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or "true" meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of text to the world.(43)_________ Such background material inevitably reflects who we are.(44)_______ This doesn`t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page--including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns--debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it,(45)________Such dimensions of reading suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bring animplicit(often unacknowledged)agenda to any act of reading. It doesn`t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different minds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and 研途考研V I Pcounterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfills the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading ,our gender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C] If you unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.[E] You make further inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible. Section III TranslationDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration —one of the great folkwanderings of history —swept from Europe to America. 46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, 研途考研V I PGermans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world.48) But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th- and 16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they subsisted on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ship were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.“To the anxious travelers the sight of the A merican shore brought almost inexpressible relief.”said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’distance smelt as sweet as a new -blown garden.”The colonists’first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. 50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.You should state reasons for your recommendation.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead. 研途考研V I PDo not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2015年参考答案一.Close test1、What2、Concluded3、On4、Compared5、Samples 研途考研V I P6、Insignificant7、Know8、Resemble9、Also10、Perhaps11、To12、Drive13、Ratherthan14、Benefits15、Faster16、understand17、Contributory18、Tendency19、Ethnic20、seeII Reading comprehensionPart AText 121. C ended his regin in embarrassment22. A owing to their undoubted and respectable status23. C the role of the nobility in modern democracy24. D fails to adapt himsself to his future role25. B Carlos, a lesson for all European MonarchiesText 2 研途考研V I P26. B check suspect's phone contents without being authorized.27.C disapproval28.A getting into one's residence29. D citizens' privacy is not effectively protected30.B new technology requires reinterpretation of the constitution Text 331.B journals are strengthening their statistical checks32.C marked33. D set an example for other journals34. C has room for further improvement35.A science joins Push to screen statistics in papersText 436. A the consequences of the current sorting mechanism 37. B more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking38. C was hardly convincing 39. A generally distorted values40. C moral awareness matters in editing a newspaperPart B41.C if you are unfamiliar...42.E you make further inferences...43.D Rather ,we ascribe meanings to...44.B factors such as...45.A are we studying that ...Part C 研途考研V I P46)在多种强大的动机驱动下，这次运动在一片荒野上建起了一个国家，其本身塑造了一个未知大陆的性格和命运。
2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题及答案解析
2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section 1 Use of EnglishDirectious:Read the following Text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points) In Cambodia, the choice of a souse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, 1 those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker.A young man 2 a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations, or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen.5 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying6 a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists, and 10 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 . Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can bulid a new house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to 14 , but not common. Divorces persons are 15 with some disapproval. Easch spouse retains 16 property he or she Divorced persons may.1. [A]by way of [B]with regard to [C]on behalf of [D]as wellas2. [A]decide on [B]provide for [C]compete with [D]adapt to3. [A]close [B] arrange [C]renew [D]postpone4. [A]In theory [B] Above all [C]In time [D]For example5. [A]Unless [B] Lest [C]After [D]Although6. [A]into [B] within [C]from [D]through7. [A]or [B]since [C]but [D]so8. [A] test [B]copy [C]recite [D]create9. [A]folding [B]piling [C]wrapping [D]tying10. [A]passing [B]lighting [C]hiding [D]serving11. [A]association [B]meeting [C]collection [D]union12. [A]deal [B]part [C]grow [D]live13. [A]whereas [B]until [C]for [D]if14. [A]avoid [B]follow [C]challenge [D]obtain15. [A]isolated [B]persuaded [C]viewed [D]exposed16. [A]wherever [B]whatever [C]whenever [D]however17. [A]changed [B]brought [C]shaped [D]pushed18. [A]invested [B]divided [C]donated [D]withdrawn19. [A]warms [B]clears [C]shows [D]breaks20. [A]while [B]so that [C]once [D]in thatText1France，which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion , has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways . The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not b e defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That’sa start And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death –as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women , especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans ,if fully enforced, would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a govemment-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states:”We aware of and take responsibility for the impact the ideals, especially on young people”. The charter’s main tool of enforcement is (CFW), which is run by the Danish21. According to the first paragraph，what would happen in France?【A】Physical beauty would be redefined.【B】New runways would be constructed.【C】Wcbsites about dieting would thrive.【D】The fanshing industry would decline.22. The phrase “impinging on”(Line 2，Para.2) is closest in meaning to【A】heightening the value of.【B】indicating the state of.【C】losing faith in.【D】doing harm to.23. Which of the following is true od the fashion industry?【A】The French measures have already failed.【B】New standrds are being set in Denmark.【C】Models are no longer under peer pressure.【D】Its inberent problerma are getting wotse.Text 2For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country, In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate”the countryside”alongside the royal family,Shakespeare and the National Health Serivce (NHS) at what makes them proudest of their country，this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill Launched the national trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever” It was specifically to provide city dwellers with space for leisure where they could experience“a refreshing air .”Hill is pressure later led to creation of national parks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more，and every year concrete consumes more of it . it needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The conservatives planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation，even authorsing “off-plan”building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewisewants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The liberal democrats are silent. Only ukip, sensing its chance,has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land.its Campaign to protect rural England struck terror into many local conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses，factories and offices is where people are，in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents stirling ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London area alone，with no intrusion on green belt.what is true of London is even truer of the provinces.The idea that”housing crisis ”equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but,as always，where to put them. Under lobby pressure，George Osboyne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town,shopping sites against high streets . this is not a free market but a biased one. Rural town and villages have grown and will26 Britain is public sentiment about the countrysideA has brought much benefit to the NHSB didn’t start till the Shakespearean ageC is fully backed by the royal familyD is not well reflected in politics27 According to Paragraph 2，the achievements of the National Trust are now beingA gradually destroyedB effectively reinforcedC properly protectedD largely overshadowed28 which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?A Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservationB the conservatives may abandon ”off -plan“buildingC the liberal democrats are losing political influenceD labour is under attack for opposing development29 the author holds that George Osborne is preferenceA reveals a strong prejudice against urban areasB shows his disregard for character of rural areasC stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisisD highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure30 in the last paragraph，the author shows his appreciation ofA the size of population in BritainB the enviable urban lifestyle in BritainC the town-and-country planning in BritainD the political life in today is BritainText 4There will eventurally come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint .Exactlly when that day will be is a matter of debate.”Sometime in the future ”,the paper’s publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there’s plenty of incentive toditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper—printing presses ,delivery trucks-isn’t just expensive ;it’s excessive at a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints.Readers are migrating away from print away .And though print ad sales still dwarf thire online and mobile counterparts,revenue from print is still declining.Over way be high and circulation lower ,but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake ,say BuzzFeed CEO Joah Peretti.Pereti says the Time should’t waste time getting out of the print business,But only if they go about it the right way .”Fighting out of a way to accelerate that transition would make sense of them,”he said,“but if you discontinue it“you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”Sometimes,that’s worth making a change anyway.Peretti give s the example seen as a blunder,”he said.“The move turned out to be foresighted.Ane if peretti would rale prices and make it into more of a legacy product.”The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor,the idea goes,and they’d feel lik e they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in ,”So if you’re overpaying for print,you could feel like you were helping,”Perettisaid “Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.”In o ther words,if you’re going to make a print product ,make it for the people who are already obsessed with it .which way be what the time is doing already .Getting the print edition seven days a week costs each –a year-more than twice as much as a digital-only subscription.36.The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly due to[A]the pressure from its investors.[B]the complaints from its readers.[C]the high cost of operation.[D]the increating online ad sales.37.Peretti suggests that,in face of the present situation,the Times should[A]make strategic adjustments[B]end the print sdition for good.[C]seek new sources of readership.[D]aim for efficient management.38.It can be inferred form Paragraphs 5and6 that a “legacy product”[A]will have the cost of printing reduced.[B]is meant for the most loyal customers.[C]helps restore the glory of former times.[D]expands the popularity of the paper.39.Peretti believes that,in a changing world,[A]traditional luxuries can stay unaffected.[B]aggressiveness better meets challenges.[C]cautiousness facilitates problem-solving.[D]legacy businesses are becoming outdated.40.which of the following would be the best title of the Text?[A]Make Your Print Newspaper a Luxury Good.[B]Keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion.[C]Cherish the Newspaper Still in Your Hand.[D]Shift Online Newspapers All at Once.Part BDirections:Read the following Text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs(41-45).There are two extra subheadings.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 Points)No matter how formal or informa the work environment，the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in first impressions. According to research from Princeton University，people assess your competence，trustworthiness，and likeability in just a tenth of a second，solely based on the way you look.The difference between today’s workplace and the“dress for succeas” era is that the range of options is so much broader.Norms have evolved and fragmentedIn some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in others not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn. Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two ago. Millennials,it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing.So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what’s the best way to pull off one that enhance our goals? Here are some tips;41about how others perceive you.Maybe there’s no need for an upgradea nd that’s OK.42.Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more “SoHo.”(It’s OK to use characterizations like that.)43. Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What converys status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural con Text, the more control you can have over your impact.44. Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and con Text. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J.Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend. It’s not as expensive as you might think.Part CDirections:Read the following Text carefully and then translate the undetlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Mental heal th is our birthright.(46) We don’t have to learn how to be mentally heally; it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone. Mental health can’t be learned, only reawakened. It is like the immune system or the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us. When we don’t understand the value of mental health and we don’t know how to gain access to it, mental health will remain hidden from us.(47) O ur mental health doesn’t really go anywhere ;like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem-confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in out common sense. It allows us to have perspective on our lives – the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to see the bigger picture, and to see that things will woke out. It’s a form of innate or unlearne d optimism.(48) Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles. With kindness if they ate in pain .and with unconditional love no matter who they are. Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful. Managing our home life , or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier. It gives us patience for About how others perceive you.Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade a nd that’s OK.Section III WritingPart A51 .Directions:Suppose you are a librarian in your university .Write a notice of about 100 words，providing the newly-enrolled international students with relevant information about the library.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.DO not sigh your own name at the end of the notice. Use “Li Ming” instead.DO not write the address. (10 points)Part B52 .Directions:Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the following picture in your essay, you should1. describe the pictures briefly,2. interpret its intended meaning, and3. give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题答案解析I cloze1. As well as2. Decide on3. Arrange4. Above all5. After6. Into7. But 8. Recite9. Tying10. Lighting11. Union12. Live13. Until14. Obtain15. Persuaded16. Whatever17. Brought18. Divided19. Shows20. WhileII Reading comprehensionPart AText121. Physical beauty would be redefined.22. Doing harm to.23. New standards are being set in Denmark.24. Showing little concern for health factors.25. A Challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals.Text 226.is not well reflected in politics27. gradually destroyed28. The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence29. highlight his firm stand against lobby pressure30. the town-and-country planning in BritainText 331. uncertainty32. winning33. less severe34. has an impact on their decision35. the necessaryText 436. the high cost of operation37. make strategic adjustments38. is meant for the most loyal customers39. Aggressiveness better meets challenges40. Cherish the Newspaper Still in Your HandPart B41. Decide if the time is right42. Know your goals43. Understand the context44. Work with professionals45. Make it efficientPart C46. 我们不必学习如何保持健康的心理;它与生俱来，正如我们的身体知道如何让伤口痊愈，如何让骨折好转。
全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)解析(2018)
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2 , in the wrong place often carries a high 3 .4 , why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good.5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure8 this hormone puts us in a trusting9: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else.11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, “What’s in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look 15 . Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty-and realized the tester had 17 them.Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 19 , only five of the 30 children paired with the “ 20 ”tester participated in a follow-up activity.1．[A] on [B] like [C] for [D] from2．[A] faith [B] concern [C] attention [D] interest 3．[A] benefit [B] debt [C] hope [D] price4．[A] Therefore [B] Then [C] Instead [D] Again 5．[A]Until [B] Unless [C] Although [D] When 6．[A] selects [B] produces [C] applies [D] maintains 7．[A] consult [B] compete [C] connect [D] compare8．[A] at [B] by [C]of [D]to9．[A] context [B] mood [C] period [D] circle10．[A] counterparts [B] substitutes [C] colleagues [D]supporters11．[A] Funny [B] Lucky [C] Odd [D] Ironic12．[A] monitor [B] protect [C] surprise [D] delight13．[A] between [B] within [C] toward [D] over14．[A] transferred [B] added [C] introduced [D] entrusted15．[A] out [B] back [C] around [D] inside16．[A] discovered [B] proved [C] insisted [D] remembered 17．[A] betrayed [B]wronged [C] fooled [D] mocked18．[A] forced [B] willing [C] hesitant [D] entitled19．[A] In contrast [B] As a result [C] On the whole [D] For instance 20．[A] inflexible [B] incapable [C] unreliable [D] unsuitableSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1①Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?①Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. ②About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. ③Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. ④But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering —have aroused their interest, or soon will. ⑤The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.This isn't to be alarmist. ②Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. ③The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and createdmore jobs than it destroyed. ④Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. ⑤But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. ②Curriculums —from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. ③Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. ④Online education can supplement the traditional kind. ⑤It could make extra training and instruction affordable.⑥Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. ②In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. ③The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. ④The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. ②Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation.②Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. ③But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21.Who will be most threatened by automation?[A] Leading politicians. [B] Low-wage laborers.[C] Robot owners. [D] Middle-class workers.22. Which of the following best represent the author’s view?[A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless.[B] Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.[C] Issues arising from automation need to be tackled[D] Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided23. Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on _________ .[A] creative potential. [B] job-hunting skills.[C] individual needs. [D] cooperative spirit.24. The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at _________ .[A] encouraging the development of automation.[B] increasing the return on capital investment.[C] easing the hostility between rich and poor.[D] preventing the income gap from widening.25. In this text, the author presents a problem with _________ .[A] opposing views on it. [B] possible solutions to it.[C] its alarming impacts. [D] its major variations.Text 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter. ②The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a president’s soc ial media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. ②Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. ③Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. ④And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. ②A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14 and 24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. ③They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. ④“Many young people assume a great deal of pe rsonal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect. ②A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. ②This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. ③A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting.④About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media. ⑤In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. ⑥“T his indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media.26. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on _________ .[A] the justification of the news-filtering practice.[B] people’s preference for social media platforms.[C] the administrations ability to handle information.[D] social media as a reliable source of news.27. The phrase “bee f up” (Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to _________ .[A] sharpen [B] define [C] boast [D] share28. According to the knight foundation survey, young people _________ .[A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.[B] verify news by referring to diverse resources.[C] have s strong sense of responsibility.[D] like to exchange views on “distributed trust”29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is _________ .[A] readers outdated values. [B] journalists’ biased reporting[C] readers’ misinterpretation[D] journalists’ made-up stories.30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online[B] A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.[D] The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.Text 3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well.②DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. ③The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. ④It is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients in 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized. ②The NHS trust has mended its ways. ③Further arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinized to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. ④There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn.⑤But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. ⑥Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law i t “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed” it. ⑦But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. ②Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. ③That misses the way the surveillance economy works.④The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. ②This practice does not address the real worry. ③It is not enough to say that thealgorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. ④What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. ⑤If software promises to save lives on the scale that drugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharma has done. ⑥We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. ⑦A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. ⑧Ms Denham's report is a welcome start.31.What is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants.[B] It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.[C] It fell short of the latter's expectations[D] It put both sides into a dangerous situation.32. The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with _________ .[A] empty promises. [B] tough resistance.[C] necessary adjustments. [D] sincere apologies.33. The author argues in Paragraph 2 that _________ .[A] privacy protection must be secured at all costs.[B] leaking patients' data is worse than selling it.[C] making profits from patients' data is illegal.[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it34. According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is _________ .[A] the vicious rivalry among big pharmas. [B] the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.[C] the uncontrolled use of new software. [D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants.35. The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is _________ .[A] ambiguous. [B] cautious. [C] appreciative. [D] contemptuous.Text 4The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. ②It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue.③Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. ④There are many bankruptcies. ⑤Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historicsqueeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality.And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. ②This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the system's heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system.②Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. ③Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare. ④The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate –where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform. ②There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s costs. ③Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery. ④That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year.⑤But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. ⑥The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. ⑦It is not, however, a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.36.The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by _________ .[A]its unbalanced budget. [B] its rigid management.[C] the cost for technical upgrading. [D] the withdrawal of bank support.37. According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to _________ .[A] the interference from interest groups. [B] the inadequate funding from Congress.[C] the shrinking demand for postal service. [D] the incompetence of postal unions.38. The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by _________ .[A] removing its burden of retiree health care.[B] making more investment in new vehicles.[C] adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.[D] attracting more first-class mail users.39. In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with _________ .[A] respect. [B] tolerance. [C] discontent. [D] gratitude.40. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days[B] The Postal Service: Keep Away from My Cheese[C] The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure[D] The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-AidPart BDirections: The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.B. Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The NavyDepartment moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.C.The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.D. Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.E. The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.F. Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was finished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.G. The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing TreasuryBuilding. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.(41) ---- (C) ---- (42) ---- (43) ---- (F) ---- (44) ---- (45)Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama. (46) By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47)no boy who went to a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.When Shakespeare was twelve years old, the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for school or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul’s and the royal chapel, who, h owever, gave plays in public as well as at court. (48) But the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literature ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. By the time Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage - where they had played no part since the death of Euripides. (49) A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth,blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Write an email to all international experts on campus inviting them to attend the graduation ceremony. In your email you should include time, place and other relevant information about the ceremony.You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSEWER SHEETDo not use your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)Part B52. Directions：Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should1) describe the picture briefly2) interpret the meaning and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)某高校学生兼职情况2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案Section I Use of English1-5CADBD6-10BCDBA11-15BBACD16-20ACBACSection II Reading Comprehension21-25DCADB26-30DABCA31-35BCDDB36-40BAACD41-45EGABDPart C English-Chinese Translation46.莎士比亚出生之时，欧洲宗教戏剧正在消逝，在古典悲剧和戏剧的推动下，很多新的戏剧形式应运而生。
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2015年考研英语一真题及答案详细解析2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题及答案详细解析Section I Use of English :Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% o genes. That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in theProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which__(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used inboth_(5)_.While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medicalgenetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehowmanage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.”The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genesfor immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,asthe team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could bemany mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similarfriends_(13)_”functional Kinship” of being friends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to beevolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pacein the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain people’s_(18)_to befriend those ofsimilar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from apopulation of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers,were taken from the same population.1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised3. [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by4. [A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected5. [A] tests [B] objects [C]samples [D] examples6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C]unbelievable [D] incredible7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know8. [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps11. [A] about [B] to [C]from [D]like12. [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D]limit13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with14. [A] chances [B]responses [C]missions [D]benefits15. [A] later [B]slower [C] faster [D] earlier16. [A]forecast [B]remember [C]understand [D]express17. [A] unpredictable [B]contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive18. [A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tellSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-electionshave forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest thatmonarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals,with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When publicopinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs canrise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuingpopularity polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infestedregion in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike theirabsolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allowvoters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity asthey claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today –embodiesoutdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and othereconomists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it isbizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democraticstates.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, theseare wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes itincreasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time tocome, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s r eputation with her ratherordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understandthat monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service – as non-controversial andnon-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A] used turn enjoy high public support[B] was unpopular among European royals[C] cased his relationship with his rivals[D]ended his reign in embarrassment22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C] to give voter more public figures to look up to[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families[D]The nobility’s adherence to their privileges24. The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles[A] takes a rough line on political issues[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised[C] takes republicans as his potential allies[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsText 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court willnow consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if thephone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly one thatupsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at thetime of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new andrapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents。
2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题及答案解析
2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题及答案解析Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) In our contemporary culture, the prospect of communicating with -- or even looking at -- a stranger is virtually unbearable. Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they fiddle with their phones, even without a 1 underground.It's a sad reality -- our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings -- because there's 2 to be gained from talking to the stranger standing by you. But you wouldn't know it, 3 into your phone. This universal armor sends the 4 : "Please don't approach me."What is it that makes us feel we need to hide 5 our screens?One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, executive mental coach. We fear rejection, or that our innocent social advances will be 6 as "creepy,". We fear we'll be 7 . We fear we'll be disruptive. Strangers are inherently 8 to us, so we are more likely to feel 9 when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances. To avoid this anxiety, we 10 to our phones. "Phones become our security blanket," Wortmann says. "They are our happy glasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more 11 .”But once we rip off the bandaid, tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look up, it doesn't 12 so bad. In one 2011 experiment, behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable: Start a 13 . They had Chicago train commuters talk to their fellow 14 . "When Dr. Epley and Ms. Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to 15 how they would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their 16 would be more pleasant if they sat on their own," the New York Times summarizes. Though the participants didn't expect a positive experience, after they 17 with the experiment, "not a single person reported having been snubbed."18 , these commutes were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those sans communication, which makes absolute sense, 19 human beings thrive off of social connections. It's that 20 : Talking to strangers can make you feel connected.1. [A] ticket [B] permit [C] signal [D] record2. [A] nothing [B] link [C] another [D] much3. [A] beaten [B] guided [C] plugged [D] brought4. [A] message [B] cede [C] notice [D] sign5. [A] under [B] beyond [C] behind [D] from6. [A] misinterpret [B] misapplied [C] misadjusted [D] mismatched7. [A] fired [B] judged [C] replaced [D] delayed8. [A] unreasonable [B] ungrateful [C] unconventional [D] unfamiliar9. [A] comfortable [B] anxious [C] confident [D] angry10. [A] attend [B] point [C] take [D] turn11. [A] dangerous [B] mysterious [C] violent [D] boring12. [A] hurt [B] resist [C] bend [D] decay13. [A] lecture [B] conversation [C] debate [D] negotiation14. [A] trainees [B] employees [C] researchers [D] passengers15. [A] reveal [B] choose [C] predict [D] design16. [A] voyage [B] flight [C] walk [D] ride17. [A] went through [B] did away [C] caught up [D] put up18. [A] In turn [B] In particular [C] In fact [D] In consequence19. [A] unless [B] since [C] if [D] whereas20. [A] funny [B] simple [C] logical [D] rareSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys, people are actually more stressed at home than at work. Researchersmeasured people‟s cortisol, which is a stress marker, while they were at work and while they were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge.“Further contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as men have lower levels of stress at work than at home, ” writes one of the researchers, Sarah Damske. In fact women even say they feel better at work, she notes.“ It is men, not women, who report being happier at home than at work. ”Another surprise is that findings hold true for both those with childr en and without, but more so for nonparents. This is why people who work outside the home have better health.What the study doesn‟t measure is whether people are still doing work when they‟re at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office. For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who stay home, they never get to leave the office. And for women who work outside the home, they often are playing catch-up-with-household tasks. With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace a making adjustments for working women, it‟s not surprising that women are more stressed at home.But it‟s not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what they‟re supposed to be doing: working, marking money, doing the tasks they have to do in order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure: Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws out life-sustaining moola.On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. There are a lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home colleagues-your family-have no clear rewards for their labor; they need to be talked into it, or if they‟re teenagers, threatened with complete removal of all electronic devices. Plus, they‟re your family. Y ou cannot fire your family. You never really get to go home from home.So it‟s not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not only are the tasks apparently infinite, the co-workers are much harder to motivate.21.According to Paragraph 1,most previous surveys found that home_____[A] offered greater relaxation than the workplace[B] was an ideal place for stress measurement[C] generated more stress than the workplace[D] was an unrealistic place for relaxation22. According to Damaske, who are likely to be the happiest at home?[A] Childless wives[B] Working mothers[C] Childless husbands[D] Working fathers23.The blurring of working women's roles refers to the fact that_____[A] it is difficult for them to leave their office[B] their home is also a place for kicking back[C] there is often much housework left behind[D] they are both bread winners and housewives24.The word“moola”(Line4,Para4)most probably means_____[A] skills[B] energy[C] earnings[D] nutrition25.The home front differs from the workplace in that_____[A] division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut[B] home is hardly a cozier working environment[C] household tasks are generally more motivating[D] family labor is often adequately rewardedText 2For years, studies have found that first-generation college students- those who do not have a parent with a college degree- lag other students on a range of education achievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed fordecades to recruit more of them. This has created “a paradox” in that recruiting first- generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has “continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close” ab achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach (which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap (measured by such factors as grades) between first-generation and other students.The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study involving 147 students ( who completed the project) at an unnamed private university. First generation was defined as not having a parent with a four-year college degree. Most of the first-generation students(59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants, a federal grant for undergraduates with financial need, while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students wit at least one parent with a four-year degree.Their thesis- that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact- was based on the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students. They cite past research by several authors to show that this is the gap that must be narrowed to close the achievement gap.Many first- generation students “struggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher education, learn the …rules of the game,‟ and take advantage of college resources,” they write. And this becomes more of a problem when collages don‟t talk about the c lass advantage and disadvantages of different groups of students. Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students ‟educational experience, many first-generation students lack sight about why they are struggling and do not understand how students‟ like them can improve.26. Recruiting more first- generation students has_______[A] reduced their dropout rates[B] narrowed the achievement gap[C] missed its original purpose[D] depressed college students27. The author of the research article are optimistic because_______[A] the problem is solvable[B] their approach is costless[C] the recruiting rate has increased[D] their finding appeal to students28. The study suggests that most first- generation students______[A] study at private universities[B] are from single-parent families[C] are in need of financial support[D] have failed their collage29. The author of the paper believe that first-generation students_______[A] are actually indifferent to the achievement gap[B] can have a potential influence on other students[C] may lack opportunities to apply for research projects[D] are inexperienced in handling their issues at college30. We may infer from the last paragraph that_______[A] universities often reject the culture of the middle-class[B] students are usually to blame for their lack of resources[C] social class greatly helps enrich educational experiences[D]colleges are partly responsible for the problem in questionText 3Even in traditional offices, “th e lingua franca of corporate America has gotten much more emotional and much more right-brained than it was 20 years ago,” said Harvard Business School professor Nancy Koehn. She started spinning off examples. “If you and I parachuted back to Fortune 500 companies in 1990, we would see much less frequent use of terms like journey, mission, passion. There were goals, there were strategies, there were objectives, but we didn‟t talk about energy; we didn‟t talk abou t passion.”Koehn pointed out that this new era of corporate vocabulary is very “team”-oriented—and not by coincidence. “Let‟s not forgetsports—in male-dominated corporate America, it‟s still a big deal. It‟s not explicitly conscious; it‟s the idea that I‟m a coach, and you‟re my team, and we‟re in this together. There are lots and lots of CEOs in very different companies, but most think of th emselves as coaches and this is their team and they want to win.”These terms are also intended to infuse work with meaning—and, as Khurana points out, increase allegiance to the firm. “You have the importation of terminology that historically used to be associated with non-profit organizations and religious organizations: Terms like vision, values, passion, and purpose,” said Khurana.This new focus on personal fulfillment can help keep employees motivated amid increasingly loud debates over work-life balance. The “mommy wars” of the 1990s are still going on today, prompting arguments about why women still can‟t have it all and books like Sheryl Sandberg‟s Lean In, whose title has become a buzzword in its own right. Terms like unplug, offline, life-hack, bandwidth, and capacity are all about setting boundaries between the office and the home. But if your work is your “passion,”you‟ll be more likely to devote yourself to it, even if that means going home for dinner and then working long after the kids are in bed.But this seems to be the irony of office speak: Everyone makes fun of it, but managers love it, companies depend on it, and regular people willingly absorb it. As Nunberg said, “You can get people to think it‟s nonsense at the same time that you buy into it.” In a workplace that‟s fundamentally indifferent to your life and its meaning, office speak can help you figure out how you re late to your work—and how your work defines who you are.31. According to Nancy Koehn, office language has become_____[A] more emotional[B] more objective[C] less energetic[D] less strategic32. “Team”-oriented corporate vocabulary is closely related to_______[A] historical incidents[B] gender difference[C] sports culture[D] athletic executives33.Khurana believes that the importation of terminology aims to______[A] revive historical terms[B] promote company image[C] foster corporate cooperation[D] strengthen employee loyalty34.It can be inferred that Lean In________[A] voices for working women[B] appeals to passionate workaholics[C] triggers debates among mommies[D] praises motivated employees35.Which of the following statements is true about office speak?[A] Managers admire it but avoid it[B] Linguists believe it to be nonsense[C] Companies find it to be fundamental[D] Regular people mock it but accept itText 4Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reported for June, along with the drop in the unemployment rate to 6.1 percent, as good news. And they were right. For now it appears the economy is creating jobs at a decent pace. We still have a long way to go to get back to full employment, but at least we are now finally moving forward at a faster pace.However, there is another important part of the jobs picture that was largely overlooked. There was a big jump in the number of people who repot voluntarily working part-time. This figure is now 830,000(4.4 percent)above its year ago level.Before explaining the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth making an important distinction. Many people who work part-time jobs actually want full-time jobs. They take part-time work because this is all they can get. An increase in involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labor market and it means that many people will be having a very hard time making ends meet.There was an increase in involuntary part-time in June, but the general direction has been down. Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the recession, but it is down by 640,000(7.9percent)from is year ago level.We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-time employment because people tell us. The survey used by the Labor Department asks people is they worked less than 35 hours in the reference week. If the answer is “yes”, they are classified as worked less than 35hours in that week because they wanted to work less than full time or because they had no choice .They are only classified as voluntary part-time workers if they tell the survey taker they chose to work less than 35 hours a week.The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare because one of the main purposes was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment. For many people , especially those with serious health conditions or family members with serious health conditions ,before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was through a job that provided health insurance.However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either get insurance through Medicaid or the exchanges. These are people who may previously have felt the need to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families. With Obamacare there is no longer a link between employment and insurance.36. Which part of the jobs picture are neglected?[A] The prospect of a thriving job market.[B] The increase of voluntary part-time market.[C] The possibility of full employment.[D] The acceleration of job creation.37. Many people work part-time because they_____.[A] prefer part-time jobs to full-time jobs.[B] feel that is enough to make ends meet.[C] cannot get their hands on full-time jobs.[D] haven‟t seen the weakness of the market.38. Involuntary part-time employment is the US_____.[A] is harder to acquire than one year ago.[B] shows a general tendency of decline.[C] satisfies the real need of the jobless.[D] is lower than before the recession.39. It can be learned that with Obamacare,_____.[A] it is no longer easy for part-timers to get insurance[B] employment is no longer a precondition to get insurance[C] it is still challenging to get insurance for family members[D] full-time employment is still essential for insurance40. The text mainly discusses_______.[A] employment in the US[B] part-timer classification[C] insurance though Medicaid[D] Obamacare‟s troublePart BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list [A]-[G] to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] You are not alone[B] Don‟t fear responsibility for your life[C] Pave your own unique path[D] Most of your fears are unreal[E] Think about the present moment[F] Experience helps you grow[G] There are many things to be grateful forUnfortunately, life is not a bed of roses. We are going through life facing sad experiences. Moreover, we are grieving variouskinds of loss: a friendship, a romantic relationship or a house. Hard times may hold you down at what usually seems like the most inopportune time, but you should remember that they won‟t l ast forever.When our time of mourning is over, we press forward, stronger with a greater understanding and respect for life. Furthermore, these losses make us mature and eventually move us toward future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to share these ten old truths I‟ve learned along the way.41._____________________________Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us by signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately, people create inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears. My favorite actor Will Smith once said, “Fear is not real. It is a product of thoughts you create. Do not misunderstand me. Danger is very real. But fear is a choice.” I do c ompletely agree that fears are just the product of our luxuriant imagination.42_____________________________If you are surrounded by problems and cannot stop thinking about the past, try to focus on the present moment. Many of us are weighed down by the past or anxious about the future. You may feel guilt over your past, but you are poisoning the present with the things and circumstances you cannot change. Value the present moment and remember how fortunate you are to be alive. Enjoy the beauty of the world around and keep the eyes open to see the possibilities before you. Happiness is not a point of future and not a moment from the past, but a mindset that can be designed into the present.43______________________________Sometimes it is easy to feel bad because you are going through tough times. You can be easily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the things you have. Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining about something.44________________________________No matter how isolated you might feel and how serious the situation is, you should always remember that you are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost everyone respects and wants to help you if you are trying to make a good change in your life, especially your dearest and nearest people. You may have a circle of friends who provide constant good humor, help and companionship. If you have no friends or relatives, try to participate in several online communities, full of people who are always willing to share advice and encouragement.45________________________________Today many people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance by gaining objectivity from external sources. This way you devalue your opinion and show that you are incapable of managing your own life. When you are struggling to achieve something important you should believe in yourself and be sure that your decision is the best. You live in your skin, think your own thoughts, have your own values and make your own choices.Section III TranslationDirections:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Think about driving a route that‟s very familiar. It could be your commute to work, a trip into town or the way home. Whichever it is, you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand. On these sorts of trips it‟s easy to zone out from the actua l driving and pay little attention to the passing scenery. The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.This is the well-travelled road effect: people tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention. When we travel down a well-known route, because we don‟t have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly. And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can‟t remember the journey well because we didn‟t pay much attention to it. So we assume it was short er.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose your university is going to host a summer camp for high school students. Write a notice to1) briefly introduce the camp activities, and2) call for volunteers.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your name or the name of your university.Do not write your address. (10 points)Part B48. Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)。
2015年考研英语一真题及答案详细解析
2015年考研英语一真题及答案详细解析2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题及答案详细解析Section I Use of English :Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, fr iends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_.While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC S an Diego, says, “Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.”The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_”functional Kinship” of being friends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain people’s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised3. [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by4. [A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected5. [A] tests [B] objects [C]samples [D] examples6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C]unbelievable [D] incredible7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know8. [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps11. [A] about [B] to [C]from [D]like12. [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D]limit13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with14. [A] chances [B]responses [C]missions [D]benefits15. [A] later [B]slower [C] faster [D] earlier16. [A]forecast [B]remember [C]understand [D]express17. [A] unpredictable [B]contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive18. [A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tellSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today –embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their oldaristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service – as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A] used turn enjoy high public support[B] was unpopular among European royals[C] cased his relationship with his rivals[D]ended his reign in embarrassment22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C] to give voter more public figures to look up to[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families[D]The nobility’s adherence to their privileges24. The British royals “have most to fear” because Char les[A] takes a rough line on political issues[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised[C] takes republicans as his potential allies[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsText 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone — a vast storehouse of digital information — is similar to, say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the w allet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smart phone is more like entering his or her home. A smart phone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent cor respondence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to[A] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[B] search for suspects’ mobile phones without a warrant.[C] check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized.[D]prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of[A] disapproval.[B] indifference.[C] tolerance.[D]cautiousness.28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone contents is comparable to[A] ge tting into one’s residence.[B] handling one’s historical records.[C] scanning one’s correspondences.[D] going through one’s wallet.29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B] the court is giving police less room for action.[C] citizens’ privacy is not effectively protected.[D] phones are used to store sensitive information.30. Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that[A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.[B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.[C]California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution.[D]principles of the Constitution should never be alteredText 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group. He says he expects the board to “play prima rily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”.31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that[A] Science intends to simplify their peer-review process.[B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32. The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to[A] found.[B] marked.[C] revised.[D] stored.33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may[A] pose a threat to all its peers.[B] meet with strong opposition.[C] increase Science’s circulation.[D]set an example for other journals.34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now[A] adds to researchers’ workload.[B] diminishes the role of reviewers.[C] has room for further improvement.[D]is to fail in the foreseeable future35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers.[B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect[C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Edi tors’ Desks[D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter ,Elisabeth ,spoke of the“unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions” Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism ”in society should be profit and the market .But “it’s us ,human beings ,we the people who create the society we want ,not profit ”.Driving her point home, she continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous foals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International ,shield thought ,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking .As the hacking trial concludes – finding guilty ones-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones ,and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge –the winder issue of dearth of integrity still standstill, Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people .This is hacking on an industrial scale ,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place .One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, wow little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired wow the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today’s world, title has become normal that well—paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business–friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism[B] companies’ financial loss due to immoral practices.[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.[D]the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that[A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.[C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.[D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38. The author believes the Rebekah Books’s deference[A] revealed a cunning personality[B] centered on trivial issues[C] was hardly convincing[D] was part of a conspiracy39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows[A] generally distorted values[B] unfair wealth distribution[C] a marginalized lifestyle[D] a rigid moral cote40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?[A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.[B] Common humanity is central news reporting.[C] Moral awareness matters in exciting a newspaper.[D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your explicit knowledge of English grammar (41) ______you begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just passive assimilation but of active engagement inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and cues (42) _______Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and clocked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43) _______Such background material inevitably reflects who we are, (44) _______This doesn’t, howev er, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it. (45)_______such dimensions of read suggest-as othersintroduced later in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretation but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the contest. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.[D]In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.[E]You make further inferences, for instance, about how the test may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.[F]In plays，novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.[G]Rather, we ascribe meanings to test on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so espec ially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.Section III TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America. 46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits.Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world.48) But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th- and 16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they subsisted on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ship were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.“To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief.” said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists’ first glimps e of the new land was a sight of dense woods. 50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.You should state reasons for your recommendation.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)手机时代的聚会参考答案及详细解析I cloze1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what【答案】[D] what【解析】该题考查的是语法知识。
2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题及答案解析
2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题及答案解析Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) In our contemporary culture, the prospect of communicating with -- or even looking at -- a stranger is virtually unbearable. Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they fiddle with their phones, even without a 1 underground.It's a sad reality -- our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings -- because there's 2 to be gained from talking to the stranger standing by you. But you wouldn't know it, 3 into your phone. This universal armor sends the 4 : "Please don't approach me."What is it that makes us feel we need to hide 5 our screens?One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, executive mental coach. We fear rejection, or that our innocent social advances will be 6 as "creepy,". We fear we'll be 7 . We fear we'll be disruptive. Strangers are inherently 8 to us, so we are more likely to feel 9 when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances. To avoid this anxiety, we 10 to our phones. "Phones become our security blanket," Wortmann says. "They are our happy glasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more 11 .”But once we rip off the bandaid, tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look up, it doesn't 12 so bad. In one 2011 experiment, behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable: Start a 13 . They had Chicago train commuters talk to their fellow 14 . "When Dr. Epley and Ms. Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to 15 how they would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their 16 would be more pleasant if they sat on their own," the New York Times summarizes. Though the participants didn't expect a positive experience, after they 17 with the experiment, "not a single person reported having been snubbed."18 , these commutes were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those sans communication, which makes absolute sense, 19 human beings thrive off of social connections. It's that 20 : Talking to strangers can make you feel connected.1. [A] ticket [B] permit [C] signal [D] record2. [A] nothing [B] link [C] another [D] much3. [A] beaten [B] guided [C] plugged [D] brought4. [A] message [B] cede [C] notice [D] sign5. [A] under [B] beyond [C] behind [D] from6. [A] misinterpret [B] misapplied [C] misadjusted [D] mismatched7. [A] fired [B] judged [C] replaced [D] delayed8. [A] unreasonable [B] ungrateful [C] unconventional [D] unfamiliar9. [A] comfortable [B] anxious [C] confident [D] angry10. [A] attend [B] point [C] take [D] turn11. [A] dangerous [B] mysterious [C] violent [D] boring12. [A] hurt [B] resist [C] bend [D] decay13. [A] lecture [B] conversation [C] debate [D] negotiation14. [A] trainees [B] employees [C] researchers [D] passengers15. [A] reveal [B] choose [C] predict [D] design16. [A] voyage [B] flight [C] walk [D] ride17. [A] went through [B] did away [C] caught up [D] put up18. [A] In turn [B] In particular [C] In fact [D] In consequence19. [A] unless [B] since [C] if [D] whereas20. [A] funny [B] simple [C] logical [D] rareSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys, people are actually more stressed at home than at work. Researchers measured people‟s cortisol, which is a stress marker, while they were at work and while they were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge.“Further contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as men have lower levels of stress at work than at home, ” writes one of the researchers, Sarah Damske. In fact women even say they feel better at work, she notes.“ It is men, not women, who report being happier at home than at work. ”Another surprise is that findings hold true for both those with childr en and without, but more so for nonparents. This is why people who work outside the home have better health.What the study doesn‟t measure is whether people are still doing work when they‟re at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office. For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who stay home, they never get to leave the office. And for women who work outside the home, they often are playing catch-up-with-household tasks. With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace a making adjustments for working women, it‟s not surprising that women are more stressed at home.But it‟s not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what they‟re supposed to be doing: working, marking money, doing the tasks they have to do in order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure: Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws out life-sustaining moola.On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. There are a lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home colleagues-your family-have no clear rewards for their labor; they need to be talked into it, or if they‟re teenagers, threatened with complete removal of all electronic devices. Plus, they‟re your family. Y ou cannot fire your family. You never really get to go home from home.So it‟s not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not only are the tasks apparently infinite, the co-workers are much harder to motivate.21.According to Paragraph 1,most previous surveys found that home_____[A] offered greater relaxation than the workplace[B] was an ideal place for stress measurement[C] generated more stress than the workplace[D] was an unrealistic place for relaxation22. According to Damaske, who are likely to be the happiest at home?[A] Childless wives[B] Working mothers[C] Childless husbands[D] Working fathers23.The blurring of working women's roles refers to the fact that_____[A] it is difficult for them to leave their office[B] their home is also a place for kicking back[C] there is often much housework left behind[D] they are both bread winners and housewives24.The word“moola”(Line4,Para4)most probably means_____[A] skills[B] energy[C] earnings[D] nutrition25.The home front differs from the workplace in that_____[A] division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut[B] home is hardly a cozier working environment[C] household tasks are generally more motivating[D] family labor is often adequately rewardedText 2For years, studies have found that first-generation college students- those who do not have a parent with a college degree- lag other students on a range of education achievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher. But since suchstudents are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them. This has created “a paradox” in that recruiting first- generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has “continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close” ab achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach (which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap (measured by such factors as grades) between first-generation and other students.The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study involving 147 students ( who completed the project) at an unnamed private university. First generation was defined as not having a parent with a four-year college degree. Most of the first-generation students(59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants, a federal grant for undergraduates with financial need, while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students wit at least one parent with a four-year degree.Their thesis- that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact- was based on the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students. They cite past research by several authors to show that this is the gap that must be narrowed to close the achievement gap.Many first- generation students “struggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher education, learn the …rules of the game,‟ and take advantage of college resources,” they write. And this becomes more of a problem when collages don‟t talk about the c lass advantage and disadvantages of different groups of students. Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students ‟educational experience, many first-generation students lack sight about why they are struggling and do not understand how students‟ like them can improve.26. Recruiting more first- generation students has_______[A] reduced their dropout rates[B] narrowed the achievement gap[C] missed its original purpose[D] depressed college students27. The author of the research article are optimistic because_______[A] the problem is solvable[B] their approach is costless[C] the recruiting rate has increased[D] their finding appeal to students28. The study suggests that most first- generation students______[A] study at private universities[B] are from single-parent families[C] are in need of financial support[D] have failed their collage29. The author of the paper believe that first-generation students_______[A] are actually indifferent to the achievement gap[B] can have a potential influence on other students[C] may lack opportunities to apply for research projects[D] are inexperienced in handling their issues at college30. We may infer from the last paragraph that_______[A] universities often reject the culture of the middle-class[B] students are usually to blame for their lack of resources[C] social class greatly helps enrich educational experiences[D]colleges are partly responsible for the problem in questionText 3Even in traditional offices, “th e lingua franca of corporate America has gotten much more emotional and much more right-brained than it was 20 years ago,” said Harvard Business School professor Nancy Koehn. She started spinning off examples. “If you and I parachuted back to Fortune 500 companies in 1990, we would see much less frequent use of terms like journey, mission, passion. There were goals, there were strategies, there were objectives, but we didn‟t talk about energy; we didn‟t talk abou t passion.”Koehn pointed out that this new era of corporate vocabulary is very “team”-oriented—and not by coincidence. “Let‟s not forget sports—in male-dominated corporate America, it‟s still a big deal. It‟s not explicitly conscious; it‟s the idea that I‟m a coach, and you‟re my team, and we‟re in this together. There are lots and lots of CEOs in very different companies, but most think of th emselves as coaches and this is their team and they want to win.”These terms are also intended to infuse work with meaning—and, as Khurana points out, increase allegiance to the firm. “You have the importation of terminology that historically used to be associated with non-profit organizations and religious organizations: Terms like vision, values, passion, and purpose,” said Khurana.This new focus on personal fulfillment can help keep employees motivated amid increasingly loud debates over work-life balance. The “mommy wars” of the 1990s are still going on today, prompting arguments about why women still can‟t have it all and books like Sheryl Sandberg‟s Lean In, whose title has become a buzzword in its own right. Terms like unplug, offline, life-hack, bandwidth, and capacity are all about setting boundaries between the office and the home. But if your work is your “passion,”you‟ll be more likely to devote yourself to it, even if that means going home for dinner and then working long after the kids are in bed.But this seems to be the irony of office speak: Everyone makes fun of it, but managers love it, companies depend on it, and regular people willingly absorb it. As Nunberg said, “You can get people to think it‟s nonsense at the same time that you buy into it.” In a workplace that‟s fundamentally indifferent to your life and its meaning, office speak can help you figure out how you re late to your work—and how your work defines who you are.31. According to Nancy Koehn, office language has become_____[A] more emotional[B] more objective[C] less energetic[D] less strategic32. “Team”-oriented corporate vocabulary is closely related to_______[A] historical incidents[B] gender difference[C] sports culture[D] athletic executives33.Khurana believes that the importation of terminology aims to______[A] revive historical terms[B] promote company image[C] foster corporate cooperation[D] strengthen employee loyalty34.It can be inferred that Lean In________[A] voices for working women[B] appeals to passionate workaholics[C] triggers debates among mommies[D] praises motivated employees35.Which of the following statements is true about office speak?[A] Managers admire it but avoid it[B] Linguists believe it to be nonsense[C] Companies find it to be fundamental[D] Regular people mock it but accept itText 4Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reported for June, along with the drop in the unemployment rate to 6.1 percent, as good news. And they were right. For now it appears the economy is creating jobs at a decent pace. We still have a long way to go to get back to full employment, but at least we are now finally moving forward at a faster pace.However, there is another important part of the jobs picture that was largely overlooked. There was a big jump in the number of people who repot voluntarily working part-time. This figure is now 830,000(4.4 percent)above its year ago level.Before explaining the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth making an important distinction. Many people who work part-time jobs actually want full-time jobs. They take part-time work because this is all they can get. An increase in involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labor market and it means that many people will be having a very hard time makingends meet.There was an increase in involuntary part-time in June, but the general direction has been down. Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the recession, but it is down by 640,000(7.9percent)from is year ago level.We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-time employment because people tell us. The survey used by the Labor Department asks people is they worked less than 35 hours in the reference week. If the answer is “yes”, they are cl assified as worked less than 35hours in that week because they wanted to work less than full time or because they had no choice .They are only classified as voluntary part-time workers if they tell the survey taker they chose to work less than 35 hours a week.The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare because one of the main purposes was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment. For many people , especially those with serious health conditions or family members with serious health conditions ,before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was through a job that provided health insurance.However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either get insurance through Medicaid or the exchanges. These are people who may previously have felt the need to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families. With Obamacare there is no longer a link between employment and insurance.36. Which part of the jobs picture are neglected?[A] The prospect of a thriving job market.[B] The increase of voluntary part-time market.[C] The possibility of full employment.[D] The acceleration of job creation.37. Many people work part-time because they_____.[A] prefer part-time jobs to full-time jobs.[B] feel that is enough to make ends meet.[C] cannot get their hands on full-time jobs.[D] haven‟t seen the weakness of the market.38. Involuntary part-time employment is the US_____.[A] is harder to acquire than one year ago.[B] shows a general tendency of decline.[C] satisfies the real need of the jobless.[D] is lower than before the recession.39. It can be learned that with Obamacare,_____.[A] it is no longer easy for part-timers to get insurance[B] employment is no longer a precondition to get insurance[C] it is still challenging to get insurance for family members[D] full-time employment is still essential for insurance40. The text mainly discusses_______.[A] employment in the US[B] part-timer classification[C] insurance though Medicaid[D] Obamacare‟s troublePart BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list [A]-[G] to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] You are not alone[B] Don‟t fear responsibility for your life[C] Pave your own unique path[D] Most of your fears are unreal[E] Think about the present moment[F] Experience helps you grow[G] There are many things to be grateful forUnfortunately, life is not a bed of roses. We are going through life facing sad experiences. Moreover, we are grieving variouskinds of loss: a friendship, a romantic relationship or a house. Hard times may hold you down at what usually seems like the most inopportune time, but you should remember that they won‟t last forever.When our time of mourning is over, we press forward, stronger with a greater understanding and respect for life. Furthermore, these losses make us mature and eventually move us toward future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to share these ten old truths I‟ve learned along the way.41._____________________________Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us by signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately, people create inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears. My favorite actor Will Smith once sai d, “Fear is not real. It is a product of thoughts you create. Do not misunderstand me. Danger is very real. But fear is a choice.” I do c ompletely agree that fears are just the product of our luxuriant imagination.42_____________________________If you are surrounded by problems and cannot stop thinking about the past, try to focus on the present moment. Many of us are weighed down by the past or anxious about the future. You may feel guilt over your past, but you are poisoning the present with the things and circumstances you cannot change. Value the present moment and remember how fortunate you are to be alive. Enjoy the beauty of the world around and keep the eyes open to see the possibilities before you. Happiness is not a point of future and not a moment from the past, but a mindset that can be designed into the present.43______________________________Sometimes it is easy to feel bad because you are going through tough times. You can be easily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the things you have. Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining about something.44________________________________No matter how isolated you might feel and how serious the situation is, you should always remember that you are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost everyone respects and wants to help you if you are trying to make a good change in your life, especially your dearest and nearest people. You may have a circle of friends who provide constant good humor, help and companionship. If you have no friends or relatives, try to participate in several online communities, full of people who are always willing to share advice and encouragement.45________________________________Today many people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance by gaining objectivity from external sources. This way you devalue your opinion and show that you are incapable of managing your own life. When you are struggling to achieve something important you should believe in yourself and be sure that your decision is the best. You live in your skin, think your own thoughts, have your own values and make your own choices.Section III TranslationDirections:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Think about driving a route that‟s very familiar. It could be your commute to work, a trip into town or the way home. Whichev er it is, you know every twist and turn like the bac k of your hand. On these sorts of trips it‟s easy to zone out from the actual driving and pay little attention to the passing scenery. The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.This is the well-travelled road effect: people tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention. When we travel down a well-known route, because we don‟t have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly. And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can‟t remember the journey well because we didn‟t pay much attention to it. So we assume it was shorter.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose your university is going to host a summer camp for high school students. Write a notice to1) briefly introduce the camp activities, and2) call for volunteers.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your name or the name of your university.Do not write your address. (10 points)Part B48. Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)2015考研英语二答案完型填空题1 .C signal2 .D much3. C plugged4. A message5. C behind6. A misinterpreted7. B judged8. D unfamiliar9. B anxious10. D turn11.A dangerous12. A hurt13.B conversation14. D passengers15.C predict16. D ride17.A went through18.C in fact19.B since20 B simple阅读题答案Text 1 答案21. D offered greater relaxation than the workplace22. B childless husbands23. A they are both bread winners and housewives24. C earnings25. B division of labor at home is seldom clear-cutText2 答案26. C miss its original purpose27. A the problem is solvable28. C are in need offinancial support29. D are inexperienced in handling issues at college30. D colleges are partly responsible for the problem in questionText3 答案31. A more emotional32. C sports culture33.D strengthen employee loyalty34.A voices for working women35. C companies find it to be fundamentalText436. B the increase of voluntary part-time jobs37. C cannot get their hands on full-time jobs38. B shows a general tendency of decline39. B empolyment is no longer a precondition to get insureance40.A阅读新题型41 .D Most of your fearsare unreal42. E Think about the [resent moment43.G There are many things to be grateful for44.A You are not alone45. C Pave your own unique path翻译题回想一下这样的经历：开车行驶在一条非常熟悉的道路上。
2015年考研英语一真题答案及解析
2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试（英语一）解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文选自2014年7月15日International Business Times上一篇题为“DNA of Friendship:Study Finds We are Genetically Linked to Our Friends”（DNA友谊：研究发现我们在基因上和我们的朋友有着千丝万缕的联系）的文章。
首段通过一项研究结果引出朋友之间有一定的基因关联；第二段对研究的受试者进行说明；第三段中遗传学家认为朋友之间共享的1%的基因很重要；第四五段指出研究的两项发现；最后研究者发现相似基因发展更快，但人们喜欢与同族人交友还未能做出解释。
二、试题解析1.[A]when何时[B]why为什么[C]how如何[D]what什么【答案】D【考点】从句辨析【解析】该题考查的是语法知识。
根据句子结构和选项的特点，可以判断出空格处应填从属连词引导表语从句；再根据句子的内容，可以看出该从句是一项研究的相关内容，不是指研究的时间（when），原因（why）和方式（how），表示具体内容的表语从句用what引导，因此，该题的答案为what。
2.[A]defended保卫，防守[B]concluded推断，下结论[C]withdrawn撤退，收回[D]advised建议，劝告【答案】B【考点】上下文语义衔接+动词辨析【解析】从此题所在句子的前后内容可以判断出，that is_______中的that是指第一句话的内容（朋友与我们基因上的相关性），很显然是研究得出的结论。
因此，答案为concluded。
3.[A]for为了[B]with和[C]on在…之上，关于，对于[D]by方式【答案】C【考点】上下文语义衔接+介词辨析【解析】根据空格所在句子的内容（研究对1932位独特的受试者进行分析）判断出进行分析的对象是1932unique subjects。