2012-2015中科院经济学原理考博试题
中科院各专业所考博试题.doc
中科院各专业所考博试题中科院发育所06年生物化学考博试题1. 试举5例说明绿色荧光蛋白在生物学研究中的作用？2. 真核生物逆转座子的结构功能和生物学意义？3. -蛋白用SDS聚丙电泳分离后为一条带.诸问，这个蛋白是否只有种成分，如果还有其它成分如何分离•鉴定纯度4. 真核生物我达各水平上的调控机理5. 举两篇05年我国科学家发表的Cell Science Nature的文章，要国内通迅地址，耍写出作者或单位，以及文章的主耍内容.6. 请在生化的度评价转基因仗物的安全性中科院动物所2000年细胞生物学（博士）一、解释题（每题3分，共30分〉1、周期细胞2、PCR技术3、MPI*4、通讯连接5、细胞分化6、溶酶体7、信号肽8、整合素9、基因组10、巨大染色体二、有丝分裂及其调控（有丝分裂的过程、变异及其调控）（18分）三、以哺乳动物精了和卵子发生为例。
简述减数分裂。
（17分）叫、线粒体基因组与细胞核基因纽两套遗传装迓的相互作用关系。
（18分）五、图解某些细胞调节系统对细胞骨架系统的调节，并加以简述（17分）中科院动物所2002年细胞生物学（博士〉名词解释（毎题3分，共36分〉1、细胞周期2、细胞分化3、干细胞4、细胞外基质5、上皮6、信号传导7、转染&端粒9、免疫球蛋白10. 细胞计架1K内质网12、反意义RNA问答题（以下5题任选4题,毎题16分，共64分〉1、试述细胞膜的化学组成2、试述线粒体的遗传学……半自主性3、以图解叙述细胞的有丝分裂及H调控4、试述哺乳动物的受精作用和哺乳动物克隆的不同点5、试述造血干细胞的分化中科院动物所2003年细胞生物学（博士〉名词解释（3X10）1、原癌基因2、信号肽3、细胞周期4、高尔基体干扰RNA6、免疫印迹7、干细胞&突触9. 细胞骨架10. 端粒二：综述题1、简述生物膜的分子和结构基础，核膜在细胞周期中的变化规律。
分析核孔复合体在物质转运的结构基础（15分）2、简述线粒体内氧自曲基产生的分子机制及其线粒体在细胞凋亡调节中的作用（15分）3、简述免疫细胞发育过程和T细胞检测标准，分析艾滋橋毒感染细胞的途径（10分）4、简述神经细胞突触细胞传递的结构基础和信号传导分子机制（15分）5、利川真核基因表达调控的原理，阐述利用体细胞进行动物克降的分子基础核生物学意义。
2005-2015年中央财经大学经济学基础考博真题汇编及重点整理
2005-2015年中央财经⼤学经济学基础考博真题汇编及重点整理
边际产量？如何影响资本产出⽐率？
，结合此争论和中国改⾰实践阐明中国转轨成功的原因、特
根据经济学原理阐明我国为什么和怎样贯彻落实科7、⼴义国民收⼊与欧拉定理之间的关系。
8、利率对消费的收⼊效应和替代效应是怎样的？
9、根据卢卡斯总供给和总需求函数推证：实现不变货币增长率的货币政策⽆效性。
10、根据国际收⽀理论和IS-LM-BP（看蒙代尔-弗莱明）模型，分析在浮动汇率条件下的财政政策和货币政策效果。
试取
1. 名义货币供给量的增加会带来通货膨胀，请根据经济学。
中国科学院(中科院)考博历年试题汇总
中国科学院（中科院）考博历年试题汇总中科院发育遗传所2002生物化学（博士）注：请将试卷写在答题纸上；不用抄题，但要写请题号；草稿纸上答题无效。
一、名次解释：（20分）二、以动物细胞或植物细胞为例说明细胞中的膜结构及其功能。
（12分）三、在研究位置基因的功能时往往采用推定的该基因所编码的氨基酸序列与已知功能的蛋白质的氨基酸序列比较来推断，你认为这种比较应采用什么原则？为什么？（12分）四、真核基因在原核细胞中表达的蛋白质常常失去生物活性，为什么？举例说明。
（12分）五、简述信号肽的结构特点、功能和从蛋白质产物中切除的机理。
（12分）六、分子筛、离子交换和亲和层析是三种分离、醇化蛋白质的方法，你如何根据所要分离、纯化的蛋白质的性质选择使用。
（12分）七、酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）的基本原理是什么？如何用此方法检测样品中的抗原和抗体？（12分）八、某一个蛋白，SDS凝胶电泳表明其分子量位于16900于37100标准带之间，当用巯基乙醇和碘乙酸处理该蛋白后经SDS凝胶电泳分析仍得到一条带，但分子量接近标准带13370处，请推断此蛋白质的结构？为什么第二次用前要加碘乙酸？（8分）中科院发育遗传所2000-2001生物化学（博士）2000年博士研究生入学考试生物化学试题1．酶蛋白的构象决定了酶对底物的专一性，请描述并图示酶与底物相互关系的几种学说。
（20分）2．什么是DNA的半保留复制和半不连续复制？如何证明？真核细胞与原核细胞的DNA复制有何不同？（20分）3．概述可作为纯化依据的蛋白质性质及据此发展的方法。
（20分）4．简述酵解和发酵两个过程并说明两者的异同。
（15分）5．吃多了高蛋白食物为什么需要多喝水？（10分）6．在非极端环境的生物体中是否存在氰化物不敏感的呼吸作用？如果有，其可能的生物学意义是什么？（5分）以下两题中任选一题（10分）7．概述植物或微生物细胞感应（应答）环境刺激因子（如养分缺乏、热、冷、干旱、强光等）的可能的生物化学过程模式。
中国科学院大学-博士研究生入学考试英语试卷(2012年)
中国科学院大学博士研究生入学考试英语试卷2012年12月-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------考生须知:一、本试卷由试卷一(PAPER ONE) 和试卷二(PAPER TWO) 两部分组成。
试卷一为客观题，答卷使用标准化机读答题纸；试卷二为主观题，答卷使用非机读答题纸。
二、请考生一律用HB或2B铅笔填涂标准化机读答题纸，划线不得过细或过短。
修改时请用橡皮擦拭干净。
若因填涂不符合要求而导致计算机无法识别，责任由考生自负。
请保持机读答题纸清洁、无折皱。
答题纸切忌折叠。
三、全部考试时间总计180分钟，满分为100分。
时间及分值分布如下：试卷一：I词汇15分钟10分I I完型填空15分钟15分I I I阅读80分钟40分小计110分钟65分试卷二：I V英译汉30分钟15分V写作40分钟20分小计70分钟35分UNIVERSITY OF CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FORPh.D PROGRAMDecember 2012PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with asingle bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring AnswerSheet.1. John made ________ keys for the house: one for his wife and one for himself.A. facilitatedB. sophisticatedC. duplicateD. intricate2. It's difficult to be great without being ________: a doctor should never belittle a patient's concerns, regardless of how trivial they may seem to the doctor.A. patheticB. compassionateC. fussyD. sentimental3. Marriage is based upon the complete willingness of the two parties. Neither party shall use ________ and no third party is allowed to interfere.A. collisionB. compensationC. compulsionD. collaboration4. They would be ________ buying a product if it had not been tested on animals.A. deterred fromB. derived fromC. dismissed fromD. deserted from5. As long as students can form a sound personality and ________ future well-being, the university has served its purpose.A. persevere inB. convert intoC. live throughD. strive for6. This is a ________ misconception in many people’s minds--that love like merchandise can be “stolen.”A. populatedB. prevalentC. plaguedD. pretentious7. Language may be ________ of as a process which arises from social interaction.A. comprisedB. conceivedC. disposedD. deprived8. Some companies are making ________ efforts to increase the proportion of women at all levels of employment.A. solitaryB. statisticalC. susceptibleD. strenuous9. ________, Mr. Hall admits that he pushed too hard, and ultimately his efforts failed.A. In retrospectB. In due courseC. In vainD. In essence10. The final ________ cry comes when he complains about her selling their story toa newspaper; she was endangering his future and freedom.A. patientB. patrioticC. patheticD. prominent11. When a failing plant began to ________, she believed it was her good work that somehow brought about good results.A. perishB. shootC. witherD. thrive12. As rumor is ungrounded, it can 't spread ________; a person is speechless when justice is not on his side.A. by and largeB. far and wideC. back and forthD. hot and cool13. Japanese firms in the late 1980s used shady accounting practices to ________ financial problems.A．conclude B. compromiseC. concealD. contaminate14. Most earthquakes are in remote areas; but every now and then a quake may ________ volcanic eruptions or drown the coastlines with tsunamis, death-dealing tidal waves.A. yieldB. triggerC. transmitD. evolve15. However, very interesting dynamics regarding the competition and market structure are ________.A. seeing the lightB. shedding lightC. bringing to lightD. coming to light16. The politicians also ________ a mixture of tactics in a campaign to defend the Prime Minister.A. employedB. mobilizedC. endeavoredD. experienced17．Cancers are described as being more or less ________ in proportion to their more or less rapidly growing and being invasive.A. mischievousB. miscellaneousC. maliciousD. malignant18. Some manufacturers have tried to partially ________ the pain to buyers through straightforward price increases.A. put outB. hold upC. pass onD. hand over19. The company has had a lot of problems in the past, but it has always managed to ________.A. turn overB. hold upC. set upD. bounce back20. Public interest in and support for film festivals have grown throughout the US, giving new filmmakers broad ________.A. exposureB. horizonC. reputationD. revelationPART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choicewith a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoringAnswer Sheet.Kevin Davies sent a sample of his saliva to a genetic testing laboratory in Iceland to learn about his health risks. When he received his results, Mr. Davies learned that, __21__ his genetic makeup, he had an above-average risk of __22__ prostate cancer.Out of __23__, he checked back three months later and found that the company, called deCODE, had changed its assessment: His risk was now __24__ average.DeCODE had recalculated its algorithm, based on new data. Davies, who is himself a geneticist by training, wasn't too __25__ by this about-face: "The information that these companies can give you can change and evolve __26__ time," he says.That isn't the only way today's genetic tests offer __27__ conclusions. Accordingto a US government study, results often vary __28__ among genetic-testing companies, largely because __29__ has its own way of choosing and analyzing data.When the project to __30__ human DNA was finally completed in 2003, many predicted a revolution. Drugs could be chosen to match individual patients with maximum therapeutic effect and minimum side effects, the __31__ of so-called personalized medicine.__32__ a summer downpour of troubling stumbles for genetic-testing companies and programs shows just how long and twisting the road can be __33__ advances in basic scientific research and their application.It also has __34__ the question of how medicine will be practiced in an era __35__ anyone can research ailments and treatments on the Internet, sometimes becoming more familiar with new therapies and tests than their physicians.21. A. despite B. based on C. in line with D. in contrast to22. A. contracting B. affecting C. intervening D. associating23. A. excitement B. pleasure C. curiosity D. irritation24. A. above B. below C. on D. off25. A. satisfied B. captivated C. encouraged D. surprised26. A. on B. in C. over D. by27. A. slippery B. positive C. complicated D. convincing28. A. gradually B. intensely C. highly D. widely29. A. that B. each C. it D. such30. A. remove B. transplant C. calculate D. map31. A. advent B. censorship C. cultivation D. methodology32. A. But B. For C. Thus D. Though33. A. at B. with C. between D. on34. A. enlightened B. spotlighted C. provoked D. modified35. A. that B. which C. where D. whenPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by fourchoices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and thenselect the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement.Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square bracketson your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneThe Super Bowl and the Oscars are the moon and sun of American communal rituals. Together, more Americans watch them than attend church or vote in presidential elections.Like it or not, they are America’s preeminent means of announcing itself to the world; we can share our ideals with hundreds of millions of our friends (and enemies) around the planet.Of the two events, one emphasizes the spirit of collective effort, by gathering anonymous men in identical uniforms to sacrifice themselves for the shared ideals of the tribe. The other glorifies the exceptional individual, who is celebrated for the very beauty and talent that sets him or her apart from lesser members of the species. Virtually anywhere there is a television—in Afghanistan, in Uruguay—these grand pageants are watched.The Super Bowl offers us a model of the kind of moral clarity that can be elusive on the playing fields of our lives. Its scores are settled on neutral territory, and its teams are governed by inflexible rules. There is little room for favoritism or sentimentality or emotional nuance. Football knows right from wrong. The Super Bowl shows us a world we all can agree on—one in which, far removed from the messiness of everyday life, strength and skill and practical intelligence prevail. Its champions earn their trip to Disneyland, because they prove themselves to be rulers of a magical kingdom.The Oscars, on the other hand, restore us to the commotion of the social world. They allow charm, money, fame and influence to matter. Sex and youth count above all, which is why, to the Oscars’ disgrace, women over 40 are rarely on display. Like Greek gods, the stars of the show are magnifications of the best and worst in all of us. No matter that they arrive bedecked with jewels or with a supermodel on their arm or with a complexion whose glow is suspiciously youthful, at the Oscars they are stripped to their most vulnerable selves, utterly at the mercy of the unpredictable. The Oscars give us unfiltered human spectacle, in which one is either called to the stage to meet with approval or forced to sit and contend with feelings of neglect and disappointment.36. The author holds that the Super Bowl and the Oscars are ________.A. two key events that draw most of the world’s attention to AmericaB. the moon and the sun to Americans as well as to the rest of the worldC. the rituals that are much more important than presidential electionsD. two important occasions for the realization of American dreams37. The Super Bowl and the Oscars are similar in ________.A. giving recognition of many personal sacrificesB. conferring an honor on certain achievementsC. encouraging an endeavor for national gloryD. placing a high priority on individual talent38. The kind of moral clarity showed in the Super Bowl most probably refers to a sense of ________.A. fair playB. social responsibilityC. self-disciplineD. collective identity39. According to the author, what we all agree on about the world shown by the Super Bowl is ________.A. the possibility that everyone can winB. the types of award to the championsC. the ways of showing one’s strengthD. the criteria for judging success40. The author emphasizes that the stars at the Oscars are ________.A. a symbol of human dignityB. images of Greek godsC. a mirror of ourselvesD. ideals of social elite41. According to the author, the Oscars offer us a human scene that shows a contrast between ________.A. trust and suspicionB. justice and injusticeC. wealth and povertyD. delight and dismayPassage TwoMore than 50 years ago, the psychologist Carl Rogers suggested that simply loving our children wasn’t enough. We have to love them unconditionally—for whothey are, not for what they do.As a father, I know this is a tall order, but it becomes even more challenging now that so much of the advice we are given amounts to exactly the opposite. In effect, we’re given tips in conditional parenting, which comes in two flavors: turn up the affection when they’re good, withhold affection when they’re not.Conditional parenting isn’t limited to old-school authoritarians. Some people who wouldn’t dream of spanking choose instead to discipline their young children by forcibly isolating them, a tactic we call “time out.” Conversely, “positive reinforcement” teaches children that they are loved only when they do whatever we decide is a “good job.” The primary message o f all types of conditional parenting is that children must earn a parent’s love.The child psychologist Bruno Bettelheim, who readily acknowledged that the version of negative conditional parenting known as time-out can cause “deep feelings of anxiety,” nevertheless endorsed it for that very reason. “When our words are not enough,” he said, “the threat of the withdrawal of our love and affection is the only sound method to impress on him that he had better conform to our request.”But research suggests tha t love withdrawal isn’t particularly effective at getting compliance, much less at promoting moral development. Even if we did succeed in making children obey us, is obedience worth the possible long-term psychological harm? Should parental love be used as a tool for controlling children?Albert Bandura, the father of the branch of psychology known as social learning theory, declared that unconditional love “would make children directionless and quite unlovable”—an assertion entirely unsupported by empirical studies. The idea that children accepted for who they are would lack direction or appeal is most informative for what it tells us about the dark view of human nature held by those who issue such warnings.In practice, unconditional acceptance should be accompanied by actively imagining how things look from the child’s point of view. Most of us would protest that of course we love our children without any strings attached. But what counts is how things look from the perspective of the children—whether they feel just as loved when they mess up or fall short.42. The author thinks what Carl Rogers suggested is ________.A. hard to practice todayB. unlikely to workC. harmful to childrenD. unpopular among parents43. In conditional parenting, when childr en don’t behave themselves, parents will ________.A. warn them of the consequencesB. give them a physical punishmentC. hold back their love of themD. stress their good behavior44. Bettelheim believes that time-out ________.A. is a useful means in some casesB. causes psychological disorderC. is an unconditional parenting styleD. causes children’s disobedience45. According to research, love withdrawal would ________.A. help children build a sense of independenceB. improve a long-term parent-child relationC. do little for fostering children’s ethical valuesD. cause children to develop an aggressive tendency46. In Albert Bandura’s opinion, children accepted for who they are would ________.A. disrespect their parentsB. lack a sense of responsibilityC. be inconsiderate of othersD. be disliked by others47. According to the passage, in practicing unconditional acceptance it is essential for parents to ________.A. show respect for children’s ideasB. set a moral example for childrenC. consider environmental factorsD. watch for children’s frustrationsPassage ThreeIt’s a Monday night at MIT, just a few weeks before final exams. Grad students Tegin Teich and Todd Schenk could be studying or relaxing. Instead, they’re hustling through a maze of basement hallways in search of notorious energy hogs: vending machines. The average soda dispenser consumes 3,500 kilowatts a year—more than four times the juice for a home refrigerator. To conserve electricity, MIT’s administrators have been installing devices called Vending Misers, which use motion detectors to turn off a machine’s lights and cooling systems when people aren’t nearby, cutting energy consumption by 50%. Trouble is, MIT isn’t exactly sure whereall its vending machines are located, or which ones already have the devices installed. So tonight it’s enlisted the MIT Energy Club to help figure it out.It’s just one event on the club’s very busy calendar. With 750 students, the four-year-old group is MIT’s fastest-growing extracurricular organization. Many of its members aim to build careers in “green tech” fields, and club events offer a chance to network and learn about the challenges and opportunities in emerging energy fields. In recent weeks, members had lunch with the U.S. Energy Secretary and toured a nuclear reactor. Others discussed national biofuel policy as part of a biweekly discussion held over beer and pizza at a local pub. Club members say the group exposes them to people and ideas from other disciplines; as a result, M.B.A. types become better versed in the science of climate change, while science geeks get comfortable reading business plans and understanding concepts like return on investment. In contrast to left-leaning campus environmentalists of a decade ago, who might have joi ned Greenpeace after school, “most of our members really believe in the power of the tools of capitalism to solve the problem,” says founder Dave Danielson, who earned a Ph.D. in material sciences last fall.Down in the basement at MIT, Teich and Schenk have found a group of eight vending machines. Four of them are hooked up to Vending Misers, but only one is functioning. “This is like wiring a stereo,” Schenk says, untangling wires to make the devices work. Teich climbs on top of a different machine to pick off layers of masking tape left over from a paint job that had rendered the gizmo’s sensor inoperable. “We probably just saved MIT $100” in reduced electricity bills, Teich says. It won’t save the planet—but every bit counts.48. Tegin Teich and Todd Schenk are ________.A. fourth-year students at MITB. members of the MIT Energy ClubC. good at machine maintenanceD. environmental engineering majors49. What does the passage say about Vending Misers?A. They failed to function well as expected.B. They were designed by the MIT Energy Club.C. They can detect the presence of people.D. They keep soda dispensers working consistently.50. Many members join club’s events for ________.A. career preparationsB. leisure enjoymentsC. answering Greenpeace’s callD. opposing nuclear energy51. The club has enabled its members to ________.A. help the government with decision-makingB. become brave enough to challenge the authoritiesC. decide to invest in biofuel in the futureD. acquire much interdisciplinary knowledge52. It is implied that Greenpeace ________.A. suffered some business lossesB. prefers to recruit science studentsC. is suspicious of capitalismD. was founded by Dave Danielson53. What does the last paragraph imply about “a paint job”?A. It caused a problem to the Vending Miser.B. It was needed for repairing the Vending Miser.C. It improved the Vending Miser’s efficiency.D. It was part of what the Vending Miser did.Passage FourNo doll outshines Barbie’s celebrity. If all the Bar bies and her family members—Skipper, Francie and the rest—sold since 1959 were placed head to toe, they would circle the Earth more than seven times. And sales boomed in 2009, when the fashion doll celebrated her 50th birthday on March 9th.Barbie starred at an array of global events honouring her milestone, including a glamorous affair at New York’s Fashion Week in February. On her birthday, Mattel, the company that makes her, launched a souvenir doll honouring the original Barbie in her black-and-white striped swimsuit and perfect ponytail. It was available for purchase only that one day. Another Golden Anniversary doll targets collectors. Barbie fans planned hundreds of events, including the National Barbie Doll Collectors Convention in Washington, DC, which was sold out.When Ruth Handler created Barbie in 1959, a post-war culture and economy thrived but girls still played with baby dolls. These toys limited the imagination; so Handler introduced Barbie the Teen-Age Fashion Model, named after her daughter, Barbara. Jackie Kennedy soon walked onto the world stage and Barbie already had a wardrobe fit for a first lady. Barbie bestowed on girls the opportunity to dream beyond suburbia, even if Ken (Barbie’s fictional boyfriend) at times tagged along.Barbie entranced Europe in 1961 and now sells in 150 countries. Every second three Barbies are sold around the world. Her careers are myriad—model, astronaut, Olympic swimmer, palaeontologist and rock star, along with 100 others, includingpresident. Like any political candidate, controversy hit Barbie in 1992 when Teen Talk Barbie said “Math class is tough” and girls’ education became a national issue. She has been banned (in Saudi Arabia), tortured (by pre-teen girls, according to researchers at the University of Bath’s School of Management) and fattened (in 1997).Feminists continue to batter Barbie, claiming that her beauty and curves treat women as objects. But others see her as a pioneer trendsetter, crashing the glass ceiling long before Hillary Clinton cracked it.High-tech entertainment now attracts girls and Barbie also faces fierce competition from various copycats including the more fashionable, but less charming, Bratz dolls. The Bratz suffered a setback in 2008. Mattel sued MGA Entertainment, Bratz’s producer, for copyright infringement. A judge awarded Mattel $100m in damages.54. According to Paragraph One, Barbie ________.A. was born earlier than the dolls of any other brandsB. has long been number one in the world of dollsC. has beaten other dolls in sales 7 times since 1959D. was once taken aboard a spaceship circling the earth55. To celebrate Barbie’s 50th birthday, ________.A. a Barbie fan club was set up in Washington, DCB. the original Barbie was displayed in New YorkC. fashion shows were held worldwide on March 9thD. Barbies based on its original design appeared on the market56. Ruth Handler created Barbie in the hope that it would ________.A. dress as attractively as Jackie Kennedy didB. encourage girls to become fashion modelsC. help girls generate new ideas and wishesD. become her daughter’s constant companion57. We can infer from Paragraph 4 that Barbie used to ________.A. cause a debate in the U.S. about girls learning mathB. act as a role model in more than 100 occupationsC. face denial by the parents of many pre-teen girlsD. become fatter to cater to the overweight girls58. Feminists hate Barbie mostly because it symbolizes women’s ________.A. material comfortsB. sexual attractionC. political powerD. multiple talents59. According to the passage, MGA Entertainment ________.A. lost a fortune by losing a lawsuitB. sold a toy cat to compete with BarbieC. beat traditional Barbie with hi-techD. filed a lawsuit against MattelPassage FiveAs he has done frequently over the last 18 months, Andy Roost drove his blue diesel Peugeot 205 onto a farm, where signs pointed one way for “eggs” and another for “oil.”He unscrewed the gas cap and chatted casually as Colin Friedlos, the proprietor, poured three large jugs of used cooking oil—tinted green to indicate environmental benefit—i nto the Peugeot’s gas tank.Mr. Friedlos operates one of hundreds of small plants in Britain that are processing, and often selling to private motorists, used cooking oil, which can be poured directly into unmodified diesel cars, from Fords to Mercedes.The global recession and the steep drop in oil prices have now killed many of those large refining ventures. But smaller, simpler ones like Mr. Friedlos’s are moving in to fill the void with their direct-to-tank product, with a flood of offers of free oil from restaurants.Used cooking oil has attracted growing attention in recent years as a cleaner, less expensive alternative to fossil fuels for vehicles. In many countries, including the United States, the oil is collected by companies and refined into a form of diesel. Some cities use it in specially modified municipal buses or vans. And the occasional environmentalist has experimented with individually filtering the oil and using it as fuel.Peder Jensen, a transport specialist at the European Environment Agency, said that cooking oil fuel was “feasible” for diesel engines—Rudolf Diesel predicted that his engine, patented in the 1890s, would run on it—and that it was, “from an environmental point of view, a good idea, taking this waste and making it useful.”Others disagree. Stuart Johnson, manager of engineering and environment at V olkswagen of America, called putting raw vegetable oil in cars “a bad idea” and said, “We don’t recommend it.” The inconsistent quality of cookin g oil fuel, he said, means that “it may contain impurities and it may be too viscous,” especially for newer, more complex diesel engines with injection systems.None of that seems to stir concern in Mr. Nicholson, the Welsh entrepreneur. He said. “There is a lot of resistance,” he said, “to putting something into your preciouscar that you brewed in the kitchen sink.”60. What is true about Andy Roost with respect to using cooking oil fuel for his diesel Peugeot?A. He’s been relying on it.B. He’s just started to try it.C. He’s keen on its green color.D. He’s curious about its effect.61. Unlike those large refining ventures, Mr. Friedlos’s plant ________.A. has been enjoying an economic revivalB. operates for protecting the environmentC. produces its product at a very low costD. has switched to serve private motorists62. As to the advantage of used cooking oil over fossil fuels, the former is ________.A. based on greater sources of raw materialB. more easily processed into a form of fuelC. purer so that it is better for diesel enginesD. used more widely in the world as car fuel63. According to the passage, Rudolf Diesel was ________.A. an environmentalistB. a car ownerC. an engine designerD. a car producer64. Some people oppose the use of cooking oil fuel because it may ________.A. give little help to environmental protectionB. pose a threat to some fossil fuel businessesC. do damage to some kinds of diesel enginesD. contain things harmful to the user’s health65. Mr. Nicholson thinks that the negative opinions about the use of used cooking oil are ________.A. understandableB. unimaginableC. unreasonableD. unacceptableSection B ( 20 minutes, 10 points)Direction:In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed fromthe original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage.Choose the most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks(numbered 66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does notfit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoringAnswer Sheet.Passage OneIn a survey last year the bosses of small businesses overwhelmingly came out in favour of hard work and a strong character over formal qualifications. Two thirds rated character and attitude as very important, whereas only 3 per cent considered university degrees to be a real asset. 66) ________Historically, it can be summarised like this: on the one hand the self-educated leaders of small businesses have viewed graduates as time-wasting and costly upstarts, while graduates have sneered at the provincial mindset and paltry pay of the non-corporate office.But according to David Bishop, of the Federation of Small Businesses, it has got more to do with practical issues. “Because of th eir size, small businesses look for generalists with broader responsibilities rather than specialists,” he says. “They are not like a major employer with hundreds of employees each assigned a specific role.”Take IT, for example. 67) ________Certainly, there is resistance within the SME (small and medium-sized enterprises) community to employing graduates. The most frequently cited reasons reported by owner managers are: perceived high costs, worries about recruitment, retention and the graduate’s commitm ent, and concern about the high risk of recruiting graduates who are seen as inexperienced and often too academic.68) ________“Recruitment is a challenge in terms of competition and costs when you can’t offer the package of an international bank, but gra duates are valuable because they are on top of innovative research and development.”69) ________Afzal Akram, chairman of Business Link for London, says that small businesses are beginning to realise the potential employee resources found in universities.“In today’s business environment, people are the real differentiator, so getting the best is crucial. Tapping the graduate recruitment market allows small businesses to access candidates with excellent skills, training and education, who are hungry and mo tivated.”70) ________They undertake projects that benefit the host business, ranging from website design, marketing and accounting system implementation to product development.。
2014-2015年中央财经大学考博真题经济学基础
2014年中央财经大学考博真题经济学基础第一部分社会主义经济理论，35分1.简答：社会主义市场经济资源配置的含义？怎样发挥社会主义市场经济在市场资源配置方面的效率作用？10分2.简答：按生产要素贡献分配的含义和意义？10分3.论述：国企存在的问题和改革的建议? 15分第二部分宏观经济学35分1.判断题，每个2分，共5个，10分分别是GDP、IS-LM曲线、AD-AS曲线等很基础的判断题，2.工资粘性的原因，至少回答两个原因，5分3.高级宏观经济学计算证明题，索罗的，，10分4.生命周期—持久收入理论下分析消费平滑的原因，10分第三部分计量经济学30分1. 10个基础的判断题，10分2. 4个选择题，基础题，4分3. 最小二乘法估计的经典假设和相关简单概念题，很简单，但只有最后2分的矩阵题难，总分10分4, 6分的一个小证明题，第四章的内容，证明两个回归结果不同。
中央财经大学2015年考博真题经济学基础第一部分社会主义经济理论35分1. 所有制的含义以及当前我国所有制的内容和相关问题？10分。
2.改革与发展的关系？我国应怎样处理发展与改革的关系？10分3论述：社会主义经济理论体系的主要内容?（这道题必须要从全局考虑，尽可能多方面答全）15分第二部分宏观经济学35分1. 分析价格与需求的关系5分2 “货币幻觉”的含义？与通货膨胀的关系是？10分1.霍尔随机游走模型的分析和推导10分2.扩展了人力资本H（t）的索罗模型证明题，证明仍收敛于平衡增长路径，10分第三部分计量经济学30分1. 不定向选题题，5个。
共10分，非常基础，但很难全选对。
2. 第四章的课本上的计算证明题，10分3. 课本上联立方程那一章里一个间接最小二乘法的计算题，原题一点没变，送分的，5分4, LOGIT模型结果分析，5分。
中国社会科学院考博历年真题 经济学原理2001
中国社会科学院考博历年真题经济学原理2001-2003年试题
1、马克思的劳动价值论与我国收入分配改革(30分)
2、不完全竞争市场的缺陷及政府规制(25分)
3、假定投资不受利率影响，利用IS-LM模型和AD-AS模型说明，产出、利率、物价总水平是如何决定的？是怎样发生变化的？(30分)
4、阐述1998年度诺贝尔经济学奖的主要理论贡献。
（15）
社科院2002博士入学经济学原理考试题
1、用总供给和总需求曲线，说明什么情况下产量上升的同时价格下降，什么情况下产量下降的同时价格上升。
一起考研社区真情奉献
2、用图形分析并说明企业的短期成本和长期成本的关系。
3、论述马克思的商品价值向生产价格的转型理论。
4、2001年诺贝尔奖获得者的主要理论贡献及其在现实经济活动中的应用。
社科院2003博士入学经济学原理考试题（每题必答1000字以上）
1、论述实验经济学对传统经济学“理性行为”的挑战；（30分）
2、新制度经济学的政策主张及对当代中国的意义；（35分）（新经济增长理论的政策含义及其对中国实践的启示）
3、运用政治经济学原理解析中共十六大报告关于“确立劳动、资本、技术和管理等生产要素按贡献参与分配的原则，完善按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存的分配制度”的精神。
（35分）。
（完整版）各大名校经济学综合考博试题
（完整版）各大名校经济学综合考博试题宏观经济学试题人民大学2012年考博试题1、什么是资本黄金水平？如何判断一国资本处在大于或小于资本黄金水平？中国资本积累过高，我国采取哪些来影响资本积累过高？2、“流动性陷阱”约束下的货币扩张性影响？3、新古典经济学（NEC）怎样说明政策的无效性？政治经济学：1.资本论中的经济危机理论2.为什么说资本主义生产过程是劳动过程和价值增值过程的统一3.什么是平均利润。
其形成机制是什么。
对产业接哦故的影响微观经济学1.根据效用函数求支出函数和希克斯需求曲线2.一个实证分析关于酒精饮料的需求价格弹性对它征税相关的酒精饮料为什么理论上需求弹性低。
为什么库克的回归结果弹性是-1.8。
对它征税有没有用应该用什么政策宏观经济学1.论述从哈罗德多马到索罗模型到新增长模型的现代增长理论发展趋势2.关于货币和通货膨胀的关系，货币主义和凯恩斯主义的观点有什么区别，为什么又这些区别经济学说史1.为什么说配第是英国古典政治经济学的第一人2.评述魁奈的经济表3.评述和比较西斯蒙第和马尔萨斯的经济危机理论。
2013年人大考博经济学院专业试题：考博考了高微高宏、专业课、还有政经。
宏观：1.从哈罗德多马模型到索罗模型到新增长理论，现代经济增长理论的发展趋向是什么？2.在货币与通货膨胀关系上，货币主义与凯恩斯主义有什么区别？为什么？高微：考了希克斯需求和支出函数的计算，以及需求价格弹性。
不难专业课出了三道大题：1. 中国宏观经济政策是怎样调控中国经济周期的2. 中国城镇化发展模式与政府职能转变之间的关系3. 预测经济增长有哪些工具和方法，这些方法有什么优点和缺点？决定经济增长的因素有哪些？我国经济增长速度在2012为什么放缓？北大西方经济学2010（回忆版）微观经济学部分（25）1、公共品问题（请参加刘文析教授的讲课或者是人大版高鸿业书中刘文析教授编写的部分）2、微观厂商的最优生产问题，计算题宏观经济学（25）所有的宏观经济学题目都来自罗默宏观经济学课本！！1、索洛模型达到了均衡点以后的问题，储蓄率的变动引起的一系列变化，需要画图2、拉姆齐模型，推导家庭最优化行为浙江大学2003年春西方经济学1、计算题：宏观两部门2、简答题：－奥肯定理－若伦茨曲线与基尼系数－成本递减行业的长期供给曲线－3、论述题－通货紧缩论－道德风险与逆向选择南京大学2005年博士研究生入学试题西方经济学研究：分宏观和微观两部分，每部分50分宏观经济学部分：一、已知投资曲线：I=I0--h *i ，货币需求曲线为L=KY-bi 消费曲线为：C=C0+C*Y，运用IS-LM模型通过计算说明：（20分）（1）财政政策和货币政策影响总需求的因素包括那些？（2）上述因素的影响程度如何？二、写出生命周期理论中饱含财富因素的消费函数表达式，并分析（1）当财富、预期收入增加时给消费带来的影响。
金融学考博试题
复旦大学20021、分析发达国家设立政策性金融机构的原因和效果。
（20分）2、试从投资成本效应和资产结构调整效应，评述我国最近几年降低利率的效果。
（30分）3、什么叫可维持的国际收支结构，结合它来分析资本账户下货币自由兑换的条件。
（20分）4、全面阐述第一代和第二代货币危机模型，并结合某国实际来比较分析这二代模型的优劣。
（30分）来源:考复旦2010经济学基础1、政治经济学内容：解释一下机器排挤工人的现象（15分）2、政治经济学内容：生产过剩现象是不是市场经济特有的并解释（10分）2、宏观内容：解释一下消费理论，并联系中国现状加以分析（20分）计算题3、索罗增长模型，加入政府因素，政府对产出征税，如果政府是廉洁型的则政府的支出对生产产生作用，如果政府是腐败型的则对产出不产生影响。
（20分）（1）如果政府是腐败型的，求均衡产出均衡税率等（2）如果政府是廉洁型的，求均衡量，。
（忘了）求收敛性的（3）求内生增长条件的4、这题里面有两道题。
一道是公共产品的博弈，私人产品的函数，公共产品的函数，求均纳什均衡解还是占有均衡解的。
第二道是宏观的。
将设一国资本是自由流动的，政府对资本流动征税，如果政府征税的目标是本国居民消费最大化，求政府制定的最优税率并加以解释。
（这道题回忆的应该很全，原题基本是这样语言叙述的。
）5、古诺模型的，两个厂商（1）求古诺均衡解（比较简单）；如果第三个厂商要进入市场，给出了一系列数字，第一个厂商有谈判费用和牌照，（2）求第三厂商进入的话，第一个厂商的对其收取的费用最少为多少；（3）证明当且仅当。
是均衡解。
（20分）以上是我个人回忆的今年复旦大学经济学考博试题。
其中前三道45分，后面五道计算题55分金融学1、比较东南亚金融危机与本次美国金融危机的联系与区别及其特点（25分）2、股票交易有哪两种交易机制并比较这两种机制，我国采取的是哪一种，分析其优缺点。
（25分）3、阐述一下巴拉萨—萨缪尔森定理并分析其对中国人民币汇率改革的选择。
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2015年考博经济学原理真题回顾一、名词解释
边际技术替代率
适应性预期
经济周期
需求的收入弹性
货币拜物教
二、简答
1、试述市场供给线左右移动的原因
2、试述社会必要劳动时间如何决定商品价值量
三、论述题（二选一）
1、试论经济增长与经济结构调整的联系
2、试论一路一带战略与马歇尔计划的区别
2014年考博经济学原理真题回顾一、名词解释（30 字以上）
需求价格弹性
边际收益递减
广义货币M2
布雷顿森林体系
绝对剩余价值
二、简答（500 字以上）
1、垄断竞争市场的性质和特征
2、马克思主义经济危机理论
三、论述（二选一，1000 字以上）
1、通货紧缩的产生与治理
2、提高居民在国民收入分配比重，缩小收入差距的意义
2013年社科院考博经济学原理
一、名词解释（每题5分，共30分，不少于30字）
1.囚徒困境（博弈论）
2.边际技术替代率（MRTS)
3.绝对地租
4.寡头垄断
5.社会扣除
6.商品拜物教（选自资本论）
二、简答（每题15分，共30分，不少于600字）
1.论述总需求、总供给管理的机制及异同。
（供给经济学派）
2.论述对劳动是商品价值唯一源泉的理解。
三、论述（共40分，二选一，不少于1500字）
1.试用政治经济学和现代经济学比较生产率理论说明我国收入分配现状，贫富差距拉大原因及解决措施。
2.提供了很多资料、信息，试用经济增长模型说明内生增长对于我国
经济结构调整的重要性，并借用全要素生产率这一理论框架进一步解释说明。
2012年社科院考博经济学原理
一、名词解释
1、生产函数
2、菲利普斯曲线
3、供给的价格弹性
4、汇率
5、级差地租
二、简答（500字以上）
1、列宁关于“垄断天生停滞与腐朽”，“阻碍技术进步”的论断对我国的现实意义。
2、说明边际消费倾向和平均消费倾向的联系和变化关系。
三、论述（二选一，1500字以上）
1、财政政策的自动稳定器对我国经济调控的现实意义。
2、论述外延式经济增长和内涵式经济增长的联系和区别以及外延式经济增长向内涵式经济增长的转变。