欧洲文化名词解释1
外国文学名词解释(一)
1、荷马史诗包括《伊利亚特》和《奥德修纪》两部史诗，取材于公元前12世纪发生的特洛亚战争的历史事件，有相当长的民间传唱和吟诵过程。
公元前9世纪左右，相传由行吟诗人荷马编订完成，故名荷马史诗。
公元前6世纪由学者用文字写定。
《伊利亚特》的主题是赞美古代英雄的刚强威武、机智勇敢，讴歌他们英雄主义和集体主义精神。
《奥德修纪》讴歌了古代英雄在同自然力的抗争中所体现出来的机智勇敢和坚强意志，表达了主人公对部落集体和乡土的眷恋之情。
两部史诗结构巧妙、形象鲜明、语言质朴、比喻奇特，并具有各自不同的艺术风格。
荷马史诗真实地反映了古代希腊从原始公社制向奴隶制过渡时期的社会风貌，是认识希腊史前社会的重要文献。
2、普罗旺斯抒情诗，即中世纪骑士抒情诗，最早产生在法国南部的普罗旺斯，作者主要是骑士，以爱情为主要内容，有牧歌、破晓歌、夜歌、怨歌及感兴诗等。
其中破晓歌最著名，描写骑士和贵妇人幽会后在黎明离别的缠绵感情，有现世主义和反禁欲主义的倾向。
骑士抒情诗从民间诗歌中吸取营养，形式多样，诗律严格，语言精练，心理描写细致，曾传遍西欧各国，对欧洲诗歌的发展产生了非常大的影响，是近代欧洲人文主义文学爱情作品的发端。
3、文艺复兴运动是14-17世纪初在复兴古希腊、罗马文化的口号下，文艺复兴实质是一次以复兴古代文化为旗号的资产阶级反封建反教会的思想文化解放运动，借助古代文化精神摧毁以“神”为中心的封建的宗教意识形态，建立以“人”为中心的资产阶级人文主义新的思想文化体系。
人的觉醒，人的发现是文艺复兴运动最本质的特征。
4、人文主义文学是文艺复兴时期欧洲文坛上占主导地位的文学思潮，就其本质而言是反映新兴资产阶级的思想感情和生活理想。
展示人的精神世界、情感特征、欲望要求成为人文主义文学的基本主题。
5、流浪汉小说产生于16世纪中叶的西班牙，这些小说采用第一人称自传体的形式描写主人公所见所闻，主人公的身份多是城市下层人民，常是无业游民，靠个人的机智求得生存，以玩世不恭之态反抗社会不公平现象。
欧洲文化1 greek culture
Olympic Games
• • • • 776 B.C.—394 A.C. 15th century—1896 1896 till now, It’s a symbol of peace and friendship.
1.3 Homer
Living around 700 B.C., Homer is considered to be the author of the great epics of Ancient Greece—Iliad and Odyssey. ★Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of troy. The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek. In the final battle, Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the Greeks.
宋朝 北宋 960-1127 赵匡胤 开封 南宋 1127-1279 高宗 临安 辽朝 916-1125 耶律阿宝机 上京 西夏 1038-1227 李元昊 兴庆 金朝 1115-1234 阿骨打 中都
元朝 1271-1368 忽必烈 大都
明朝 1368-1644 朱元璋 南京→北京
亚历山大大帝
• （Alexander, Alexander III of Macedon，Alexander the Great，曾师从古希腊著 名学者亚里士多德，十八岁随 父出征，二十岁继承王位。欧 洲历史上最伟大的四大军事统 帅之一（亚历山大大帝，凯撒 大帝，汉尼拔，拿破仑），马 其顿帝国最富盛名的征服者。 他雄才伟略，勇于善战，领军 驰聘欧亚非大陆，使得古希腊 文明广泛传播，是世界古代史 上最著名的军事家和政治家。
欧洲文化入门1-5章复习题
Division OneI.有可能出的填空，选择题及判断题的内容:.1.European Culture is composed of _____________ and_____________________ as two major elements.2.Greek culture reached its high point of development/climax in __________ (century).3.All Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander, Kingof Macedon in _________(century).4.In _______, the Romans conquered Greece.5.Homer wrote __________ and _____________, twofamous epics.6.______________ is called “Father of History” in GreekCulture, who wrote the wars between ____________ and________________________.7.The famous writer who wrote comedy in Greek culture isnamed ______________.8.“The great historian that ever lived” is said to praise_____________________(name).9.The Dialectal Method is put forward by___________.10.Academy was established by ______________________,whose philosophy is called ____________________.11.Lyceum was established by _______________.12.Leader of the Cynics is ____________________, and“cynic” means _____________.13.The most important thing in life to the Stoics is_________________.14.Elements, a textbook of geometry, was written by___________.15.The famous temples in ancient Greece are____________________ and ______________.16.The Romans enjoyed two hundred years of peaceful time,known as ________________.17.In the 4th century, the emperor Constantine moved thecapital from Rome to Byzantium, renamed it ____________________(modern _____________).18.After 395, the Roman Empire was divided into_____________ and _________.19.The East Roman Empire fell to the ___________ in 1453.20.“I came, I saw, I conquered” was written by_________________.21.Two famous representatives of Roman architecture are________________ and _________________________.22.________ said, “Captive Greece took her rude conquerorcaptive”.23.Greek Culture has exerted great, positive influence on thelater-on literature, such as Shelly’s ______________ and Byron’s ___________________.24.The languages that were spoken by Greeks and Romansbelong to ___________________(哪个语系).25.The Roman Law, to some extent, protected the rights of______________.26.With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, there came______________(什么时代) lasting one thousand years.27._____________’s (whose) “Prometheus Bound”is aparody adapted by _______________ (he wrote “Prometheus Unbound”).28.Freud put forward _________________ based on thework, “Oedipus the King ” written by _____________. 29.The _________ was one of the similarities shared byGreeks and Romans as far as politics is concerned.30.__________’s (whose) political speeches and discoursesare the model of Latin diction.31.The largest amphitheatre in ancient Rome is known as______________.32.________ established the atomic theory.33.________ believed fire to be the primary element of theuniverse.34.________ established the dialectical method.35.________ was the founder of scientific mathematics.36.The humanistic ideas can be traced back to ___(the nameof a philosopher).37.“The master of those who know” was written by Dante topraise ___________ (the name of a philosopher).38.Zeno的介绍II.名词解释democracy of ancient Greece Pax Romana Doric StyleIonic Style the Sophists the Cynics the Scepticsthe Epicureans the Stoics Academy LyceumIII.简答与论述题：1．三种问法：What is the limitation of “Democracy” in ancientGreece?How do you understan d “Democracy” in ancientGreece?What is the difference between “Democracy” in ancientGreece and modern democracy?2.How did the Greek Culture originate and develop?3.How did the ancient Greek philosophy develop?4.How did the ancient Greek science develop?5.What is the difference between Plato and Aristotle interms of their philosophical ideas?Or What is the difference between Plato and Aristotle interms of their philosophical system?6.What is the great significance of Greek Culture on thelater-on cultural development?Or What positive influence did the Greek Culture exerton the world civilization?7.What are difference and similarity between Greekculture and Roman culture?8.How did Roman culture originate and develop?9.How was Roman Empire disintegrated?10.What styles can Greek architecture be classified into?Or How does Greek architecture take different styles?11.Explain Pax Romana.12.What contribution did the Roman make to the rule oflaw?Division TwoI.special Terms Explanation:the Hebrews the Old Testament the New TestamentPentateuch Genesis Exodus Prophets the Book ofDaniel the Historical BookII.有可能出填空，选择题及判断题的内容：1.Judaism and Christianity are closely related because__________________________________.2.The ancestors of the Jews are ________________, whichmeans ___________ in English.3.The history of the Hebrew people is recorded in__________________ of the Bible.4.The Hebrew people came to settle down in Palestine, knownas _____________ at the time.5.The Old Testament is about_____________________, and“Testament” means _______________________________.6.The New Testament is about _______________________.7.The oldest and most important part of the Old Testament iscalled _______________ or ____________.8.It was ______________ who brought Hebrew people safelyback to Palestine.9.It was ______________who united Hebrews.10.It was ______________who had Jerusalem established aspolitical and religious capital.11.The former church in 6th century B.C. is called_______________.12.Pentateuch is also called __________________.13._______________ made Christianity legal, as he issued_____________________ in 313.14.In 392, Emperor _______________made Christianity officialreligion.15.By 300, each local church is called ______________with itsfulltime leader, known as _____________________.16.Several parishes were grounded together into a large unitcalled _______________, which were headed by a_____________.17.The Last Supper is recorded in __________________, andwas put into painting by __________________.18.The Cruxifixion is recorded in _____________________.19.The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament isknown as _________________.20.The most extant Latin version of the whole Bible is_______________________ which became the official Bibleof the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.21.The first English version of the whole Bible was translatedby _________________.22.The most important and influential of English Bible is_______________ or _______________________________.23._____________________ and _______________________are called two great reservoirs of Modern English.24.The development of system of landed nobles is recorded in_________________ of the Old Testament.25._________________ deals with the history of the Hebrewpeople from their entry into Palestine around 1200B.C. tillthe fall of Palestine into hands of Assyrians and Chaldeans in586 B.C.26.The New Testament contains _______ (how many) accountswhich tell about the beginning of Christianity.III.论述题：1．三种问法：How did Christianity come into being and develop inEurope?How did Christianity become the official religion ofRoman Empire?How did the relations between Christians and theRoman government change?2．What are the different translation editions of the Bible?3．Why do we say the Bible has shaped western culture more decisively than anything else ever written?4．What are the great influences that the English Bible has on the American and British literature?Division ThreeI.Special Terms Explanation:Age of Faith Feudalism Manor/castle Code of ChivalryMonasticism The Crusades Carolingian RenaissanceScholasticism National Epics Vernacular LanguageGothic Architectural Style the Canterbury TalesII.有可能出选择题，填空与判断题的内容：1．The Middle Ages is also called______________________, __________________ and ____________________________.(考试中，会任选其中一种说法作为选择题来考) 2．The Middle Ages is the period in which three cultures were merged: _____________________, _________________and_____________________________, respectively referring to_____________________________, ____________________and _____________________________.3．Western Roman Empire was overthrown in __________(year).4．__________________(who) gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward for their services in 732.5．____________________ (who) can be vassals.6．____________________ (when) was a noble crowned as a knight in the Middle Ages in western Europe.7．People in the western Europe in the Middle Ages were divided into three classes: _____________, _______________ and_________________________.8．Between ______________ century and ________________ century, western Europe was the scene of frequent wars. 9．Feudalism comes from the Latin word, ________________, which means ______________________ in Latin. 10．Knight trained for war by fighting each other in mock battles called ____________________.11．Roger Bacon was one of the earliest advocates of _________________, calling for _________________ and_________________.12．_____________(which tribe) swept into Europe from central Asia in the latter part of fourth century, robbing and killing alarge number of the half civilized Germanic tribes. 13．Those who devoted their lands to large-land owners in return for protection, but still had their own freedom were called________________.14．Those who came form cities or towns and devoted their freedom to large-land owners in return for protection werecalled ________________.15．Roman Catholic Church was divided into five classes: _____________, ________________, ______________,_________________ and __________________.16．Opus Maius was written by _____________________. 17．In Roman Catholic Church, “Catholic” means ____________. 18．The monk, St. Benedict founded _______________________ in about 529 A.D.19．In the Middle Ages, the Church even set up their own court called _____________________________.20．In the National Epics, vernacular languages meant _____________________________ with representative works:____________________in early English and _____________in early French.21．In the Divine Comedy, Dante expressed ________________ ideas and foreshadowed the spirit of _________________. 22．Chaucer was regarded as the first _________________ and the first _____________________ with his famous work_____________________, as the representative of______________(英语的哪个发展时期)23. In 1054, Christianity was divided into _____________and___________________________.24．The Middle Ages is a transitional period between ___________ times and ____________.25. The ceremony to grant the title “knight” is called ___________.26. ________________ translated the Old and New Testamentsfrom Hebrew and Greek originals into Latin. His translationwork, _______________, became the official Latin Bible usedby Roman Catholic Church of this day.27. “The Confession” and “the City of the God” were written by___________________.28. Since _____________ (哪个历史事件)，Arabic numerals andalgebra were introduced into Europe.29. The mock battles for knight training are known as __________.30. ___________ paved the way for Modern English.31. The language used by Chaucer was _________________.III.间答与论述题：1．Why is the Middle Ages called Age of Faith?Or Why do we say the Middle Ages is a religious age?2．How did feudalism derive and develop in the Middle Ages?Or How did feudalism establish its firm ruling position in Europe?3．What is the great power and influence of the Roman Catholic church in the Middle Ages?4．What positive influence does the Crusades exert on the European Culture?Or What is the great significance of the Crusades?5. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages?6.How did literature develop in the Middle Ages?7.What is the importance of using vernacular languages in theMedieval Time?8.What is the difference between the vernacular languagesused in the National Epics during the Middle Ages and thevernacular language used by Mark Twain?9.What was the merit shared by Charlemagne and Alfred theGreat?10.How did the English Language develop and what is therepresentation of each stage?Or What stages did the English Language undergo?11.Why do we say using of vernacular languages in the MiddleAges signifies a transition?Division FourI.Special Terms Explanation:Renaissance Renaissance Art ReformationCounter-Reformation Calvinism the JesuitsProtestantismII.有可能出填空，选择与判断题的内容：1.During Renaissance, humanist thinkers and scholarsintroduced new ideas that expressed the interests of__________________.2.Renaissance stared in ___________ and ______________with the flowering of painting, sculpture and architecture.3.At the heart of Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of_____________________which is also the core ofhumanism.4.Many of Petrarch’s ________________ are written for Laura.5.The most representative painter of humanism was________________________ with his famous painting work____________________ and _______________.6.The statesman, ____________________ of Italy in theRenaissance period has greatly influenced the politicalscience in the west, called “Father of Western PoliticalScience”.7.Under the reign of ______________________, Englishbegan to embark on the road to colonization and foreign control that was to take it onto its heyday of capitalist development.8.________________ is the birth place of Renaissance.9.Madonna was _______________ (什么性质的油画)，paintedby _________________.10.Man with the Glove was painted by __________________.11.Calvinism insisted on constructing a type of governmentknown as ______________________________.12.After Reformation, in England a new form of church wasestablished known as _______________ or _____________.13.During Counter-Reformation, __________________(教派名称) was devoted to defending the Roman Catholic Church with its head, _____________________(首领名字).14.______________ stressed hard work and thrifty way of life.15.Montaigne was a French humanist known for his___________.16.The representative author of Renaissance in Spain was______________________ with his famous literary work, _____________________ with which the European novel entered a new stage17.The most representative author and humanist duringRenaissance in England was ________________________, and his four great tragedies are respectively ____________________,________________________,______________________and______________________ 18.Columbus was the discoverer of ____________________in1492.19.______________ discovered the Cape of Good Hope in1487.20.______________ discovered the route to India round theCape of Good Hope between 1497 and 1498.21.America was named in ______________(whose) honor.22.__________________________put forward revolutionaryideas in astronomy during the Middle Ages, and his theorywas __________________________ proved later by_______________________and _______________________in 17th century.23.As you like it and Twelfth Night are two comedies written by________________.24.The idea that only those specially elected by God are savedwas advocated by ___________(school).25.It was during the reign of _________(whom) that the EnglishBible was adopted by the Church of England.26.The idea that the Bible was the supreme authority and manwas only bound to the law of the world of the God was putforward by _____________(whom).27.During Renaissance, __________(whom) preached in CzechLanguage.28.During Renaissance, With the reign of ___________(whom)England began to embark on the road to _____________ andforeign control.29.William Shakespeare, _________________, Thomas Moreand __________________ were humanist scholars duringRenaissance.30.David is a sculpture done by _____________.III.论述题：1．Why did Renaissance first begin in Italy?2．Why did Renaissance decline in Italy in the end?3.What is Renaissance Art ? What are the characteristicsand features of Renaissance Art?4.How did Reformation develop? (即：发展的四个阶段)5.How did capitalism come into being and develop?Or What are the propositions for Capitalism to rise?6.What is the great significance of Reformation?What are the great influences of Reformation?7.Why did England come later than other countries duringthe Renaissance but reach its climax in England? In whatway was English Renaissance different from that of othercountries?8.What type of culture did Renaissance create?9.What is the great significance of Reformation?10.What are the great geographical discoveries (or ofnavigation) in the Middle Ages?11.From what was the English essay derived?Division FiveI.Special Terms Explanation:Francis Bacon’s practical philosophyDeductive methodInductive methodThe Great InstaurationThomas Hobbes’ Social ContractJohn Lock’s Social Contractthe Natural State of Warthe Laws of NatureThe English Revolution (the English Bourgeoisie Revolution)Descartes’ Theory of KnowledgeDescartes’ DualismFrench ClassicismBaroque ArtII.有可能出填空，选择题与判断题的内容：1．_______________ century was the transitional period fromthe Middle Ages to the Modern Times.2. The Modern World begins in __________(century).3. ________________ and _________________proved thatCopernicus’ heliocentric theory is t rue.4. There is the first breakthrough in __________and________________ in the 17th century.5. There was a profound change in the conception of men’splace in the universe in ___________(century).6. _________ looks at men’s position in the universe in a newway.7. Kepler was well known for his discovery of ___________.8. Newton discovered the theory of _________________, and he also invented the method called ___________________.9. ____________ distinguishes three levels of understanding: _______________, _____________________ and _______ _________________.6. ____________________ psychology and ______________ physics originated from Leibniz.7. In December, 1689, __________________________ was enacted by the English Parliament.8. After the English Revolution, _____________________(制度) was established in the Great Britain.9. The event that took place in 1688 in the Great Britain was called ________________.10.The men of the action and the leader in the English Revolution were _____________ and _____________, and the man of thought with his famous literary work _______.11. ____________________ was the representative author of French Classicism.12.The representative painter of Baroque Art was __________ with his famous painting work _______________________ and _____________________.13. ____________________ was the representative painter of Dutch Protestant Art.14. The law of falling bodies is established by __________.15.The importance of acceleration in dynamics is discoveredby ___________.16.__________ sated that there should be a common poweror a government backed by force able to punish.17. __________ believed that government was not createdby God, but by men themselves.18. _________ believed that sensation and reflection makeup experience.19. Paradise Lost was written by ____________, who wasthe man of ___________ in the English Revolution. 20. The Calling of St. Mathew and The Cardsharps werepainted by ______________, which belong to _________________(哪种艺术流派).21. “I doubt, therefore I think: I think, therefore I am.” wasput forward by ______________, which belongs to _______________________(什么理论).22. Both idealism and materialism are included in _______’_______________(谁的，什么理论).23. By the end of 16th century, _______________ had spreadto England. As a result, _______________was staredin England.III.论述题：1.Why do we say the 17th century was a transitional periodfrom the Middle Ages to the Modern World?2.How did science develop in the 17th century?3.What are the two merits shared by the Great Scientists of the17th century?What are the similarities among the 17th -century scientists?4.What is Baconian Materialism?5.What is the difference between Thomas Hobbes and JohnLock in terms of their social contract?6.How many stages did the English Revolution undergo?7.What is the great significance of the English Revolution?8.What is French Classicism? What are the characteristics?9.How did Lock justify rebellion against government?10. What are the causes of the English Revolution?。
欧洲文化入门复习资料
《欧洲文化入门》复习题（一）Division One：Greek Culture and Roman Culture第一部分: 古希腊和古罗马文化Greek Culture古希腊文化I.填空1.more enduring持久的and they are element and Judeo-Christia犹太教与基督教所共有的element.2.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 53.th公元前4世纪的后期, all Greece was brought under the马其顿王国4.攻克Greece.5.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century.6.Revived in the Olympic Games have become the world’s foremost amateur sportscompetition.奥运会由7.荷马to be the author of their epics史诗.8.The Iliad结盟，同盟of the states of the southern特洛伊9.The Odyssey奥德赛奥德赛思after the Trojan 木马war to hishome, island of Ithaca.伊萨卡poets of ancient Greece, two are still admired 赞赏by readers today:品达颂歌celebrating 庆祝the victories 胜利at the athletic games,14.Aeschylus埃斯库罗斯Agamemnon阿伽门农.15.Sophocles索福克勒斯wrote such tragic plays as Oedipus the King俄狄浦斯王, Electra伊莱克特拉, and Antigone.安提戈涅16.Euripides women in such plays as Andromache安德洛玛克,Medea麦迪edy喜剧also flourished繁荣in the 5阿里斯托芬, who has left eleven plays, including Frogs, Clouds, Waspsoften called ―Father of History‖. He wrote about the wars between19.Thucydides修昔底徳and between锡拉库扎, a Greek state on the Island of Sicily西西里岛.20.was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers.21.was the founder of scientific mathematics.22.Heracleitue believed fire to the primary element of the universe, out of which everything else hadarisen出现.philosophy哲学are andwas one of the earliest philosophical哲学的materialists唯物主义者and speculated推测about the atomic原子的structure结构of matter事件.25.th26.Euclid欧几里得27.To illustrate说明told the king: ―Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.‖给我一个支点，我可以撬动地球。
欧洲文化名词解释
Division Three The Middle Ages1．the Middle ages（中世纪）: 1) In European history, the thousand-year period from the 5th century to 15th century following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.2)The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. 3) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.4) Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years. It shaped people’s lives. That is why the Middle Ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.2．Feudalism（封建主义）：1）Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding — a system of holding land in exchange for military service. 2）The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.3．Fiefs（封地，采邑）：1）In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. 2）The subdivisions were called fiefs.4. vassals（诸侯）: 1)In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. 2)The subdivisions were called fiefs.3) The owners of the fiefs w call vassals.5. Code of Chivalry (骑士制度): 1) In the Middle Ages of western Europe, as a knight, he were pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. 2) These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.6. dubbing (骑士头衔加冕仪式) : After a knight was successful in his trails and tournaments, there was always a special ceremony to award him with a title, knight. This special ceremony is called dubbing.7. The Manor (庄园)：1）The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. 2）Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords. 3）By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.8．The Catholic Church(天主教):1) In the medieval “ age of faith”, almost all Europeans belonged to the Cathol ic Church. 2) The word “catholic” meant “universal” 3) The Catholic Church was highly centralized and disciplined international organization and the Pope was the head of the Church. He not only ruled Rome and parts of Italy as a king, he was also the head of all Christian churches in western Europe. Those who opposed the Pope lost their membership and their political right. 4) The Church even set up a church court-the Inquisition to stamp out so-called heresy. 5) Latin was the accepted official language in the Roman CatholicChurch. 6) This Church had great influence on people’s daily life and the western thinking.9．Monasticism (修道院制度): 1）Heeding the spiritual message of Christianity, between 300 and 500 A.D., many men withdrew from worldly contacts to deserts and lonely places. 2) This movement developed into the establishment of monasteries（修道院）and convents (女修道院) for monks and nuns. 3）Some of the hermits were great scholars known as “Father of the Church”, whose work is generally considered orthodox.. 4) Three representatives were St. Jerome, Augustine of Hippo and St. Benedict.10.Benedictine Rule(本尼迪克特教团)：1) It was founded by St. Benedict, a great monk in 529 A. D. 2) The monks who followed Benedict’s rule promised to give up all their possession before entering the monastery. 3) wore simple clothes and ate only certain simple foods. 4) They could not marry and had to obey without question the orders of the abbot. 5) They had to attend service seven times during the day and once at midnight.6) In addition, they were expected to work five hours a day in the fields surrounding the monastery.11. holy communion（圣餐）: 1) It is one of most important sacraments. 2) It helps to remind people that Christ has died to redeem man.12．The Crusades（十字军东征1) In 1071 Palestine fell to the armies of the Turkish Moslems who attacked the Christian pilgrims, killing many of them and sold many others as slaves. 2) News of this kink roused great indignation among Christians in western Europe. 3) The result was a series of holy wars called the Crusades which went on about 200 years. 4) All the soldiers going to Palestine wore a red cross on the tunics as a symbol of obedience to God. 5) There were altogether eight chief Crusades from 1096 to 1291. 6) Aothough the Crusades did not achieve their goal to regain the Holy land, they had an important effect on the future of both the East and the West. They brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.13. Carolingian Renaissance（加洛林复兴）：1）In early medieval period, the Emperor of the Romans, Charlemagne, encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools, giving support to scholars and setting scribes to work copying various ancient books. Because the scribes performed their tasks well, few of the ancient works that had survived until that time were ever lost. 3) The result of Charle magne’s efforts is usually called the “Carolingian Renaissance”. 4)The term is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. 5) The most interesting side of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture. 14. Alfred the Great（阿尔弗雷德大王）1) As the ruler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex, he contributed greatly to the medieval European culture. 2) Heworried about the disappearance of learning and made Wessex the Anglo-Saxon cultural centre by introducing teachers and scholars, founding new monasteries, and promoting translations into the vernacular from Latin works. 3)He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo Saxon Chronicles.15．National Epic(民族史诗)：1）The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form. in ancient literature.2）“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. 3）Literary works were no longer all written in Latin.4）It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics.16．Beowulf（《贝奥武甫》）：1) It is an Anglo-Saxon epic in 8th century. 2) It originates from the collective efforts of oral literature. 3) The story is set in Denmark or Sweden and tells how the hero, Veowulf, defeats the monster Grendel and Grendel’s mother, a sea monster, but eventually receives his own death in fighting with a fire dragon. 4) It marks the beginning of English literature.17. Song of Roland（《罗兰之歌》）：1）It is the most well-known of a group of French epics known as La Chanson de Gestes. 2) It tells how Roland, one of Charlemagne’s warriors, fights in Spain and dies defending a pass in the Pyrenees.18. The Divine Comedy（《神曲》）：1）It was written by the greatest poet of Italy, Dante. 2) It is one of the landmarks of world literature. 3) The poem itself is the greatest Christian poem with a profound vision of the medieval Christian world, and expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance. 4) It was written in Italian rather than in Latin, which influenced decisively the evolution of European literature away from it origins in Latin culture to a new varied expression.19. The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）：1) The Canterbury Tales was written by English poet Chaucer. 2) The book contains twenty-four tales bold by a group of pilgrims on their journey to Canterbury. 3) Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovation by introducing French and Italy writing into the English native alliterative verse(头韵). 4)The Canterbury Tales is the best representative of the middle English, paving the way to Modern English.20. Gothic（哥特式建筑）名词解释 1）The Gothic style. started in France and quickly spread through all parts of western Europe. 2) It flourished and lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. 3) More churches were built in this manner tan in any other style. in history. 4) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque, but it reflected a much more ordered feudal society with full confidence. 5) Gothic cathedrals soared high, their windows, arches and towers reachingheavenward, flinging their passion against the sky. The were decorated with beautiful stained glass windows and sculptures.。
外国文学 名词解释
外国文学名词解释1．文艺复兴14至l 6世纪欧洲新兴资产阶级反封建、反教会的思想文化运动。
其思想核心是人文主义。
人文主义用人性来反对神权，肯定人的价值和人的力量，反对教会的神权沦；用个性解放、个人幸福来反对禁欲主义，强调幸福在现世人间；用理性来反对教会的蒙昧主义；在政治上，拥护中央集权，反对封建割据。
文艺夏兴运动在哲学、文学、艺术和自然科学的许多领域广泛展开．它是人类思想文化史上的一次伟大革命．对欧洲和世界文学艺术以及自然科学的发展起了巨大的推动作用。
2．人文主义是文艺复兴时期资产阶级反封建斗争的思想武器，也是这一时期资产阶级进步文学的中心思想。
人文主义提出入是宇宙的中心，以此来对抗封建教会以神为宇宙的中心。
人文主义思想的主要内容有：第一，用人性反对神权。
第二，用个性解放反对禁欲主义。
第三，用理性反对蒙昧主义。
第四，拥护中央集权，反对封建割据。
总之，人文主义作为新兴资产阶级的世界观和思想武器，对阻碍生产力发展的封建束缚和宗教观念起着强大的冲击作用，因而起过很大的作用。
人文主义者所肯定的“人”、主要是资产阶级本身，而带有明显的阶级局限性。
3．流浪汉小说在16世纪中叶，西班牙产生了…种新型小说，即流浪汉小说。
作品以流浪的主人公的流浪生涯为线索，描写城市平民的生活，揭露没落中的贵族阶级和教士，讽刺唯利是图的资产阶级观念．慨叹世道的不平和人生的艰辛。
人物性格相当突出，或驾信天命．或玩世不恭，或忍辱求生。
小说多用第一人称、自传体形式，语言流畅，但情节与情节间尚缺乏有机联系c代表作是西班牙无名氏的《小瘤子》。
流浪汉小说对欧洲近代小说的创作影响较大。
4．七星诗社16世纪法国文艺复兴时期的诗人团体，以龙沙等七人组成的“七星诗社”，具有浓重的贵族倾向。
他们肯定生活，歌颂自然与爱情，反对禁欲主义，注重民族语言的统一及民族诗歌的建立，但却轻视民间语言和民间文学，艺术上追求典雅的风格。
5．“大学才子派”英国文艺复兴时期，伦敦出现了一批受过大学教育的剧作家，他们受人文主义思想影响，精通古代和文艺复兴时期的意大利文学，并在戏剧创作上颇有创新，故称“大学才子派”。
欧洲文化入门名词解释题
欧洲文化入门名词解释题欧洲文化是一个广泛而丰富的主题，包含了许多名词和概念。
以下是一些常见的欧洲文化名词解释：1. 文艺复兴（Renaissance），指15世纪至17世纪期间在欧洲兴起的一场文化运动，标志着中世纪晚期的结束和现代时代的开始。
它在文学、艺术、科学和哲学等领域产生了重要影响。
2. 巴洛克（Baroque），巴洛克是17世纪至18世纪初期的一种艺术和建筑风格，以其复杂、夸张和华丽的特点而闻名。
它在欧洲各地留下了许多宏伟的教堂和宫殿。
3. 文艺复兴人文主义（Renaissance Humanism），文艺复兴时期的一种思想运动，强调人的价值和尊严，以人类中心主义为核心。
人文主义者关注人类的教育、人文科学和个人成就。
4. 启蒙运动（Enlightenment），18世纪欧洲的一场思想运动，强调理性、科学和个人自由。
启蒙运动的哲学家们反对封建主义和宗教教条，主张人民的权利和平等。
5. 文化多样性（Cultural Diversity），欧洲是一个多民族、多语言和多文化的大陆。
文化多样性指的是不同民族和文化群体之间的差异和共存。
欧洲的文化多样性是其独特之处。
6. 民主（Democracy），民主是一种政治制度，强调人民的参与和决策权。
欧洲有许多国家采用民主制度，并且民主原则被认为是现代欧洲社会的基石。
7. 宗教改革（Protestant Reformation），16世纪欧洲发生的一场宗教运动，由马丁·路德等人领导。
它对天主教教会的权威提出了质疑，并导致了新教派别的兴起。
8. 工业革命（Industrial Revolution），18世纪末至19世纪初期，在英国开始的一场经济和技术变革。
工业革命引发了工业化和城市化进程，对欧洲社会和经济产生了深远影响。
9. 现代主义（Modernism），20世纪初期的一种文化和艺术运动，强调创新、个人表达和对传统的反叛。
现代主义在绘画、音乐、文学和建筑等领域都有显著影响。
欧洲文化入门1
Greek&RomanCulturePlato:the greatest philosopher of ancient Greece, pupil of Socrates. His Dialogues are important not only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature. Of the Dialogues he wrote, 27 have survived, including: The Apology, Symposium and the Republic.Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. Plato’s philosophy is called Idealism Plato argued that men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideals”, like beauty, truth and goodness. Only these “ideas” are completely real, while the physical world is only relatively real. For this reason, Plato’s philosophy is called Idealism, and Plato was called idealist.The Cynics: The Cynics got their name because Diogenes, one of their leaders, decided to live like a dog and the word “cynic”means “dog”in Greek. Diogenes rejected all conventions and advocated self-sufficiency and extreme simplicity in life.古Greek society特征:1women, children, foreigners and slaves had no rights, only adult male citizens had real power an citizenship was a set of rights which a man inherited from his father. 2The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labor. 3 Slaves worked on farms and in workshops and mines owned by their masters.4There was harsh exploitation in Greek society. 5The Greeks loved sports.希腊文化对英国文学的影响：Greek culture exerted the enormous influence on English literature, for example: a) Pindar had imitators, such as the 17th century English poet John Dryden. B) The Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Feud’s term “ the Oedipus complex” was derived from Sophocles’s play. C) In the 19th century, the English poetess Elizabeth Browning called Euripides “Euripides human”. D) In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheu s Unbound and Keats’s Ode On a Grecian Urn. E) In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernistmasterpiece Ulysses.Roman CultureJulius Caesar: a successful general who became dictator in Rome for a few years until he was assassinated. He recorded what he did and saw in the various military campaigns in the work Commentaries, which are models of succinct Latin.the Pax Romana: In the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus. Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its greatest extent in the North and East. The emperors mainly relied on a strong army –the famous Roman legions and an influential bureaucracy to exert their rules. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years. This remarkable phenomenon in the history is known as Pax Romana.希腊文化与罗马文化的异同：A) The Romans had a lot in common with the Greeks. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified –Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on –and their myths to be fused. Their languages worked in similar ways, and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Bangladesh to Iceland. B) There was one big difference. The Romans built up a vast empire: the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.Virgil: A) The book was the great epic, the Aeneid. B) The book tells the story of Aeneas, one of the princes of Troy, who escaped from that burning city when it fell to the Greeks, to carry on theTrojan cause in a new place, Rome. He didn’t go alone, but, carrying his father on his shoulders and leading his little son by the hand, a family group of three generations moved together. Thus there was continuity from the Greek past. Aeneas is a truly tragic hero: had to betray the great passion of his life, his love for Dido, queen of Carthage to fulfill his history mission. While he gained an empire, he lost something no empire could compensate, happiness in life.。
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Ziggurat
Ziggurats were built by the Sumerians, Babylonians, Elamites, Akkadians, and Assyrians for local religions. Each ziggurat was part of a temple complex which included other buildings. The precursors of the ziggurat were raised platforms that date from the Ubaid period during the fourth millennium BC. The earliest ziggurats began near the end of the Early Dynastic Period. The latest Mesopotamian ziggurats date from the 6th century BC.
The Code of Hammurabi
The Code of Hammurabi is a well-preserved Babylonian law code of ancient Mesopotamia, dating back to about 1754 BC. It is one of the oldest deciphered writings of significant length in the world. The sixth Babylonian king,Hammurabi, enacted this code. The Code adjust"an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth" as graded depending on social status.
Alexander the Great
He was a King of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon, member of the Argead dynasty. Born in Pella in 356 BC. He spent most of his ruling years on an unprecedented military campaign through Asia and northeast Africa, until by the age of thirty he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from Greece to Egypt and into northwest ancient India. He was undefeated in battle and is considered one of history's most successful military commanders. Hippocrates
Hippocrates was an ancient Greek physician of the Age of Pericles. And he is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. He is referred to as the father of western medicine in recognition of his contributions that found the Hippocratic School of Medicine. This intellectual school revolutionized medicine in ancient Greece, establishing it as a discipline distinct from other fields that it had traditionally been associated with theurgy and philosophy, thus establishing medicine as a profession.
Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar was a Roman general, statesman, Consul, and notable author of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. In 60 BC, Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey formed a political alliance that was to dominate Roman politics for several years. Caesar's victories in the Gallic Wars,extended Rome's territory to the English Channel and the Rhine. Caesar became the first Roman general to cross both when he built a bridge across the Rhine and conducted the first invasion of Britain.。