常见词根词缀整理

一.常见的前缀1.表示否定意义的前缀1)完全否定前缀un-：unable, unemployment, unacceptable, unaccountable无法理解的，难以解释的, unaccustomed, unadjusted, unashamed, unavoidable, uncertain, uncomfortable, uncommon, unconventional新奇的, uncover, unfair, unfamiliardis-：dishonest, dislike, disappear, disagree, dislike, discontinue, disconnect, distract，disadvantage, discontent, discourage, disorder, disobey, dissatisfiedin-：incapable, inability, inaccurate, inactive, inadequate, inadvertent, inadvisable, inappropriate, inaudible, incomprehensible, inconvenient, incorrect, incurable, independent, indirect, indifferent, indistinct不清晰的inexhaustible, inexpensive, inexperience, innumerable, insignificant, intolerant, invalid无效的；病弱的, invaluable, invariable;i g-,ignoble卑劣的, ignominy, ignominious, ignominiously,im-, impossible, immoral, immortal, immature, immobile, immoderate, impatient, imperfect, impersonal, import, impractical, improbable, impolite, improper,il-, illusive, illiberal狭隘的, illegible无法辨认的,illegal, illiterate, illogical,ir-, irregular，irresponsible, irrational, irrelevant, irreligious, irresistible, irreverent, irrecoverablene-, n-：none, neither, never, nevertheless,non-：nonsense, non-existence, non-profit, non-professional, non-academic, non-commercial, non-smokerneg-：neglect, negligent疏忽的，造成过失的, negligible微不足道的2)表示错误的意义male-, mal-：malfunction发生故障, maladjustment(失调), malnutrition营养不良, maltreat 虐待, maladministration, malformation畸形, malware恶意软件mis-：mistake, mislead, misunderstand, misfortune, misuse, mistrust, mistranslate, mismatch不匹配,pseudo-：pseudonym(假名), pseudoscience3)表示反动作的意思de-：defend, demodulation(解调), decode, decompress, decontaminate消毒，消除…的污染, degrade, degenerate恶化，衰退dis-：disarm, disconnect （见第一条）un-：unload, uncover （见第一条）4)表示相反，相互对立意思anti-, ant-：antiknock( 防震), anti-foreign,(排外的), anti-racism, antiracist, antireligious, anti-terrorist, anti-warcounter-：counteract抵抗, counterreaction, counterbalance抵消,counterculture, counter-revolutionwith-, withdraw, withstand承受住, withhold拒付，不予,2. 表示空间位置、方向关系/时间、序列/对比、差别的前缀1) 表示“在...之上，在上面，转上”a- 表示“在……之上”，“向……” aboard, aside,over-,①表示“在上面，在外部，向上”overlook, overhead在空中, overboard向船外, overflow, overseas, overwrite写在…上面,②表示“超过，过度，太”overeat, overdress, ove rsleep, overcharge对…要价过高, overpopulated, overload使…超载, overpraise, overproduction, overspend超支, overtime③表示“完全，全”overall, overview概述super-, sur-,①表示“在…..之上”superficial, surface, supervision;②表示“超过, 超级的”supernature, superpower, superman, superstar, supersensitive, supermarket, surplus剩余, surpass胜过up-, 表示“向上，向上面，在上”upward, uphold维持, uphill(上坡), upload, upland高原, uplift 振奋，上升, upright垂直的, upside积极方面, upstairstrans-, 表示“移上，转上，在那一边”translate, transform, transoceanic, transaction, transplant, transport,2) 表示“在...下面，在下部”sub-(sup-),①表示“在下面，下” subway, submarine, subconscious, suppress,②表示“低，次，副，亚” subeditor, subordinate, subtropical(亚热带) subtitle, subculture, subdivide, under-,①表示“在…..下面，下的”underline, underground, underwater, underwear, underfoot, undersea,②表示“低劣，低下”undersize矮小的, undergrown, underproduction(生产不足), underestimate, underdeveloped, underachieve未发挥水平的, down-, 表示”向下，在下面” downfall, downhill, download, downpour倾盆大雨, downriver, downside, downstairs, downward, downtown3）表示“在前面，先前”pre-, 表示"在前, 在前面,事先”prefix, preface , prearrange, precondition先决条件, prepaid, preschool, pre-war, prewash, prehistory, pre-readingfore-表示“在前面，先前”forehead, forearm, foreground, forefinger, forefoot, forefront最前列, foreleg, foremost, forepaw, forerunner先驱，先导, foresee预见, foresight先见之明, foretaste预先体验, forewarn预先警告, foreword 前言, forecast, foretell(预言)4) 表示“向后，在后边”post-, 表示"向后，在后边，次”postscript附言, postdoctoral, post-earthquake, postgraduate, post-tax, post-war.5)表示“向内，在内部”in-, im-,表示“向内，在内，”inland, invade, inside, , income, import6)表示“在外部，向外，额外”ex-,表示“外部，外” exit, expand, export, external, expose, express,out-,①表示“在外部，在外”outline, outside, outward, outdoor. ②表示“超过，过分”outdo(超过), outbid(出价过高的人), outweigh, outnumber在数量上超过,extra-, 表示“额外”extraction （提取）, extraordinary, extra-curricular课外的7)表示“在……之间，相互”inter-,intel-, international, interaction, internet, intercommunication, intercity, intercontinental, intercultural, interdependent, interpersonal, interview,8) 表示“中，中间”medi-, med-, mid-：Mediterranean, mid-position, midday, midfield, midway 中途的, midnight, midsummer.9) 表示“在...旁边，附近；副的，次的”by-①表示“附近，邻近，边侧” bypath, bypass(弯路), byroad小路, bystander旁观者, byway 偏僻小路;②表示“副，次要的”byproduct, bywork(副业),10)表示“再一次，重新”re-, retell, rewrite, readjust, reapply, rebuild, recycle, reform, refresh, replace, reset, resettle, restart, restate,11) 表示“副，次”vice-：vice-president, vice-chairman3. 表示共同，相等/分离，离开意思的前缀1)表示共同，相等意思的前缀com-, con-, cor-, co- 表示“共同，一起” connect, combine,combat, collect, coexist, cooperate, correlationsyn-, syl-,sym-,表示“同，共，和，类” symmetry, sympathy, synthesis(合成), synonym, 2). 表示分离，离开意思的前缀a- ab-, abs-,表示“分离，离开” away, apart, abstract, abstainde-表示“离去，处去”depart, decolo ur, debar把…排除在外, decontrol, deformdis-, di-, dif-,表示“分离，离开” divorce, disarm(缴械)ex-, e-, 表示“离开，分离”expel, exclude, expatriate(驱出国外)for- 表示“离开，脱离”forget, forgivere-表示“离开”release, resolvese-表示“分离，隔离”separate, seduce, select4. 表示变换词类作用的前缀1) be-：befriend,2) en-：enslave, enable, enrich3) a-：adapt, accord, affix, aggression, arrive, assist, attend, attract, arrange, assign(委派)5. 表示数量关系的前缀1)表示“单一”，“一”uni-：uniform, unicellular(单细胞), unique, unilingual, unilateral, unicycle2)表示“二，两，双”ambi-：ambiguous, amphibian(两栖类), ambivalent矛盾的bi-：bin-：bicycle, bilateral, bilingual, binoculars,twi-：twice, twin, twinset两件套, twilight3)表示“三”tri：triangle，tricolor三色旗, tricycle, trilateral, trilingual, trilogy三部曲, trinity三件套, triple 三倍的4)表示"百，百分之一"centi-：centimeter，centigram5)表示"千” kilo-：kilometer, kilogram, kilobyte, kilowatt千瓦6)表示"微，微小的”micro-：microvolt (微伏特)，microsoft，microbiology, microblog, microcomputer, microscope, microwave,7) 表示“大，宏大”macro-macroscopic(宏观)8)表示"许多，复，多数”multi-：multilingual, multicellular, multicultural, multifunction, multilateral, multilevel, multimedia, multiple,poly-：polysyllable,9)表示“半，一半”hemi-：hemisphere半球,semi-：semiconductor, semitransparent，semicircle, semicolon, semi-final半决赛,6. 表示术语的前缀1)eco,表示“生态的”ecology, ecologist, ecosystem, ecosphere, ecotype2)bio-, 表示“生命，生物”biography(传记) , biology, biologist, biosphere3)geo-, 表示“地球，大地”geography, geographer, geographic, geological地质的, geology4)tele-, 表示“电,电的”television, telephone, teleconference, telegram, telegraph, telecast电视节目二. 常见的后缀1. 名词后缀(1) 具有某种职业或动作的人1)-an, -ian,表示"……地方的人，精通……的人, 从事…职业的人”American, historian, musician, librarian, magician, physician, civilian, pedestrian, Canadian, guardian, technician, logician, electrician2)-arian,表示"……派别的人，……主义的人”humanitarian, vegetarian, utilitarian,3)-ant,-ent,表示"……者” merchant, servant, accountant, assistant, applicant,immigrant, attendant, consultant, inhabitant, participant, pollutant, descendant, agent, student, president, parent, adolescent, opponent, nutrient, recipient4)-ar, 表示"……的人” scholar, liar, beggar, registrar5)-ary,表示"从事……的人" secretary, missionary, adversary, luminary杰出人物6)-ate,表示"具有……职责的人" candidate, graduate, private二等兵，delegate, advocate, doctorate, electorate7)-or,表示"……者, 做……的人" educator, speculator(投机者), operator, actor, conductor, professor, visitor, inventor, sailor, conqueror, director, administrator, editor, inspector, instructor, governor, contributor, competitor, collector8)-ee,表示"动作承受者, 被…的人" employee, examinee, interviewee, trainee, addressee, rejectee, appointee, trustee受托人9)-er,表示"从事某种职业的人, 某地区，地方的人" banker, observer, Londoner, villager, teacher, worker, commander, composer, dreamer, explorer, carpenter, driver, boxer, player, swimmer, organizer10)-ese,表示" ……国人，…..地方的人”Japanese, Chinese, Sudanese, Portugese, Vietnamese11)-ess, 表示"阴性人称名词，actress, hostess, waitress, manageress, hostess, Duchess, empress, princess, authoress, conductress12)- ist,表示"……家, …….者, …….能手”physicist, pianist, communist, dentist, artist, chemist, scientist, economist, journalist, novelist, environmentalist, optimist, 悲观呢？13)-ic,表示"……者，……师" mechanic, critic, academic, mystic, comic喜剧演员14)-logist,表示"……学家，研究者" biologist, geologist(地质学家), biologist, sociologist, psychologist, technologist, archeologist考古学家15)-crat, 表示”某种政体，主义的支持者” democrat, bureaucrat, aristocrat, autocrat独裁者, theocrat神权主义(2) 带有场所，地方的含义1)-age, 表示"住所，地点" village, cottage, harborage, storage, cage, stage, garage, orphanage2)-ary, 表示"住所，场地" library, granary (谷仓), seminary神学院, apiary养蜂场, sanctuary 圣所，避难所, dispensary药房,3)-ery, ry, 表示"工作场所，饲养所，地点" laundry, nursery, surgery(手术室),bakery, grocery, greenery, gallery,4)-ory, 表示"工作场所，住处" factory, dormitory, laboratory, observatory天文台, manufactory, armory, territory(3) 带有学术，科技含义1)-grapy, 表示"……学，写法” geography, biography, calligraphy书法2)-ic, ics, 表示"……学……法" physics, politics, logic, mechanics, optics光学, electronics, economics, mathematics, linguistics, aesthetics, statistics, genetics3)-ology, 表示"……学……论”biology, zoology, technology, ecology, psychology, archeology, geology, neurology, anthropology, astrology, sociology, mythology,4)-ry,-ery表示"学科，行业" chemistry, cookery, machinery, fishery, industry, forestry, pottery, jewelry, poetry, slavery(4) 构成具有抽象名词的含义1)-acy, 表示"性质，状态，境遇" accuracy, diplomacy外交, privacy accuracy, literacy, intimacy2)-age, 表示"状态，行为，身份及其结果，总称" courage, storage, marriage, percentage, bandage, baggage/luggage, carriage, breakage, average, coverage, language, package3)-ala) 表示"事物的动作，过程”refusal, arrival, survival, denial, approva l, disposal处理, proposal, burial, removal, interval, dismissal, withdrawalb) 表示具体的事物manual, signal, editorial, journal, criminal, terminal4)-ance, -ence表示"性质，状况，行为，过程，总量，程度” endurance, importance, diligence, difference, obedience, acceptance, significance, acquaintance, allowance, appearance, insurance, conscience, resistance, convenience, entrance, existence, occurrence, preference, guidance, assistance, influence, violence, instance, distance, innocence, competence5)-ancy, -ency, 表示"性质，状态，行为，过程" frequency, urgency, efficiency, tendency, pregnancy, emergency, fluency, sufficiency, constancy6)-ity, -bility, 表示"动作，性质，状态, 程度" possibility, feasibility, capability, probability, responsibility, reliability, flexibility, stability；purity, reality, ability, punctuality, popularity, activity, sensitivity, equality, stupidity7)-cracy, 表示"统治，支配" bureaucracy, democracy, aristocracy, autocracy, theocracy8)-cy, 表示"性质，状态，职位，级别" bankruptcy(破产), emergency, accuracy, advocacy, agency, intimacy, literacy, privacy9)-ion, -sion, -tion表示"行为的过程，结果，状况"(动词→名词) action, solution, conclusion, destruction, expression, correction, collection, selection, action, inspection, discussion, impression, education, liberation, invasion, provision,admiration, preparation, satisfaction, modification,decision, division,admission, permission, transmission10)-ism, 表示"制度，主义，学说，信仰，行为" socialism, criticism, colloquialism, heroism, communism,optimism,pessimism,realism11)-ment, 表示"行为，状态，过程，手段及其结果treatment, movement, judgment, punishment, argument, development, amazement, excitement, disappointment, astonishment, achievement, payment, advertisement, government, equipment, agreement, statement12)-ness, 表示"性质，状态，程度" goodness, kindness, tiredness, friendliness，happiness, cleverness, shyness, politeness, coldness, carefulness, sadness, darkness, illness, selfishness,rudeness, loneliness, laziness13)-ship, 表示"情况，性质，技巧，技能及身份，职业” hardship, membership, friendship, ownership, relationship, championship, scholarship14)-th, 表示"动作，行为" warmth, growth, health, truth, death, birth, depth, length, width, youth, strength, breadth15)-ure, 表示"行为，结果" pleasure, exposure, pressure, failure, mixture, signature, fixture, departure, closure, creature, moisture16)-y, 表示"行为的结果，状态，性质” glory, victory, inqu iry, difficulty, discovery, recovery, jealousy, modesty, mystery, fantasy, summary, honesty17)-ty, 表示“性质，情况，状态”specialty, certainty, safety, cruelty, entirety, loyalty, novelty, poverty,2. 形容词后缀(1)带有“属性，倾向，相关”的含义1)-able, -ible：(v./n.+able→adj.) movable, applicable, responsible, reliable, drinkable, readable, adjustable, adaptable, thinkable, avoidable, respectable, considerable, remarkable, available, sensible; comfortable, visible, valuable, reasonable, knowledgeable, favorable,terrible, horrible, possible2)-al：natural, additional, educational, environmental, cultural, seasonal, personal, national, global, economical, universal, logical, national, sensational, spiritual, mental, central, racial, typical, fundamental, practical, medical3)-ant, -ent：distant, important, significant, instant, brilliant, pleasant, constant, permanent, excellent, patient, independent, different, confident, silent, absent4)-ar：similar, popular, regular,particular, peculiar, familiar, solar, lunar5)-ary：contrary, military, voluntary, necessary, imaginary, ordinary, revolutionary6)-ic：Arctic, electric, plastic, politic, systematic, historic, economic, public, scientific, energetic, enthusiastic, fantastic, classic, comic, tragic, magic, strategic, ironic, optimistic, pessimistic, characteristic7)-ive：native, passive, expensive, attractive, active, impressive, expressive, decisive, sensitive, positive, negative, creative, effective, productive, conservative, addictive, aggressive, defensive, attentive, progressive8)-y表示“具有……特征的”、“多……的”funny,lucky,snowy,thirsty,windy,sunny,rainy,cloudy,dirty,dusty9)-ory：satisfactory, compulsory, illusory(2) 表示“相象，类似”的含义1)-ish：boyish, childish, womanish, foolish, selfish【拓】加在颜色词后面，表示“略带...颜色”greenish, reddish, yellowish2)-ly：(注意词性：n.+ly→adj.) manly, womanly, fatherly, scholarly, motherly, friendly,brotherly, sisterly, wifely, childly, comradely, lordly, princely, scholarly, knightly,3)-some：troublesome, handsome, tiresome(3) 表示“充分的，充满的”含义1)-ful：(n./v.+ful→adj.) beautiful, wonderful, helpful, truthful, peaceful, forgetful, colorful, useful, careful, harmful, hopeful, meaningful, joyful, delightful, spoonful, mouthful, grateful,powerful, wonderful, successful, painful, shameful2)-ous：dangerous, generous, courageous, various, curious, famous, poisonous, humorous, glorious, harmonious, generous, serious, delicious, anxious, nervous, envious, luxurious, prosperous, continuous(4)-en：表示“由...形成，制成或生产的”含义wooden, golden, woolen, silken(5)表示“方向的”含义1)-ern：eastern, western, southern, northern, earthen2)-ward：eastward, southward, westward, northward, forward, backward,inward, outward, upward,downward(6)-less,表示“否定的”含义countless, wireless, helpless, careless, harmless, useless, hopeless, homeless, sleepless, endless, tireless, restless3. 动词后缀1)-ize, ise, 表示"做成，变成，……化“modernize, mechanize, organize, recognize, realize, advertise, civilize, normalize, sympathize, fertilize, equalize2)-en, 表示"使成为，引起，使有” quicken, weaken, soften, harden, darken, widen, heighten, lengthen, strengthen, fasten, broaden, deepen, sicken, shorten, frighten, brighten, loosen, tighten, whiten, blacken,3)-fy, 表示"使……化, 使成”beautify, pu rify, intensify, signify预示,表明, simplify, clarify, satisfy, classify, glorify, qualify, specify, unify,4)-ate, 表示“动作，处理，作用” separate, operate, indicate, educate, graduate, associate, communicate, investigate, celebrate, translate, calculate, cooperate, isolate, illustrate, populate, regulate, terminate, originate,generate4. 副词后缀1)-ly：possibly, easily, simply, especially, politely, terribly, heavily, angrily, truly, safely2)-ward, -wards：onward, backward, leftward, sideward向一侧, afterward, coastward, shoreward, downward, inwards, upward, towards3)-ways,在...方向, 以...方式：always, sideways向旁边, crossways交叉地, lengthways 纵长地, coastways沿海岸线地4)-wise, 在...方向, 以...方式：otherwise, clockwise顺时针地, likewise。