语篇的衔接与翻译
语篇的衔接与翻译
语篇的衔接与翻译
衔接（cohesion）与连贯（coherence）
衔接是连贯的基础，显现在语篇表层之上，而连 贯性主观的存在于读者的心理活动中。Halliday与 Hasan 1976年合著发表Cohesion in English之后， “衔接”一词广泛使用，被认为是语篇语义的一 种关系。他们把衔接分为5类：指称，替代，省略， 连接，词汇衔接，前三种又被统称为语法衔接。 衔接是通过词汇，语法手段实现，属于语篇的表 层结构关系，而连贯是通过句际的语义和功能关 系实现，属于语篇的深层语义问题
The seller shall pay all the custom duties and tariffs for export of the equipment.
卖方必须支付出口设备的所有关税。
Any Crown Servant … solicits or accepts any advantages shall be guilty of an offense.
在很多失业率高，工资低的第三世界国家出现了 工人移居发达国家的现象。西欧就接受了来自地 中海国家的这种工人数以百万计。
5 连接词
连接是指句际是在什么意义上相互联系起来的。它不需要 到上下文中去觅取信号以获信息。Halliday和Hasan曾把 连接词语按表达关系分成四类：增补(additive)、转折 (adversative)、原因(causal)和时间(temporal)。而事实 上．这种划分并不是唯一的。语篇中大多数连接信号通常 情况下按其功能可分为：(1)表示开端的，如Well，now， 这些词常放在句首以表示一个新思路开始的信号；(2)列示 和增补，如firstly(或first)，secondly，next，lastly，等等， 词组如to begin with，in the second place，to conclude， 等等。此外，像moreover，furthermore，what is more等 也可作为预指要进一步陈述某一观点的连接信号；(3)加强, 比如besides，anyway，furthermore等．这些词常用来引 出进一步强调或加强前面论述的不够充分的句子或论点： (4)总结和归纳，比如in a word．in short，to sum up等等。 这些词起着总结上文观点的作用
英汉语篇衔接手段翻译策略及译文连贯性探讨
英汉语篇衔接手段翻译策略及译文连贯性探讨连贯作为语篇的一个深层语义特征，在以语篇为单位的翻译活动中显得尤为重要。
语篇翻译的过程也可以说是连贯的识别和重构的过程。
本文将语篇作为翻译单位，从连贯角度探讨了翻译过程中译者对原语语篇衔接手段的调整及采用的翻译策略。
标签：衔接手段连贯照应替代一、引言传统翻译观以句子为翻译的基本单位，“注重研究源语与目的语之间的异同及言内关系，将翻译过程视为把一种文字材料转换成另一种文字材料，把一种语言产物在保持内容（命题）不变的情况下改变成另一种语言产物的过程”（张美芳、黄国文，2002）。
随着篇章语言学的兴起，人们已逐渐摆脱了传统语言学和语法学的束缚，将语言研究的重心由句子转为语篇。
大多数语言研究者也不断地将语篇分析延伸到其他领域，这自然也包括翻译领域。
李运兴认为“翻译活动所处理的不是一个个孤立的词句，而是由互相关联和制约的词语和句子……有机地组合在一起的语篇。
因此建立明确的语篇意识，不论在翻译实践还是在翻译研究中都十分重要。
”（李运兴，2001：19）连贯这一决定语篇语义结构的重要因素，在以语篇为基础的翻译活动中发挥着重要作用。
译者在翻译时，首先需要对原文语篇内部的各种衔接手段进行分析，以便在原文与译文之间建立语篇层次上的意义与功能对等（谭键，2002）。
译者必须尽可能保全和复现原文语篇的连贯性和完整性，才能使译文语篇结构严谨、行文流畅、语气贯通。
因此，在翻译中语篇连贯的实现直接关系到译文的可读性，并决定着译者对翻译策略的选择。
二、英汉语篇衔接手段的翻译策略Halliday和Hasan指出，衔接就是把上下文联系起来的机制，它本身是意义概念，是由词汇语法来实现的，“衔接是语篇中的一个成分和对解释它起重要作用的其他成分之间的语义关系。
这一‘其他成分’也必须在语篇中能找到……”（Halliday、Hasan，2004）。
Halliday和Hasan认为，语篇内部的衔接关系通过五种语言形式来实现：指称、省略、替代、连接、词汇。
语篇层面汉译英中的衔接与连贯
语篇层面汉译英中的衔接与连贯摘要：衔接与连贯在语篇翻译中起着重要的作用。
中西人民思维方式的差异决定了中西之间的表达方式的不同,因此语篇的连接方式都有各自的特点。
在汉译英中要认真考虑如何遵循彼此的语言习惯,用不同的实现方式使译文能衔接紧凑。
关键词：衔接连贯语篇翻译实现方式衔接与连贯在语篇翻译中是最重要的两个成篇手段。
中西思维模式存在很大差异，因此两种语言语篇衔接方式也是不同的。
在汉英翻译中，译者通常要对原文衔接手段进行转换或调整以使内容对等，保证意义上的连贯。
因此，本文就汉英翻译中衔接与连贯的处理方法作一粗浅的探讨。
一、语篇的衔接与连贯韩礼德和哈桑在《英语中的衔接》中认为，衔接是产生语篇的必要条件。
衔接主要分为照应、替代、省略、连接和词汇衔接五大类。
前四类属于语法衔接手段，后一类属于词汇衔接手段，具体包括原词复现、同义、下义和搭配等（韩礼德和哈桑，2001）。
连贯也是建构语篇的重要标准。
黄国文指出：“连贯指的是语篇中语义的关联，它存在于语篇的底层，通过逻辑推理来达到语义连接；它是语篇的无形网络”（黄国文，1997）。
衔接具有显性的语言表现方式，出现在语篇的表层结构，而连贯是对语篇进行解释的结果。
衔接是词汇和语法方面的手段，而连贯是采用衔接手段所得到的结果。
二、汉译英中衔接与连贯的重要性中西人民思维方式存在较大差异，以致中西之间的表达方式有较大区别,语篇的连接方式也有各自的特点。
汉语重意合,英语重形合。
意合指形隐义在。
形合指形显义明。
这些特点决定在汉译英中要认真考虑这些因素,思考如何遵循彼此的语言习惯,使译文衔接紧凑。
衔接是将语篇中的句子连接为一个整体从而创造连贯的重要手段,进而构建连贯的语篇。
语篇衔接的好坏直接关系到一个语篇能否容易被读者理解和接受。
因此在翻译活动中,如果原文的衔接和连贯不能很好地传达出来,就会影响译文的可读性(罗选民,1990)。
三、汉译英中衔接与连贯的实现方式下面仅就笔者的一点体会来试探讨以下几种实现方式:1.保留源语的衔接与连贯在汉英翻译中，若目的语语言条件许可,翻译能既保持源语的内容,又保持原文的形式是非常必要的。
英汉翻译语篇衔接和翻译策略
5. He was an old man, bent and wrinkled with a pitiful look on his face. Over his shoulder he had a ragged brown coat, all torn and dirty. His thick boots were patched and well worn, and with one hand he leant on a rough stick. In the other hand he held out a hat for money. 译：那是一位老人，弯着腰，满脸皱纹，看 上去一脸可怜相。他的肩上披着一件破烂的 棕色外套，又颇有脏。他的厚靴子打着补丁， 已经很破旧了。他的一只手拄着一根粗糙木 棍，另一只手伸出帽子讨钱。（便于认清描 述的主语）
译：正如例子中所说的那样，人们对其他人的态 度是复杂的：有的态度可能很明显，有的则可能 比较隐晦；有的态度可能明确，有的则可能含糊 不清；有的十分热情，有的则不带感情。（方法: 改变词汇衔接方式）
2.The apology offered by Harper was emotionally significant for many Canadians because it acknowledged that First Nations people have experienced significant oppression for too long and it seemed to provide a sense of hope for positive changes among those listening to the apology.
英汉翻译语篇衔接和翻译策略
基于英汉语篇衔接手段对比的汉译英翻译策略研究
基于英汉语篇衔接手段对比的汉译英翻译策略研究随着全球化的发展，汉译英翻译越来越受到人们的关注。
其中，语篇衔接是汉译英翻译中一个十分重要的环节。
熟练运用英汉语篇衔接手段，能够更好地传达原文的意思，达到翻译的目的。
本文旨在探讨基于英汉语篇衔接手段对比的汉译英翻译策略研究。
第一步：了解英汉语篇衔接手段英汉语篇衔接手段指的是在语篇中为了使文章内部各部分内容更加连贯，通过表达方式和语言手段进行衔接的方法。
比如，在英语文章中，通常使用词汇的重复、代词、连接词等手段来实现衔接。
第二步：对比中国汉语和英语的语篇衔接手段在中国汉语中，比较常见的语篇衔接手段有把握句、指代、补充、归纳、转折、递进等。
而在英语中，常用的语篇衔接手段包括代词、连接词、转折词、副词等。
第三步：对比研究汉译英翻译的策略对比中国汉语和英语的语篇衔接手段，我们发现，虽然两种语言的表达方式不同，但衔接手段的作用和实现方法却是相似的。
在进行汉译英翻译时，译者可以参考原文的衔接手段，尽可能保持原文信息的连贯性和完整性。
第四步：注意汉译英翻译的注意事项在进行汉译英翻译时，还需要注意以下几点：1. 通顺易懂：翻译的语言应该通顺易懂，便于英语读者理解。
2. 所述即所得：翻译要尽量保持原文的意思，不要在翻译过程中加入自己的观点或解释。
3. 注重语法：汉译英翻译要注重语法准确，尤其是复杂的句子结构。
4. 参考原文词汇：在翻译时，可以参考原文的词汇，但不要照搬照抄，应该考虑到英语的表达方式和语言习惯。
总结：本文主要探讨了基于英汉语篇衔接手段对比的汉译英翻译策略。
通过对两种语言的衔接手段进行对比，我们可以更好地理解语言交流中的表达方式和方法，并且通过掌握汉译英翻译的技巧和注意事项，提升翻译质量，更加准确地传达原文的意思。
英译汉语篇翻译的衔接手段
英译汉语篇翻译的衔接手段一、引言关于语篇的定义，目前有两种不同的观点：一是结构派的看法，认为“语篇”是大于句子的单位，语篇由句子组成；一是功能派的看法，认为“语篇”是一个语义单位，由句子来体现，其长度可以从一个词到一个长篇大论的文章或谈话。
胡壮麟（1994：1）解释说，语篇指任何不完全受句子语法约束的在一定语境下表示完整语义的自然语言。
从他的定义中可以看出，句子可以用相关的语法来判断它是否正确，而语篇不能简单地用语法来检验。
在Halliday和Hason（1976，1985）看来，任何一段能成为语篇的话语必须具有语篇性（texture）。
他们说的语篇性包含两个方面的特征：结构性特征和非结构性特征。
简单地说，结构性特征研究侧重的是句内不同成分之间的语义联系，非结构特征研究侧重的是句间不同成分之间的语义关系。
本文拟从衔接的两种手段（结构衔接和非结构衔接）出发，结合具体的翻译实例，考察衔接手段转换在英汉语篇翻译中的作用。
二、英汉语篇翻译中的衔接性衔接（cohesion）这个概念是Halliday在1962年首次提出来的，在后来与Hason合著的《英语中的衔接》（1985）一书中，他们又把衔接界定为“存在于篇章内部，使之成为语篇的内在关系”，认为衔接是产生语篇的必要条件，于是系统地将衔接分为五大类：照应（reference）、替代（substitution）、省略（ellipsis）、连接（conjunction）和词汇衔接（lexical cohesion）。
其中前四类属于语法衔接手段（grammatical cohesion），后一类属于词汇衔接手段，具体包括原词复现（reiteration）、同义（synonymy）、下义（hyponymy）和搭配（collocation）等。
除此之外，张德禄和刘汝山（2003：10）还认为，在词汇语法层次上，衔接有非结构衔接特征、结构衔接特征，如主位结构，及物性结构，语气结构；而在音系层次上，衔接具有语音和语调衔接机制等。
语篇的连贯与翻译
• （2） 增补连接性词语，利用衔接标记实现连贯 • We have always prided ourselves on our complete flexibility and we will organize every group menu and catering requirement on a totally individual basis. Porters is happy to cater for all kinds of different parties: from tour groups with only an hour to spare before going on to the theatre, when speed of service along with the quality of food is of the greatest importance, to more informal and relaxed birthday parties, or even corporate events, wine tastings and company presentations. • 我们一直为提供灵活便利的服务而骄傲，完全根据每个客 户的具体要去来安排各团体餐的菜肴及餐饮需求。伯特斯 酒店乐于为各类团体提供餐饮服务：服务对象包括一小时 后就要赶往剧院看戏，在此匆匆逗留进餐的旅游团体，对 其而言，保证服务速度和饭菜质量至关重要。此外还承办 轻松随意的生日聚会，以及公司社交活动，品酒会和公司 业务报告会。
• 罢工及不利汇价造成了损失，但这种损失几乎已 经被目前正在实施的资源效益计划带来的利润所 抵消，这带来了高达一亿英镑的成本绩效增值。 另外一个收入来源是最近出售了蒂诺克斯，我们 独家拥有的子公司。 • 我们目前正实施的资源效益计划所创造的利润基 本抵消了罢工及不利汇价造成的损失，这样就实 现了高达一亿英镑的成本绩效增值。另外一个收 入来源是最近我们出售了独家拥有的子公司蒂诺 克斯。
语篇层次的翻译
• to fish in troubled water • 趁热打铁 • Strike while the iron is hot. • 花钱如流水 • to spend money like water • 祸不单行 • Misfortune never comes alone.
• 二、概念意义对应，文化意义空缺。 • 胸有成竹 • to have a well-thought-out plan in one’s mind • 水中捞月 • to fish in the air
• （赵辛楣）一肚皮的酒，几乎全化成酸 醋. . . . . . • The wine in Hsin-mei’s stomach turned to sour vinegar. • The considerable amount of wine Hsin-mei has had was burning inside and made him sick with jealousy.
译文：（ 她的）容貌那么清秀， 就像半夜里醒来时在黑暗中隐 约可见的小小的钟面，报告时 刻的钟面。它皎洁而安静，深 知时间在飞驰，深信黑暗虽然 越来越深沉，却也越来越接近 新生的太阳。（苗怀新译）
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语篇的衔接与翻译In the last 20 years or so, some underdeveloped countries have increased their food production. Their populations, (however,) have at the same time grown faster. (And so) The standard of living hasn’t improved. (What’s more) The increase in food production has been achieved at the expense of using up marginal lands. (As a result,) There has been no gain in the productivity of land labor.Most of those who have watched enviously from the sidelines sense that gravity will assert itself sooner of later. Many of the online gamblers who have earned a fortune in paper profits betting their savings on shares in Yahoo. Amazon and the rest will never get their money out. For the very features that have led to a near-vertical climb of internet share prices also favor its precipitous collapse.In addition English is the language of commerce and the second language of many countries which formerly had French or German in that position.Credit cards enable their holders to obtain goods and services on credits. They are issued by retail stores, banks, credit card companies to approved clients. The bank or credit card company settles the client’s bill, invoicing him monthly and charging interest on any outstanding debts. Their profit comes from the high rate of interest charged, the card-holder’s subscriptions, and the fees paid by some organizations that accept cards.According to an Asian woman’s website poll, more than half of the respondents suggested that the new economy dress code should be comfortable. Even employers agree with that.In future trade, the key development to watch is the relationship between the industrial…and the developing nations.Historical evidence shows that birth… and death rates level off as countries move into the industrial age.He wants the maximum responsibility and …the maximum reward; he does not mind the risk.This is the year, they predict, that Web-enabled phones will take off, both here and in Europe. If you don’t already have one, you’ll probably find one under the Chri stmas tree.Under all the measures of industrial promise, a key one must be investment in upgrading plant, machinery and skills.Venture capitalists generally do not run companies; managements do. Thus, the success of any venture capital investment is dependent, in large part, on the strength of the related management team.Is a quiet revolution under way in the nations shopping habits? Are we gradually allowing an increasingly select number of large companies to take care of all our basic requirements? The supermarket chains certainly hope so.The truth of course is that you have to pay a professional to do it for you. This should be looked at as another investment: you have to spend money in short term to save money in the long term.Now some observers say that supermarket chains risk damaging their brands by moving into a sector which they have no experience of. How do you react to that?All the figures were correct, they had been checked. Yet the total came out wrong.First of all, I would like to apologize for your order not being delivered on the date we agreed in our contract and also for the difficulties you have had in trying to reach me. As you may have heard in the news, we have experienced a major industrial dispute. The dispute involved all employees and as a result, all production came to a complete standstill. Secretarial and administrative staff were also involved; this is why it has been so difficult for you to reach me.I am pleased to inform you that the dispute has now been settled and we should be back to normal production within a few days. Nevertheless, as you can imagine, we are now faced with a sizeable backlog of orders. I have spoken to our production Manager this morning, and he informs me that it will take at least ten days to clear this.If you want to succeed in business, you need to know about financial management. No matter how skilled you are at developing a new product, providing a service, or marketing your wares, the money you earn will slip between your fingers if you do not know how to collect it, keep track of it, save it and spend or invest it wisely. A poor financial management is one of the main reasons why business fails. In many cases, failure could have been avoided against if the owners had applied sound financial principles to all their dealings and decisions. So what is the best way of making sure that you are handling your money correct.Henry Ford did not invent the automobile, but he was the first man to mass-produce it, and this made it available to the ordinary man. Many automobiles were being built by hand at the turn of the century and were much too expensive for all but the wealthy.Economist Sees a Deeper Slump than PredictedThe long-awaited recession has apparently arrived and many economists are now saying that the downturn in the nation’s economic activity will be deeper and longer than previously forecast.Four months before election day, five men gathered in a small conference room at the Reagan-Bush headquarters and reviewed an oversized calendar that marked the remaining days of the 1984 presidential campaign. It was the last Saturday in June and at ten o’clock in the morning, the rest of the office was practically deserted. Even so the men kept the door shut and the drapes carefully drawn.The seller shall pay all the custom duties and tariffs for export of the equipment.Any Crown Servant…solicits or accepts any advantages shall be guilty of an offense.Many third world nations with high unemployment and low wages have seen an emigration of workers to the developed nations. Western Europe has received millions of such worker from Mediterranean countries. The developing nations profit when these workers bring their savings and their acquired technical skills back home. Many developing nations benefit when Western nations establish manufacturing in their countries to take advantage of cheap labor.。