自考英语词汇学第一章
英语词汇学第一章
重点、难点讲解在我们做具体讨论之前，有必要弄清楚有关词和词汇的一些基本概念。
词是一个很模糊的概念，所以在讨论前要先仔细思考一番。
声音和意义的关系，声音与形式的关系，词与词汇的关系，也都需要讨论。
此外，本章我们还将对词汇分类的常用标准进行考察，并对个别词类作一些说明。
1．词的定义(What Is a Word)什么是词?这一问题长期受到语言学家的关注，虽然人们提出了很多的定义，但似乎没有一个看起来完美无缺，迄今为止，学者们也未能在词的定义这个问题上达成一致。
当我们谈论词时，我们往往从词的视觉角度来考虑。
按照这一思路词可以定义为横向书写或印刷在纸上的一组有意义的字母。
从口语的角度下定义，词是用人类发音器官有意识地发出来的一个或一个声音组合。
语义学家认为，词是一个意义单位。
语法学家则认为，词是一个自由形式可以在句子中起作用。
总的来说，词的定义包括下列几点：①是语言最小的自由形式；②是声音统一体；③是意义单位；④在句子中能独立起作用的形式。
由此，我们可以下这样一个定义：词是二门语言中具有一定的声音、意义和句法功能的最小的自由形式。
无论是简单词，还是复杂词，都必须符合以上的定义标准。
Man和fine是两个简单词，但都有声音、意义和句法功能，都可以在句子中单独起作用，所以它们是词。
有些词结构复杂，如mis·for·tune和man·age·ment。
两个都是多音节词，在句子中能起“主语”、“宾语”和“表语”的作用。
虽然misfortune能再分成mis-和fortune，前缀mis-并不能独立成词。
同样，management也可以分为manage和-ment，-ment也不能自由使用。
Blackmail可以分为black和mail，这两个部分在句子中都可以单独使用，但汇合后的词义绝对不是两个词意义的叠加。
Black是一种颜色，与“白”相对，而mail的含义则是“邮件”。
词汇学(第一章)-PPT课件
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3. Native words and borrowed words 本族语词和外来语词
Native words / Angle-Saxon words
Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are native
words. They form the great majority of the
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Another important characteristic is that function words belong to a relatively small and permanent set of words, in comparison to content words. The total number of functional words is about 154. They are stable; they do not come and go with changing fashions and ideas.
basic word stock of the English language.
The basic word stock is the foundation of the
vocabulary accumulated over a number of
epochs. Most native words in modern
.
6
What causes the differences between sound and form?
➢ 1) More morphemes than letters, ➢ 2) Stabilization of spelling, ➢ 3) Deliberate change of spelling by
自考词汇学1--3
Chapter 2 Development
1. 印欧语系的谱系关系 分支： Eastern set: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, BaltoIndoArmenian and Albanian, Western set: Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, Germanic
4) Characteristics of the borrowed words / loan words P19 Denizens 同化词： assimilated Aliens 非同化词： original pronunciation and spelling Translation-loans译借词: Translation-loans译借词: foreign language pattern with existing material Semantic-loans借义词:borrow Semantic-loans借义词:borrow meaning
3) Characteristics of basic word stock All national character 全民性：common 全民性：common Stability 稳定性: remain unchanged 稳定性: Productivity 多产性: root words 多产性: Polysemy 多义性: more than one meaning 多义性: Collocability 搭配性: set expressions, idioms, 搭配性: proverbs
2. Types of Morphemes
Free morphemes： morphemes： independent/ free grammatical units, complete meanings Bound morphemes: not separate words, bound to
英语词汇学-第一章
语素是音义相结合的最小的语言单位。 一般地说，一个语素就是一个音节，书面上就是一个汉字，有时侯还是一个词。但是音节是从语音学角度分析的结果，文字是书面记录的符号，语素则是语言中构词的基本成份，词是指音义相结合的能够独立运用的最小的语言单位。这四者角度不同，并不是一回事。 1、同一个汉字，可以代表不同的语素。 汉字虽然相同，但读音不同：会议/会计 汉字和读音都相同，但是词性不同：老人/老虎/老是捣乱 汉字、读音和词性都相同，但是意义不同：公家/公牛 2、汉语的语素绝大多数是单音节的，但有时侯，一个汉字并不代表一个语素，只代表一个音节，也就是说，一个语素也可以是两个以上音节。 连绵词：磅礴；口语词：尴尬；音译词：咖啡，奥林匹克 3、有时侯，一个汉字在不同场合，有的是语素，有的不是语素。 马匹（语素）/马达（非语素） （邵敬敏，现代汉通论，上海教育出版社，2001，P113-4）
2
Sound and meaning
Sound and meaning
This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary. There is no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself. Lodwig and Barrett, 1973
Why the written form is not always similar to the oral form?
The development of the language letters from Romans for 46 sounds in English The pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. Some of the differences were created by the early scribes.
英语词汇学第一章
Chapter 11.1 What Is a Word词的概念：A word can be defined as a meaningful group of letters.（一个词可以被定义为一组有意义的字母）词包含以下几点：① a minimal free form of a language.一门语言中最小的形式② a sound unity.一个声音统一体③ a unit of meaning.一个意义单位④ a form that can function alone in a sentence.能在句子中起独立作用的一个形式A word is a free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntacticfunction.词是一门语言中具有一定的声音，意义和句法功能的最小形式Words can be simple and complex.词可以是简单的也可以是复杂的1.2 Sound and Meaning声音与意义之间的关系：This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary,and there is no logical relationship between the sound and the actual thing and idea itself .The relationship between them is conventional. 这种象征性的联系几乎总是任意的，声音与实际的事物和观念本身没有逻辑关系。
他们之间的关系是约定俗成的。
1.3 Sound and Form读音与拼写不一致的原因：①The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.②The pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years.③Some of the differences were created by the early scribes.①英语字母表是从罗马人那里采用的，罗马人没有一个单独的字母来代表语言中的每个声音。
英语词汇学第一章复习资料
词汇elusive adj. 难懂的notion n. 见解，概念outset n.开端criteria n.标准，条件（criterion的复数linguist n. 语言学家horizontally adv. 水平地；地平地semanticists n. 语义学者vocal adj. 歌唱的；声音的，有声的comprise vt. 包含；由…组成syntactic adj. 句法的polysyllabic adj. 多音节的compel vt. 强迫compulsion n. 强制；强迫；强制力concealment n. 隐藏，隐蔽；隐匿处discreditable adj. 丢脸的；不名誉的；有损信用的；败坏名声的hence adv. 因此；今后symbolic adj. 象征的；符号的；使用符号的arbitrary adj. [数] 任意的；武断的；专制的conventional adj. 符合习俗的，传统的；常见的；惯例的cluster n. 群；簇；丛；串scribe n. 抄写员；作家deliberately adv. 故意地；谨慎地；慎重地haste n. 匆忙vertical adj. 垂直的alike adj.相似的sacred adj. 神的；神圣的assimilated 吸收dialect n. 方言accumulated adj. 累积的constitute vt. 组成，构成monosyllabic 单音节的undergoing vt. 经历suffice vt. 使满足illustration n. 说明endure vt. 忍耐instance n. 实例monosemous adj. 单义的mere adj. 仅仅的blunt adj. 钝的justify V 证明stylistically adv. 在文体上heterogeneity n. [生物] 异质性；[化学] 不均匀性；[化学] 多相性cosmopolitan adj. 世界性的reveal vt. 显示；透露；揭露；泄露n. 揭露；暴露；门侧，窗侧第一章一：1.Lexicology is a branch of linguistics,inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.词汇学算哪一门学科的分支（语言学）2.Lexicology:morphology（词法，词态学）,semantics,stylistics,etymology（语源学）,lexicography （词典学）词汇学和哪些重要学科建立了联系3.Diachronic approach(历时语言学),Synchronic approach(共时语言学)研究词汇的两大方法二：1.词的特点：1）a minimal free form of a language.2)a sound unity. 3) a unit of meaning . 4)a form that can function alone in a sentence什么是词：A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2.词的分类（按发音）：simple words(man),complex words(balckmail)3.sound and meaning:1) There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning2)The relationship between them is conventional and arbitrary (e.g.dog,girl)3)In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.(e.g.woman means ‗Frau‘ in German, ‗Femme‘ in French and ‗Funv‗in Chinese. ) .4) The same sound can denote different things.(knight,night)4.sound and formrelation:1)the written form is the written record of the oral form,so it should agree with the oral form. 2)with the development of the languages,more and more differences occur between the two.The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.(At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns)a). the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each s ound in the language. (more phonemes than letters)b). Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spellingc). Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500d). Borrowing of foreign language (e.g.stimulus(L),eureka(Gr)influenced by Romans,Pronunciation changed,early scribes,borrowing三.vocabulary:all the words四.分类：frequency:1.the basic word stock:1).all national character( national phenomena;names of plants,andanimals;action,size,stage,domain;human body andrelations;numerals, pronouns, preposition,conjection)2).productivity(root words,monosyllabic words e.g. foot)3).stability4).collocability (heart)5).polysemy(take)2.non-basic word stock:1.) terminology-technical terms2).jargon-specialized vocabulary in certain professions.3).slang -- substandard words often used in informal occasions4).argot –words used by sub-cultured groups5).dialectal words –only by speakers of the dialect6).archaisms –words no longer in common use or restricted in use7).neologism –newly created words with new meaningnotion:1.Content word (notional word) – denote clear notions. (numerous,growing)2.Functional word(empty/form word)-express the relationbetween words and sentences.(small,stable,do far more work of expression than content words. )origin:1.native words-are words brought to Britain in the 15thcentury by the German tribes特点1.) neutral in style (not stylistical specific )2.)frequent in use (in academic fields and science French, Latin or Greek are used)(usage 70-90%)2.Borrowed words (loan words, borrowing)- words taken over from foreign language. 80 %分四种（按同化程度和取得方式）1).Denizens –words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language. (port from portus(L) shift, change, shirt, pork)2).Aliens –retained their original pronunciation and spelling(décor(F) emir, intermez, rowtow, bazaar, rajar, status quo)3).translation loans –formed from the existing material in the English language but modelled on thepatterns taken from another language.a). Word translated according to the meaningb). Words translated according to the sound4). Semantic loans –their meaning are borrowed from another languagee.g. stupid old dumpdream old joy and peacepioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering worknew a member of the young pioneerfresh old impertinent, sassy, cheeky。
4月全国英语词汇学自考试题及答案解析
全国2019年4月高等教育自学考试英语词汇学试题课程代码：00832第一部分选择题（共30分）Ⅰ．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)1.The process of meaning relation is also called .()A．extension B．degradation C．specialization D．elevation2.Idioms in the coursebook are used in a . ()A．broad sense B．narrow sense C．figurative sense D．special sense3.The relationship between the linguistic sign and a referent is . () A．conventional B．non-conventionalC．concrete D．specific4.The way to define an antonym is based on . ()A．contradiction B．contrarinessC．oppositeness D．relativeness5.The fact that the whole vocabulary can be divided up into fields can be exemplified by .()A．Roget’s Thesaurus B．Concise Oxford DictionaryC．New Webster’s Dictionary D．Co-build Dictionary6.Context meaning.（）A．explains B．interprets C．defines D．all the above7.Though still at work today , can hardly compare with what it was in the past. （）A．word-formation B．borrowing C．derivation D．conversion8.Structural stability means the structure of an idiom is generally . （）A．movable B．unstableC．unchangeable D．ununderstandable9.Sentence idioms can be divided into . （）A．declarative and imperative B．interrogative and exclamativeC．verbal and adverbial D．both A and B10. is considered to be a highly-inflected language. （）A．Old English B．Middle EnglishC．Early Modern English D．Late Modern English11.A morpheme that can stand alone as a word is thought to be . （）A．affixational B．derivational C．free D．bound12.The introduction of at the end of the 6th century had a great impact on the English vocabulary. （）A．printing B．Christianity C．French words D．all the above13.Which of the following statements is true? （）A．Every word has reference.B．E very word has sense.C．E very word is semantically motivated.D．Every word is conceptually motivated.14.Which of the following statements is CORRECT? （）A．The English language is noted for its modest borrowings.B．L oan words only refer to those borrowings in form.C．L oan words are all unrecognisable as being foreign in origin.D．Loan words can be grouped according to manner of borrowing.15.The relationship between words and things in the world is established by means of . （）A．reference B．sense C．concept D．meaning第二部分非选择题（共70分）Ⅱ.Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.(10%)16.The degraded meaning “sexual desire ”of the word “lust ”comes from its old meaning “”.17.Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and .18.The headword or entries are defined in the same language in a dictionary.19.The basic word stock forms the common of the language.20 Conceptual meaning is also known as meaning.Ⅲ.Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) sense relations , 2) types of context , and 3) modes of word-meaning changes.(10%)A B()21.difference in connotation A. fond (from “foolish” to “affectionate”)()22.perfect homonym B. homely /domestic()23.degradation C. date ;date()24.transfer D. diseasing (from “discomfort ”to “illness”)()25.elevation E. fabulous (from “resembling a fable ”to “incredible”) ()26.narrowing F. jour nal (from “daily paper” to “periodical” )()27.extension G. silly (from “happy” to “foolish”)()28.generalization H. pitiful (from “full of pity” to “deserving pity”)()29.grammatical context I. It was a nice ball.()30.lexical context J. Visiting aunts can be boring.Ⅳ.Study the following words and expressions and identify 1) types of word formation , 2) types of affixes, 3) types of dictionaries, and 4) the type of idiom. (10%)31.LDCE ()32.deadline ()33.-ize,-en,-ate ()34.an affix that indicates grammatical relationships ()35.VOA ()36.The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology ()37.CED ()38.telephone →phone ()39.fly in the ointment ()40.hostess ()Ⅴ.Define the following terms.(10%)41.a variation of an idiom42.morphs43.synonym44.jargon45.semantic motivationⅥ.Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (12%)46.What is the role of context?47.Is it true that archaic and obsolete words in English will remain for ever out of use?48.What is the difference between partial and full conversion? Explain with two examples.Ⅶ.Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.(18%)49.Read the extract, pick out the idioms and explain their meanings. Then rewrite the extract in standard non-figurative language.Sam is getting on ,too .His hair is pepper and salt, but he knows how to make up for lost time by taking it easy.ment on the following pairs of sentences in terms of subordinates and superordinates.a. The girl got a book in the university.b. The girl borrowed a dictionary from the department.。
1英语词汇学第一章引言
characteristics of native elements -- all-national character -- great stability -- word-forming ability -- wide collocability -- plurality of meanings -- stylistically neutral
(b) Aliens舶来词 舶来词 ---- borrowed words which have kept their original pronunciation and spelling.
coup d'etat [ku: dei’ta:] vis-à-vis [vi: za:vi:] resume elite
Further readings: 1.莫塞 英语简史 外语教学与研究出版社 莫塞 2.汪榕培，卢小娟 英语词汇学 上海外语教育出版社 汪榕培， 汪榕培 卢小娟. 3. 张韵斐 .现代英语词汇学概论 北京师范大学出版社 现代英语词汇学概论 4. 秦秀白 英语语体和文体要略上海外语教育出版社 秦秀白. 5．汪榕培 王之江 英语词汇学高级教程读本 上海外 ．汪榕培, 王之江.英语词汇学高级教程读本 语教育出版社
means to borrow foreign elements (a) Denizens归化词 归化词 --- words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. call, die, husband
Native elements denote words of Anglo-Saxon origin. They belong to original English stock. Foreign elements refer to words taken over from any other languages.
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1、Natural phenomena 自然现象
2、Human body and relations 人体和亲属关系
3、Names of plants and animals 动、植物名称
4、Action,size,domain,state 行为、尺寸、范围和状态
5、Numerals, pronouns,prepositions, conjunctions 数词、代词、介词和连词Stability 稳定性Productivity 多产性Polysemy 多义性Collocability 搭配能力强Terminology 专业术语Targon 行业术语Tlang 俚语
Trgot 行话，黑话
Tialectal words 方言
Archaisms 古语
Aeologism 新词，旧词新意
Content word 实用词The difference between content word and functional word Functional word 功能词1、neutral in style 文体中性
2、frequent in use 使用频繁
1、Denizens 同化词
Aliens 异形
Semantic loans 借义词
Translation loans 译借词1、Words translated according to the meaning
2、Words translated according to the sound
Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary Native words 本族词语Borrowed words
外来词语 By origin 起源1、Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are
numerous.Functional words are in a small number.
实义词构成英语词汇的主体，数量庞大，但功能词只占词汇量的一小部分。
2、 Content words are growing.Functional words remain stable.
实义词发展迅速。
功能词十分稳定。
3、 Functional words do far more work of expression than content words.
在英语中，功能词比实义词起着更重要的作用。
All national character 全民性Nonbasic Vocabulary 非基本词汇 By notion 有无实意Classification of Words By use frequency 使用频率Basic word stock 基本词汇
、范围和状态
ning
nd。