生化英文单词汇总
生化英语词汇
Oxygenases加氧酶colligative properties依数性Osmosis渗透isotonic等渗透Fibrous纤维蛋白Globular球蛋白Membranous膜蛋白Lipoproteins脂蛋白glycoproteins糖蛋白metalloproteins金属蛋白α-keratinα-角蛋白Collagen胶原Silk Fibroin丝心蛋白myoglobin肌红蛋白hemoglobin血红蛋白protamine精蛋白histone组蛋白apoenzyme酶蛋白ligase DNA连接酶Trypsin胰蛋白酶chymotrypsin胰凝乳蛋白酶pepsin胃蛋白酶Lysozyme溶菌酶elastase弹性蛋白酶thrombin凝血酶subtilisin纤溶酶plasmin枯草杆菌蛋白酶Adenine腺嘌呤Guanine鸟嘌呤Cytosine胞嘧啶Thymine胸腺嘧啶Uracil尿嘧啶multimer多聚体oligomer寡聚体ligand配体binding site结合位点Antibodies抗体Antigen抗原denaturation变性flocculates结絮protein coagulation蛋白质凝固dialysis透析ultrafiltration超滤antiparallel反平行Asymmetric不对称chiral center手型中心hyperchromic effect增色效应hypochromic effect减色效应：Elongation延伸Zwitterions两性离子Semiconservative半保留复制induced fit诱导契合hydrophobic interaction疏水作用semidiscontinuous replication半不连续复制2’,3’-dideoxynucleotide2`,3`-双脱氧核苷三磷酸Proteins are polymers of amino acids,with each amino acid residue joined to its neighbor by a specific type of covalent bond.。
生化英语单词
protein蛋白质peptide bond 肽键conformation 空间构象motif 模体peptide unit 肽单元zinc finger 锌指domain 结构域molecular chaperon 分子伴侣denaturation 变性complementary base pairs 碱基互补配对anneal 退火phosphodiester bond 磷酸二酯键enzyme 酶proenzyme 酶原ribozyme 核酶hybridization 核酸分子杂交hyperchromic effect 增色效应nucleosome 核小体ribosome 核糖体melting temperature,Tm 解链温度isoenzyme同工酶restriction endonuclease 限制性核酸内切酶allosteric regulation 变构调节covalent modification 共价修饰vitamin 维生素glycolysis 糖酵解reversible inhibition 可逆性抑制作用aerobic oxidation 有氧氧化competitive inhibition 竞争性抑制TCA cycle 三羧酸循环gluconeogenesis 糖异生substrate-level phosphorylation 底物水平磷酸化glucagon 胰高血糖素glycogen synthase 糖原合酶glycoprotein糖蛋白apolipoprotein 载脂蛋白fat mobilization 脂肪动员essential fatty acid必需脂肪酸phospholipid磷脂ketone bodies 酮体LPL 脂蛋白脂肪酶lipoprotein脂蛋白reverse cholesterol transport，RCT 胆固醇逆向转运biological oxidation 生物氧化oxidative respiratory chain氧化呼吸oxidative phosphorylation 氧化磷酸化nitrogen balance 氮平衡putrefaction 腐败作用SAM S-腺苷甲硫氨酸urea cycle 尿素循环one carbon unit 一碳单位de novo synthesis 从头合成途径uric acid 尿酸biotransformation 生物转化bile pigment 胆色素semi-conservative replication 半保留复制replication fork 复制叉Okazaki fragment 冈崎片段telomere 端粒reverse transcription 逆转录transcription 转录template strand 模板链split gene 断裂基因exon 外显子intron 内含子promoter 启动子splicing 剪接translation 翻译open reading frame 开放阅读框signal peptide 信号肽codon 密码子frameshift mutation 框移突变operon 操纵子housekeeping gene 管家基因enhancer 增强子genome 基因组recombinant DNA 重组DNA expression vector 表达载体plasmid 质粒polymerase chain reaction，PCR 聚合酶链反应autophosphorylation 自我磷酸化receptor 受体second messenger 第二信使adenylate cyclase，AC 腺苷酸环化酶protein tyrosine kinase，PTK 蛋白酪氨酸激酶oncogene 癌基因。
英文版生物化学单词
12fatty acid脂肪酸phospholipid[,fɔsfə'lipid, -'lai-]n. [生化] 磷脂phosphoglyceride磷酸甘油sphingosine['sfiŋɡəsi:n, -sin]鞘胺醇,神经胺sphingomyelin[,sfinɡəu'maiəlin]（神经）鞘磷脂glycolipid[,ɡlaikəu'lipid]糖脂类cerebroside['seribrəsaid]脑苷脂ganglioside ['ɡæŋɡliəsaid][生化]神经节苷脂cholesterol[kə'lestərɔl]胆固醇amphipathic molecule[,æmfi'pæθik, 'æmfipɑ:θ]两亲水脂分子lipid bilayer['baileiə]脂质二重层liposome ['lipəusəum, 'lai-]脂质体hydropathy plot[hai'drɔpəθi]水疗法integral membrane protein整合膜蛋白peripheral membrane protein外周膜蛋白lateral diffusion径向扩散fluid mosaic model流动镶嵌模型targeting sequence目标序列receptor-mediated endocytosis [,endəusai'təusis]受体介导的内吞作用14Phototroph['fəutəu,trɔf] （利用光作为代谢能源的）光养生物；[微] 光能利用菌Chemotrop化学营养生物catabolism[kə'tæbəlizəm]分解代谢metabolism or intermediary metabolism[,intə'mi:diəri]新陈代谢或中间代谢anabolism[ə'næbəulizəm] [生化] 合成代谢；同化作用amphibolic pathway[,æmfi'bɔlik][生化]两用代谢途径；[生化]无定向代谢途径coupled reaction偶联反应activated carrier活化载体oxidation-reduction reaction氧化还原反应phosphoryl transfer potential[,fɔs'fɔ:ril; fɔs'fɔ:ril]磷酰基转移电势oxidative phosphorylation['ɔksideitiv,fɔsfəri'leiʃən] 氧化磷酸化ligation reaction[lai'ɡeiʃən]结扎反应isomerization reaction[ai,sɔmərai'zeiʃən, -ri'z-]异构化反应group-transfer reaction基团转移反应hydrolytic reaction水解反应addition to or formation of double-bond reaction增加或形成双键反应energy charge能荷phosphorylation potential[fɔ,sfɔri'leiʃən][有化]磷酸化作用电势16glycolysis[ɡlai'kɔlisis]糖醇解lactic acid fermentation[,fə:men'teiʃən]乳酸发酵alcoholic fermentation酒精发酵gluconeogenesis['ɡlu:kəu,ni:əu'dʒenisis]糖质新生，糖异生ob ligate anaerobe[æ'nεərəub]专性厌氧微生物facultative anaerobe兼性厌氧菌hexokinase[,heksəu'kaineis][生化]己糖激酶kinase['kaineiz, 'ki-]激酶phosphofructokinase (PFK) ['fɔsfəu,frʌktəu'kai,neis, -neiz]磷酸果糖激酶thioester intermediate[,θaiəu'estə]硫代酸酯中间物substrate-level phosphorylation[fɔ,sfɔri'leiʃən]底物水平磷酸化mutase['mju:teis]变位酶enol phosphate['i:nɔl]烯醇磷酸pyruvate kinase[pai'ru:veit, pi-]丙酮酸激酶bifunctional enzyme双功能的酶，双官能团的酶feedforward stimulation正反馈激励committed step[生化]关键步骤pyruvate carboxylase[kɑ:'bɔksileis][生化]丙酮酸羧化酶biotin['baiətin]生物素，维生素H glucose 6-phosphatase 6-磷酸葡萄糖substrate cycle底物周期17citric acid (tricarboxylic acid, TCA; Krebs) cycle['sitrik]柠檬酸（三羧酸，三醋酸纤维素；克雷布斯（姓氏））循环oxidative phosphorylation['ɔksideitiv,fɔsfəri'leiʃən]氧化磷酸化acetyl CoA['æsitil, ə'si:til]乙酰辅酶A flavoprotein['fleivəu'prəuti:n]黄素蛋白pyruvate dehydrogenase complex[pai'ru:veit,pi-][di:'haidrədʒəneis]丙酮酸脱氢酶复合物citrate synthase['sitreit][生化]柠檬酸合成酶iron-sulfur (nonheme iron) protein铁硫蛋白isocitrate dehydrogenase[di:'haidrədʒəneis]异柠檬酸脱氢酶malate synthase['mæleit]苹果酸合成酶a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenas[,ki:təuɡlu:'tɑ:reit]酮戊二酸脱氢酶metabolonanaplerotic reaction[,ænəpli'rɔtik]补给反应glyoxylate cycle[glai'ɔksi,leit]乙醛酸循环glyoxysome [ɡlai'ɔksisəm]乙醛酸循环体beriberi[,beri'beri]脚气病isocitrate lyase['laieis]异柠檬酸裂合酶18oxidative phosphorylation ['ɔksideitiv,fɔsfəri'leiʃən]氧化磷酸化proton-motive force质子原动力cellular respiration [,respə'reiʃən]细胞呼吸作用electron-transport chain电子转移链reduction (redox, oxidation-reduction, E´ 0 ) potential还原（氧化还原剂，氧化还原作用，）电势inverted region反转区coenzyme Q (Q, ubiquinone)辅酶Q（Q，[ju:'bikwi,nəun] 泛醌；辅酶Q（等于coenzyme Q）NADH-Q oxidoreductase (Complex I)['ɔksidəuri'dʌkteis] 烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸-Q氧化还原酶（复合物I）flavin mononucleotide (FMN)黄素单核苷酸iron-sulfur (nonheme iron) protein铁硫（非血红素）蛋白cytochrome c (cyt c)细胞色素C succinate-Q reductase (Complex II) ['sʌksineit]琥珀酸盐还原酶Q Q cycle Q周期Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (Complex III) ['saitəukrəum]细胞色素氧化还原酶QRieske centercytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV)细胞色素C氧化酶catalase ['kætəleis] 过氧化氢酶superoxide dismutase[dis'mju:teis]超氧化物歧化酶uncoupling protein (UCP)解偶联蛋白ATP synthase (Complex V, F 1 F 0 ATPase)A TP合成酶glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle3-磷酸甘油穿梭途径malate-aspartate shuttle苹果酸-天门冬氨酸穿梭途径ATP-ADP translocase(adenine nucleotide translocase, ANT)ATP-ADP移位酶（腺嘌呤核苷酸移位酶）respiratory (acceptor) control['respərətəri, ri'spaiə-]呼吸（受体）控制caspase半胱天冬酶；切冬酶（胱冬肽酶）；细胞凋亡蛋白酶programmed cell death (apoptosis)程序化细胞死亡（[,æpə'təusis; ,æpəp'təusis]细胞凋亡）20Calvin cycle (dark reactions)卡尔文循环（暗反应）Autotroph自养生物starch淀粉heterotroph ['hetərəutrɔf]异养生物peroxisome[pə'rɔksə,səm]过氧物酶体rubisco (ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) 二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶photorespiration ['fəutəu,respə'reiʃən]光呼吸thioredoxin [,θaiəu'ri:dɔksin]硫氧还蛋白sucrose ['sju:krəuz, -krəus]蔗糖C 4 pathway C 4 plant C 3 plantCrassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)景天酸代谢pentose phosphate pathway磷酸戊糖途径glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase 6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶glutathione[,ɡlu:tə'θaiəun]谷胱甘肽transketolase[træns'ki:təuleis, trænz-, trɑ:n-]转酮醇酶transaldolase醛羧移转酶21glycogen phosphorylase糖原磷酸化酶phosphorolysis[,fɔsfə'rɔlisis]磷酸解作用pyridoxal phosphate [,piri'dɔksəl, -æl]吡哆醛磷酸盐（维生素B6）protein kinase A蛋白激酶A phosphorylase kinase磷酸化酶激酶calmodulin ['kælmə,djulin]钙调蛋白epinephrine (adrenaline)肾上腺素glucagon['ɡlu:kəɡɔn]胰高血糖素insulin胰岛素uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPglucose)尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖glycogen synthase糖原合成酶glycogenin protein phosphatase 1蛋白质磷酸酶122triacylglycerol (neutral fat, triacylglyceride)三酰甘油（中性脂肪，三酸甘油酯）bile salt胆汁盐chylomicron [,kailəu'maikrɔn]乳糜微滴acyl adenylate酰基腺苷酸carnitine ['kɑ:niti:n]肉毒碱b-oxidation pathway b氧化途径vitamin B 12(cobalamin)维生素B12['kəubɔ:ləmin] peroxisome[pə'rɔksə,səm]过氧化物酶体ketone body酮体fatty acid synthase脂肪酸合成酶acyl carrier protein (ACP) 酰基载体蛋白质malonyl CoA ['mælənil]丙二酰辅酶Aacetyl CoA carboxylase乙酰辅酶A羧化酶megasynthase polyketide聚酮化合物nonribosomal peptideAMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK)腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶arachidonate[,ærə'kidəneit]花生四烯酸protein phosphatase 2A蛋白质磷酸酶2A prostaglandin[,prɔstə'ɡlændin]前列腺素eicosanoid [ai'kəusə,nɔid]类二十烷酸23ubiquitin [ju:'bikwitin]泛素，泛激酶proteasome蛋白酶体aminotransferase (transaminase)氨基转移酶(转氨酶) glutamate dehydrogenase谷氨酸脱氢酶pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)吡哆醛磷酸盐pyridoxamine phosphate (PMP) [piri'dɔksə,mi:n] 吡哆胺(维生素B6)磷酸盐alanine cycle丙氨酸循环urea cycle尿素循环N-acetylglutamate乙酰谷氨酸carbamoyl phosphate synthetase氨基甲酰磷酸盐合成酶ketogenic amino acid[,ki:təu'dʒenik]生酮氨基酸glucogenic amino acid[,ɡlu:kəu'dʒenik]生成葡萄糖的氨基酸biopterin [,baiəu'pterin]生物嘌呤phenylketonuria ['fenil,ki:tə'njuri:ə, 'fi:-]苯丙酮酸尿24nitrogen fixation固氮作用nitrogenase complex['naitrədʒəneis, nai'trɔdʒəneis]固氮酶复合物essential amino acids必需氨基酸nonessential amino acids非必需氨基酸pyridoxal phosphate[,piri'dɔksəl, -æl]吡哆醛磷酸盐tetrahydrofolate四氢叶酸盐S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) [ə,denəsilmə'θaiəni:n] S—腺苷甲硫胺酸activated methyl cycle活化甲基周期substrate channeling底物通道作用committed step关键步骤cumulative feedback inhibition累积反馈抑制作用enzyme multiplicity酶多样性25Nucleoside核苷nucleotide核苷酸pyrimidine嘧啶salvage pathway补救途径carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CSP) [kɑ:'bæmɔil] 氨甲酰磷酸合成酶purine嘌呤ATP-grasp fold orotidylate5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) [,paiərəu'fɔsfeit] 5-磷酸核糖-1-焦磷酸inosinate [i'nəusineit] 次黄甙酸盐；肌甙酸盐hypoxanthine[,haipəu'zænθi:n, -θin] 次黄嘌呤glutamine phosphoribosyl amidotransferase谷氨酸磷酸核糖氨基转移酶ribonucleotide reductase核苷酸还原酶thymidylate synthase胸苷酸合成酶dihydrofolate reductase [dai,haidrəu'fɔleit]二氢叶酸还原酶26Phosphatidate磷脂Triacylglycerol三酰甘油phospholipid[,fɔsfə'lipid, -'lai-]磷脂cytidine diphosphodiacylglycerol (CDP-diacylglycerol)glyceryl ether phospholipid ['i:θə]甘油乙醚磷脂sphingolipid [,sfinɡəu'lipid, -'laip-]鞘脂类ceramide (N-acyl sphingosine) ['serəmaid](['sfiŋɡəsi:n, -sin]N-酰基鞘氨醇)神经酰胺cerebroside['seribrəsaid]脑苷脂ganglioside['ɡæŋɡliəsaid]神经节苷脂cholesterol[kə'lestərɔl]胆固醇mevalonate [me'væləneit, -nət]甲羟戊醇3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase)3-羟基-5-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶3-isopentenyl pyrophosphate3-煤焦磷酸lipoprotein particles脂蛋白微粒sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)胆固醇元件调节结合蛋白low-density lipoprotein (LDL)低密度脂蛋白high-density lipoprotein (HDL)高密度脂蛋白receptor-mediated endocytosis [,endəusai'təusis]受体调节内吞作用bile salts胆汁盐steroid hormones ['sterɔid, 'stiə-]甾类激素cytochrome P450 monooxygenase ['saitəukrəum][,mɔnəu'ɔksidʒineis,]细胞色素P450单氧酶pregnenolone [preɡ'nenələun] 孕烯醇酮27B-DNA helix B-脱氧核糖核酸螺旋A-DNA helix A-脱氧核糖核酸螺旋major groove【分子生物学】大沟minor groove[生化] 小沟Z-DNA helix Z-脱氧核糖核酸螺旋DNA polymerase DNA聚合酶Template模板Primer原始物helicase解旋酶exonuclease[,eksəu'nju:klieis] [生化] 核酸外切酶supercoil超螺旋linking number (Lk) 耦合数topoisomer拓扑异构体twist (Tw)扭曲writhe (Wr) [raið]翻滚origin of replication复制原点topoisomerase [tɔpɔi'sʌməreiz]拓扑异构酶primase引发酶replication fork复制叉Okazaki fragment [遗] 冈崎片段lagging strand [生化] 后随链leading strand引导链DNA ligase DNA连接酶processivity持续合成能力cell cycle细胞周期telomere ['teləmiə]端粒telomerase [te'lɔməreis]端粒酶recombinase [ri:'kɔmbə,neiz]重组酶Holliday junctionrecombination synapse ['sainæps, 'si-, si'næps]重组突触transition过渡transversion颠换mutagen ['mju:tədʒən] 诱导有机体突变的物质direct repair base-excision repair Ames tesnucleotide-excision repair核苷酸切补修复trinucleotide repeat三核苷酸复制28Transcription转录RNA polymeraseRNA聚合酶promoter sites起始位点transcription factor转录因子footprinting足迹法consensus sequence共有序列sigma subunit 亚组rho (r) protein transcription bubble转录泡TA TA box Enhancer强化剂pre-mRNA前信使RNA5 cap poly(A) tail RNA editingRNA剪接RNA splicingRNA拼接Spliceosome剪接体small nuclear RNA (snRNA)小核RNA alternative splicing可变剪接catalytic RNA催化剂RNA self-splicing自我拼接29Translation翻译Ribosome核糖体transfer RNA (tRNA)转运RNA codon密码子anticodon反密码子aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase氨酰基-转运RNA合成酶50S subunit 30S subunit Polysome多核糖体Shine-Dalgarno sequence peptidyl transferase center肽基转移酶中心wobble hypothesis['wɔbl][hai'pɔθisis]摆动假说，变偶假说initiation factor起始因子elongation factor延长因子elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu)elongation factor Ts (EF-Ts)elongation factor G (EF-G)molecular mimicry['mimikri]分子模拟release factor释放因子30allosteric interaction变构相互作用covalent modification共价修正glycolysis糖酵解phosphofructokinase ['fɔsfəu,frʌktəu'kai,neis, -neiz]磷酸果糖激酶citric acid cycle三羧酸循环oxidative phosphorylation氧化磷酸化pentose phosphate pathway磷酸戊糖途径gluconeogenesis ['ɡlu:kəu,ni:əu'dʒenisis]糖异生glycogen synthesis糖原合成glycogen degradation糖原降解glucose 6-phosphate 6-磷酸葡萄糖acetyl CoA乙酰辅酶A pyruvate [pai'ru:veit, pi-]丙酮酸ketone body酮体starved-fed cycle饥饿喂养的周期glucose homeostasis [,həumiəu'steisis]葡萄糖内稳态insulin胰岛素glucagon胰高血糖素caloric homeostasis热量内稳态leptin ['leptin]瘦蛋白creatine phosphate ['kri:əti:n]磷酸肌酸。
(完整版)生物化学专业英语单词
单词表第一章Prokaryote 原核生物Eukaryote 真核生物fractionation 分级、分馏biomolecule 生物分子organism 生物体、有机体membrane 膜nucleus 细胞核cocci 球菌bacilli 杆菌spirilla 螺旋菌Eubacteria 真细菌Archaebacteria 原细菌Gram-positive 革兰氏阳性菌Gram negative bacteria 革兰氏阴性菌Cyanobacteria 蓝细菌Plasma 细胞浆Mesosome 间体Nuleoid 拟核Sytosol 细胞质、原生质Bilayer 双分子层（膜）Protein 蛋白质Lipid 脂类Carbohydrate 糖类、碳水化合物osmotic pressure 渗透压Peptidoglycan 肽聚糖Subcellular 亚细胞的Ganelle 细胞器Genetic 遗传的Chromosome 染色体ribosomal ribonucleic acid rRNA Endoplasmic reticulum 内质网Phospholipid 磷脂Detoxification 解毒Golgi apparatus 高尔基体Refresh 更新Mitochondria 线粒体oxidative phosphorylation 氧化磷酸化fatty acid 脂肪酸degradation 降解Chloroplasts 叶绿体thylakoid vesicles 类囊体photosynthesis 光合作用Lysosomes 溶酶体Macromolecule 大分子Enzyme 酶Cytoskeleton 细胞支架Metabolic 新陈代谢的Centrifugation 离心Isolate 分离Equilibrium 平衡Density 密度Friction 摩擦力Velocity 速率Supernatant 上清夜Pellet 沉淀第二章Amino acid 氨基酸Enantiomers 对映体Tetrahedral 正四面体的Hydrophobic 疏水的、憎水的Aliphatic 脂肪族的Aromatic 芳香族的Polar 极性的Charged 带电荷的Glycine Gly,甘氨酸alanine Ala,丙氨酸valine Val,缬氨酸leucine Leu,亮氨酸isoleucine Ile,异亮氨酸methionine Met,甲硫氨酸proline Pro,脯氨酸cystine Cys,半胱氨酸Phenylalanine Phe,苯丙氨酸Tyrosine Tyr,酪氨酸Tryptophan Trp,色氨酸Asparagines Asn, 天冬酰胺Glutamine Gln,谷氨酰胺Serine Ser,丝氨酸Threonine Thr,苏氨酸Varginine Arg, 精氨酸Lysine Lys,赖氨酸Histidine His,组氨酸aspartic acid Asp,天冬氨酸glutamic acid Glu,谷氨酸base 碱carboxyl 羧基isoelectric point 等电点positive 正的、阳性的negative 负的、阴性的buffering 缓冲physiological 生理的Primary structure 一级结构Secondary structure 二级结构Tertiary structure 三级结构Quaternary structure 四级结构peptide bond 肽键sequence 顺序、序列covalent Bond 共价键polypeptide 多肽terminal 末端carbonyl 羰基resonance structures 共振结构rigid 刚性的rotate 旋转trans configuration 顺式构象disulfide bonds 二硫键α-helix α-落选hydrogen bond 氢键β-pleated sheet β-折叠片parallel 平行的antiparallel 反平行的random coil 无规卷曲unique 唯一的spatial 空间的arrangement 排列、安排linear sequence 线性序列residue 残基Hydrophobic interaction疏水相互作用Interior 内部的Electrostatic force 静电力salt bridge 盐桥、盐键van der Waals force 范德华力subunit 亚基allosteric effect 变构效应Noncovalent interactions 非共价相互作用protein stability 蛋白质的稳定dimensional 空间的、维的proton 质子donor 供体、赠与者lone pair of electrons 孤对电子collinear 在同一直线上Hydrophobic force 疏水力Nonpolar 非极性Minimize 最小化protein folding 蛋白质折叠Accessory protein 辅助蛋白质molecular chaperones 分子伴侣Myoglobin 肌红蛋白Hemoglobin 血红蛋白prosthetic group 辅基essential 必需的heme 血红素crevice 缝隙protoporphyrin 原卟啉porphyrin 卟啉ferrous 含铁的proximal 最接近的cooperative 协同的noncooperative 非协同的dissociation curve 解离曲线sigmoidal S形曲线hyperbolic 双曲线affinity 亲和性blood capillaries 血管Bohr effect 波尔效应2,3-biphosphoglycerate 2,3-二磷酸甘油酸Mechanism 机制Relaxed state 松弛状态tense state 紧张状态hemoglobinopathies 血红蛋白分子病Sickle-cell anemia 镰刀形细胞贫血症Erythrocyte 红血球sticky patch 粘性小区therapeutic 治疗的Collagen 胶原蛋白Skin 皮肤Bone 骨骼Tendon 腱Cartilage 软骨blood vessel 血管mammal 哺乳动物fibrous 纤维状的tripeptide 三肽的triple-helical 三股螺旋的cross-linke 交联Allysine 醛基赖氨酸Antibodie 抗体immune system 免疫系统pathogen 病原体trigger 引发、触发response 响应、应答antigen 抗原antigenic determine 抗原决定簇epitope 抗原决定簇Immunolocalization 免疫定位Antibody 抗体Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayELISA酶联免疫吸附测定purification 提纯、纯化Homogenization 匀浆solubilization 溶解Ammonium sulfate 硫酸铵Precipitation 沉淀Dialysis 透析Chromatographic techniques 层析技术gel filtration 凝胶过滤affinity chromatography 亲和层析Electrophoretic techniques 电泳技术isoelectric focusing 等电聚焦SDS polyacrylamide gel eletrophoresisSDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳semi-permeable 半透性ligand 配基inert 惰性的matrix 基质elute 洗出、流出lectin 外源凝集素glycoprotein 糖蛋白molecular sieve 分子筛polyampholytes 聚两性电解质gradient 梯度migrate 迁移、移动chymotrypsin 胰凝乳蛋白酶sequencing 测序2-mercaptoethanol ２－巯基乙醇ninhydrin 茚三酮fluorescamine 荧光胺fluorodinitrobenzene 二硝基氟苯dansyl chloride 丹磺酰氯phenyl isothiocyanate PITC苯异硫氰酸酯fragment 片断、碎片encoding 编码decipher 解读、破译anchor 锚定第三章biocatalyst 生物催化剂active site 活性中心substrate 底物The induced –fit model 诱导契合学说Stereospecificity 立体异构专一性Specificity 专一性Trypsin 胰蛋白酶Elastase 弹性蛋白酶Oxidoreductase 氧化还原酶Transferase 转移酶Hydrolase 水解酶Lyase 裂合酶Isomerase 异构酶Ligase 连接酶Ribozyme 核酶Abzyme 抗体酶catalytic antibody 抗体酶analog 类似物assay 化验、测定optimal 最佳的Coenzyme 辅酶Cofactor 辅因子apoenzyme 脱辅酶holoenzyme 全酶acetylcholinesterase 乙酰胆碱酯酶Nicotinamide 烟酰胺Adenine 腺嘌呤Dinucleotide 二核苷酸Phosphate 磷酸Oxidation 氧化reduction 还原Flavin 黄素Mononucleotide 单核苷酸Acyl 酰基thiamine pyrophosphate 焦磷酸硫胺素decarboxylase 脱羧酶Pyridoxal 吡哆醛Pyridoxamine 吡哆胺Pyridoxine 吡哆醇Ubiquinone 泛醌Isoenzymes 同功酶Kinetic 动力学lactate dehydrogenase 乳酸脱氢酶proportional 成比例的saturate 使饱和thermal 热的denaturation 变性optimum 最适宜的diversity 多样性Michaelis-Menten equation 米氏方程double-reciprocal plot 双倒数作图法inhibition 抑制Inhibitor 抑制剂Metabolite 代谢物Irreversible 不可逆的Reversible 可逆的Competitive 竞争性的Noncompetitive 非竞争性的Probe 探测Clinically 临床上Regulation 调节committed step 关键步骤activator 激活剂Adjust 调节Feedback 反馈Sequential 连续的Branched 分支的Conformational 构象的homotropic effect 同促效应heterotropic effect 异促效应Phosphofructokinase 磷酸果糖激酶Citrate 柠檬酸盐Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate 2,6-二磷酸果糖phosphorylation 磷酸化dephosphorylation 去磷酸化hydroxyl 羟基hormone 激素Glycogen phosphorylase 糖原磷酸化酶Phosphorylate 使磷酸化glycogen synthase 糖原合酶unphosphorylate 使去磷酸化proteolytic 蛋白质水解的proenzymes 酶原zymogen 酶原hydrolysis 水解pancreatic 胰腺的pancreas 胰腺small intestine 小肠blood clotting 血液凝固amplification 扩大cascade 级联第四章boundary 边界compartments 小室Mechanical 机械的signaling 发信号insoluble 不可溶的glycerophospholipids 甘油磷脂类sphingolipids 鞘脂类sterols 固醇类glycerol 甘油sphingosine 鞘氨醇sphingomyelins 鞘磷脂cholesterol 胆固醇steroid 类固醇Amphipathic 两性的Hydrophilic 亲水的Bulky 体积大的self-assemble 自组装的fluidity 流动性rotational 转动的lateral 侧向的Fluid mosaic model 流体镶嵌模型Integral 整体的、内在的Flip 翻跟头integral membrane proteins 内在膜蛋白peripheral membrane proteins外周膜蛋白asymmetry 不对称asymmetrically 不对称地membrane-spaning protein 跨膜蛋白Multiple 多重的Lipid-anchored proteins 脂锚定蛋白Heterokaryon 异核体Fusion 融合Reconstitution 重建Reincorporated 重新合并Extracellular 细胞外的Intercellular 细胞内的Passive transport 被动运输active transport 主动运输concentration 浓度diffusion 扩散saturable 可饱和的facilitated 协助的、推动的symport 同向运送antiport 逆向运送epithelial cells 上皮细胞exocytosis 分泌作用endocytosis 内吞作用phagocytosis 吞噬作用pinocytosis 胞饮作用Receptor mediated endocytosis fusion受体介导的内吞作用debris 碎片transduction 转导Lipophilic 亲脂性的Receptors 受体second messengers 第二信使第五章Nucleic acid 核酸Replication 复制Nucleotide 核苷酸Pyrimidine 嘧啶Guanine 鸟嘌呤Thymine 胸腺嘧啶Cytosine 胞嘧啶Nucleoside 核苷Deoxyribonucleoside 脱氧核糖核苷ribonucleoside 核糖核苷deoxyribonucleotide 脱氧核糖核苷酸genes 基因complementarily 互补地nucleosome 核小体loop 突环rosette 玫瑰花结semi-conservative 半保留的polymerase 聚合酶template 模板primer 引物fork 叉Bidirectional 双向的Okazaki fragments 冈崎片段semi-discontinuous 半不连续的strand 链、一股hybridization 杂交melting temperature 熔融温度renaturation 复性labeled 标记的fluorescent 荧光的tag 标记、标签annealing 退火amplify 增强、扩大The central dogma 中心法则Transcription 转录initiation 起始Elongation 延伸termination 终止promoters 启动子palindrome 回文结构processing 加工splicing 拼接reverse transcription 逆转录第六章genetic code 遗传密码intermediate 中间的、媒介codons 密码子unambiguous 明确的correspond 相应、符合degenerate 简并的mutation 变异incorporation 合并nonoverlapping 不相重叠的reading frames 阅读框aminoacyl-tRNA 氨酰-tRNA peptidyl-tRNA 肽酰-tRNA stem 茎、干、臂anticodon 反密码子translocation 移位第七章metabolism 代谢Saccharides 糖类monosaccharides 单糖aldehyde group 醛基ketone group 酮基Stereoisomers 立体异构体Oligosaccharides 寡糖Glycosidic bond 糖苷键Polysaccharides 多糖Starch 淀粉Cellulose 纤维素Dextran 葡聚糖Amylose 直链淀粉amylopectin 支链淀粉Glycolysis 糖酵解Cytoplasm 细胞质Glucose 葡萄糖Galactose 半乳糖Mannose 甘露糖Sucrose 蔗糖Trehalose 海藻糖Lactose 乳糖Hexokinase 己糖激酶Fructose 果糖Phosphoglucoisomerase 磷酸葡萄糖变位酶Bisphosphate 二磷酸glyceraldehydes 甘油醛dihydroxyacetone 二羟丙酮aldolase 醛缩酶triose 丙糖1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 1,3 二磷酸甘油酸dehydrogenase 脱氢酶3-phosphoglycerate 3-磷酸甘油酸kinase 激酶mutase 变位酶phosphoenolpyruvate 磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸enolase 烯醇化酶pyruvate 丙酮酸Gluconeogenesis 糖异生Noncarbhydrate 非糖的Liver 肝脏skeletal muscle 骨骼肌phosphorylase 磷酸化酶Phosphorolysis 磷酸化pyrophosphorylase 焦磷酸化酶glucosyl 葡萄糖基nonreducing end 非还原端Epinephrine 肾上腺素glucagon 胰高血糖素Insulin 胰岛素第八章fatty acid 脂肪酸hydrocarbon 烃、碳氢化合物carboxylic acid 羧酸Unsaturated 不饱和的Triacylglycerol 三酰甘油Acetyl 乙酰基Thioester 硫酯Carnitine 肉(毒)碱Hydration 水合作用Thiolysis 硫解Consume 消耗ketone bodies 酮体acetoacetate 乙酰乙酸D-3-hydroxybutyrate D-3-羟基丁酸Acetone 丙酮diabetes 糖尿病toxic 有毒的lethal 致命的multifunctional 多功能的malonyl 丙二酰基carboxylation 羧化condensation 缩合acetoacetyl 乙酰乙酰基hydroxybutyryl 羟丁酰基crotonyl 丁烯酰基butyryl 丁酰基hydrolyzation 水解作用palmitoyl 软脂酰基palmitate 软脂酸lipoproteins 脂蛋白globular 球状的micelle 胶束、微囊第九章Respiration 呼吸作用citric acid cycle 柠檬酸循环、三羧酸循环concomitant 伴随的isocitrate 异柠檬酸酸盐α-ketoglutarate α-酮戊二酸succinate 琥珀酸盐succinyl 琥珀酰基fumarate 延胡索酸盐malate 苹果酸盐oxaloacetate 草酰乙酸盐cytochrome 细胞色素oxidase 氧化酶reductase 还原酶Rotatory 旋转的engine 发动机第十章Nitrogen 氮Diet 常吃的食物Erythrose 赤藓糖Ribose 核糖Transamination 转氨基作用Deamination 脱氨基作用Transdeamination 联合脱氨基作用Ammonia 氨Excrete 排泄Aquatic 水生uric acid 尿酸terrestrial 陆生的reptile 爬行动物urea 尿素vertebrates 脊椎动物ornithine 鸟氨酸arginine 精氨酸citrullin 瓜氨酸permanently 不变地。
生化英文
filtration（过滤）and centrifugation（离心）cell disruption（细胞破碎）crystallization（结晶）and precipitation（沉淀）membrane separation（膜分离）extraction（萃取）chromatography（色谱、层析）electrophoresis（电泳）and magnetic bioseparation（磁性生物分离）solvent removal （溶剂去除）and drying（干燥）第一章Bioprocessing（生物过程）Industrial chemicals化工制品Agrochemicals农药Pharmaceuticals 药物Nutraceutical保健营养品Laboratory reagents实验室试剂Cosmetic products 化妆品polishing （精制）diluted稀释的aqueous solutions水溶液Identity 特性potency 效能feed饲料in batches分批地manufacture制造formulation规划pretreatment （预处理）microfiltration（微滤）,sedimentation（沉降）intracellular细胞内的precipitation （沉淀）divergent properties不同的属性Appreciable相当可观的sterilize （灭菌）removing pyrogen（去除热源）adding excipients（加赋形剂）dispensed分发的Supernatant上清液throughput生产量disposal处理, installing安装plant工厂车间fraction部分ethanol（乙醇）, acetone（丙酮）lactic acid（乳酸）. pancreatin（胰岛素）, papain（木瓜蛋白酶）solubility 溶解度electrostatic charge静电荷volatility挥发性hydrophobicity疏水性第二章Coagulation and flocculation凝聚和絮凝Adding filter aids 助滤剂上的吸附insoluble carbohydrates不溶性的碳水化合物multi-valent metal ions多价金属离子fermentation broth发酵液viscous粘性的non-Newtonian slurry非牛顿流体density密度compressibility压缩性pasteurize用巴氏灭菌法灭菌chief constraint主要制约thermal stability热稳定性amphoteric两性的membrane fouling膜污染charged带电的debris碎片colloidal particles胶体粒子flocculate絮凝aggregate聚合物Electrical double layer 双电层collision碰撞floc絮状物electrolytes电解质polyelectrolyte高电解质stern layer（吸附层diffuse layer（扩散层）Electrostatic interaction 静电作用Thermal motion 热运动colloidal stability胶体稳定性electrostatic repulsion 静电排斥hydration shell (hydration layer)水化层fluid流体London-van der waals forces （范德华引力）predominate.占主导地位dense稠密的cationic（阳离子型）neutralize使中和aluminum铝coagulants凝聚剂anionic（阴离子型）stir velocity搅拌速度precoat预涂层fermentation发酵plate and frame filter（板框过滤机）accumulates biomass（生物量）rotary drum vacuum filters 真空转鼓过滤器cross flow filtration 错流过滤diatomite filter 硅藻土过滤机permeate渗透tangential flow切向流动shear剪切sedimentation（沉降）centrifugal field（离心场）paste糊状物angular velocity角速度radius半径deposit沉淀effluent流出物sludge污泥intermittent operation（间歇操作）bowl碗dismantled（拆卸）microbial微生物的cell organelles细胞器annular slit环形缝隙discharge卸渣screw螺旋conveyor输送机rotate旋转scroll卷轴dewater脱水mass质量subcellular fractionation亚细胞结构分离density gradient密度梯度sufficient足够的pellet小球enveloped viruses包膜病毒macromolecules大分子hydrolysis水解rabies vaccine(狂犬疫苗) Isopycnic等密度repetitive重复的lipoprotein脂蛋白第三章lysis buffer裂解液Fungal cell 真菌细胞mould cell霉菌细胞Peptidoglycan肽聚糖polymer 高分子聚合物cross-linkage交联exponential growth phase (对数生长期) chitin几丁质glucan葡聚糖mannoproteins甘露糖蛋白polysaccharide多糖microfibrillar微原纤microfibrillar纤维素substance物质substrate底物pectin（果胶）Lignin（木质素）Intercellular layer胞间层Antioxidant抗氧化剂Protease inhibitors蛋白酶抑制剂cofactor辅助因子Homogenization匀浆Ultrasound（sonication）超声波agitated表现不安的grind磨碎collision碰撞parameter参数impingement（冲击）disruption破坏microorganisms微生物filamentous丝状的implode内爆momentarily即刻Plunger活塞duration持续时间第四章无定形物质(Amorphous)Isoelectric等电位的conversion转换solute溶质solvent溶剂morphology形态学dielectric constant介电常数property性质affinity reagents亲和试剂labile不稳定的hydrophobic(疏水作用) Pilot experiment预实验Preparative experiment制备性实验proteolysis蛋白质水解solubilization (溶解）saturated solutions饱和溶液Undergoes经受ammonia氨corrosive (腐蚀性) Residue残基，残留hence因此bulk体积容量dissolve使溶解equilibrate平衡Macromolecule高分子low flammability不易燃constituent atoms组成原子的repeating pattern重复构型spatial dimensions空间维度diffraction衍射thermodynamically热力学diagram图表metastable zone (亚稳区）elapse流逝Heterogeneous nucleation异相成核dust灰尘vessel容器impeller推进器curve曲线osmosis渗透sterile filtration无菌过滤acetone丙酮orientation方向category种类vapor diffusion蒸汽扩散第五章Modest谦虚的，适度的reverse osmosis 反渗透(RO)nanofiltration纳滤(NF) ultrafiltration超滤(UF)microfiltration微滤(MF)gas separations气体分离(GS) pervaporation渗透蒸发(PV)hemodialysis血液透析(HD)electrodialysis电渗析(ED)ion exchange离子交换(IX) ceramic陶瓷microstructure显微结构cross section横截面Symmetric对称Asymmetric不对称;Composite复合的Dialysis透析schematic原理图macromolecules（大分子）Multivalent ions（多价离子）retain保持monovalent ions（单价离子）sulfur dioxide二氧化硫chlorine氯hydrogen sulfide(硫化氢) neutral form中性coefficients（系数）phenol（苯酚）benzene（苯）Ultrapure water超纯水desalination脱盐brackish含盐的array排列，数组intake摄入deterioration恶化cellulose acetate醋酸纤维Viable cell活细胞element元素boric acid硼酸reproductive tract生殖系统moderate温和的polysaccharide多糖Hydrostatic pressure静水压力sieving筛选electrostatic（静电）globular protein球状蛋白retentivity记忆力，保持力permeate flux（渗透通量）concentration polarization浓差极化deposition沉积作用backflushing反冲hydrophilic亲水的adhesion粘附reversible可逆的penetration渗透plug塞irreversible不可逆的Flush用水冲flux水通量restoration恢复Sponge海绵Paint涂料column chromatography柱层析Hemodialysis 血液透析metabolite代谢物intermittently间歇得Completion完成retentate滞留物。
生化词汇
Biochemistry> 冈崎片段oncogene <生物化学Biochemistry> 癌基因，原癌基因one carbon unit <生物化学Biochemistry> 一碳单位operator <生物化学Biochemistry> 操纵基因operon <生物化学Biochemistry> 操纵子orotic acid <生物化学Biochemistry> 乳清酸ossification <生物化学Biochemistry> 成骨作用oxaloacetic acid <生物化学Biochemistry> 草酰乙酸oxidases <生物化学Biochemistry> 氧化酶类oxidative phosphorylation <生物化学Biochemistry> 氧化磷酸化oxidoreductase <生物化学Biochemistry> 氧化还原酶palindrome <生物化学Biochemistry> 回文结构pancreatic lipase <生物化学Biochemistry> 胰脂肪酶pantothenic acid <生物化学Biochemistry> 遍多酸pentose <生物化学Biochemistry> 戊糖pentose phosphate pathway <生物化学Biochemistry> 磷酸戊糖途径pepsin <生物化学Biochemistry> 胃蛋白酶pepsinogen <生物化学Biochemistry> 胃蛋白酶原peptide <生物化学Biochemistry> 肽peptide bond <生物化学Biochemistry> 肽键peptidyl site <生物化学Biochemistry> 肽基位或P位peroxidase <生物化学Biochemistry> 过氧化物酶phenylalanine <生物化学Biochemistry> 苯丙氨酸phosphatidic acid <生物化学Biochemistry> 磷脂酸phosphogluconate <生物化学Biochemistry> 磷酸葡萄糖酸phospholipase <生物化学Biochemistry> 磷脂酶plasmid <生物化学Biochemistry> 质粒polycistron <生物化学Biochemistry> 多作用子polypeptide <生物化学Biochemistry> 多肽porphyrin <生物化学Biochemistry> 卟啉precipitation <生物化学Biochemistry> 沉淀preproalbumin <生物化学Biochemistry> 前清蛋白原primary structure <生物化学Biochemistry> 一级结构primase <生物化学Biochemistry> 引发酶primer <生物化学Biochemistry> 引物glucogenic amino acid <生物化学Biochemistry> 生糖氨基酸glucokinase <生物化学Biochemistry> 葡萄糖激酶gluconeogenesis <生物化学Biochemistry> 糖(原)异生作用glutamic acid <生物化学Biochemistry> 谷氨酸glutaminase <生物化学Biochemistry> 谷氨酰胺酶glutamine <生物化学Biochemistry> 谷氨酰胺glutathione <生物化学Biochemistry> 谷胱甘肽glycerol <生物化学Biochemistry> 甘油glycine <生物化学Biochemistry> 甘氨酸glycogen <生物化学Biochemistry> 糖原glycogen phosphorylase <生物化学Biochemistry> 糖原磷酸化酶glycogen synthase <生物化学Biochemistry> 糖原合成酶glycolysis <生物化学Biochemistry> 糖酵解guanosine <生物化学Biochemistry> 鸟苷helicase <生物化学Biochemistry> 解链酶(解旋酶)heme <生物化学Biochemistry> 血红素heteroduplex <生物化学Biochemistry> 杂化双链hexokinase <生物化学Biochemistry> 己糖激酶histamine <生物化学Biochemistry> 组胺histidine <生物化学Biochemistry> 组氨酸housekeeping gene <生物化学Biochemistry> 管家基因hybridization <生物化学Biochemistry> 杂交hydrogen bond <生物化学Biochemistry> 氢键hydrolase <生物化学Biochemistry> 水解酶类hydroperoxidases <生物化学Biochemistry> 氢过氧化酶类hydrophobic bond (hydrophobic interaction) <生物化学Biochemistry> 疏水键hydroxyapatite <生物化学Biochemistry> 羟磷灰石hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA cleavage enzyme <生物化学Biochemistry> HMG CoA裂解酶hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA synthetase <生物化学Biochemistry> HMG CoA合酶Hydroxyproline <生物化学Biochemistry> 羟脯氨酸acceptor site <生物化学Biochemistry> 受位acetone <生物化学Biochemistry> 丙酮activator <生物化学Biochemistry> 激活蛋白，激活剂，活化物adenine (A) <生物化学Biochemistry> 腺嘌呤adenosine <生物化学Biochemistry> 腺苷aerobic dehydrogenase <生物化学Biochemistry> 需氧脱氢酶alanine <生物化学Biochemistry> 丙氨酸albumin <生物化学Biochemistry> 白蛋白，清蛋白allopurinol <生物化学Biochemistry> 别嘌呤醇allosteric effect <生物化学Biochemistry> 别构(位)效应allosteric enzyme <生物化学Biochemistry> 变构酶，别位酶allosteric regulation <生物化学Biochemistry> 别构调节amine <生物化学Biochemistry> 胺aminoacyl site <生物化学Biochemistry> A位，氨酰基位anticodon <生物化学Biochemistry> 反密码子arginine <生物化学Biochemistry> 精氨酸ascorbic acid <生物化学Biochemistry> 抗坏血酸(维生素C)asparagine <生物化学Biochemistry> 天冬酰胺aspartic acid <生物化学Biochemistry> 天冬氨酸asymmetric transcription <生物化学Biochemistry> 不对称转录attenuator <生物化学Biochemistry> 衰减子base <生物化学Biochemistry> 碱基base pairing <生物化学Biochemistry> 碱基配对bile pigment <生物化学Biochemistry> 胆色素biotin <生物化学Biochemistry> 生物素biotransformation <生物化学Biochemistry> 生物转化calcitriol <生物化学Biochemistry> １，２５二羟胆骨化醇（钙三醇）calcium dependent protein kinase <生物化学Biochemistry> Ca依赖性蛋白激酶，蛋白激酶C(C 激酶)Calmodulin <生物化学Biochemistry>carbohydrate <生物化学Biochemistry> 糖carnitine <生物化学Biochemistry> 肉毒碱catalase <生物化学Biochemistry> 触酶，过氧化氢酶cephalin <生物化学Biochemistry> 脑磷脂de novo synthesis <生物化学Biochemistry> 从头合成degradation <生物化学Biochemistry> 降解denaturation <生物化学Biochemistry> 变性deoxycholic acid <生物化学Biochemistry> 脱氧胆酸deoxyribonucleotide <生物化学Biochemistry> 脱氧核糖核苷酸dialysis <生物化学Biochemistry> 透析dihydroxyacetone phosphate <生物化学Biochemistry> 磷酸二羟丙酮disulfide bond <生物化学Biochemistry> 二硫键DNA polymerase <生物化学Biochemistry> DNA聚合酶domain <生物化学Biochemistry> 域,结构域,功能区donor site <生物化学Biochemistry> 给位double helix <生物化学Biochemistry> 双螺旋effector <生物化学Biochemistry> 效应器,效应物elongation <生物化学Biochemistry> 延长endopeptidase <生物化学Biochemistry> 内肽酶enhancer <生物化学Biochemistry> 增强子enolphosphopyruvate <生物化学Biochemistry> 磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸enzyme <生物化学Biochemistry> 酶essential amino acid <生物化学Biochemistry> 必需氨基酸essential fatty acid <生物化学Biochemistry> 必需脂肪酸exon <生物化学Biochemistry> 外显子exopeptidase <生物化学Biochemistry> 外肽酶fat <生物化学Biochemistry> 脂肪feedback inhibition <生物化学Biochemistry> 反馈抑制作用feritin <生物化学Biochemistry> 铁蛋白ferrochelatase <生物化学Biochemistry> 亚铁螯合酶folic acid <生物化学Biochemistry> 叶酸free fatty acid <生物化学Biochemistry> 游离脂肪酸free radicals <生物化学Biochemistry> 自由基fructose diphosphatase <生物化学Biochemistry> 果糖二磷酸酶gene cloning <生物化学Biochemistry> 基因克隆gene expression <生物化学Biochemistry> 基因表达gene library <生物化学Biochemistry> 基因文库gene transfer <生物化学Biochemistry> 基因导入,转基因genetic code <生物化学Biochemistry> 遗传密码genetic engineering <生物化学Biochemistry> 基因工程genetic recombination <生物化学Biochemistry> 基因重组genome <生物化学Biochemistry> 染色体基因，基因组globin <生物化学Biochemistry> 珠蛋白hypocalcemia <生物化学Biochemistry> 低钙血症induction <生物化学Biochemistry> 诱导initiator codon <生物化学Biochemistry> 起动信号,起始密码子intermediary metabolism <生物化学Biochemistry> 中间代谢ionic bond <生物化学Biochemistry> 离子键isocitrate dehydrogenase <生物化学Biochemistry> 异柠檬酸脱氢酶isoleucine <生物化学Biochemistry> 异亮氨酸isomerase <生物化学Biochemistry> 异构酶类isozyme <生物化学Biochemistry> 同工酶jaundice <生物化学Biochemistry> 黄疸ketogenic amino acid <生物化学Biochemistry> 生酮氨基酸key enzyme <生物化学Biochemistry> 关键酶kinase <生物化学Biochemistry> 激酶lactate <生物化学Biochemistry> 乳酸盐lecithin <生物化学Biochemistry> 卵磷脂leucine <生物化学Biochemistry> 亮氨酸ligase <生物化学Biochemistry> 连接酶linoleate <生物化学Biochemistry> 亚油酸linolenate <生物化学Biochemistry> 亚麻酸lipoic acid <生物化学Biochemistry> 硫辛酸lipoid <生物化学Biochemistry> 类脂lipoprotein <生物化学Biochemistry> 脂蛋白lithocholic acid <生物化学Biochemistry> 石胆酸lyases <生物化学Biochemistry> 裂合酶类malate <生物化学Biochemistry> 苹果酸malate aspartate shuttle <生物化学Biochemistry> 苹果酸天冬氨酸穿梭metabolic regulation <生物化学Biochemistry> 代谢调节mitogen activated protein kinase <生物化学Biochemistry> 分裂原活化蛋白激酶mixed function oxidase <生物化学Biochemistry> 混合功能氧化酶molecular cloning <生物化学Biochemistry> 分子克隆molecular disease <生物化学Biochemistry> 分子病monooxygenase <生物化学Biochemistry> 单加氧酶monooxygenase system <生物化学Biochemistry> 单加氧酶体系nicotinamide <生物化学Biochemistry> 烟酰胺，尼克酰胺nitrogen balance <生物化学Biochemistry> 氮平衡pyruvate carboxylase <生物化学Biochemistry> 丙酮酸羧化酶pyruvate dehydrogenase complex <生物化学Biochemistry> 丙酮酸脱氢酶复合体pyruvate kinase <生物化学Biochemistry> 丙酮酸激酶recombinant DNA <生物化学Biochemistry> 重组DNAgenetic engineering <生物化学Biochemistry> 基因工程regulatory gene <生物化学Biochemistry> 调节基因renaturation <生物化学Biochemistry> 复性repair <生物化学Biochemistry> 修复replication <生物化学Biochemistry> 复制repression <生物化学Biochemistry> 阻遏residue <生物化学Biochemistry> 残基respiratory chain <生物化学Biochemistry> 呼吸链restriction endonuclease <生物化学Biochemistry> 限制性内切核酸酶retinol <生物化学Biochemistry> 视黄醇(维生素A)reverse transcriptase <生物化学Biochemistry> 逆转录酶reverse transcription <生物化学Biochemistry> 逆转录作用salting out <生物化学Biochemistry> 盐析salvage pathway <生物化学Biochemistry> 补救(重新利用)途径screening <生物化学Biochemistry> 筛选secondary structure <生物化学Biochemistry> 二级结构semiconservative replication <生物化学Biochemistry> 半保留复制sense strand <生物化学Biochemistry> 有意义链sequence <生物化学Biochemistry> 序列serine <生物化学Biochemistry> 丝氨酸signal recognition particle <生物化学Biochemistry> 信号肽识别颗粒silencer <生物化学Biochemistry> 抑制子simple protein <生物化学Biochemistry> 单纯蛋白质specificity <生物化学Biochemistry> 特异性splicing <生物化学Biochemistry> 剪接作用squalene <生物化学Biochemistry> 鲨烯stage specificity <生物化学Biochemistry> 阶段特异性stercobilinogen <生物化学Biochemistry> 粪胆素原stress <生物化学Biochemistry> 应激structural gene <生物化学Biochemistry> 结构基因substrate <生物化学Biochemistry> 作用物substrate level phosphorylation <生物化学Biochemistry> 作用物(底物)水平磷酸化subunit <生物化学Biochemistry> 亚单位，亚基succinate dehydrogenase <生物化学Biochemistry> 琥珀酸脱氢酶supersecondary structure <生物化学Biochemistry> 超二级结构Taurine <生物化学Biochemistry> 牛磺酸telomerase <生物化学Biochemistry> 端粒酶telomere <生物化学Biochemistry> 端区(端粒)template strand <生物化学Biochemistry> 模板链termination <生物化学Biochemistry> 终止terminator <生物化学Biochemistry> 终止子terminator codon <生物化学Biochemistry> 终止信号thiamine <生物化学Biochemistry> 硫胺素(维生素B1) threonine <生物化学Biochemistry> 苏氨酸thymidine <生物化学Biochemistry> 胸苷，胸腺嘧啶核苷thymine (T) <生物化学Biochemistry> 胸腺嘧啶tocopherol <生物化学Biochemistry> 生育酚proalbumin <生物化学Biochemistry> 清蛋白原processing <生物化学Biochemistry> 加工proenzyme <生物化学Biochemistry> 酶原proline <生物化学Biochemistry> 脯氨酸promoter <生物化学Biochemistry> 启动基因(启动子)，催化剂prosthetic group <生物化学Biochemistry> 辅基protease <生物化学Biochemistry> 蛋白酶pyridoxal <生物化学Biochemistry> 吡哆醛pyridoxamine <生物化学Biochemistry> 吡哆胺。
生化英语词汇
acidic transactivator 酸性反式激活蛋白
acidic transcription activator 酸性转录激活蛋白
acidification 酸化（作用）
acidifying 酸化（作用）
acidolysis 酸解
activator 激活物，激活剂，激活蛋白
activator protein 激活蛋白
active absorption 主动吸收
active biomass 活生物质
active carbon 活性碳
active center 活性中心
active chromatin 活性染色质
actinomycetes 放线菌
actinomycin D 放线菌素D
actinospectacin 放线壮观素，壮观霉素，奇霉素
action 作用
action current 动作电流
action potential 动作电位
action spectrum 动作光谱
activated sludge 活性污泥
accepting arm [tRNA的]接纳臂
acceptor 接纳体，（接）受体
acceptor site 接纳位点，接受位点
acceptor splicing site 剪接受体
acceptor stem [tRNA的]接纳茎
accessible 可及的
accessible promoter 可及启动子
active dry yeast 活性干酵母
active dydrogen compounds 活性氢化合物
生化单词下
Lecture 1Endocrine (内分泌)Paracrine (旁分泌)Autocrine (自分泌) hypothalamus（下丘脑）Pituitary（垂体）thyroid（甲状腺）parathyroid(甲状旁腺)adipose（脂肪质的）adrenal（肾上腺）pancreas（胰腺）ovary （卵巢）testes（testis＝testicle的复数，睾丸）capillary network (毛细血管网)afferent（传入的）neuronal（神经元的）vasopressin（加压素;抗利尿激素）oxytocin（催产素）colloid（胶质(的)）follicle（滤泡，卵泡）epithelium（上皮细胞）portal vein（门静脉）aorta（主动脉）artery（动脉）splenic（脾脏的）hepatic（肝的）duct（管，导管）interlobular duct（小叶间导管）accessory duct（副管）papilla（乳头；乳头状小突起）mesenteric（肠系膜的）Islets（小岛）of Langerhans (郎格罕式岛)glucagon（胰高血糖素）insulin （胰岛素)somatostatin（生长激素抑制素）fibrous tissue（纤维组织）fat layer（脂肪层）capsule （被膜）zona glomerulosa（球状带）zona fasciculata（束状带）zona reticularis（网状带）adrenal cortex（肾上腺皮质）adrenal medulla（肾上腺髓质）sensory（感觉的）neuroendocrine（神经内分泌的）corticotropin（促肾上腺皮质激素）thyrotropin（促甲状腺素）catecholamine（儿茶酚胺）epinephrine（肾上腺素）eicosanoid（类花生酸）steroid（类固醇）retinoid（类视黄醇）nitric oxide（NO）arachidonate（花生四烯酸）Pancreatic hormones (胰腺激素) parathyroid hormone (甲状旁腺激素) calcitonin (降血钙素)axon（轴突）Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH; 促甲状腺素释放激素)Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH; 促性腺激素释放激素) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH促生长激素释放激素) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH; 促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素) Somatostatin=growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH; 生长激素抑制素) appreciable（可察觉的）pyroglutamate（焦谷氨酸）Uterine（子宫的）contractions（收缩）lactation（乳汁的分泌，哺乳）Antidiuretic （抗利尿）Prolactin (催乳激素) Thyrotrophin-stimulating hormone(TSH or thyrotropin; 促甲状腺素) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH; 促卵泡激素) Luteinizing hormone (LH; 促黄体激素) Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG; 人绒毛膜促性腺激素) (heterodimeric异二聚体的)(prohormones/前激素)preproinsulin (前胰岛素原)spatial（空间的）Tertiary（第三级的）hexamer（六聚体）threefold（三倍的，三重的）symmetry（对称）zinc（锌）Pro-opiomelanocortin/前鸦片黑皮质素(POMC)endorphin（内啡肽）melanocyte-stimulating（促黑激素）hormones(MSH) lipotropin（促脂素）enkephalin（脑啡肽）norepinephrine (去甲肾上腺素)catechol (儿茶酚)neurotransmitters (神经递质)dopamine（多巴胺）ascorbate（抗坏血酸）hydroxylase（羟化酶）tetrahydrobiopterin（四氢生物蝶呤）decarboxylase（脱羧酶）phenylethanolamine（苯乙醇胺）methyltransferase（甲基转移酶）Eicosanoid (类花生酸)prostaglandins（前列腺素）thromboxanes（凝血烷）leukotrienes白细胞三烯arachidonate/花生四烯酸phospholipase (磷脂酶)prostanoid (前列腺素类)cyclooxygenase环氧合酶(COX)prostaglandins (前列腺素)prostacyclins (环前列腺素)prefix （前缀）numerical（数字的）subscript（下标）denote（表示）alkyl （烷基；烃基）substituents（取代基）contraction（收缩）intestine/小肠uterus /子宫labor分娩inflammation （炎症）: non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (非甾体抗炎药) Indomethacin (消炎痛)Asprin阿司匹林cytomembrane（细胞膜）ether （醚；乙醚）vasoconstrictor (血管收缩剂)potent （有效力的）hypertensive（高血压的）vasodilator (血管舒张剂)platelet aggregation (血小板聚集)pulmonary airways (肺气道)trachea (气管)anaphylaxis (过敏反应) detrimental（有害的）Hydroperoxyeicosa-tetraenoic acid 过氧羟基二十四碳四烯酸lipoxygenase（脂氧合酶）steroid hormones (类固醇激素)adrenocortical hormones (肾上腺皮质激素)Glucocorticoids (糖皮质激素) mineralocorticoids (盐皮质激素)cortisol/皮质醇metabolism (新陈代谢) aldosterone /醛固酮concentrations（浓度）electrolytes (电解质) Androgens/雄激素(testosterone /睾酮) estrogens /雌激素(estradiol /雌二醇) testes（testis＝testicle的复数，睾丸）ovary(卵巢),reproductive （生殖的）prednisone强的松prednisolone脱氢皮质醇cholesterol胆固醇mitochondria（线粒体）endoplasmic reticulum（内质网）photolysis （光解）7-dehydrocholesterol（脱氢胆固醇）deposition（沉积）mobilization（动员；流通，转移）Calcitriol（钙三醇）intestinal（肠的）uptake（吸收）Retinoid (类视色素)Retinoic acid视黄酸carotene 胡萝卜素retinal视黄醛retinol视黄醇epithelial上皮的triiodothyronine /三碘甲状腺氨酸thyroglobulin (甲状腺球蛋白)iodinate（碘化）iodotyrosine（碘化酪氨酸）condense（浓缩）proteolysis（蛋白水解作用）monoiodotyrosine（单碘化酪氨酸）follicle colloid滤泡腔follicular cell滤泡细胞exocytosis（胞吐）endocytosis（胞吞）oxidation（氧化）iodination（碘化）conjugation（接合）sympoprter（同向转运，协同载体）free radical（自由基）guanidinium（胍基）citrulline（瓜氨酸）Adenylyl Cyclase（腺苷酸环化酶）Guanylyl （鸟苷酸）G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs; G蛋白偶联受体)serpentine receptor (蛇形受体) eukaryotes（真核细胞）heterotrimeric（异源三聚体）intrinsic（本来的，体内的）hydrolyzes水解mammalian（哺乳动物的)transduction （转导转换）β-adrenergic receptors (肾上腺素能受体)glycogen（糖原）adipose（脂肪质的）hydrolysis（水解）stimulatory （刺激性的）inhibitory （抑制性的）protein kinase A (PKA; 蛋白激酶A)identical（同样的）cleft（裂缝）Amplification（放大）Cascade（级联）hepatocyte（肝细胞）corticotropin（促肾上腺皮质激素）corticotropin-releasing hormone 促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素dopamine（多巴胺）epinephrine（肾上腺素）follicle-stimulating hormone（促卵泡激素）glucagon（胰高血糖素）histamine（组胺）luteinizing hormone（促黄体激素）melanocyte-stimulating hormone（促黑激素）odorant（有气味的东西）serotonin（血清素）somatostatin（生长激素抑制素）tastant（促味剂）couple（偶联）phospholipase C (PLC; 磷脂酶C)phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (磷脂酰肌醇-4,5-二磷酸)acetylcholine（乙酰胆碱）platelet-derived growth factor血小板源生张因子adrenergic agonist（兴奋剂）angiogenin（血管生成素）angiotensin（血管紧缩素）vasopressing （抗利尿激素）auxin（植物生长素）gonadotropin-releasing hormone （促性腺激素释放激素）gastrin-releasing hormone（促胃泌激素释放激素）diacylglycerol (二酰基甘油)inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (1,4,5-三磷酸肌醇)phosphatidylinositol（磷脂酰肌醇）cytosolic（细胞内的）Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (受体酪氨酸激酶)architecture（构造）Cytoplasmic（胞质的）juxtamembrane（膜旁）Heterodimer（异源二聚体）isoforms（异构式）diabetes (糖尿病)auto-phosphorylation (自身磷酸化)adapter proteins (中介蛋白)modules（模块）Guanylyl cyclases (GC; 鸟苷酸环化酶)heme group（亚铁血红素）cardiac（心脏(病)的）cytosol（细胞溶质）Steroid（类固醇）retinoic acid (retinoid维甲酸) nucleus（细胞核）Transcription（转录）serum（血清）coactivator（共活化剂）corepressor（辅抑制物）Lecture 2vertebrates（脊椎动物）hydrophobic疏水的isoprene (异戊二烯) derivative（衍生物）lipoprotein（脂蛋白）precursors（前体）toxicity （毒性）carotene (胡萝卜素)(retinol/视黄醇)retinal(视黄醛), retinoic acid (视黄酸) pigment（色素）antioxidant（抗氧化剂）calcium（钙）clot（(血等的)凝块，凝结）Photographic（摄影用的）rhodopsin/视紫红质detects（察觉）differentiation（差别，分化）epithelial （上皮的）liver（肝脏）Deficiency（缺乏）cholecalciferol/胆钙化醇7-dehydrocholesterol (7-脱氢胆固醇)component（成分）ergocalciferol/麦角钙化醇commercial（商业的）irradiation （辐射）ergosterol (麦角固醇)yeast（酵母）dihydroxycholecalciferol （二羟胆钙化醇）dehydro-cholesterol（胆固醇) cholecalciferol（胆钙化醇）calcitriol（骨化三醇）calcium（钙）intestine （小肠）intestinal mucous (小肠粘膜) renal tubular（肾小管）phosphor（磷）deposition（沉积）mobilization （动员；流通，转移）calcification（钙化）rickets (软骨病, 佝偻病) osteomalacia (骨软化) collective（集体的共同的）tocopherols (生育酚) isoprenoid （类异戊二烯）tocotrienols (生育三烯酚类) antioxidants（抗氧化剂）radicals（基，原子团）fragility（脆弱，易碎）germ（胚芽）fragile（脆弱的）erythrocytes（红血细胞）phylloquinonone/叶绿醌naphthoquinone/萘醌menaquinone (甲基萘醌类) isoprenoid （类异戊二烯）Artificial（人工的）blood plasma（血浆）protein prothrombin (凝血酶原) blood clotting (凝血作用) proteolytic（蛋白水解的）blood protein fibrinogen (血纤维蛋白原) fibrin (血纤维蛋白) hemorrhagic（出血的）urine（尿）inception（开始，初期）B1, thiamine (硫胺素) B2, ribofavin (核黄素) B3, niacin (烟酸) B5, pantothenic acid (泛酸) B6, pyridoxine (吡哆醇)B7, biotin (生物素) B9, folic acid (叶酸) B12, cobalamin (钴胺素) thiazolium ring（(噻唑环)）Thiamine pyrophosphate/焦磷酸硫胺素(TPP) acetylcholine (乙酰胆碱) γ-aminobutyric acid/ γ-氨基丁酸(GABA) Thiamine pyrophosphate/焦磷酸硫胺素(TPP) catabolism (分解代谢) pyruvate dehydrogenase complex/丙酮酸脱羧酶复合物(PDC) α-keto dehydrogenase (α-酮脱氢酶) fungi（fungus 的复数真菌）beriberi/脚气病muscle atrophy（肌肉萎缩）neurological （神经病学的）supplements（增补）isoalloxazine ring/异咯嗪环FMN: flavin mononucleotide (黄素单核苷酸)FAD: flavin adenine dinucleotide (黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸)semiquinon（半醌）flavoproteins （黄素蛋白）α-ketoglutarate (酮戊二酸) succinate (琥珀酸) acyl（酰(基) ）legumes （豆科植物）almonds（杏仁）stomatitis (口腔炎)，angular stomatitis (口角炎), cheilosis (唇干裂) nicotinic acid（烟碱酸）pyridine (吡啶/氮苯) carboxyl group (羧基) nicotinamide (烟酰胺;烟碱) carboxamide（甲酰胺，酰胺）NAD: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸) NADP: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸dehydrogenases（脱氢酶）anabolism (合成代谢) cereal （谷物）peanuts（花生）legumes（豆科植物）nausea（恶心,作呕）lesions（损伤）anemia（贫血症）Chronic（长期的）pellagra (糙皮病) pantothenate（泛酸）mercapto-ethylamine（巯基乙胺）acetyl（乙酰基）cholesterol（胆固醇）acetylcholine（乙酰胆碱）avocado（鳄梨）cereals（谷物）legumes（豆科植物）jelly（果子冻）yogurt（酸奶）impair（损伤）irritability（易怒）apathy（冷淡）Pyridine（吡啶）hydroxyl（羟基）methyl（甲基）aminomethyl（氨甲基）hydroxymethyl（羟甲基）Pyridoxal（吡哆醛）Pyridoxamine（吡哆胺）racemization reactions (外消旋反应) carboxylase (羧化酶) carbon dioxide（二氧化碳）gluconeogenesis (糖异生) Swiss chard（唐莴苣）raw（生的）yolk（蛋黄）conjunctivitis (结膜炎)dermatitis (皮炎) folacin叶酸pteroyl-L-glutamate (蝶酰谷氨酸；叶酸) tetrahydrofolate (THF)/四氢叶酸pterin蝶呤folate（叶酸的）derivatives（衍生物）antitumor （抗癌抗菌素）nut（坚果）pea（豌豆）poultry（家禽）Avocado（鳄梨）, spinach（菠菜）asparagus（竹笋）sprouts（芽洋白菜）susceptible （敏感的）ultraviolet（紫外的）glossitis (舌炎), diarrhea (腹泻), depression (抑郁), confusion (意识模糊), anemia (贫血), Cyanocobalamin（维生素B12 ）Hydroxocobalamin（维生素B12a,羟钴胺素）Isomerases （异构酶）concomitant （伴生的）archaea（古生菌）poultry（家禽）Pernicious anemia (恶性贫血); mania (狂躁); psychosis (精神病) L-ascorbic acid=ascorbate (抗坏血酸) collagen（胶原）bats（蝙蝠）guinea pigs（豚鼠）, capybaras（水豚）Anthropoidea (类人猿亚目) Scurvy (坏血病), spongy（海绵状的）gums（齿龈）mucous membranes（黏膜）Lecture 3metabolism (新陈代谢) bioenergetics (生物能学) Cata'bolic(分解代谢的), a'nabolic （合成代谢的）transformations（转变，变化）Sequential （连续的）Intermediates（中间体）metabolite（代谢产物）nutrients（营养物）Polymerize（聚合）monomeric（单体）Ca'tabolism (分解代谢) 'Degradative (使降解) Organic（有机的，器官的）lactic acid（乳酸）deplete(减少，损耗) A'nabolism (合成代谢) potential（电势，电位）gly'colysis (糖酵解) Con'vergent （会聚的）Di'vergent （发散的）pyruvate（丙酮酸）sucrose （蔗糖）starch（淀粉）homolytic cleavage（均裂）radical (自由基), heterolytic cleavage（异裂）carbanion（负碳离子）carbocation（碳阳离子）hydride（氢化物）Nucleophiles (亲核基团) Electrophiles (亲电子基团)carbanion（碳酸根）carbocation（碳正离子）hydride（氢化物）rubber（橡胶）carotenoid（类胡萝卜素）mevalonate（甲羟戊酸）isopentenyl-pyrophosphate（异戊烯焦磷酸）citrate（柠檬酸）oxaloacetate（草酰乙酸）Decomposition（分解）exergonic放能的endergonic吸能的committed step (关键步骤) compartmentalize（把…分门别类）eukaryotic（真核的）Allosteric（别构的）adenylylation（腺苷酰化）Mitochondria (线粒体) Cytosol（细胞溶质）glycolysis（糖酵解）pentose（戊醣）Nucleus（细胞核）replication（复制）, transcription （转录）process（加工；处理）Nucleolus（核仁）vacuole（液泡）bioenergetics (生物能学) Thermodynamics （热动力学）quantitative （定量的）transductions（转换）underly（在…下）conservation（守恒）entropy （熵）spontaneously（自发的）equilibrium（平衡）net （净的，纯的）Enthalpy (焓) reactants（反应物）exo'thermic (发热的；放热的)endo'thermic (吸热的) initially（最初的）gases（气体）physiological （生理的）Glyceraldehyde（甘油醛）dihydroxyacetone（二羟基丙酮）Additive（增加的）exer'gonic (放能的) ender'gonic (吸能的) Hexokinase （己糖激酶）Multiplicative（倍增的）Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) 磷酸烯醇丙酮酸1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-二磷酸甘油酸)Phosphocreatine (磷酸肌酸)Thioesters (硫酯键)Adenosine（腺苷）phosphoanhydride bonds (磷酸酐键) Ester(酯)ribose（核糖）adenine（腺嘌呤）resonance（共振，中介）tautomerization（互变异构化）pyruvate（丙酮酸）photosynthetic（光合的）Nicotinamide烟酰胺isoalloxazine（异咯嗪）flavin (核黄素) semiquinone（半醌）Faraday（法拉第）neutral（中性的）Acetaldehyde （乙醛）ethanol（乙醇）Potential（电势，电位）Lecture 4Gly'colysis (糖酵解) anaerobic（厌氧的；无氧的) Feeder（支流；支线）stepwise（逐步的）elucidate（阐明，说明）Utilization（利用）extracellular matrix（细胞外基质）Fermentation(发酵) microorganisms（微生物）remarkably（显著的；非凡的）versatile （通用的，万能的）pyruvate（丙酮酸）anhydrides（酐）cytosol（细胞溶质）preparatory（准备的，预备的）hexose（己糖）Hexokinase （己糖激酶）Induced Fit（诱导契合）pinch（挤压，捏，掐）Fructose（果糖）Isomerase（异构酶）acetone（丙酮）glyceraldehyde（甘油醛）Aldolase (醛缩酶) Thermodynamically（热力学的）throughput （生产量，生产能力）enamine（烯胺）Interconversion（互变）Triose Phosphate Isomerase (TIM；磷酸丙糖异构酶) Acyl phosphate (磷酰基) Substrate level phosphorylation (底物水平磷酸化) Phosphoglycerate Mutase（磷酸甘油酸变位酶）Phosphoenolpyruvate（磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸）Enolase (烯醇化酶）dehydration（脱水）phosphoanhydride（磷酸酐）Tautomerization (互变异构化) spontaneous（自发的）enol（烯醇）keto form(酮式) equilibrium（平衡）equation（方程）completion （完成，实现）Ethanol（乙醇）Lactic（乳汁的）Lactate（乳酸）aerobic （需氧的）respiration（呼吸作用）skeletal（骨骼的）Erythrocytes（红细胞）mitochondria（线粒体）devoid（缺…的）strenuous（用力的，费劲的）Lecture 5Pentose phosphate (磷酸戊糖) Gluconeogenesis (糖异生) phosphogluconate (磷酸葡萄糖酸) 6-Phospho-glucono-δ-lactone (内酯) hemiacetal半缩醛intramolecular（分子内的）the committed step（关键步骤）Lactonase内酯酶oxidative decar-boxylation (氧化脱羧) ribulose 5-phosphate (5-磷酸核酮糖) isomerase（异构酶）sterols（固醇）Redox（氧化还原反应）Glutathione Reductase (谷胱甘肽还原酶) sulfhydryl groups（巯基）hemoglobin（血红蛋白）peroxides（过氧化物）respiration（呼吸作用）ionize（电离）radiation （辐射）sulfa（磺胺的）herbicide（除莠/草剂）antimalarial（抗疟药，抗疟的）divicine (蚕豆嘧啶) superoxide（过氧化物）Hemolysis（溶血，血球溶解）sedoheptulose（景天庚糖）xylulose（木酮糖）glyceraldehyde （甘油醛）Transketolase (转酮酶) ketose (酮糖) aldose (醛糖) Transaldolase (转醛酶) ribulose（核酮糖）epimerase（差向异构酶；表异构酶）erythrose（赤藓糖）glutathione reduction (谷胱甘肽还原反应）flux（流出）dietary（饮食的）Gluconeogenesis (糖异生) cytosol （细胞溶质）mitocondrion (线粒体) renal cortex (肾上腺皮质)glycerol （甘油，丙三醇）fixation（固定；凝固）bypass（绕过）phosphoenolpyruvate（磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸）carboxykinase（羧激酶）oxaloacetate（草酰乙酸）carboxylase (羧化酶) biotin (生物素) Anaplerotic (添补/回补的) TCA cycle (三羧酸循环) replenish（补充）glucogenic（生成葡萄糖的）predominant（主要的）malate（苹果酸）transamination (转胺反应) anaerobic （厌氧的；无氧的) hepatocytes （肝细胞）guanosine（鸟苷）equivalents（同等物，同等的）expend （使用，用光）phosphorylate（使磷酸化）Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase -1) 1,6-二磷酸果糖磷酸酶luminal（细胞腔的，鲁米那（镇定剂））renal（肾的）ingest（吸收，摄取）fasting（禁食）starvation（饥饿）triglycerides （甘油三酸酯）Gluconeogenesis（糖质新生）reciprocally （相互的）modulator（调节者）citric（柠檬的）Granules（颗粒）diameter （直径）rosette（花结）cluster（聚集）Glycoge'nolysis (糖原分解) Glycogen debranching enzyme (糖原去分支酶) Phosphoglucomutase (磷酸葡萄糖变位酶) glucantransferase (转葡糖苷酶) successive（连续的）glu'cosidase (葡萄糖苷酶) Glycogenesis (糖原生成) glycogenin（糖原蛋白）pyrophosphorylase（焦磷酸化酶）inorganic（无机的）polymerization（聚合）cellulose（纤维素）aminohexoses (氨基己糖) equilibrium（平衡）amylo（淀粉）transglycosylase (转糖基酶) transferase (糖基转移酶) nascent chain (新生链) glucosylate（使糖基化）Homodimer（同二聚体）Asymmetric（不对称的）skeletal（骨骼的）interconvertible（可互相转换的）resting（静止的）vigorous（精力旺盛的）triggers（触发，激起）myocyte（肌细胞）casein kinase II (CKII; 酪蛋白激酶)glyoxylateLecture 6(乙醛酸)hypoxic（含氧量低的）microbial（微生物的，细菌的）flux （流动）interplay（相互作用）Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2)/二氢硫辛酸转乙酰基酶prosthetic group (辅基)Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3)/二氢硫辛酸脱氢酶lipoic acid (硫辛酸)thiazolium(噻唑环)Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase（酮戊二酸脱氢酶）transketolase（转酮酶）assimilation（吸收，同化）lipoate(硫辛酸)thiol（硫醇）adenosine （腺苷）Beriberi (脚气病) hulls（外壳）urea（尿素）knight（封爵）malate（苹果酸）fumarate（延胡索酸）hydration（水合）succinyl-CoA (琥珀酰-CoA)analog（analogue类似物）Fluoroacetate (氟乙酸) poisonous（有毒的）aconitase（乌头酸酶）cis-aconitate（顺-乌头酸）isocitrate (异柠檬酸)oxalosuccinate（草酰琥珀酸）succinyl（琥珀酰）moieties（一部分）succinic thiokinase (琥珀酸硫激酶) prokaryotes（原核生物）Malonate丙二酸fumarate延胡索酸Fumarase延胡索酸酶maleate (马来酸；顺丁烯二酸) stereospecific（立体定向的）intact（完整无损的）exergonic（放能的）Incorporation（结合，合并）chiral (手性的) Prochiral (前手性)complementary（互补的）radioactivity（放射性）porphyrin卟啉amphibolic pathway（两用代谢途径）anaplerotic reactions (回补反应) replenish（补充）bicarbonate(碳酸氢盐)enolate 烯醇化物Avidin (亲和素) chromatography（层析）Tethers（系绳，限度）Glyoxylate (乙醛酸) variant（变体，变形）Isocitrate lyase (异柠檬酸裂解酶) short-circuit（巡回，线路）sequestered（退隐的）organelle （细胞器）glyoxysomes (乙醛酸循环体) peroxisomes（过氧物酶体）germination（萌芽）acquires（获得）Graphs （曲线图）isotopic（同位素的）Lecture 7Respiration（呼吸作用）usher（引导）cristae(脊) permeable（能渗透的）porin（孔蛋白）Respiratory（呼吸(作用)的）prosthetic (辅助的) ferric 三价铁的ferrous二价铁的hydride ion (:H-) (氢阴离子) Reducing equivalent (还原当量) Ubiquinone (泛醌) Cytochromes (细胞色素) Iron-sulfur proteins (铁硫蛋白) nicotinamide（烟酰胺）Pel'lagra (糙皮病) niacin (烟酸) curative（治疗的）eradication（根除，消灭）flavoproteins （黄素蛋白）flavin（黄素）benzoquinone (苯醌) isoprenoid (类异戊二烯的) diffusible（会扩散的）bilayer（双分子层）junction（接合点），shuttle（来回运动）Cytochromes (细胞色素) heme (血红素) porphyrin (卟啉) spectra（spectrum的复数光谱）Protoporphyrin (原卟啉) bands （带）rotenone(鱼藤酮)antimycin(抗霉素) embed（植入，嵌进）succinate（琥珀酸）Vectorial transport (向量运输)cyanide(氰化物) Succinate (琥珀酸) cytochrome c oxidoreductase (细胞色素c 氧还酶) Myxothiazol (粘噻唑) copper（铜）binuclear（双核的）Proton-Motive Force (质子动力势) gradient（梯度）Chemiosmotic Model (化学渗透学说) inherent（固有的，生来的）Suspend（暂停，中止）fumarate （延胡索酸）venturicidin (杀黑星菌素) oligomycin (寡霉素) Chemical uncoupler (化学解偶联剂) dissipate（消散，驱散）dinitrophenol二硝基酚carbonylcyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone羰基-氰-对-三氟甲氧基苯肼Ionophores (离子载体) Valinomycin (缬氨霉素) exterior（外部(的)）outward（外部(的)）counterion（平衡离子，反粒子）peripheral（末梢的）flattened（平的）sphere（球体）perpendicular （垂直的）concentric circles (同心圆) cylinder（圆筒，柱）Adenine（腺嘌呤）Translocases（移位酶）fluctuates（波动，起伏）Brown Fat (褐脂) Thermogenin（产热素）encode（编码）respiratory(呼吸(作用)的) ribosomes(核糖体) assemble(装配) eukaryotes(真核细胞) symbiotic（共生的）suspension（中止，停止）intact(完整无损的)Lecture 8lipid droplets (脂滴) macroscopic（肉眼可见的;宏观的）dispersed（分散的）microscopic （微观的）micelles (胶束；微团)bile（胆汁）gallbladder（胆囊）mucosa（黏膜）chylomicron（乳糜微粒）apolipoprotein（载脂蛋白）spherical （球形的）unesterified（未酯化的）coronary atherosclerosis (冠状动脉粥样硬化) remnants （剩余，残余）deplete （耗尽，用尽）hepatocytes（肝细胞）VLDLs (极低密度脂蛋白) lipid droplets (脂肪滴) adipocytes (脂肪细胞) adenylyl cyclase (腺苷酸环化酶) perilipin（脂滴包被蛋白）serum albumin (血清白蛋白) myocyte (肌细胞) carnitine shuttle (肉毒碱穿梭). Transesterification（酯基转移作用）isozymes（同工酶，催化同一化学反应而化学组成不同的一组酶）carnitine acyltransferase I (肉毒碱脂酰基转移酶) even（偶数的）odd （奇数的）palmitate (棕榈酸)enoyl（烯酰）hydratase（水合酶）hydroxyacyl（羟酰）ketoacyl（酮酰）thiolase（硫解酶）myristoyl（肉豆蔻酰）heterooctamer（异源八聚物）oleoyl（油酰）Oleate (油酸)dodecenoyl（十二烷酰）linoleoyl（亚油酰）propionyl (丙酰)methylmalonyl（甲基丙二酰）epimerase（差向异构酶）benzimidazole （苯并咪唑）Aminoisopropanol（氨基异丙醇）alkyl（烷基；烃基）minute amounts（微量）pernicious anemia (恶性贫血) pathology（病状）erythrocytes（红细胞）hemoglobin（血红蛋白）progressive （渐进的）impairment （损害，损伤）dose（剂量）alleviates（减轻，缓和）adipic acid (己二酸；肥酸)Phytanic Acid (植烷酸) Peroxisomes (过氧化物酶体)pristanal（降植烷醛）phytanoyl（植烷酰）neurological （神经病学的）trimethyltridecanoyl（三甲基十三酰）Ketone Bodies (酮体) acetoacetate (乙酰乙酸) hydroxybutyrate (羟基丁酸) exhale（渗出）nourish（滋养；教养）b-hydroxy-b-methylglutaryl-CoA (β-羟-β-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A/HMG-CoA) extrahepatic（）Diabetes（糖尿病）malonyl（丙二酰）odor （气味）diagnose（诊断）aci'dosis (酸毒症;酸中毒) coma（昏迷）urinary（尿的，泌尿(器)的）excretion（排泄；分泌）ke'tosis (酮症)phosphopantetheine（磷酸泛酰巯基乙胺）ketoacyl （）malic（）skeletons（骨架）segregate（分开；分离）stearate ( 硬脂酸)linolenate（亚麻酸）palmitoleate (棕榈油酸) oleate (油酸) linoleate（亚油酸）grams （克）phosphatidic acid（磷脂酸）cytidine （胞苷）shunt（躲开）Glyceroneogenesis (甘油异生) isoprene (异戊二烯)mevalonate（甲羟戊酸）squalene（鲨烯）Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate（二甲基丙烯焦磷酸酯）isopentenyl pyrophosphate（异戊烯焦磷酸）prenyl（异戊二烯基）geranyl（香叶基）farnesyl pyrophosphate（法尼酯焦磷酸）squalene 2,3-epoxide（环氧化物）stigmasterol（豆固醇）ergosterol（麦角固醇）lanosterol（羊毛甾醇）Localization（定位，定域）Lecture 9excretion（排泄；分泌）Transamination转氨作用pyridoxamine phosphate磷酸吡哆胺pyridoxal phosphate 磷酸吡哆醛aldimine醛亚胺quinonoid醌型的Ammonia（氨）transdeamination (联合脱氨作用)ammonotelic排泄氨的aquatic水生的larvae幼虫；幼体amphibia 两栖纲ureotelic排尿素的terrestrial陆生的uricotelic排尿酸的reptile爬行动物Urea Cycle (尿素循环) exclusively（专有的）Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase I氨甲酰磷酸合成酶Itranscarbamoylase转氨甲酰酶Ornithine鸟氨酸citrulline胍氨酸aspartate argininosuccinate shunt of citric acid cycle柠檬酸循环旁路hyperammonemia (高血氨)benzoate苯甲酸hippurate马尿酸phenylacetate乙酸苯酯phenylbutyrate丁酸苯酯glucogenic生糖的ketogenic生酮的pterin蝶呤tetrahydrofolate四氢叶酸adenosylmethionine腺苷甲硫氨酸valerate戊酸methylene亚甲基Formyl: 甲酰基Cyclohydrolase: 环水解酶Cyclodeaminase：环化脱氨酶formate甲酸formimino亚胺甲基homocysteine同型/高半胱氨酸ketoadipate酮己二酸glutaryl戊二酰propionyl丙酰Phenylketonuria 苯丙酮尿homogentisate尿黑酸alkaptonuria尿黑酸尿maleylacetoacetate马来酰乙酰乙酸tyrosinemia 酪氨酸血症pyrroline吡咯啉methionine甲硫氨酸threonine苏氨酸cystathionine胱硫醚methylmalonyl（甲基丙二酰）maple syrup枫糖asparagine天冬酰胺cumulative（累加的）indicators（指示剂）shut （关闭）Sequential feedback inhibition (顺序反馈抑制)Creatine (肌醇)Glutathione谷胱甘肽aminobutyrate氨基丁酸serotonin血清素Spermidine亚精胺Spermine精胺putrescine腐胺nicotinate烟酸cinnamate肉桂酸indoleacetate吲哚乙酸5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP磷酸核糖焦磷酸) 3-phospho-glycerate（甘油酸）Homocysteine（同型/高半胱氨酸）cystathionine胱硫醚dihydropicolinate二羟基吡啶甲酸piperidine六氢吡啶pimelate庚二酸meso内消旋valerate戊酸Chorismate (分支酸) arabinoheptulosonate阿拉伯庚酮糖酸dehydroquinate脱氢奎尼酸shikimate莽草酸anthranilate邻氨基苯甲酸酯indole吲哚prephenate 预苯酸acetol丙酮醇lecture 10De novo synthesis (从头合成)Pharmaceutical(药物)inosinate(IMP; 次黄苷酸) salvage pathway (补救合成途径) amidotransferase酰胺转移酶glycinamide甘氨酰胺transformylase转甲酰酶formylglycinamidine甲酰甘氨脒aminoimidazole氨基咪唑carboxamide 酰胺,甲酰胺xanthylate黄苷酸carbamoyl氨甲酰cytosine胞嘧啶uracil尿嘧啶thymine胸腺嘧啶adenine腺嘌呤guanine鸟嘌呤urea（尿素）urine 尿carbamate氨基甲酸orotate（乳清酸）orotidylate乳清苷酸Nucleoside（核苷）adenylate kinase（腺苷酸激酶）glutaredoxin/谷氧还蛋白thioredoxin/硫氧还蛋白interface（分界面）sulfhydryl groups （巯基）tyrosyl（酪氨酰）carbocation碳正离子carbanion负碳离子dithiol二硫醇，二硫酚Thymidylate（胸苷酸）N5,N10-methylenetetrahydrofolate （亚甲基四氢叶酸）allantoin尿囊素primate灵长目动物reptile爬行动物inosine次黄苷,肌苷hypoxanthine次黄嘌呤xanthine黄嘌呤guanosine鸟苷thymine胸腺嘧啶ureidoisobutyrate脲基异丁酸ureidopropionase脲基丙酸酶adenosine（腺苷）Gout (痛风) joints（关节）inflamed（发炎红肿的）arthritic（关节炎的）sodium（钠）urate（脲酸）synovium滑膜tophus痛风石tubules（小管）underexcretion（排泄减少）withhold(不给，扣住，抑制) alleviation减轻，缓和(的东西) allopurinol (别嘌呤醇) oxypurinol（别嘌呤二醇）alloxanthine别黄嘌呤6-mercaptopurine/巯基嘌呤Azathioprine/咪唑巯嘌呤leukemia （白血病）immuno（免疫）suppressive（抑制的）Pyrimethamine/乙嘧啶;息疟定malaria（疟疾）Trimethoprim/三甲氧苄氨嘧啶meningitis (脑膜炎), septicemia (败血症) Acyclovir/羟乙氧鸟嘌呤viral（病毒性的）herpes（疱疹）Zovirax无环鸟苷Chemotherapy (化疗) cytotoxic（细胞毒素的）antineoplastic (抗肿瘤的) chemotherapeutic agents化学治疗剂property性质，特征marrow（髓，骨髓）follicles (毛囊) myelosuppression (骨髓抑制), mucositis (黏膜炎),alopecia (脱发) targeted therapy (靶向治疗) discriminate有分辨能力的azaserine (重氮丝氨酸) acivicin（阿西维辛，细胞毒素）Fluorouracil (氟尿嘧啶) Methotrexate (氨甲喋呤)。
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生化英文单词汇总生化单词表第一章蛋白质结构和功能Protein 蛋白质Amino acid 氨基酸Myoglobin 肌红蛋白Hemoglobin 血红蛋白2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2,3-二磷酸甘油酸protein physical-chemical properties蛋白理化性质Prion disease 朊蛋白病Scurvy坏血病Methemoglobinemia 高铁血红蛋白病Enzymes酶Catalysis催化作用Chiral手性Amino group氨基Carboxylic acid group 羧基Zwitterion 两性Protonation 质子化isoelectric point等电点Ionizable可解离的Homeostatsis稳态Polar极性uncharged 不带电的charged带点的acidic酸性的basic碱性的non-polar非极性hydrophilic亲水的hydrophobic疏水的aromatic AA 芳香氨基酸hydroxyl group羟基sulfur-containing AAs 含硫氨基酸amide 酰胺imino acid 亚氨基酸polypeptide backbone多肽骨架Essential AminoAcids必需氨基酸Monomer单体Polymer聚合物multi-subunit多亚基Primary structure一级结构homotropic effect 同促效应Hyperthyroidism甲状腺功能亢进phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM) 磷酸甘油变位酶erythrocytes红细胞Iron deficiency anemia 缺铁性贫血Chronic respiratory disease慢性呼吸系统疾病Hypoxia低氧pulmonary edema 肺水肿Antibodie抗体(immunoglobulins免疫球蛋白Bacteria细菌Virus病毒Pollen花粉Antigen抗原disulfide bonds 二硫键Sickle CellAnemia镰刀红细胞贫血Homozygous纯合的Autosomal accessive 常染色体隐性Denaturation变性Renaturation 复性Alcohol乙醇Chloroform氯仿Urea尿素Curdle凝乳Perming hair 烫发Ribonuclease 核糖核酸酶i2-mercaptoethanol 二巯基乙醇Ultrafiltration超滤Ultracentrifugation超速离心Electrophoresis电泳ion exchange chromatography离子交换层析chromatography层析UV absorption紫外吸收Dye binding染料结合Dialysis:透析semipermeable membrane半透膜Sedimentation coefficient, S沉降系数第二章核酸结构和功能NucleicAcids核酸Nucleotide核苷酸Nuclease核酸酶NitrogenousBases 含氮碱Nucleosides核苷NucleosidePhosphates 磷酸核苷Polynucleotides多核苷酸Pyrimidine嘧啶Cytosine 胞嘧啶Uracil 尿嘧啶Thymine 胸腺嘧啶Purine嘌呤Adenine 腺嘌呤Guanine 鸟嘌呤Derivatives衍生物D-riboseD-核糖2-deoxy-D-ribose 2-脱氧-D-核糖Pentoses 戊糖glycosidicbond 糖苷键anomeric异头碳triphosphates三磷酸glycogen糖原phosphodiester bond磷酸二酯键Ribonucleic acid 核糖核酸deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸Base pairs 碱基对Canonical经典的major groove 大沟minor groove 小沟Supercoil超螺旋Cruciform十字形duplex helix 双螺旋Negative supercoiling 负超螺旋palindromic regions回文区域nucleosome核小体Chromatin染色质nucleoprotein complex和蛋白复合体histones 组蛋白Diameter直径Eukaryotic真核的Transcription转录Prokaryotes原核细胞Polycistron多顺反子Eukaryote真核细胞Monocistron单顺贩子Intron内含子Exon外显子Splicing 剪接Ribosome核糖体peptidyl transferase肽酰转移酶cytosol细胞浆Ribozyme核酶hyperchromic 增色的Stacked base pairs碱基堆积in native DNA absorbless lightHydrolysis水解Carcinogenesis致癌aryl hydrocarbons芳香烃Smokedand grilled foods烟熏和烧烤食物alkylate 烷基化第三章脂质代谢Amphipathic 同时具有亲水和厌水部分的，两性分子的Triacrylglycerol (TAG)/Triglyceride (TG) 三脂酰甘油/甘油三酯Phospholipids (PL) 磷脂Glycolipids (GL) 糖脂Cholesterol (CHOL) 胆固醇Cholesterol ester (CE) 胆固醇酯carboxylic acid羧酸Saturated/ unsaturated 饱和的/不饱和的Margarine 人造黄油、人造奶油Palmitic acid软脂酸; 棕榈酸，十六（烷）酸Stearic acid硬脂酸，十八酸Linoleic acid亚油酸，罂酸α-Linolenic acid α-亚麻酸Arachidonic acid花生四烯酸Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) 二十五碳五烯酸Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 二十二碳六烯酸Essential Fatty Acids (EFA) 必需脂肪酸Glycerol 甘油Phosphatidylcholine磷脂酰胆碱、卵磷脂Phosphatidylethanolamine磷脂酰乙醇胺、脑磷脂cardiolipin 一种磷脂，亦称双磷脂酰甘油。
Sphingolipids 鞘脂Sphingosine鞘氨醇sphingoid bases鞘氨醇碱steroid hormones类固醇激素adipocytes 脂肪细胞Emulsion 乳化Hydrophilic 亲水Hydrophobic 亲脂lipase脂肪酶Colipase 辅脂酶Fat mobilization 脂肪动员Lipolysis脂解hormone-sensitive triacylglycerol lipase (HSL) 激素敏感性脂肪酶Glucagons 胰高血糖素Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH) 促肾上腺皮质激素Epinephrine肾上腺素Norepinephrine去甲肾上腺素Insulin 胰岛素Beta-Oxidationβ-氧化作用acetyl-CoA乙酰辅酶AAcyl-CoA synthetase酰基辅酶A合成酶acyl-CoA ester 酰基辅酶A酯Malonyl-CoA丙二酰辅酶A;carnitine 肉碱acyl carnitines酰基肉碱Carnitine acyltransferase I肉碱脂酰转移酶Icarbonyl group 羰基Dehydrogenation脱氢作用Hypoglycin 次甘氨酸enoyl CoA 烯酰辅酶AHydration水化; 水合，水合作用βhydroxyacyl CoA β-羟脂酰CoAThiolysis硫解Thioester硫酯Enolate烯醇化物propionyl-CoA丙酰辅酶aKetone bodies 酮体Acetone 丙酮acetoacetate 乙酰乙酸β-hydroxybutyrateβ-羟丁酸acetoacetyl-CoA乙酰乙酰辅酶A3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA羟甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A （HMG CoA）Succinyl CoA transsulfurase琥珀酰辅酶A转硫酶Ketonemia酮血症Ketoacidosis 酮症酸中毒Malonyl-CoA丙二酰辅酶AMalate苹果酸盐KS: β-ketoacyl-ACP synthase酮脂酰合酶MT: malonyl-transacylase 丙二酰基转移酶KR: β-ketobutyryl-ACP reductase酮脂酰还原酶DH: β-hydroxybutyryl-ACP dehydratase脱水酶ER: enoyl-ACP reductase烯脂酰还原酶AT: acetyl-CoA-ACP transacetylase乙酰基转移酶TE: acyl-CoA thioesterase 硫脂酶Monoacylglycerol (MG) pathway 甘油一酯途径Diacylglycerol (DG) pathway甘油二酯途径Lysophosphatidate 溶血磷脂Glycerophospholipid 甘油磷脂phospholipase (PLA) 磷脂酶Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱Sphingomyelin鞘磷脂Ceramide 神经酰胺Multiple sclerosis 多发性硬化cholelithiasis胆结石Gall Bladder 胆囊Sitosterol谷甾醇β-sitosterol谷固醇β-ergosterol麦角固醇aerobic 有氧的anaerobic 无氧的Mevalonate甲羟戊酸Squalene鲨烯，三十碳六烯（角）Thyroxine甲状腺素Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase 卵磷脂胆固醇酰基转移酶pregnenolone 孕烯醇酮progesterone孕酮,testosterone睾酮aldosterone醛固酮calcitriol骨化三醇coronary 冠状动脉的lovastatin洛伐他汀（HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂）Lipoproteins脂蛋白CM (chylomicron) 乳糜微粒VLDL: Very-low-density lipoproteins 极低密度脂蛋白IDL : Intermediate-density lipoproteins 中间密度脂蛋白LDL: Low-density lipoproteins 低密度脂蛋白HDL: High-density lipoproteins 高密度脂蛋白Apolipoprotein 载脂蛋白第四章生物氧化BiologicalOxidation 生物氧化Mitochondrion线粒体electrontransfer chain (ETC) 电子传递链Respiratorychain 呼吸链Ubiquinone(Coenzyme Q, CoQ, Q) 泛醌（辅酶Q）Cytochrome细胞色素prostheticgroup 辅基Flavoprotein黄素蛋白flavinmononucleotide (FMN) 黄素单核苷酸flavinadenine dinucleotide （FAD）黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸iron-sulphurprotein 铁硫蛋白iron–sulfurclusters 铁硫簇Nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide (NAD) 烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（辅酶I）nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide phosphate 磷酸烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（辅酶II）isoalloxazine异咯嗪heme亚铁血红素lipoate硫辛酸Oxidativephosphorylation氧化磷酸化Substratelevel phosphorylation底物水平磷酸化Chemiosmotictheory 化学渗透理论ATPsynthase ATP合成酶Uncouplingprotein解偶联蛋白Thermogenin增温素2,4-dinitrophenol（DNP）2,4-二硝基苯酚（DNP）OligomycinA 寡霉素Aα-glycerophosphateshuttleα-磷酸甘油穿梭malate-aspartateshuttle 苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭，也称为苹果酸穿梭第五章氨基酸代谢一、蛋白质的营养价值营养价值: nutrition value营养必需氨基酸: nutritionally essential amino acid营养非必需氨基酸: nutritionally nonessential amino acid营养半必需氨基酸: nutritionally semiessential amino acid氨基酸模式: amino acid pattern,AAP氮平衡: nitrogen balance零氮平衡: zero nitrogen balance正氮平衡: positive nitrogen balance负氮平衡: negative nitrogen balance蛋白质缺乏综合症: kwashiorkor消瘦: marasmus二、体内氨基酸的来源内肽酶: endopeptidase外肽酶: exopeptidase氨基肽酶: amino peptidase羧基肽酶: carboxyl peptidase胃蛋白酶: pepsin肠激酶: enterokinase胰蛋白酶: trypsin糜蛋白酶: chymotrypsin弹性蛋白酶: elastase自身激活: autocatalysis寡肽酶: oligopeptidase二肽酶: dipeptidase氨基酸代谢池: amino acid metabolic poolγ-谷氨酰循环: γ-glutamyl cycle腐败作用: putrefaction胺类: amine酪胺: tyramine苯乙胺: phenylethylamine假神经递质: false neurotransmitter氨: ammonia尿素: urea尿素肠肝循环: urea enterohepatic circle半寿期：half life泛素：ubiquitin,Ub泛素活化酶：ubiqutin activating enzyme泛素载体蛋白:ubiquitin carrier protein泛素-蛋白连接酶：ubiquitin protein ligase泛素化：ubiquitination蛋白酶体：proteasome谷氨酸脱氢酶：glutamate dehydrogenase谷氨酰胺合成酶：glutamine synthetase天冬酰胺合成酶：asparagine synthetase胆碱：choline乙醛酸：glyoxylate同型半胱氨酸：homocysteine胱硫醚β合酶：cystathionine βsynthase苯丙氨酸羟化酶：phenylalanine hydroxylase生物喋呤：biopterin二氢生物蝶呤还原酶：dihydrobiopterin dehydrogenase三、氨基酸分解代谢转氨基: transamination转氨酶：transaminase(aminotransferase)丙氨酸转氨酶：alanine transaminase(ALT);glutamic pyruvic transminase(GPT) 天冬氨酸转氨酶：aspatate transaminase(AST);glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT)磷酸吡哆醛：pyridoxal phosphate,PLP联合脱氨基（转氨脱氨作用）：transdeamination嘌呤核苷酸循环：purine nucleotide cycle氨基酸氧化酶：amino acid oxidase丙氨酸葡萄糖循环：alanine glucose cycle鸟氨酸循环，尿素循环：ornithine cycle; urea cycle; krebs-henseleitcycle.氨甲酰磷酸合成酶Ⅰ：carbamoyl phosphate synthetase ⅠN-乙酰谷氨酸：N-acetylglutamate鸟氨酸氨甲酰转移酶：ornithine carbamoyl transferase; ornithine transcarbamoylase.精氨酸代琥珀酸合成酶：argininosuccinate synthetase(ASS)精氨酸代琥珀酸裂解酶：argininosuccinate lyase(ASl)精氨酸酶：arginase一氧化氮合酶：nitric oxide synthase(NOS)高氨血症：hyperammonemia四、氨基酸的分类代谢脱羧酶：decarboxylase脱羧基作用：decarboxylationγ氨基丁酸：γ-aminobutyrate牛磺酸：taurine组胺：histamine5-羟色胺：5-hydroxytryptamine褪黑激素：melatonin单胺氧化酶：monoamine oxidase多胺：polyamine腐胺，亚精胺，精胺：putrecine, spermidine, spermine一碳单位：one carbon unit甲基，甲烯基，甲炔基，亚氨甲基，甲酰基：methyl group, methylene group, methenyl group, formimino group, formyl group.四氢叶酸：tetrahydrofolic acid二氢叶酸还原酶：dihydrofolic acid reductase腺苷转移酶：adenosyl transferaseS-腺苷蛋氨酸：S- adenosyl methionine (SAM)同型半胱氨酸：homocysteine同型半胱氨酸血症：homocystinuriaPAPS：3’-phosphoadenosyl-5’-phosphasulfate肌酸：creatine肌酸激酶：creatine phosphokinase磷酸肌酸：creatine phosphate儿茶酚胺：catecholamine多巴：3,4- dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa)多巴胺：dopamine肾上腺素：epinephrine去甲肾上腺素：norepinephrine黑色素：melanine尿黑酸：homogentisate尿黑酸症：alkaptonuria苯丙酮尿症：phenyl ketonuria (PKU)白化病：albinism第六章酶和维生素糖复合物酶和维生素Enzyme酶Ribozyme核酶Alkaptonuria尿黑酸尿Homogentisateoxidase 尿黑酸氧化酶Phospholipase磷脂酶Prostheticgroup 辅基Coenzyme辅酶Cofactor辅因子Metalloenzyme金属酶Metal-cativatedenzyme 金属激活酶Monomericenzyme 单体酶Oligomericenzyme 寡聚酶Multifunctionalenzyme 多功能酶Multienzymecomplex 多酶复合体Essentialgroups 必须基团Activesite 活性中心Nomenclature命名法Systemiaticname 系统命名Commonname常用名Oxidoredcuctase氧化还原酶Transferase转移酶Hydrolase水解酶Lyase裂解酶Isomerase异构酶Ligase合成酶Isoenzyme同工酶Physiologicalsignificance 生理学意义Thermodynamic热动力Catalyst催化剂Specificity特异性Allosteric regulation 变构调节Covalent modification 共价修饰transition state 过渡态Induced-fit Hypothesis 诱导契合学说Activation energy 活化能Proximity and orientation effects 邻近和定向排列效应Electrostatic effects 静电效应Acid-base catalysis 酸碱催化Covalent catalysis 共价催化Velocity 速率International unit 国际单位Katal 催量Specific activity 比活性Michaelisconstant 米氏常数theaffinity 亲和力Turnover number 转换数Optimum temperature 最适温度Bell-shaped curve 钟形曲线Hyperbolic 双曲线Double-reciprocal plot 双倒数曲线irreversible inhibition 不可逆抑制reversible inhibition 可逆抑制organophosphorous compounds 有机磷酸化合物competitiveinhibition 竞争性抑制non-competitiveinhibition 非竞争性抑制uncompetitiveinhibition 反竞争性抑制sulfanilamide磺胺类药物tetrahydrofolate四氢叶酸rate-limiting enzymes 限速酶Allosteric regulation 变构调节Negative cooperativity 正协同效应Positive cooperativity负协同效应Aspartatetranscarbamylase 天冬氨酸-转氨甲酰酶Covalent modification 共价修饰Methylation甲基化Acetylation乙酰化Adenylation腺苷酸化Zymogen 酶原Proteolysis 蛋白水解Autodigestion 自消化Pathogenesis 发病机理Phenylketonuria 苯丙酮尿症Lipidsoluble 脂溶性Liquidsoluble 水溶性Beriberi脚气病Dermatophytosis脚气Riboflavin 核黄素Nicotinic Acid 烟酸Retinol 视黄醇Retinaldehyde 视黄醛Retinoic acid 视黄酸β-carotene β-胡萝卜素Cholecaciferol 胆钙化醇Tocopherol 生育酚Phylloquinone 叶绿醌糖复合物Monosaccharide 单糖Oligosaccharide 寡糖Polysaccharide 多糖Side-chain 侧链Lysosome 溶酶体Repertoire 总汇N-glycosidic bond 糖苷键Asn 天冬酰胺Ser 丝氨酸Thr 苏氨酸Glutatransferase 糖基转移酶Glycosidehydrolases糖苷水解酶Ribosome核糖体humanchorionicgonadotrophin人绒毛膜促性腺激素malignanttransformation恶性转移ulcer溃疡H.pyloribacterium幽门螺旋杆菌Lectin凝集素Peroxisome过氧化物酶体Mitochondria线粒体endoplasmicreticulum内质网nucleus细胞核coreprotein核心蛋白Uronicacid 糖醛酸Osamine糖胺Iduronicacid艾杜糖醛酸Glucuronicacid葡萄糖醛酸Anti-coagulation抗凝Lubricationaction润滑作用Cellular recognition细胞识别Hydrophobic疏水的Hydrophilic亲水的Fattyacid脂肪酸Sphingosine鞘氨醇Acyl-coenzymeA脂酰辅酶A Ceramidegalactosyltransferase神经酰胺半乳糖基转移酶Cerebrosidesulfotransferase脑苷脂磺基转移酶connectivetissue结蹄组织tendon 肌腱ligament 韧带cornea 角膜cartilage 软骨triple helix 三螺旋coiled coil 卷曲螺旋Anchoraging 锚定Monomer 单体disufied bond 二硫键Homologous-repeating domain同源重复结构域swallow function 吞噬功能Atherosclerotic 动脉粥样硬化Septicemia 败血病Trimer 三聚体第七章核苷酸代谢嘌呤：purine腺嘌呤：adenine鸟嘌呤：guanine次黄嘌呤：hypoxanthine黄嘌呤：xanthine嘧啶：pyrimidine胞嘧啶：cytosine尿嘧啶：uracil胸腺嘧啶：thymidine核苷：nucleoside核苷酸：nucleotide从头合成途径：de novo pathway5-磷酸核糖-1-焦磷酸：5-phosphoribose-1-pyrophosphate(PRPP)磷酸核糖焦磷酸激酶：phosphoribosyl pyrophosphokinase谷氨酰胺磷酸核糖焦磷酸酰胺转移酶：glutamine PRPP amidotransferase 腺苷酸代琥珀酸合成酶：adenylosuccinate synthetase腺苷酸代琥珀酸裂解酶：adenylosuccinate lyase补救合成途径：salvage pathway腺嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶：adenine phosphoribosyl transferase次黄嘌呤-鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶：hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase腺苷激酶：adenosine kinase核酸酶：nuclease核苷酸酶：nucleotidase核苷磷酸化酶：nucleotide phosphorylase脱氨酶：deaminase尿酸：uric acid痛风：gout别嘌呤醇：allopurinol严重联合免疫缺陷综合征：severe combined immunodeficiency(SCID) 氨甲酰磷酸合成酶Ⅱ：carbamoyl phosphate transferase Ⅱ天冬氨酸氨甲酰转移酶：aspartate transcarbamoylase乳清酸：orotate嘧啶磷酸核糖转移酶：pyrimidinine phosphoribosyltransferase尿苷激酶：uridine kinaseβ-丙氨酸：β-alanineβ-氨基异丁酸：β-aminoisobutyrate核糖核苷酸还原酶：ribonucleotide reductase硫氧还蛋白：thioredoxin硫氧还蛋白还原酶：thioredoxin reductase胸苷合酶：thymidylate synthase胸苷激酶：thymidylate kinase6-巯基嘌呤：6-mercapto purine(6-SH)氮杂丝氨酸：azaserine氨蝶呤：aminopterin氨甲蝶呤：methotrexate5-氟尿嘧啶：5-fluorouracil第八章血肝胆生化非蛋白氮：non-protein nitrogen白蛋白（清蛋白）：albumin球蛋白：globulin2,3-BPG: 2,3 diphosphate glycerate血红蛋白：hemoglobin卟啉：porphyrin原卟啉：protoporphyrin血红素：hemeδ-氨基γ-酮戊酸：δ-aminolevulinic acid, ALAALA合酶：ALA synthaseALA脱水酶：ALA dehydratase亚铁螯合酶：ferrochelatase高铁血红素：hematin促红细胞生成素：erythropoietin ,EPO运铁蛋白：transferrin铁蛋白：ferritin生物转化：transformation氧化反应：oxidation reaction还原反应：reduction reaction水解反应：hydrolysis reaction结合反应：conjugation reaction 葡萄糖醛酸：glucuronic acid乙醇：ethanol乙醛：acetaldehyde乙酸：acetic acid脱氢酶：dehydrogenase胆汁酸：bile acid游离胆汁酸：free bile acid结合胆汁酸：conjugated bile acid初级胆汁酸：primary bile acid次级胆汁酸：secondary bile acid胆酸：cholic acid鹅脱氧胆酸：chenodeoxycholic aicd甘氨胆酸：glycocholic acid牛黄胆酸：taurocholic acid甘氨鹅脱氧胆酸：glyco-chenodeoxycholic acid牛黄鹅脱氧胆酸：tauro-chenodeoxycholic acid脱氧胆酸：deoxycholic acid石胆酸：lithocholic acid7-α羟化酶：7-αhydroxylase胆汁酸的肠肝循环：entero hepatic circulation of bile acid胆色素：bile pigment胆绿素：biliverdin 胆红素：bilirubin胆素：bilin血红素加氧酶：hemeoxygenase, HO未结合胆红素（游离胆红素，间接胆红素）：unconjugated bilirubin, indirect bilirubin.结合胆红素（直接胆红素）：conjugated bilirubin, direct bilirubin. UDP-葡萄糖醛酸基转移酶：UDP-glucuronyl transferase, UGT胆素原：bilinogen黄疸：jaundice溶血性黄疸：hemolytic jaundice肝细胞性黄疸：hepatic jaundice阻塞性黄疸：obstructive jaundice细胞生物化学第一二章单词表Chapter1basic structure of cell细胞培养(cell culture)原核细胞(prokaryotic cell)真核细胞(eukaryotic Cell)细胞膜（cell membrane）细胞质（cytoplasm）细胞核（nucleus）病毒（virus）显微成像技术（Microscopy）细胞治疗(Cell Therapy)Chapter2 Biomembrane and cell junction细胞膜(cell membrane)细胞内膜（Intracellular membrane）生物膜（biomembrane）液态镶嵌模型(Fluid Mosaic Model)脂lipids蛋白proteins糖saccharide磷脂（phospholipid）：甘油磷脂（phosphoglyceride ）鞘磷脂（sphingolipids）胆固醇（cholesterol）膜内在蛋白质Integral Protein膜外在蛋白质Peripheral Protein脂锚定蛋白(Lipid-anchored proteins)跨膜运输（transmembrane transport）通道蛋白（Channel Protein）载体蛋白(Carrier Protein)被动运输（Passive Transport）主动运输（Active Transport）简单扩散(passive diffusion or simple diffusion) 协助扩散(facilitated diffusion)离子通道扩散ion channel diffusion电压门控通道(voltage-gated channel)配体门控通道(Ligand-gated Channel)应力激活通道(stress-activated Channel)载体蛋白介导扩散carrier mediated diffusion 离子泵(Ion Pump)协同运输(Cotransport)共运输（symport）对向运输（antiport）细胞连接（CellJunctions）细胞黏附（CellAdhesion）细胞外基质（ExtracellularMatrix）封闭连接(紧密连接)（Tight Junction）锚定连接（Anchoring Junction）通讯连接（Communication Junction）桥粒(Desmosome)半桥粒(Hemidesmosome)黏着斑Focal adhesion黏着连接(Adherens Junction)细胞黏附分子(Cell adhesion molecular，CAM) 钙黏着蛋白（cadherin）选择素（selectin）免疫球蛋白超家族（Ig-superfamily, IgSF）整联蛋白（integrin）氨基聚糖(glycosaminnoglycan, GAG)蛋白聚糖(Proteoglycan, PG )胶原（collagen）胶原原纤维（collagen fibril）弹性蛋白（elastin）纤黏连蛋白（fibronectin, FN)层粘连蛋白（laminin,LN）。