综述模板1
社会学确有专长综述的模板
社会学确有专长综述的模板导言社会学作为一门研究社会现象和人类行为的学科，有着丰富的研究内容和专业知识。
本文将综述社会学的专长，并提供一个模板，用于概述社会学的研究领域和方法。
专长概述社会学的专长体现在以下几个方面：社会结构分析社会学家通过研究社会结构，揭示社会组织和人际关系对个体行为和社会发展的影响。
通过深入分析社会机构、社会阶层和社会关系等，可以洞察社会结构的形成、变化和影响因素。
社会动态观察社会学关注社会现象和人类行为的变化和发展趋势。
通过跟踪和观察社会动态，了解社会变革对个体和群体产生的影响，分析社会发展的驱动力和影响因素。
社会问题研究社会学对社会问题有着敏锐的洞察力。
通过研究社会问题的根源、表现形式和影响，可以提出解决方案，推动社会进步。
常见的社会问题包括贫富差距、性别歧视、种族关系等。
社会调查与数据分析社会学依靠实证研究方法，通过社会调查和数据分析收集客观资料。
社会学家可以运用统计学和量化研究方法，分析大规模数据，得出科学结论，揭示社会现象背后的规律和趋势。
模板示例研究领域社会学涉及的研究领域广泛，常见的包括但不限于：- 社会结构与社会变迁- 社会心理学- 社会不平等与社会正义- 社会问题研究- 社会政策与社会福利- 社会文化与文化变迁研究方法社会学运用多种研究方法，包括但不限于：- 社会调查与问卷设计- 实地观察与深度访谈- 参与观察与行动研究- 数据分析与统计建模重要理论社会学中的一些重要理论包括：- 结构功能主义理论- 社会交换理论- 互动主义理论- 社会建构主义理论结论社会学作为一门重要的社会科学学科，具有广泛的研究领域和专业知识。
通过研究社会结构、社会动态、社会问题以及运用各种研究方法和理论，社会学可以帮助我们深入理解社会现象和人类行为，为社会发展和问题解决提供指导和建议。
国内外研究综述模板
国内外研究综述模板一、综述的意义哎呀，这国内外研究综述啊，就像是一场全球学术大派对的总结。
你想啊，世界各地的学者们都在自己的小角落里做研究，就像各自在自己的小房间里捣鼓好玩的东西。
咱们做这个综述呢，就是把大家的成果都拎出来，看看都有些啥新鲜玩意儿。
这能让我们知道某个领域已经到哪儿了，就像看地图知道自己走到哪了一样，还能给我们自己的研究找找灵感，看看别人都玩出了啥花样，咱能不能也跟着学学或者再创新一下。
二、开始前的准备1. 确定主题这主题就像是你要去的目的地。
比如说你对人工智能感兴趣，那你就不能把范围定得太宽，像“人工智能全知道”这种就不行，得具体点，像“人工智能在医疗影像诊断中的应用”。
这样才能准确地找到相关的研究。
2. 找资料这就像是在寻宝。
我们可以去学校图书馆的数据库里翻，那些学术论文就像一个个小宝藏。
还可以去网上搜搜，但网上的信息得小心筛选，别被一些不靠谱的给骗了。
像知网、万方这些数据库就比较靠谱，里面有好多专业的研究论文。
三、内容结构1. 国内研究国内的研究那也是相当精彩的。
比如说在环保领域，有些研究专注于水污染治理。
在某个地区，他们研究出了一种新的污水处理技术，利用特殊的微生物来分解污水中的有害物质。
这种技术成本低，效果还不错。
还有在教育领域，关于线上教育的研究也很多。
在疫情期间，好多学校都开始尝试线上教学，学者们就研究怎么提高线上教学的质量，像如何让老师和学生更好地互动之类的。
2. 国外研究国外的研究有时候会有一些很新奇的想法。
在科技领域，像美国有一些研究在探索火星移民的可能性。
他们研究火星的气候、土壤等条件，还在想办法解决食物和水源的问题。
在艺术领域，欧洲的一些国家对古典艺术的传承和创新有很多独特的研究。
他们把现代科技和古典艺术结合起来，创造出了很惊艳的艺术作品。
四、总结把国内外的研究都看了一圈后，就可以总结一下了。
看看国内外研究的相同点和不同点。
也许国内在某个方面的研究已经很先进了，而国外在另一个方面有独特的见解。
【精选】文献综述范文1
关于虚假新闻管理的研究综述08级体教羽一班：邓林学号：2008170423摘要：新闻的真实性就如同新闻的生命，因此，坚持新闻真实性是新闻工作的起码要求，也是最高要求。
坚持新闻真实性对于传媒塑造良好的美誉度和公信力起着举足轻重的作用。
近几年，我国新闻媒体竞争已经相当激烈，个别媒体甚至不顾原则利用虚假新闻进行不正当竞争。
从目前的情况看，虚假新闻的发展趋势不容忽视。
在对虚假新闻管理的文献研究中，本文主要针对虚假新闻的界定、产生原因及虚假新闻管理这几部分内容将有关学者的文献和观点进行了整理和归纳。
关键词：新闻媒介；虚假新闻；新闻管理虚假新闻是经济快速发展、传媒业竞争激烈的产物。
虚假新闻产生伊始，便陆续有学者对其进行研究。
中国期刊全文数据库中主题词为“虚假新闻”的文献，从1984年至今，共有911篇，其中2004年后的相关文献有311篇。
这些文献大多从虚假新闻的界定、表现形式、产生原因、管理措施等一个或多个方面对虚假新闻进行了研究和论述。
与其他新闻类专题的文献相比，研究虚假新闻的文献数量相对较少。
此外，目前研究虚假新闻的学者，大多从事传播学或新闻学相关职业，因此，从传播学和新闻学角度看，他们对虚假新闻的研究已经有一定深度。
但我们研究虚假新闻现象的目的是要有效地管理虚假新闻，因此，就目前文献反应的情况看，学者们还没有对虚假新闻从管理学角度进行系统的研究。
一、相关概念的界定目前，学者对虚假新闻及虚假新闻管理的界定还不充分，涉及到虚假新闻管理外延的文献相对较少，研究的内容也不够深刻。
目前还没有学者明确提出对虚假新闻的管理从属于公共物品管理，但根据部分学者的观点，并结合一般大众的生活经验，我们还是可以做一个综合判断，即“虚假新闻”属于准公共物品；受众对“虚假新闻新闻”的消费模式基本符合消费者对公共物品的消费模式。
（一）虚假新闻的定义我国学者对“新闻”的研究已经有很长的历史了。
期间，很多学者从不同的角度都对新闻下过定义。
文献综述标准范文模板
文献综述标准范文模板文献综述。
引言。
文献综述是对已有文献进行全面、系统的综合分析和评述，是科研工作中不可或缺的重要环节。
本文旨在通过对相关文献的综合分析，探讨某一研究领域的研究现状、趋势和存在的问题，为相关领域的研究工作提供参考和借鉴。
一、研究现状。
近年来，随着社会经济的不断发展和科技的不断进步，人们对于健康问题的关注越来越高。
健康是人类最宝贵的财富，因此，如何保持身体健康成为了人们关注的焦点。
在这样的背景下，健康领域的研究也日益受到重视。
通过对相关文献的综合分析可以发现，当前健康领域的研究主要集中在健康管理、健康教育、健康促进等方面。
其中，健康管理是一个研究热点，主要包括疾病管理、慢性病管理、健康档案管理等内容。
健康教育则是通过宣传、教育等方式，提高人们对健康的认识，引导人们养成良好的健康习惯。
健康促进则是通过各种方式，提高人们的健康水平，预防疾病的发生。
二、研究趋势。
在健康领域的研究中，随着社会的不断发展和科技的不断进步，研究趋势也在不断变化。
首先，随着信息技术的发展，健康管理中的健康档案管理越来越受到重视。
健康档案管理可以帮助医生更好地了解患者的健康状况，为患者提供更好的医疗服务。
其次，健康教育中的新媒体教育也逐渐兴起。
新媒体教育可以更好地吸引人们的注意力，提高健康教育的效果。
最后，健康促进中的运动健康也成为了研究的热点。
运动可以帮助人们保持身体健康，预防各种慢性病的发生。
三、存在问题。
尽管健康领域的研究取得了一定的进展，但也存在一些问题。
首先，健康管理中的信息安全问题亟待解决。
随着健康档案管理的发展，患者的隐私问题越来越受到关注。
其次，健康教育中的信息不对称问题也比较突出。
一些错误的健康知识可能会误导人们，对健康产生负面影响。
最后，健康促进中的运动方式也需要进一步研究。
不同的人群适合的运动方式不同，如何制定科学的运动计划成为了一个亟待解决的问题。
结论。
综上所述，健康领域的研究取得了一定的进展，但也面临着一些问题。
文献综述的标准格式
文献综述的标准格式文档标题：电动车发展的挑战与前景概述：电动车作为一种清洁、高效、环保的交通工具，近年来在全球范围内得到了广泛的关注和推广。
本文将探讨电动车发展面临的挑战以及其未来的前景。
一、挑战1.1 技术挑战随着电动车市场的快速发展，技术方面面临的挑战成为制约其进一步发展的重要因素。
例如，电池技术仍然存在能量密度不高、充电时间长、续航里程有限等问题，需要不断进行创新和改进。
此外，充电基础设施的建设和普及也是一个重要挑战，以便更好地支持电动车的充电需求。
1.2 成本挑战电动车的成本仍然相对较高，主要原因包括电池、电动机、电子控制系统等关键部件的成本较高，以及规模化生产带来的经济效益不够显著等。
因此，如何降低电动车的成本，提高其竞争力成为产业发展的重要课题。
1.3 市场挑战电动车市场的竞争激烈，各大车企纷纷加大研发和推广力度。
同时，传统燃油车市场仍然占据主导地位，消费者对电动车的接受度和购买意愿也面临一定的挑战。
此外，电动车在后续使用过程中的充电便利性、充电桩的覆盖率等也是影响其市场竞争力的重要因素。
二、前景2.1 环保优势电动车具有零尾气排放的优势，能够有效减少空气污染和碳排放，是应对气候变化和改善城市空气质量的重要手段。
随着环保意识的不断提高，电动车市场有望继续扩大。
2.2 政策支持各国政府纷纷出台政策支持电动车的发展，包括购车补贴、免收购置税、充电基础设施建设等。
这些政策的实施将进一步刺激电动车的需求，推动其市场占有率的增加。
2.3 技术突破电动车技术的突破将进一步提升其性能和竞争力，例如新型电池技术的应用、动力电池的能量密度提升、快速充电技术的发展等。
这些创新将进一步提高电动车的续航里程、降低充电时间，满足消费者的需求。
2.4 市场需求增长随着城市化进程的加快和交通拥堵问题的日益突出，人们对交通工具的需求不断增长。
电动车作为清洁、高效的代步工具，具备在城市出行中取代传统燃油车的潜力。
预计随着电动车技术的成熟和成本的降低，其市场份额将继续扩大。
音乐研究综述(1)完整篇
音乐研究综述(1） -一直以来，音乐研究的重心都集中在地区。
发端于本世纪５0年代的近现代音乐研究，即是始于地区的，这从50年代中后期进行的几项对音乐的搜集、整理工作均可以反映出来,例如:50年代以音乐史学家杨荫浏等学者组成的音乐普查小组，对地区的民间音乐进行了普查，其中对**地区的音乐等作了调查，并与以文字、记谱方式和音乐等的调查结果一起登载于《音乐普查报告附录之一音乐》中；其后，相继有《**艺术集》、《**音乐介绍》等不同地区音乐资料问世(注：《音乐普查报告附录之一音乐》民族音乐研究所编，该所1958年油印,音乐1９６0年出版《**艺术集》舞蹈艺术研究会1９57年油印《**音乐介绍》**市文联编，１958年油印).自70年代中后期，中断了20余年的音乐的收集和整理又重新复苏和兴起（仍主要集中于对地区音乐的研究)。
音乐学院研究者陈大灿等开展对及其临近地区音乐的录音录像工作；**音乐学院部分师生对武当山音乐的收集整理；音乐学院等音乐院校的一些学者，分别对白云观、**太清宫、青城山等宫观的音乐进行的收集整理等.此外，中文大学音乐资料馆先后与文化促进中心、圆玄学院和《人民音乐》编辑部等联合,分别于1９8３年和１989年在了“国际科仪及音乐研讨会”和“第一届科仪音乐研讨会”；199０年艺术研究院、协会等单位在白云观了音乐学术研讨会；１９91年圆玄学院、人民音乐、《音乐研究》编辑部和**音乐学院在联合了“第二届科仪音乐研讨会”。
这一切促使以收集整理为基础的对音乐进行深入研究的局面正式（注：参见曹本冶、史**《科仪音乐研究现状与展望》载《音乐研究》19９1（4),页65～６６）. 以上所述的**项研究成果反映出当今学术界对地区音乐的研究已取得了令人鼓舞的成果。
少数民族地区的音乐与地区的音乐不尽相同,它往往是本民族固有文化与传统文化交融的产物，既蕴涵着本民族固有文化特质，也不乏传统文化风貌，内涵甚为丰富，颇具学术研究价值。
Literature Review (Sample 1)文献综述1
Literature ReviewC12 英语〔1〕 X X XTess of the D’Urbervilles is generally regarded as Tomas Hardy’s finest novel. Since its publication in 1891, it has encountered considerable concern in literary criticism. Among these numerous essays dwelling on Tess, most criticisms and interpretations focus on probing into the root of Tess’s tragedy. These scholars ponder Tess’s tr agedy from various perspectives and give a multitude of interpretations on this topic. But no one can exhaust such a great work，there is still much room for further consideration about Tess’s tragedy. Through several months’ efforts in searching, collectin g and reading an abundance of scholars and professors’ literature concerning causes of tragedy of Tess, I have learned much and gained a lot of data and create the following essay which summons up the essence of the literature.1．Analyses of Objective F actors in Tess’s Tragedy.The Age Characteristic and the Rebel in Tess of the D’U rbervilles – A Feminine Decoding on Tess of the D’U rbervilles by Jiang Lu introduces the economic background of the story. Jiang states that the story of Tess happened during the late half of 19th century, which witnessed the decline and destruction of the English peasantry. It was an age of transition and great social upheavals. With the development of capitalism, England was slowly developing from its former state of a mainly agricultural country to its new condition of a primarily industrial society, because of which the traditional self-sufficient society order in the country was broken. Helplessly confronted with the change, the country villagers were deprived of their lands, houses and other possessions. Then, in possession of few things they were forced to immigrate away from their accustomed land and to be employed as farm workers. Therefore, country peasants were inflicted tragically by the industrial development. This part clearly demonstrates the economic situation of the farmer at Victorian age which is quite beneficial to my paper.An Ecofeminist Reading of Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles by YuKun discusses the tragedy of Tess from the perspective of Ecofeminism, this paper practically explores the close relationship between women and nature and women’s tragic fate as the result of industrialization and patriarchal society, which helps me understand Tess’s tragedy from a new angle. It points out that at the late Victorian Age when industrialization began to encroach upon the countryside rapidly and capitalism developed further, the peasants lost their land and many of them were impoverished. Tess’s family,without exception, was poverty-stricken, which turned out to be the very root of her tragedy. Tess, impelled by the economic pressure from her family, had to go to claim kindred with prosperous D’Urbervilles family where she met evil Alec who deprived of her virginity; and it was her poor family that made Tess return to Alec. Besides, the society in the Victorian period was a man-dominated society, woman had to suffer the injustices of man-made law, the law by which man and woman were not equally treated in terms of morality. Angel who set a double moral standard for man and woman certainly couldn’t conceive of a relationship of equality with Tess. He couldn’t forgive Tess for her lost of virginity although he himself had dissipated past. Thus he finally abandoned Tess because of her “impurity〞, which gave Tess a fatal blow.The Connotation and Characteristic of “Angels in House〞in Victorian Period of England by Zeng Yayin demonstrates perfect women’s image in people’s mind in Victorian period. It says that a traditional Victorian woman is supposed to be a perfect woman. First, they should be gentle, graceful and charming, that is to keep an attractive appearance. Second, they should be submissive. They were taught to be sympathetic, gentle and considerable to other people. And the most important thing was to be submissive to their father or brothers, and after being married, their submission turned to their husbands. Third, they should have pure bodies. Traditionally, virginity was worshipped as a symbol of honor for an unmarried woman. It was very important for a younger woman to be a virgin before marriage and be loyal to her husband after she married him, and virginity was a girl’s virtue and value as well. Fourth, home was her whole world. She should sacrifice herself for her husband and the family. Taking care of the family and making the home healthy andcomfortable was undoubtedly all her duty. Besides, they were economically dependent, what they should do was to stay at home which was the shelter for them, and to seek for support and protection from them, so marriage was pretty much their best choice. All in all, the idle Victorian woman should be devoted, pure both mentally and physically and submissive. This paper gives me a general idea of the image of women in Victorian period, which will help me a lot in my paper.Analysis of Tragedy of Tess by Tang Xuan points out that Tess is a typical female tragedy, considering the convention and the bourgeois morality of her time. The last years of the nineteenth century were the Victorian period. Victorian morality imposed rigid norm on women, which demanded women to be pure. The loss of virginity was a fatal blow to Tess as she was turned against and crushed by the social convention. It was a man-dominated society, in which woman had to suffer the injustices of man-made law, the law by which man and woman were not equally treated in terms of morality and the use of double standard in sexual matters was the essential feature of the Victorian society. This was why Tess, being violated by Alec, unfairly suffered from being morally and socially spurned and punished while Alec remained free from any social reprimands. What is more, according to the Victorian customs, a man could live a dissipating life as he had once done while a woman could not. This double standard for man and woman made it impossible for Angel who was dominated by the conventional social custom and the bourgeois view of morality to forgive Tess. This part helps get a better idea of the impact of social convention and morality on Tess’s tragedy.The Ruin of a Pure Woman — Analyses of the Tragedy of Tess by Zhou Hong says that Tess is the victim of capitalist law and hypocritical religion. It states that Alec dared to do evil at his pleasure not only because he was a man of money and power, but also because he was under the protection of bourgeois law which was employed as a tool to rule ordinary people and was always at bourgeois’ interest. According to the law, it was ironic that the man who seduced Tess was justified while Tess who suffered damage was sinful. Oppressed by so strong social prejudice, Tess was deprived of the right to protect herself and forced to accept the unfair treatmentimposed on her. Thus, she was doomed to be a victim of power and violence. Besides, hypocritical religion was also closely related to Tess’s tragedy. In capitalis t society, religion was just used as a tool to lull and enslave people. When Tess met Alec again, to Tess’s as tonishment , Alec, the man who seduced her and ruthlessly pushed her into the abyss of tragedy, could resort to Christianity and became a priest who asked people to do good deeds. From this part I can see that both bourgeois law and religion are hypocritical.2. Reflection on Subjective F actors in Tess’s Tragedy.Analysis of Tess’s Character by Xu Haibo focuses on Tess’s character to explain the cause of Tess’s tragedy. It points out that the character of Tess is closely related to her fate, it is the tension in her character that leads her to the tragedy. The most obvious ones are those between humility and pride, and between innocence and sensuality. Ultimately it can be said that the tension is the one between obedience and rebellion within her character. It presents that both historical conditions and living environment contribute to the formation of Tess’s character. Tess has the qualities of kindness, honesty, diligence and loyalty which are shared by the label people, besides, she also inherits the pride traditionally associated with noble families, but her pride is conflicted with her social and economic position. In this paper, the author gives a detailed explanation with examples about the tension in Tess’s character which helps me better understand his idea. Besides it points out that there is also conflict between acquired conventional belief and instinctive independence of mind, and between ignorance and education in Tess’s character, which can also be seen from many cases. From this article, I get a good knowledge of Tess’s character as well as its relationship with her fate.Study on the Tragic Fate of Tess by Zhou Zhongxin and Wang Yanwen points out that Tess is a pure woman, but, ironically, her purity becomes the decisive factor of her tragedy. It states that Tess’s pure nature is fully embodied by her strong sense of responsibility and self -sacrifice to her family. When their horse is killed in an unexpected accident, nobody blames Tess as she blames herself, therefore, she doesn’trefuse once more her parent’s suggestion to claim kin with the wealthy D’Urbervilles family although she is not willing to do so. This is the very action that ruins all her life, she is seduced by Alec and later gives birth to an illegitimate baby. Moreover, her sense of responsibility is also clearly revealed when she becomes a mistress of Alec because of the desperate situation of her family. Tess’s purity is also displayed in her honesty and loyalty to love. When she is seduced by Alec, she bravely chooses to leave him at once irrespective of the pressure of her family and the society, because she realizes that she has never loved Alec.As to Angle, she falls in love with him deeply, but she continuously refuses Angle’s wooing because she thinks her being his wife is a shame for him. In order to protect Angle, she is willing to sacrifice her own feeling and happiness. Although she accepts Angle at last, she decides to disclose her past to him because of her honesty and true love for Angle. But her confession only results in an end of their marriage, she is deserted by her heartless husband, which leads to her miserable life soon afterwards. This paper offers me a good idea of the relationship be tween Tess’s purity and her tragedy.A Multi Perspective of the Tragedy of Tess of the D’Urbervil les by PengYan mentions the persecution of religion on Tess. Brought up in a heavily religious environment, Tess is deeply poisoned by religious thought, which forces Tess to bear enormous psychological pressure and induces her to sink into tragical abyss. Tess is a victim of religious doctrine. When her baby is dying, she suddenly realizes that she hasn’t been baptized and therefore will die without salvation a nd go to hell, but no parson is willing to do it for her baby, so she decides to baptize her baby by herself. Obviously, all her terrors about the hell are coming from the religious doctrine taught to her. Besides, although she used to doubt the existence of God when she feels desperate toward life, she can’t free herself from the shadow of religion. She always uses religious thought to imagine, explain and symbolize her miserable life. When she meets a man writing biblical texts on walls, she consciously feels ashamed and guilty for her loss of virginity, although it is not her fault. She is always self-contempt and keeps torturing herself by hypocritical religion thought. From this part I get to know religion’s impact on Tess.My Opinion about Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Li Honglan points out her family’s role in causing her tragedy. It says that Tess’s parents are ignoran t and vain，which leads directly to Tess’s tragedy. Tess’s father, Jack is lazy, selfish and foolish. When he hears of the news about his noble ancestry, he thinks his family will surely become rich if only Tess go to claim kinship with the wealthy family. When Tess is seduced by Alec, he doesn’t care about his daughter’s feelings and lock the door to prevent Tess from going out, the only thing that worries him is what others will think of this collapse of his family pride.Besides, Tess’s mother Joan is no better than Jack. The news of ancestry also affects her, she wants her daughter to rise in the world by making a successful marriage and thus bring fortunes to the whole family. When Tess chooses to leave Alec, she blames Tess for not marrying him and when Tess is deserted by Angle, she thinks it is all Tess’s fault. At the same time, her father doesn’t show sympathy for Tess either, he even doubts about her marriage, which makes Tess unable to live at home any more. Since her parents cannot be relied on, Tess takes on her younger shoulder the family burdens. She has a strong sense of responsibility towards her family and at almost every stage of her life it is her concern for family that influences her actions-from her agreement to claim kinship to family D’Urberville right to her final decision to return to Alec is totally due to her responsibility to support her family. From this analysis, I get a comprehensive knowledge about the influence of Tess’s family on her tragedy.Tess一A Pure but Tragic Woman by Zhang Qun discusses the influence of two men —Alec and Angle on Tess’s tragedy. It explains that Alec, typical of a bourgeois villain, m etamorphoses himself into the more dignified style of Alec D’Urberville and decorates himself as a man of nice heart. He takes advantage of Tess’s poverty and innocence, and seduces her on purpose. Thus , Tess intends to look for a way out but is driven by him to a way with a dead end. On the other hand, Angle is a representative of bourgeois intellectuals. He regards himself as a man full of new thoughts who isn’t bound by social customs. However, as a matter of fact, he couldn’t free himself from it. He idealizes Tess as symbol of purity and pursues her enthusiasticaly, but desert her as soon as Tess’s confession. Given up by her husband,Tess can’t support her family on her own and she is foeced by the death of her father and consequent loss of their cottage to succumbe to Alec to be his mistress. But out of her expection, Angle comes back, she is so shocked and regretfull that she kills Alec, because she thinks it is the only way out. From this analysis, I get a sense of these two men’s impact on Tess and I will use some of his idea in my paper.3. Introduction to the A uthor’s Outlook Reflected in the Novel.On Fatalism and Pessimistic View in Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Hu Ye says that Tess’s t raged y is related to Thomas Hardy’s fatalisti c outlook on life. Tess’s life can be divided into several stages and every stage is sprinkled a series of coincidences that push Tess to the doomed abyss. In this paper, it gives details about these coincides. At the outset, Tess’s father John Durbeyfield is so excited at the news of her ancestor that he drink himself drunk, so Tess has to replace her father to send the beehives to the market. Then the accidental death of the horse Prince destroys the family’s livelihood, so Tess is forced to go to claim k in with the wealthy D’Urbervilles family, where she is seduced by Alec.After this great frustration, she happens to meets Angle and falls in love with him. When she is about to marry him, Tess decides to write her past in a letter and thrusts it from unde r the door into Angel’s bedroom. But the paper gets mislaid under the carpet and Angel does not see it, which directly leads to the break of their marriage. When Tess eventually decides to visit Angel’s parents and asks them for help, she unfortunately ove rhears the conversation of Angel’s brothers, then she give up asking help from them. There is also the coincidence that she reencounters with Alec at exactly the moment when she is most vulnerable, then she becomes her mistress. Considering these coincides, I think that there is close relationship between Tess’s tragedy and these coincidences, although they all happen by chance.Tragic Consciousness Inherited and Future Developed in Hardy’s Novels On The Tragical ness in Tess of D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure by Zuo Yanru says that Thomas Hardy is an inheritor of classical tragedy, so he naturally transplanting the ideas of fatalism into his tragedy novels, and Tess of the D’Urbervilles is a typicalone. It tells that Hardy’s perspective of fatalism ha s two distinctive features. First, his fatalism often arises from the external environment, both social and physical, and the internal character of the protagonists. This realistic concern is a new aspect of fatalism. Second, in order to achieve the desire d tragic effect, Hardy’s destructive forces are reflected as the combination of accidents and inevitabilities, which aims to produce a strong sense of fate. The two features makes Hardy’s novels produce a strong sense of fatalism. This introduction lets me know the character of Hardy’s fatalism and its influence on the novel.Having read the above literature concerning the analyses of Tess’s tragedy, we have no difficulty to find that more and more scholars and professors both at home and abroad begin to p ay attention to the field of the cause of Tess’s tragedy. Most of them probe into this field from the perspective of social background, the heroine’s inner factors or the heroes destructive impact, there are not many other interpretations, however, all of them give me good guide to this topic and help me gain a better understanding of various elements relating to Tess’ tragedy, it also evokes my interest towards this topic and stimulates me to study this topic from a new perspective. In my paper, I tend to analyze the tragedy of Tess from individual choices with the help of the achievements of the critical study done by the former Hardy scholars, and I hope that I can make some contribution to this field by reading extensively and analyzing the literature.ReferencesXu Haibo. Analysis of Tess’s Character [J]. ?语文学刊(高教·外文版)?2007(06) Zhang Qun. Tess—A Pure but Tragic Woman [J]. Journal of Donghua University (Eng.Ed.) 2003(20).胡艳.论哈代?德伯家的苔丝?中的宿命论和悲观主义色彩[J].?太原科技大学报?2021(02).蒋橹.?苔丝?中的时代特征与叛逆形象—苔丝的女性主义视觉解析[J].?电影评介?2006(14).[J].?青海师专学报(教育科学)?2005(05).彭焱. “苔丝〞悲剧的多层次透视[J].?内江师范学院学报?2005(20).唐璇.?苔丝?悲剧根源剖析[J].?南华大学学报(社会科学版)?2006(01).于坤. An Ecofeminist Reading of Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles[J]. ?高等教育与学术研究?2007(01).—?苔丝?悲剧分析[J].?电影评介?2007(11).左燕茹.Tragic Consciousness Inherited and Future Developed in Hardy’s Novels On The Tragicalness in Tess of D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure [D].济南：山东师范大学. 2004.“家庭天使〞的内涵和特点[J].?达县师范高等专科学校学报(社会科学版)?2005(04).[J].? 电影评介?2021(11).。
文献综述参考范文1
文献综述随着人类的不断进步和发展，生产力的提高，人们的生活水平的提高，企业所处的时代和环境也在不断改变。
竞争优势将越来越不具有可保持性，企业战略需要针对瞬息万变的环境不断进行调整。
在这样的背景下，建立高度灵活、富有弹性、适应市场变革、对市场需求能够快速相应的动态柔性组织结构，成为了21世纪企业生存和发展的趋势。
一、前言20世纪90年代以来，信息技术以惊人的速度发展，知识经济如浪潮般涌现在面前，组织面临的环境更加复杂化，组织结构出现了扁平化、柔性化的趋势。
在这种环境下，组织面对着竞争环境变现出了一种“超竞争”的特征，企业战略行为的“保质期”在不断的被缩小，战略的更新更是以惊人的速度在发展，在这样的高度多变的环境中，组织的外部环境发生了混乱和高度的不确定性，这让组织的竞争优势荡然无存。
在这样混乱和高度不确定性的新竞争环境里，某个产业或企业不可能再一直稳定并且长期存在，我们可以从二十一世纪以后全球范围的产业重组和企业结构及运行方式持续变化中可以看出。
二、国外研究现状在动态环境中，组织的柔性化对企业的成败至关重要，人们对组织柔性的研究也表现出越来越浓厚的兴趣。
早期的研究主要集中在对柔性的界定这一方面，比较有代表的是马斯查克（Marschak）和尼尔森(Nelson)，他们从三个方面界定了柔性：1.选择余地的大小，即最初的富有柔性的行动，使得企业在随后的一段时期内拥有更多的行动选择；2.边际成本，即富有柔性的工厂在转向新的定位时，往往需要较小的额外成本；3.边际期望利润，即富有柔性的工程在转向新的定位时，往往可以获得更多的利润或遭受较小的损失。
随后，有关柔性的研究更是如火如荼。
例如Thompson对柔性专业化进行了剖析，认为柔性专业化意味着竞争性质的重大变化，意味着以横向合作竞争平衡取代新古典传统下不受约束的原子竞争；科利（Correa）论证了制造系统的柔性、产出变动与不确定性的关系，探讨了汽车制造中的技术柔性与人力资源柔性等相关问题；陈豪尔（Chenhall）对制造柔性与组织绩效的测量关系进行了实证分析；沃尔伯达(V olberda)对快速变化环境下的柔性组织的构建问题进行了讨论；佩吉尔（Pagell）利用多种方法对制造柔性与环境的不确定性进行了研究。
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综述模板1
1.1 课题的目的和意义
上世纪90年代以来，中国的包装机械行业由于包装制品的大量需要而出现了高速度发展,年平均增长率为30%[1]。
然而，由于中国的包装机械的发展起点低，规模小，包装机械的自动化水平远远落后于发达国家。
虽然包装机械设备已广泛的用于社会生产的各个行业，包装机械设备的需求量也十分巨大，但国内包装机械依然难以自给自足，目前60%~70%的包装机械依赖进口，特别是含金量比较高的自动化包装机械设备。
相对于整个机械行业，自动化包装机械是中国机械的弱势部分。
自动化包装机械在我国工业行业具有举足轻重的地位，采用自动控制的包装机械能够极大地提高生产效率和产品质量，有效减轻职工的劳动强度并能降低能源和资源的消耗[2]，尤其是对食品、饮料、药品、电子等行业而言，是至关重要的。
随着自动装置和系统工程方面的技术正在进一步深化，自动化包装机械设备得到更加广泛的应用[3]。
我国加入WTO后，经济规模不断扩大，经济对外开放的力度也逐步加大，企业越来越重视生产的效率和成本，人工生产的方式越来越不能满足企业的要求，生产的自动化已成为生产发展的必然趋势[4,5]。
在国家的大力倡导下，校企合作逐渐成为企业开发新设备的重要手段。
为了降低成本，提高研发能力，越来越多的企业开始走校企联合开发路线。
复合包装袋作为一种重要的包装材料，被广泛的应用于各个行业。
复合包装袋是由两种或两种以上包装袋组成。
目前复合包装袋的生产主要以工人方式为主，设备自动化水平极低，有的甚至是纯人工生产方式。
复合包装袋生产的效率难以满足企业的要求，复合包装袋生产线的自动化水平亟待提高。
复合包装袋的生产过程主要有纸质外袋的生产、薄膜内袋的生产、外袋的运送、内袋的运送、复合包装袋的套袋、复合包装袋的缝纫等。
无锡某公司作为复合包装袋生产厂家的一员，并且复合包装袋是其主要的产品，复合包装袋生产的自动化对其意义尤为重要。
在无锡某厂，复合包装袋生产的自动化水平还比较低下，其中外袋的生产、薄膜内袋的生产、复合包装袋的缝纫虽然已经实现自动化，但外袋的运送、内袋的运送、复合包装袋的塞袋都依然是以工人为主的生产方式。
本课题的研究目的是设计研发一套基于可编程控制器的双工位自动塞袋机，以解决复合包装袋的生产问题，本课题也是基于无锡某公司的具体要求及其实际
生产条件而进行的。
本课题主要用于解决企业现有生产方式中存在的诸多问题，包括外袋供给的自动化、外袋张开的自动化、内袋套取的自动化等。
本课题研制了具有手动/自动工作状态、参数设置、状态监视等多种功能的自动控制系统，具有良好的推广性。
整个控制系统具有良好的性能，该控制系统不仅性能可靠、操作简单、维护方面，还具有不错生产效率，生产的额定效率能达到25个/分钟，并且能根据生产的要求进行效率的调整。
1.3 国内外发展现状
中国包装机械经过几十年的发展，已成为机械工业中的重要行业。
上个世纪70年代，中国第一台包装机诞生于北京市商业机械研究所。
上世纪90年代以来，我国包装机械一直处在高速发展的阶段，这期间我国包装机械有了长足的发展，但是统计显示，我国包装机械大部分产品还基本停留在仿制阶段，与发达国家相比，我国包装机械还存在自动化水平不高、生产效率低、产品质量差、产品种类不齐全、管理理念欠佳以及科研投入不足等缺点[6-7]。
在我国包装行业，绝大多数企业都是民营企业和股份制企业，其比例约为85%，而且绝大多数为小企业。
每年都有众多企业成立，也有众多企业倒闭或转产；而且约有25%的企业存在重复生产现象[8]。
这不仅极大的降低了社会生产力，还极大的浪费了社会资源，严重妨碍了中国的现代化建设。
目前，自动化包装机械发展最快速的地方在发展中国家。
作为发展中国家的一员，从上世纪80年代到2005年，中国的包装制品的产值大约翻了40倍，产值从100亿变成4100亿，中国已成为世界第三大包装生产国。
包装工业的总产值在社会生产总值中的比率也大幅提高，目前包装行业从业人员已达到300多万人。
随着中国人民生活水平的不断提高，人们越来越注重物质生活的水平，对于微波食品，休闲食品及冷冻食品和方便食品的需求将继续增加，因此包装机械产业总量也将逐步变大。
2010年，国内食品与包装制袋机业的总产值达到1300亿元人民币，而市场更是需求达到2000亿元人民币。
虽然我国包装机械有了巨大的提高，但包装机械的自动化水平依然难以满足市场需求，并且自动化包装机械的开发很不成熟。
例如，半自动GPTG-I灌装机，它由武汉联合包装机械有限公司自主研发和设计，主要功能是填充各种液体和膏体等流体[9]。
但是半自动GPTG-I灌装机无法实现快速封口的要求，因为其仅采用计量调节手轮操作的方式，存在缺陷，难以满足市场多样化的需要。
近年来，随着中国经济的持续发展，包装机械的自动化已进入了新的增长期。
在包装机械中，机械与自动化的结合已成为现代包装机械工业的发展方向，包装
机械的自动化有了长足的发展，复合包装袋最为一种重要的包装产品，随着包装业的不断发展，其市场的需求不断提高，旧的生产方式已难以满足复合包装袋的生产要求。
自动化产品在包装机械中具有巨大的市场潜能。
2005年包装机械中自动化包装机械的市场规模约8亿元，年增长率超过10%。
我国包装机械的主要控制单元有可编程控制器、单片机、工控机等，在工业控制中基于可编程控制器的控制方式占主导地位。
因为它具有可靠性高、功能强、抗干扰能力、编程简单，易操作、使用方便以及体积小等优势[10]。
因此本设计采用PLC作为双工位塞袋机的主要控制单元。
提高包装机械的自动化水平同样成为国外包装机械发展的必然趋势。
美国是世界上最大且最强的包装机械生产国，美国包装机械用户主要可分为食品工业和非食品工业。
美国包装工业已经建立了独立的工业体系，其自动化操作程序已用于更多的自动化包装系统中，代表了自动化包装机械的一种前进方向。
美国各企业都致力于建立一个以机电一体化、激光扫描、纳米技术等为基础的新世界，使包装机械向着自动化、高效化、节能化的方向发展。
德国的包装机械在全球机械中占有举足轻重的地位，其包装机械产值大约是世界总包装工业产值的20%。
德国包装机械的各个方面均是世界一流。
德国的包装机械具有生产速度快、自动化程度高、可靠性好的特点。
自动化机械是德国包装机械的特点之一。
德国的科艾斯公司是全球包装行业的领导者，其成套设备技术含量高，资源集成度密集，采用PLC作为控制系统的主要控制器，广泛应用于国际社会的包装业[14]。
意大利的包装机械在国际市场也享有盛誉，意大利的包装机械具有外观优美和性价比高的特点。
意大利是世界第四大世界包装机械出口国，糖果包装机和灌装机等是其重要的包装机械产品。
由于意大利的食品包装机械行业尤为发达，食品包装机械出口比例达到80%。
意大利包装机械行业最大的优点是，在保证能很好地完成包装机械的设计、生产、实验的条件下，依然能够最大限度的满足用户个性化的要求。
20世纪90年代以来，意大利的包装机械一直处在高速发展的阶段，到2010年意大利占据了欧洲机械市场的四分之一，成为世界第二大包装机械销售国。
意大利西帕公司生产的PET瓶一步法生产设备就是意大利包装机械实力的体现，诸多世界大型跨国公司使用西帕公司的生产设备，如可口可乐公司、百事可乐公司等。
日本的包装机械兴起于20世纪60年，经过几十年的发展，目前已是成为世界包装机械的强国。
日本的包装机械主要分为三个部分:小包装及内包装、外包装及打包机械、配套机械。
日本的包装机械相对于他国，具有体积小、精度高、操作方便、自动化程度高的特点。
日本成功研制了世界上第一台微电脑控制的卧
式成形装填封口机，接着又研制成了世界首台装载热管的热封机器人。
日本在包装机械的驱动上也居世界先进水平，日本的三菱伺服电机、松下伺服电机等都具有较高的性价比，被广泛用于包装机械的控制，这些驱动器件提高了设备机械性能的柔软性，迅速提高了系统的自动化水平。
参考文献：
[1]。