临床检验诊断学2017详细答案年考博真题考博试卷

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临床检验诊断学2013详细答案年考博真题考博试卷

临床检验诊断学2013详细答案年考博真题考博试卷
3.Monoclonal protein:单克隆免疫球蛋白(monoclonal protein)简称 M 蛋白。正常情况下,人体内 应该同时存在免疫球蛋白的五种亚型,并且稳定在一定的水平。而肿瘤性浆细胞会不断分泌某一个特 定类型的免疫球蛋白,造成这一类型蛋白的数量增加,而这些蛋白并没有免疫功能,反而还会影响其 他正常免疫球蛋白的工作。简而言之,单克隆免疫球蛋白都有同样的「祖先」和同样的「长相」,却 没有抗敌的能力。
三、论述题 1.已知基因序列,但不能分离足够的蛋白质,请设计定量荧光分析方法
2.黄疸测定比较表(3 种黄疸)
一、 分析题: 1 型糖尿病、昏迷
1 型糖尿病伴昏迷患者病因多是由于中断胰岛素或胰岛素用量不足。 高糖摄入和输入如大量摄入含糖饮料、高糖食物,诊断不明时或漏诊时静脉输入大量葡萄糖 液,完全性静脉高营养,以及使用含糖溶液进行血液透析或腹膜透析等情况。尤其在某些内分泌疾病 合并糖代谢障碍的病人,如甲状腺功能亢进症、肢端肥大症、皮质醇增多症、嗜铬细胞瘤者等更易诱 发。 应激和感染如脑血管意外、急性心肌梗死、急性胰腺炎、消化道出血、外伤、手术、中暑或 低温等应激状态。感染,尤其是上呼吸道感染、泌尿系感染等最常诱发。 妊娠:尤其在妊娠后半阶段,由于胰岛素的需求显著增加,可能诱发酮症,甚至酮症酸中毒。 其他:某些药物如糖皮质激素的应用,某些疾病如库欣病、肢端肥大症、胰升糖素瘤等。
1、酶的 2 种活性测定方法(固定时间法,连续监测法),目前常用哪种方法? 1)定时法: 通过测定酶反应开始后某一时间段内(t1 到 t2)产物或底物浓度的总变化量来求取酶反应初速度
的方法,称为两点法,其中 t1 往往取反应开始的时间。在酶反应一定时间后,往往通过加入强酸、 强碱、蛋白沉淀剂等,使反应完全停止,所以也叫中止反应法。

哈尔滨医科大学外科学(公共部分)2017年考博真题试卷

哈尔滨医科大学外科学(公共部分)2017年考博真题试卷
4.输血近期并发症。
5.休克本质特征及治疗关键。
6.外科预防性应用抗生素给药方式。
7.体重指数意义,公式,正常值,如何判断肥胖及营养不良。
8.外科感染的影响因素。
9.创伤的组织修复阶段。
10.根据病理生理学特点烧伤分期。
11.何为移植抗原。
12.根据肝癌大小分类。
13.上消化道出血原因。
14.创伤致死三联征。
哈尔滨医科大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
哈尔滨医科大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目:外科公共部分
注意:所有答案一)
1.现代医学模式及由什么模式转变而来。
2.消毒和灭菌区别。
3.高钾血症原因及危险。
15.术后VTE高发人群。
16.颅内压升高三主征。
17.椎管肿瘤分型。
18.体外冲击波碎石并发症。
19.外伤性尿道损伤分型。

2017年临床医学检验技术(师)考试(基础知识)真题及详解【圣才出品】

2017年临床医学检验技术(师)考试(基础知识)真题及详解【圣才出品】

2017年临床医学检验技术(师)考试(基础知识)真题及详解一、以下每一道考题下面有ABCDE五个选项。

请从中选择最佳答案,并在答题卡上将相应题号的相应字母所属的方框涂黑。

1.尿液标本采集后的送检时间应在()。

A.2h内B.2.5h后C.3h后D.3.5h后E.4h【答案】A【解析】尿标本采集后,一般应在2h内及时送检,最好在30min内完成检验,否则就放在2~8℃冰箱内,或保存于冰浴中,或加入防腐剂保存。

2.正常前列腺液镜检可见多量()。

A.红细胞B.白细胞C.滴虫D.卵磷脂小体E.前列腺颗粒细胞【答案】D【解析】卵磷脂小体在正常前列腺液涂片中数量较多,分布均匀。

前列腺炎时数量常减少或消失,分布不均,有成簇分布现象。

3.构成细菌细胞壁的主要成分是()。

A.肽聚糖B.磷壁酸C.脂多糖D.脂蛋白E.磷脂【答案】A【解析】A项,肽聚糖是革兰阳性菌和革兰阴性菌细胞壁的共同成分。

B项,磷壁酸为革兰阳性菌细胞壁特殊成份。

CDE三项,脂多糖、脂蛋白和磷脂共同构成外膜,为革兰阴性菌细胞壁特殊成份。

因此构成细菌细胞壁的主要成分应该为肽聚糖。

4.关于自身免疫和自身免疫病的叙述错误的是()。

A.自身免疫是指机体免疫系统针对自身抗原产生自身抗体和致敏淋巴细胞而引起的免疫应答现象B.自身免疫和自身免疫病是两个不同的概念C.机体对自身抗原产生的免疫应答都是不利的D.正常人体内可有微量自身抗体E.免疫应答过分强烈,会导致功能障碍【答案】C【解析】正常人体内存在多种微量自身抗体,对机体起着免疫自稳作用。

5.在生理情况下,关于WBC变化规律的叙述错误的是()。

A.新生儿较高B.剧烈运动后降低C.进食后增高D.上午较低E.妊娠期增高【答案】B【解析】剧烈运动、剧痛、情绪激动会使白细胞显著增高。

6.对血肌酐浓度影响最大的因素为()。

A.肾功能B.性别C.年龄D.膳食E.生理变动【答案】A【解析】血肌酐基本上不受饮食、高分解代谢等肾外因素影响,在外源性肌酐摄入量稳定,体内生成量恒定(每日20mg/kg)的情况下,血肌酐浓度主要取决于肾小球滤过功能。

2017年临床医学检验技术(士)考试(基础知识+相关专业知识+专业知识+专业实践能力)真题及详解【圣

2017年临床医学检验技术(士)考试(基础知识+相关专业知识+专业知识+专业实践能力)真题及详解【圣

3.抗原抗体反应最适温度为( )。 A.0℃ B.20℃ C.37℃ D.56℃ E.90℃ 【筓案】C 【解枂】温度是影响抗原抗体反应癿因素之一。在一定范围内,温度升高可加速分子运 劢,抗原不抗体碐撞机会增多,使反应加速。一般以 15℃~40℃为宜,常用癿抗原抗体反 应温度为 37℃,温度如高于 56℃,可导致巫结吅癿抗原抗体再解离,甚至发性戒破坏。
9.正常成人新鲜尿液呈( )。
4 / 196
圣才电子书

A.淡黄色
十万种考研考证电子书、题库规频学习平台
B.深黄色
C.黄绿色
D.茶色
E.褐色
【筓案】A
【解枂】新鲜尿液淡黄色、清晰透明。
10.脑脊液标本癿采集不处理,丌正确癿是( )。 A.穿刺成功后立卲测定脑脊液压力 B.留叏癿第一管作病原生物学梱验 C.标本采集后立卲送梱,幵于 2h 内梱验宋毕 D.标本放置过丽造成细胞破坏、葡萄糖等分解,细菌溶解,影响梱验结果 E.标本若混入血液应注明 【筓案】C 【解枂】脑脊液标本采集不处理:腰椎穿刺成功后立卲测定脑脊液压力,然后留叏脑脊 液标本于 3 丧无菌试管丨,每丧试管 1~2ml。第一管作病原生物学梱验,第二管作化学呾 克疫学梱验,第三管作理学呾细胞学梱验。标本采集后应立卲送梱,幵于 1h 内梱验宋毕。 标本放置过丽,可造成细胞破坏、葡萄糖等物质分解,细菌溶解等,影响梱验结果。标本应 尽量避克凝固戒混入血液,若混入血液应注明。

5.丌属于克疫学梱验范畴癿是( )。 A.抗体 B.补体 C.激素 D.血气分枂 E.酶 【筓案】D 【解枂】血气分枂属于生物化学梱验癿内容,体液酸碱平衡癿知识。抗体、补体、激素、 酶都采用克疫学斱法梱验。
6.凝血酶原旪间测定癿缩写为( )。 A.APTT B.PT C.TT D.t-PA E.FDP 【筓案】B 【解枂】A 项,APTT 是活化部分凝血活酶旪间测定癿缩写;B 项,PT 是凝血酶原旪间 测定癿缩写;C 项,TT 是凝血酶旪间癿缩写;D 项,t-PA 是组织型纤溶酶原激活物癿缩写; E 项,FDP 是血清纤维蛋白降解产物癿缩写。

诊断学考博试题

诊断学考博试题

复旦大学医学院2004年诊断学考博试题诊断(任选五道,每题20分)1、异位心动过速伴宽大QRS波的心电图诊断与鉴别要点2、SAAGboard-like rigidityshifting dullnesscourieous-signcaput medusae3、某青年,安定中毒昏迷,pH7.32,PaCO2 60mmHg,PaO2 65mmHg,低氧血症的原因?给予洗胃等处理,第二天仍昏迷,吸氧4升/分,pH7.35,PaCO2 50mmHg,PaO2 90mmHg病情好转还是恶化?4、糖尿病诊断标准?免疫抗体对诊断的意义5、那些检查是肾小管酸中毒的关键检查?6、MDS的分型及骨髓形态学特点06考博复旦大学上海医学院内科学:1、AF的现代治疗2、ARDS的诊断标准及治疗原则3、NASH的发病机制和诊断4、难治性肾病综合征的治疗原则5、贫血的定义和分类6、多发性内分泌腺肿瘤综合征的类型和临床特征诊断学:1、主动脉瓣狭窄的病因和临床体征2、低氧血症的机制3、腹水的病因(前三位)和实验室鉴别诊断4、试述测定GFR的八种常用的方法及其原理,按精确程度依次排列5、正常、IPG、IGT、DM的诊断标准6、凝血性疾病的临床表现和实验室检查在鉴别诊断中的价值西安交通大学医学院2005年诊断学考博试题一、名词解释1。

驰张热2。

Murphy征3。

中性粒细胞左移4。

肺泡呼吸音5。

Grahamstell6。

周围血管征二、简答题1。

湿罗的特点2。

甲状腺肿大分级、意义3。

鉴别第一、第二心音4。

脑膜刺激征5。

额外心音6。

语音震颤减弱的意义7。

腹壁静脉血流方向的鉴诊三、论述题1。

左侧胸水的体征2。

二尖瓣狭窄的体征3。

渗、漏液鉴诊及实验室检查4。

ob的意义2005年同济博士入学诊断题一名词解释(3`X 5)1. PCR2. Urin Osmol3. Velcro啰音4. S2固定分裂音5. Standard bicarbonate二问答题1. 不同情况下腹壁静脉曲张的方向及辨别腹壁静脉曲张来源的方法。

医学博士考试01-06试题 加详解

医学博士考试01-06试题 加详解

2000FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案(部分)PAPER TWO31.A 32.B 33.C 34.D 35.A 36.B 37.C 38.C 39.A 40.B 41.C 42.C 43.C 44.D 45.B46.D 47.C 48.B 49.A 50.C51.C 52.B 53.D 54.A55.C 56.D 57.D 58.C59.C 60.C 61.D 62.D63.A 64.B 65.D 66.D67.C 68.B 69.C 70.A71.C 72.C 73.C 74.D 75.D2001FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案(部分)PAPER ONE1.A2.C3.D4.B5.A6.A7.C8.A9.D 10.C 11. PAPER TWO1.C2.C3.A4.B5.C6.D7.B8.D9.C 10.D 11.D 12.A 13.A 14.B 15.B 16.C 17.C 18.A 19.D 20.D 21.D 22.C 23.A 24.C 25.C 26.C 27.A 28.B 29.A 30.A31.C 32.A 33.B 34.A 35.A 36.B 37.C 38.C 39.D 40.B 41.C 42.C 43.A 44.B 45.B46.C 47.D 48.B 49.D 50.A51.C 52.A 53.A 54.D55.D 56.C 57.A 58.A59.C 60.C 61.D 62.A63.B 64.D 65.D 66.C67.A 68.A 69.D 70.D71.C 72.A 73.C 74.D 75.A2002FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案(部分)1.B2.C3.C4.A5.D6.B7.C8.C9.B 10.C 11.C 12.D 13.D 14.C 15.B16.A 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.A 21.D 22.D 23.C 24.C 25.C 26.A 27.D 28.A 29.C 30.B31.B 32.C 33.A 34.C 35.D 36.C 37.C 38.C 39.D40.D41.B 42.D 43.D 44.B 45.C 46.D 47.A 48.B 49.A50.B51.B 52.C 53.D 54.A 55.C 56.C 57.C 58.C 59.A60.A61.A 62.D 63.D 64.B 65.A 66.D 67.D 68.A 69.C70.C71.B 72.A 73.A 74.A 75.A 76.B 77.C 78.B 79.C80.D81.C 82.B 83.D 84.D 85.D 86.A 87.B 88.C 89.A 90.D2003FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案(部分)1.D 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.D 7.C 8.D 9.B 10.D 11.B 12.D 13.D 14.A 15.A16.C 17.A 18.D 19.D 20.D 21.C 22.D 23.D 24.A 25.C 26.D 27.D 28.B 29.C 30.D31.A 32.B 33.D 34.C 35.A 36.D 37.A 38.C 39.C 40.A 41.A 42.C 43.C 44.D 45.D 46.B 47.D 48.D 49.C 50.A51.B 52.A 53.C 54.A 55.C 56.B 57.A 58.C 59.B60.A61.C 62.B 63.C 64.B 65.C 66.C 67.B 68.D 69.A70.B71.D 72.A 73.D 74.C 75.D 76.B 77.D 78.C 79.C80.A81.A 82.A 83.D 84.C 85.B 86.B 87.C 88.A 89.D 90.B2004年全国医学考博英语试题答案(仅供参考)1.A2.B3.C4.C5.C6.B7.D8.A9.D 10.D11.A 12.B 13.C 14.C 15.D 16.D 17.A 18.C 19.B 20.A21.A 22.B 23.D 24.C 25.D 26.A 27.D 28.C 29.B 30.C31.B 32.A 33.D 34.A 35.B 36.B 37.A 38.B 39.C 40.B41.A 42.C 43.B 44.D 45.C 46.D 47.C 48.A 49.D 50.A51.A 52.B 53.D 54.A 55.B 56.C 57.A 58.A 59.B 60.C61.D 62.C 63.B 64.D 65.C 66.D 67.D 68.C 69.D 70.B71.B 72.D 73.B 74.C 75.B 76.B 77.A 78.D 79.A 80.B81.B 82.D 83.C 84.C 85.A 86.B 87.D 88.A 89.A 90.D2005年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5CACDA6-10CDBCB11-15CADBA16-20DDBCB21-25ABCBD26-30CCDAD31-35CABAA36-40CADAD41-45BACBA46-50ABDCC51-55BACBA56-60ACBCB61-65BCBBC66-70BDABC71-75CACBB76-80CACBB81-85CBACD86-90ADBCC2006年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案31-40 CDCCB BCBDA41-50 ACACA ACDDB51-60 BCACA AADBC61-70 DDDDA ACABD71-80ACCCC BCAAD81-90DBDBD DDBBC2001part III vocabulary(15%)1.we are all overwhelmed with more facts and information than we can possibly____A.feedB.maintainC.absorbD.consume2.pleasure,or joy, is vital to ____health. vital.生死攸关的, 重大的, 生命的, 生机的, 至关重要的, 所必需的A.optimistic pessimistic悲观的B.optional可选择的, 随意的C.optimal最佳的, 最理想的near optimal近似最佳D.operational3.A ____ effort is required to achieve health.mitted 承担义务的;忠于既定立场的;坚定的B.restrictedposed镇静的, 沉着的D.sophisticated诡辩的, 久经世故的4.A person’s belief ____ and colors his experience.A.contradicts vt.同...矛盾, 同...抵触contradict a statement驳斥一项声明contradict oneself自相矛盾B.shapes shape the destiny of决定...的命运C.summarizes概述, 总结, 摘要而言D.exchanges交换, 调换, 兑换, 交流, 交易.exchange experience 交流经验5.Many professors encourage students to question and ____ their idearsA.convey vt.搬运, 传达, 转让I can't convey my feelings in words.我的情感难以言表。

昆明医科大学外科学2010,2011,2017,2018年考博真题

攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷医学考博历年真题试卷昆明医学院2010年博士入学考试外科学试题第一大部分必做题一、单项选择(一个2分,10题,共20分)1、灭菌2、病例:钾代谢异常、脱水类型3、高渗性脱水诊断指标4、ARDS的病理改变5、疝气6、烧伤三度四分法7、急性腹膜炎休克原因8、失血性休克补充血容量,最优晶体液9、术后感染预防措施10、想不起来了二、名词解释(6个中文,4个英文,每个2分,共20分)1、等渗性缺水2、低血容量性休克3、肠外营养4、脓毒症5、肿瘤TNM分期6、急性移植排斥反应7、acute cholecystitis8、hernia9、PTCD 10、colon cancer三、简答题(一个10分,共30分)1、病例:脱水类型,补什么,补多少?2、病例:肠梗阻,检查方法,治疗原则。

3、鉴别癌性阻塞性黄疸和结石性阻塞性黄疸。

第二大部分根据专业选作普外(一个简答10分,一个论述20分)1、简答:乳腺癌前哨淋巴结概念及意义。

2、论述:原发性肝癌治疗原则,治疗方法及新进展。

昆明医学院2011年博士研究生入学考试外科学试题昆明医学院2011年博士研究生入学考试外科学试题特别提示:1、本试题共4页。

2、试题答案请写在专用答题纸上。

3、本试题共计100分,包括公共部分(70分),每位考生必答;选答部分(30分),考生可导师相近或相关专业选择作答,多选无效。

4、考生将选答部分专业注明在答题纸“考试科目名称”一栏中,例如:外科学(骨科)。

第一部分公共部分试题(70分)一、单项选择题(每题2分,共20分)1.杀灭芽胞细菌所需的温度和时间为:A. 高温1240C , 持续30分钟B.高温1000C ,持续20分钟C. 高温1200C ,持续20分钟D.高温1190C ,持续20分钟2. 低钾血症时,心电图不应表现A.出现u波B.T波变宽C. 高而尖的T波D.T波双向3.循环骤停进行复苏时,最有效的药物是A. 肾上腺素B.异丙肾上腺素C. 去甲肾上腺D.间羟胺4.上腹部出现顽固性呃逆,首先应想到的原因A. 膈下感染B.腹膜后血肿刺激腹腔神经丛C.手术造成膈神经损伤D. 粘连引起胃扭转5. 溶血性反应的治疗下列哪项是错误的:A. 使用抗组胺药物B.保护肾功能C. 换血治疗D.防治弥散性血管内凝血6.烧伤创面出现焦痂下积脓,下列处理方法哪项不正确A. 清除烧痂,充分引流B. 湿敷包扎治疗C. 控制感染下,切除焦痂植皮D.中药外用,蚕食脱痂7. 下列各项中,不符合DIC诊断标准的是A. 3P试验阴性B. 血浆纤维蛋白原<1.5g/LC. 血小板计数 < 80X109/LD. 凝血酶原时间比对照组延长3秒以上8. 有关休克的描述,不正确的是A. 血压低于90/60 mmHg,就可诊断为休克B. 急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎可导致脓毒性休克C. 挤压伤可引起创伤性休克D. 鱼精蛋白副凝试验阳性是诊断弥散性血管内凝血的佐证9.ARDS最早期的症状是A. 呼吸加快窘迫感B.明显的呼吸困难C. 病人发绀D.呼吸道分泌物增多10.女,48岁,行胃大部分切除术,输血150ml后,出现寒战,肌肉注射异丙嗪25mg,继续输血,半小时.7℃,血压70/60mmHg,脉搏160次/分,发绀,意识不清,烦躁不安,可能原因:A. 输血后出血倾向B.发热反应C. 溶血反应D.细菌污染反应二、名词解释(每题2分,共20分)1.移植; 2. MODS;3.水中毒;4.急性胃肠功能障碍;5.低渗性缺水;6.代谢性酸中毒;7.全身炎症反应综合症; 8.肠内营养;9.心肺脑复苏; 10.charcot三联症。

浙江大学医学分子生物学(乙)2017年考博真题考博试卷

攻 读 博 士 学 位 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 试 卷
医学考博真题试卷
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浙江大学
2017 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目:医学分子生物学(乙) 注意:所有答案一律写在答题纸上,写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
载体的特点 DNA 甲基化 蛋白质修饰及特征 2016 诺贝尔生理学奖 选择性剪接方式 翻译过程及参与因子 yap 蛋白检测, 肝癌中表达及证明 基因编辑及 knock down 基因克隆的具体步骤? 遗传密码特点 PCR 用途 基因诊断的特点与优势
。什么是选择性剪接,有什么意义,什么是长链非编码 DNA,分类和意义。06 年诺贝尔 奖的是什么及为什么获奖。什么是 knock down 及基因编辑,两者的区别及意义。设计一 ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้磷酸化 127 的实验及在肝癌中起的作用。克隆载体的特点。什么是 DNA 甲基化,两种 实验方法。
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第三军医大学3516临床检验诊断学2017年考博真题试卷

4. Caovulating Tumor DNA
二、简答题
1.糖化血红蛋白是什么,在监测血糖浓度方面的价值。
2.a-L岩藻糖苷酶的生理特征及临床应用价值。
三、问答题
1.前列腺抗原的特征及生理意义。
2. .....质谱仪在鉴定细菌方面的优势与不足。
四、论述题
1.什么是精准医疗,精准医疗在循环肿瘤中的进展及价值。Biblioteka 第三军医大学医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
第三军医大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目:3516临床检验诊断学
注意:所有答案一律写在答题纸上,写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
b on a chip
2. Digital PCR
3. Single nucleotide polymorphism

2017年医学博士外语真题试卷一(精选).doc

2017年医学博士外语真题试卷一(精选)(总分:126.00,做题时间:90分钟)1.Section A(分数:2.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical help to______ the problem.(分数:2.00)A.affiliateB.alleviateC.aggravateD.accelerate3.An allergy results when the body have a(n)______reaction to certain substances introduced to it.(分数:2.00)A.spontaneousB.negativeC.adverseD.prompt4.Diabetes is one of the most______and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.(分数:2.00)A.crucialB.virulentC.colossalD.prevalent5.Generally, vaccine makers______the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can take four to six months.(分数:2.00)A.penetrateB.designateC.generateD.exaggerate6.Drinking more water is good for the rest of your body, helping to lubricate jointsand______toxins and impurities.(分数:2.00)A.screen outB.knock outC.flush outD.rule out7.Despite their good service provided, most inns are less expensive than hotels of______standards.(分数:2.00)A.equivalentB.likelyC.alikeD.uniform8.Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have______effects on bones.(分数:2.00)A.adverseB.prevalentC.instantD.purposeful9.According to the Geneva______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.(分数:2.00)A.CustomsB.CongressesC.ConventionsD.Routines10.Environmental officials insist that something be done to______acid rain.(分数:2.00)A.curbB.sueC.detoxifyD.condemn11.It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and it will not be a long process.(分数:2.00)A.spontaneouslyB.simultaneouslyC.principallyD.approximately12.Section B(分数:2.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________13.The patient's condition has worsened since last night.(分数:2.00)A.improvedB.returnedC.deterioratedD.changed14.Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at night when it's lit up .(分数:2.00)A.decoratedB.illustratedC.illuminatedD.entertained15.Because of adverse weather conditions, the travelers stopped to camp.(分数:2.00)A.localB.unfamiliarC.goodD.unfavorablerm the manager if you are on medication that makes you drowsy .(分数:2.00)A.uneasyB.sleepyC.guiltyD.fiery17.The period from 3, 000 to 1, 000 B. C. E. , when the use of bronze became common , is normally referred to as the Bronze Age.(分数:2.00)A.obviousB.significantC.necessaryD.widespread18.Diabetes is one of the most prevalent and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.(分数:2.00)A.crucialB.virulentC.colossalD.widespread19.Likewise , soot and smoke from fire contain a multitude of carcinogens.(分数:2.00)A.a matter ofB.a body ofC.plenty ofD.sort of20.Many questions about estrogen's effects remain to be elucidated , and investigations are seeking answers through ongoing laboratory and clinical studies.(分数:2.00)A.implicatedB.impliedC.illuminatedD.initiated21.The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understands why.(分数:2.00)A.faultB.deviationC.discretionD.discrepancy22.The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for this case can be rather difficult.(分数:2.00)A.sufficientB.plentifulC.adequateD.countable三、PartⅢ Cloze(总题数:1,分数:20.00)It was the kind of research that gave insight into how flu strains could mutate so quickly. (One theory behind the 1918 version's sudden demise after wreaking so much devastation was that it mutated to a nonlethal form. ) The same branch of research concluded in 2005 that the 1918 flu started in birds before passing to humans. Parsing this animal-human【C1】______could provide clues to【C2】______the next potential superflu, which already has a name: H5N1, also known as avian flu or bird flu. This potential killer also has a number: 59 percent. According to the World Health Organization, nearly three-fifths of the people who【C3】______H5N1 since 2003 died from the virus, which was first reported【C4】______humans in Hong Kong in 1997 before a more serious 【C5】______occurred in Southeast Asia between 2003 and 2004. (It has since spread to Africa and Europe. ) Some researchers argue that those mortality numbers are exaggerated because WHO only 【C6】______cases in which victims are sick enough to go to the hospital for treatment【C7】______compare that to the worldwide mortality rate of the 1918 pandemic; it may have killed roughly50 million people, but that was only 10 percent of the number of people infected, according toa 2006 estimate. H5N1's saving grace — and the only reason we're not running around masked up in public right now — is that the strain doesn't jump from birds to humans, or from humans to humans, easily. There have been just over 600 cases (and 359 deaths) since 2003. But【C8】______its lethality, and the chance it could turn into something far more transmissible, one might expect H5N1 research to be exploding, with labs【C9】______the virus's molecular components to understand how it spreads between animals and【C10】______to humans, and hoping to discover a vaccine that could head off a pandemic.(分数:20.00)(1).【C1】(分数:2.00)A.interactB.interfaceC.connectionD.contamination(2).【C2】(分数:2.00)A.stoppingB.stoppedC.have stoppedD.stop(3).【C3】(分数:2.00)A.contactedB.contractedC.concentratedD.infected(4).【C4】(分数:2.00)A.onB.inC.ofD.with(5).【C5】(分数:2.00)A.breakoutB.take placeC.happenD.outbreak(6).【C6】(分数:2.00)A.accountsB.numbersC.countsD.takes(7).【C7】(分数:2.00)A.MoreoverB.StillC.FurthermoreD.Thereafter(8).【C8】(分数:2.00)A.givenB.givingC.to giveD.speaking of(9).【C9】(分数:2.00)A.parsingB.parsedC.to parseD.having parsed(10).【C10】(分数:2.00)A.presentlyB.potentiallyC.potentlyD.importantly四、PartⅣ Reading Compre(总题数:6,分数:60.00)If you are reading this article, antibiotics have probably saved your life—and not once but several times. A rotten tooth, a knee operation, a brush with pneumonia; any number of minor infections that never turned nasty. You may not remember taking the pills, so unremarkable havethese one-time wonder drugs become. Modern medicine relies on antibiotics — not just to cure diseases, but to augment the success of surgery, childbirth and cancer treatments. Yet now health authorities are warning, in uncharacteristically apocalyptic terms, that the era of antibiotics is about to end. In some ways, bacteria are continually evolving to resist the drugs. But in the past we've always developed new ones that killed them again. Not this time. Infections that once succumbed to everyday antibiotics now require last-resort drugs with unpleasant side effects. Others have become so difficult to treat that they kill some 25, 000 Europeans yearly. And some bacteria now resist every known antibiotic. Regular readers will know why: New Scientist has reported warnings about this for years. We have misused antibiotics appallingly, handing them out to humans like medicinal candy and feeding them to livestock by the tonne, mostly not for health reasons but to make meat cheaper. Now antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be found all over the world — not just in medical facilities, but everywhere from muddy puddles in India to the snows of Antarctica (南极洲) . How did we reach this point without viable successors to today's increasingly ineffectual drugs? The answer lies not in evolution but economics. Over the past 20 years, nearly every major pharmaceutical company has abandoned antibiotics. Companies must make money, and there isn't much in short-term drugs that should be used sparingly. So researchers have discovered promising candidates, but can't reach into the deep pockets needed to develop them. This can be fixed. As we report this week, regulatory agencies, worried medical bodies and Big Pharma are finally hatching ways to remedy this market failure. Delinking profits from the volume of drug sold (by adjusting patent rights, say, or offering prizes for innovation) has worked for other drugs, and should work for antibiotics — although there may be a worryingly long wait before they reach the market. One day, though, these will fall to resistance too. Ultimately, we need, evolution-proof cures for bacterial infection: treatments that stop bacteria from causing disease, but don't otherwise inconvenience the little blighters. When resisting drugs confers no selective advantage, drugs will stop breeding resistance. Researchers have a couple of candidates for such treatment. But they fear regulators will drag their feet over such radical approaches. That, too, can be fixed. We must not neglect development of the sustainable medicine we need, the way we have neglected simple antibiotic R&D. If we do, one day another top doctor will be telling us that the drugs no longer work—and there really will be no help on the way.(分数:10.00)(1).In the first paragraph, the author is trying to______.(分数:2.00)A.warn us against the rampant abuse of antibiotics everywhereB.suggest a course of action to reduce antibiotic resistanceC.tell us a time race between humans and bacteriaD.remind us of the universal benefit of antibiotics(2).The warning from health authorities implies that______.(分数:2.00)A.the pre-antibiotic era will returnB.the antibiotic crisis is about to repeatC.the wonder drugs are a double-edged swordD.the development of new antibiotics is too slow(3).The appalling misuse of antibiotics, according to the passage, ______.(分数:2.00)A.has developed resistant bacteria worldwideB.has been mainly practiced for health reasonsC.has been seldom reported as a warning in the worldD.has been particularly worsened in the developing countries(4).The market failure refers to______.(分数:2.00)A.the inability to develop more powerful antibioticsB.the existing increasingly ineffectual drugs in the marketC.the poor management of the major pharmaceutical companiesD.the deprived investment in developing new classes of antibiotics(5).During the presentation of the two solutions, the author carries a tone of______.(分数:2.00)A.doubtB.urgencyC.indifferenceD.helplessnessWhere one stage of child development has been left out, or not sufficiently experienced, the child may have to go back and capture the experience of it. A good home makes this possible, for example by providing the opportunity for the child to play with a clockwork car or toy railway train up to any age if he still needs to do so. This principle, in fact, underlies all psychological treatment of children in difficulties with their development, and is the basis of work in child clinics. The beginnings of discipline are in the nursery. Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food, to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on. If the child feels the world around him is a warm and friendly one, he slowly accepts its rhythm and accustoms himself to conforming to its demands. Learning to wait for things, particularly for food, is a very important element in upbringing, and is achieved successfully only if too great demands are not made before the child can understand them. Every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition of each new skill—the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feeling of failure and states of anxiety in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural zest for life and his desire to find out new things for himself. Learning together is a fruit source of relationship between children and parents. By playing together, parents learn more about their children and children learn more from their parents. Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this co-operation. Building-block toys, jigsaw puzzles and crossword are good examples. Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness or indulgence towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters, others are severe over times of coming home at night, punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness and well-being.(分数:10.00)(1).The principle underlying all treatment of developmental difficulties in children______.(分数:2.00)A.is to send them to clinicsB.offers recapture of earlier experiencesC.is in the provision of clockwork toys and trainsD.is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced(2).The child in the nursery______.(分数:2.00)A.quickly learns to wait for foodB.doesn't initially sleep and wake at regular intervalsC.always accepts the rhythm of the world around themD.always feels the world around him is warm and friendly(3).The encouragement of children to achieve new skills______.(分数:2.00)A.can never be taken too farB.should be left to school teachersC.will always assist their developmentD.should be balanced between two extremes(4).Jigsaw puzzles are______.(分数:2.00)A.too difficult for childrenB.a kind of building-block toyC.not very entertaining for adultsD.suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation(5).Parental controls and discipline______.(分数:2.00)A.serve a dual purposeB.should be avoided as much as possibleC.reflect the values of the communityD.are designed to promote the child's happinessFor 150 years scientists have tried to determine the solar constant, the amount of solar energy that reaches the Earth. Yet, even in the most cloud-free regions of the planet, the solar constant cannot be measured precisely. Gas molecules and dust particles in the atmosphere absorb and scatter sunlight and prevent some wavelengths of the light from ever reaching the ground. With the advent of satellites, however, scientists have finally been able to measure the Sun's output without being impeded by the Earth's atmosphere. Solar Max, a satellite from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), has been measuring the Sun's output since February 1980. Although a malfunction in the satellite's control system limited its observation for a few years, the satellite was repaired in orbit by astronauts from the space shuffle in 1984. Max's observations indicate that the solar constant is not really constant after all. The satellite's instruments have detected frequent, small variations in the Sun's energy output, generally amounting to no more than 0. 05 percent of the Sun's mean energy output and lasting from a few days to a few weeks. Scientists believe these fluctuations coincide with the appearance and disappearance of large groups of sunspots on the Sun's disk. Sunspots are relatively dark regions on the Sun's surface that have strong magnetic fields and a temperature about 2, 000 degrees Fahrenheit cooler than the rest of the Sun's surface. Particularly large fluctuations in the solar constant have coincided with sightings of large sunspot groups. In 1980, for example, Solar Max's instruments registered a 0. 3 percent drop in the solar energy reaching the Earth. At that time a sunspot group covered about 0. 6 percent of the solar disk, an area 20 times larger than the Earth's surface. Long-term variations in the solar constant are more difficult to determine. Although Solar Max's data have indicated a slow and steady decline in the Sun's output. Some scientists have thought that the satellite's aging detectors might have become less sensitive over the years, thus falsely indicating a drop in the solar constant. This possibility was dismissed, however, by comparing solar Max's observations with data from a similar instrument operating on NASA's Nimbus 7 weather satellite since 1978.(分数:10.00)(1).According to the passage, scientists believe variations in the solar constant are related to______.(分数:2.00)A.sunspot activityB.unusual weather patternsC.increased levels of dustD.fluctuations in the Earth's temperature(2).Why is it not possible to measure the solar constant accurately without a satellite?(分数:2.00)A.The Earth is too far from the Sun.B.Some areas on Earth receive more solar energy than others.C.There is not enough sunlight during the day.D.The Earth's atmosphere interferes with the sunlight.(3).Why did scientists think that Solar Max might be giving unreliable information?(分数:2.00)A.Solar Max did not work for the first few years.B.Solar Max's instruments were getting old.C.The space shuttle could not fix Solar Max's instruments.D.Nimbus 7 interfered with Solar Max's detectors.(4).The attempt to describe the solar constant can best be described as______.(分数:2.00)A.an ongoing research effortB.a question that can never be answeredC.an issue that has been resolvedD.historically interesting, but irrelevant to contemporary concerns(5).What does this passage mainly discuss?(分数:2.00)A.The components of the Earth's atmosphere,B.The launching of a weather satellite.C.The measurement of variations in the solar constant.D.The interaction of sunlight and air pollution.Optical illusions are like magic, thrilling us because of their capacity to reveal the fallibility of our senses. But there's more to them than that, according to Dr. Beau Lotto, who is wowing the scientific world with work that crosses the boundaries of art, neurology, natural history and philosophy. What they reveal, he says, is that the whole world is the creation of our brain. What we see, what we hear, feel and what we think we know is not a photographic reflection of the world, but an instantaneous unthinking calculation as to what is the most useful way of seeing the world. It's a best guess based on the past experience of the individual, a long evolutionary past that has shaped the structure of our brains. The world is literally shaped by our pasts. Dr. Lotto, 40, an American who is a reader in neuroscience at University College London, has set out to prove it in stunning visual illusions, sculptures and installations, which have been included in art-science exhibitions. He explains his complex ideas from the starting point of visual illusions, which far from revealing how fragile our senses are show how remarkably robust they are at providing a picture of the world that serves a purpose to us. For centuries, artists and scientists have noted that a grey dot looks lighter against a dark background than being against a light background. The conventional belief was that it was because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired. But Dr. Lotto believes it's a learnt response; in other words, we see the world not as it is but as it is useful to us. "Context is everything, because our brains have evolved to constantly re-define normality, " says Dr. Lotto. "What we see is defined by our own experiences of the past, but also by what the human race has experienced through its history, " This is illustrated by the fact that different cultures and communities have different viewpoints of the world, conditioned over generations. For example, Japanese people have a famous inability to distinguish between the "R" and the "L" sound. This arises because in Japanese the sounds are totally interchangeable. "Differentiating between them has never been useful, so the brain has never learnt to do it. It's not just that Japanese people find it hard to tell the difference. They literally cannot hear the difference. " Dr. Lotto's experiments are grounding more and more hypotheses in hard science. "Yes, my work is idea-driven, " he says. "But lots of research, such as MRI brain scanning, is technique-driven. I don't believe you can understand the brain by taking it out of its natural environment and looking at it in a laboratory. You have to look at what it evolved to do, and look at it in relationship to its ecology. "(分数:10.00)(1).What does the word "them" in the first paragraph refer to?(分数:2.00)A.Human senses.B.The fallibility of senses.C.Revealing capacity.D.Optical illusions.(2).According to the passage, what is known about Dr. Beau Lotto?(分数:2.00)A.Though he is a neuroscientist, he has shocked the scientific world with his extensive research in art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.B.Dr. Lotto is a professor at University College London who is specialized in a number of disciplines such as art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.C.Dr. Lotto has been attempting to exhibit his creative productions in art-science exhibitions in the hope of proving his idea on optical illusions.D.Dr. Lotto has set out to create visual illusions, sculptures and installations which well combined the knowledge of art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.(3).Which of the following statements can be inferred from Dr. Lotto's study?(分数:2.00)A.People should believe their brains rather than their eyes as the world, to a great measure, is created and shaped by human brain.B.People should never believe their senses for what they see, hear, feel, and the truth may be contrary to the photographic image of the world.C.People should never believe their eyes for what they see are only accidental and temporary forms of the world, which varies in accordance with contexts.D.People should be aware that their eyes can play tricks on them as what they see is actually created by their brains which are shaped by their past experiences.(4).According to Dr. Lotto, what is the reason for the fact that a grey dot looks lighter againsta dark background than being against a light background?(分数:2.00)A.It is a fact that the dot emerged to be lighter against a dark background than being against a light one.B.Human senses are remarkably robust at providing a picture of the world that serves a purpose to us through what they have learnt from past experiences.C.It is because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired.D.Because the context in which the little dot placed has changed to be lighter.(5).Which of the following statements is true about the research in neuroscience?(分数:2.00)A.Investigation on the brain involves scrutinizing a network in which both environment and the brain itself function together.B.Both idea-driven and technique-driven are popular research methods in research study in neuroscience.C.People cannot carry out research study on brain in laboratory where it is isolated from human body.D.Brain can be investigated in isolation with other faculties and organs as long as the research is carried out in proper natural context.The biggest thing in operating rooms these days is a million-dollar, multi-armed robot named da Vinci, used in nearly 400, 000 surgeries nationwide last year—triple the number just four years earlier. But now the high-tech helper is under scrutiny over reports of problems, including several deaths that may be linked with it and the high cost of using the robotic system. There also have been a few disturbing, freak incidents: a robotic hand that wouldn't let go of tissue grasped during surgery and a robotic arm hitting a patient in the face as she lay on the operating table. Is it time to curb the robot enthusiasm? Some doctors say yes, concerned that the "wow" factor and heavy marketing have boosted use. They argue that there is not enough robust research showing that robotic surgery is at least as good or better than conventional surgeries. Many U. S. hospitals promote robotic surgery in patient brochures, online and even on highway billboards. Their aim is partly to attract business that helps pay for the costly robot. The da Vinci is used for operations that include removing prostates, gallbladders and wombs, repairing heart valves, shrinking stomachs and transplanting organs. Its use has increased worldwide, but the system is most popular in the United States. For surgeons, who control the robot while sitting at a computer screen rather than standing over the patient, these operations can be less tiring. Plus robothands don't shake. Advocates say patients sometimes have less bleeding and often are sent home sooner than with conventional laparoscopic surgeries and operations involving large incisions. But the Food and Drug Administration is looking into a spike in reported problems during robotic surgeries. Earlier this year, the FDA began a survey of surgeons using the robotic system. The agency conducts such surveys of devices routinely, but FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers said the reason for it now "is the increase in number of reports received" about da Vinci. Reports filed since early last year include at least five deaths. Whether there truly are more problems recently is uncertain. Rivers said she couldn't quantify the increase and that it may simply reflect more awareness among doctors and hospitals about the need to report problems. Doctors aren't required to report such things; device makers and hospitals are. Company spokesman Geoff Curtis said Intuitive Surgical has physician-educators and other trainers who teach surgeons how to use the robot. But they don't train them how to do specific procedures robotically, he said, and that it's up to hospitals and surgeons to decide "if and when a surgeon is ready to perform robotic cases. " A 2010 New England Journal of Medicine essay by a doctor and a health policy analyst said surgeons must do at least 150 procedures to become adept at using the robotic system. But there is no expert consensus on how much training is needed. New Jersey banker Alexis Grattan did a lot of online research before her gallbladder was removed last month at Hackensack University Medical Center. She said the surgeon's many years of experience with robotic operations was an important factor. She also had heard that the surgeon was among the first to do the robotic operation with just one small incision in the belly button, instead of four cuts in conventional keyhole surgery.(分数:10.00)(1).Why did FDA begin to scrutinize da Vinci?(分数:2.00)A.The number used in operation has been tripled.B.It is too expensive.C.It is reported to have frequent mechanical breakdown.wsuits increase with death case reports.(2).According to some doctors, which of the following is NOT the reason to curb the enthusiasm for da Vinci?(分数:2.00)A.The high cost causes unreasonable marketing.B.It is not as good as traditional surgeries.C.It needs more statistics to prove its value.D.It is necessary for doctors to consider some problems.(3).What does FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers mean?(分数:2.00)A.Doctors and hospitals should be responsible for those problems.B.It is doctors that think da Vinci robots are problematic.C.There are so many problems reports that FDA has to do an enquiry.D.FDA hasn't finished the previous enquiry about the surgeons who used robots.(4).What is correct about training according to the Geoff Curtis?(分数:2.00)A.A lack of sufficient training on the part of surgeons.B.A lack of sufficient training on the part of company.C.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on specific procedures.D.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on how to used robots.(5).What is the best title for this passage?(分数:2.00)A.Four Hands Better than Two?B.Too Good to Be TrueC.Smart RobotsD.Who Is the Killer?Despite Denmark's manifest virtues, Danes never talk about how proud they are to be Danes. This would sound weird in Danish. When Danes talk to foreigners about Denmark, they always begin by。

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推荐的标准:
1、高敏感性:当疾病是严重的,并且是可治疗的,应该不能漏检;当假阳性结果不会导致严重 的精神或经济创伤;和不合适治疗的后果不严重时,需要高敏感性。
2、高特异性:当疾病是严重的,但是不能治疗;当没有疾病时具有心理或公众健康价值;或如 果假阳性结果可能引起严重的精神或经济上的创伤时(如,HIV 抗体的确证实验),需要高特异性。
4.改变通透性:细菌通过各种途径使药物不易透过细菌细胞外膜进入菌体,而对抗菌药物有天然屏障 作用。
5.加强主动外排系统:大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、空肠弯曲杆菌等均有主动外排 系统。
6.其他 (1)对氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物产生耐药的肠杆菌、假单胞菌等是由于拓扑异构酶Ⅱ的结构改变所致。 (2)对利福霉素类药物产生耐药的肠球菌、链球菌、肠杆菌、假单胞菌等是由于降低了 RNA 聚合 酶的亲和力。
2、医院获得性感染:其定义是发生在医院内的一切感染。医院内感染为患者在住院期间发生的感染, 住院前获得的感染、住院时正值潜伏期或于住院后发病者不能作为医院内感染;反之,住院期内获得 的感染,出院后才发病者,应为医院内感染。
3、钩状效应:钩状效应即 HOOK 效应,是指由于抗原抗体比例不合适而导致假阴性的现象,其中抗 体过量叫做前带效应;抗原过量叫做后带效应。
(3)耐红霉素的大肠埃希菌中都存在红霉素酯酶,其能酯解红霉素的大环内酯结构。
3、临床免疫学实验检测如何设定 cut-off 值
cut-off 值是被检分析物的量值,用于确定结果高于还是低于临床或分析决断点。cut-off 值的设定 给出了简要的敏感性和特异性组合。
大多数免疫分析,来自感染和非感染人群的样本之间有一个检测结果的重叠区,这就说明一个实 验一般不大可能有完全的(100%)敏感性、特异性或预测值。在选择 cut-off 值和报告检测结果时应 该考虑敏感性、特异性或预测值哪个更重要。
意义:
1.ROC 曲线能很容易地查出任意界限值时的对疾病的识别能力。 2 选择最佳的诊断界限值。ROC 曲线越靠近左上角,试验的准确性就越高。最靠近左上角的 ROC 曲线 的点是错误最少的最好阈值,其假阳性和假阴性的总数最少。 3.两种或两种以上不同诊断试验对疾病识别能力的比较。在对同一种疾病的两种或两种以上诊断方法 进行比较时,可将各试验的 ROC 曲线绘制到同一坐标中,以直观地鉴别优劣,靠近左上角的 ROC 曲线所代表的受试者工作最准确。亦可通过分别计算各个试验的 ROC 曲线下的面积(AUC)进行比较, 哪一种试验的 AUC 最大,则哪一种试验的诊断价值最佳。
1.产生灭活酶耐药菌可产生多种多样灭活酶,改变药物的结构,使药物失去抗菌作用,灭活酶主要有 2 类。(1)水解酶如肽酶,金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素及头孢菌素耐药后,产生了裂解其结构中的β内酰胺环的β-内酰胺酶。(2)钝化酶如乙酰转移酶、核苷转移酶和磷酸转移酶等。 2.改变靶部位:抗菌药物对细菌的原始作用靶点,称为靶部位。 3.增加代谢拮抗物:磺胺药与金黄色葡萄球菌接触后,后者可使对氨基苯甲酸(PABA)的产量增加 20~100 倍,高浓度的 PABA 与磺胺药竞争二氢蝶酸合酶时占优势,从而使金黄色葡萄球菌产生抗药 性。
2、细菌的耐药机制 细菌耐药性是细菌产生对抗生素不敏感的现象,产生原因是细菌在自身生存过程中的一种特殊表现形 式。天然抗生素是细菌产生的次级代谢产物,用于抵御其他微生物,保护自身安全的化学物质。人类 将细菌产生的这种物质制成抗菌药物用于杀灭感染的微生物,微生物接触到抗菌药,也会通过改变代 谢途径或制造出相应的灭活物质抵抗抗菌药物。
4、MALDI-TOF-MS:MALDI-TOF-MS(基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱, 英文名 Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/ Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry)是近年来发展起来的一种新型的软电离 生物质谱,适用于混合物及生物大分子的测定。要由两部分组成:基质辅助激光解吸电离离子源 (MALDI)和飞行时间质量分析器(TOF)。是用激光照射样品与基质形成的共结晶薄膜,基质从激 光中吸收能量传递给生物分子,而电离过程中将质子转移到生物分子或从生物分子得到质子,而使生 物分子电离的过程。
5、危急值:“危急值 ”(Critical Values)是指某项或某类检验异常结果,而当这种检验异常结果出现 时,表明患者可能正处于有生命危险的边缘状态,临床医生需要及时得到检验信息,迅速给予患者有 效的干预措施或治疗,就可能挽救患者生命,否则就有可能出现严重后果,失去最佳抢救机会。
二、简答: 1、ROC 曲线的概念及意义 概念:工作特征曲线 (receiver operating characteristic curve,简称 ROC 曲线),又称为感受性曲线 (sensitivity curve)。得此名的原因在于曲线上各点反映着相同的感受性,它们都是对同一信号刺激的 反应,只不过是在几种不同的判定标准下所得的结果而已。接受者操作特性曲线就是以假阳性概率 (False positive rate)为横轴,击中概率为纵轴所组成的坐标图,和被试在特定刺激条件下由于采用 不同的判断标准得出的不同结果画出的曲线。
攻 读 博 士 学 位 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 试 卷
医学考博真题试卷
重庆医科是一种葡萄糖负荷试验,用以了解胰岛 β 细胞功能和机体对血糖的
调节能力,是诊断糖尿病的确诊试验,广泛应用于临床实践中,对于处于其他疾病急性期的患者,可 能需要重复进行以明确糖尿病的诊断。口服葡萄糖耐量试验,是指给成人口服 75g 无水葡萄糖,儿童 按每公斤体重 1.75g 计算,总量不超过 75g,然后测其血糖变化,观察病人耐受葡萄糖的能力,是目 前公认的诊断糖尿病的金标准,在血糖异常增高但尚未达到糖尿病诊断标准时,为明确是否为糖尿病 可以采用该试验。
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