药学英语课文翻译课后翻译节选中英双语对照第四版

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2012药学英语翻译

Unit 1 Green pharmacy-herbal medicine1) Plant kingdom once was mere pharmacy of the human race, but now when you get into the modern pharmacy, plant-derived drugs have been hardly found.2) Although today the number of plant-based drugs has been decreased, the effective chemicals in many tables, capsule and bottle-contained drugs are originated from plant kingdom.3) Among chemical substances contained in plants, some must be toxic, but some must be drugs available to us.4) During the millions of years since man came to the earth, he has been doing experiments on a variety of plants about him.5) There exist mistrust, suspicion and hostility between the orthodox medicine and herbal practitioners for many years, which are threatening the possibility of establishing good working relationship.6) When we think of the effectiveness of quinine, the great contributions made by herbal medicine to medical science are quite evident.7) However, in the past few decades, the number of newly-introduced drugs has obviously decreased.8) The medical legacy of our motherland is an inexhaustible new-drug treasure, which remains us to tap with new methods.9) If pharmacological method had not been introduced to the study of vinca rosea, the discovery of vincaleukoblastine would have been postponed by many years.10) Western medicine hardly believes that someone who knows nothing of a disease mechanism could be capable of curing it.Unit 2 How does human body fight disease?People tend to believe that antibiotics were invented by human being, but in fact, they are purely natural products. Since Alexander Fleming, a British biologist discovered anti-microbial substance released by the Penicillium fungi in 1928, it has been learned that this substance can produce powerful antibiotic effect. In fact, antibiotics, are exactly manufactured by organisms, namely, bacteria and fungi, which people aim to destroy. After Fleming’s discovery of penicillin, Selma Walksman in 1943 isolated Streptomycin from a soil bacterium, Streptomycus griseus. Scientists have not made it clear completely why organisms can produce antibiotics. This question has become the topic for discussion.Why antibiotics are useful in medicine is that they can not only kill microbes, but also not kill the body cells as they do to the microbes, body cells are entirely different from those of bacteria cells, so that they can avoid being destroyed at the same time. Thus, antibiotics are called “magic bullet”because they may be particularly used to aim at certain microbes. This feature of antibiotics also makes them essentially different from anti-microbial agents: the latter tends to have poison to a majority of cells, whether the cells of bacteria or the body cells.Unit 3 Drug dependenceStudies indicate that drug dependencies both a health problem and a social concern. The drug dependence affects not only individual’s health but also the public health at the same time. The drug use has obviously and severely negative effects on the human brain and physical health. But drug abuse and addiction have huge and potential threat, because whether the drug is used directlyor indirectly has become the main transmitting ways for many severe communicable diseases, AIDS, hepatitis and pulmonary tuberculosis in particular, plus violent behaviors, etc. The drug addiction is such a complicated and widely health-associated problem that we must duty-boundly put the measures about the public health, extensively-launched education, prevention, treatment and scientific research into our total strategy. Science is offering the foundation to the exploration of public health, which keeps the opposite attitude to the extensively-accepted point of view. It thinks that the drug dependents are made to lose all abilities by drugs, so they cannot rectify their own behaviors. It also offers the suggestions of the foundation for revising the total strategy, so as to reduce the negative effects produced by injection of drugs on the individual and society.Unit 4 The scope of pharmacology1) The science that drugs act on the human body is known as pharmacology, while the scientists who studies this science is called pharmacologist.2) Pharmacology is not a science which can be studied alone, but one that is closely related to other sciences.3) Pharmacologist should not only learn the normal reaction process, but also know how the functions of the human body are affected by diseases.4) If the drug is properly used, it will be a boon to the human race, if not, it will destroy the human race.5) In the first half of the 20th century, the fantastic development has been achieved in the pharmacological field.6) The human race makes constant efforts not only for increasing life expectancy, but also for more healthy life.7) If a patient, the old in particular, constantly uses more than one therapeutic agent, the correlation of the drugs causing toxin tends to occur.8) The clinician is interested primarily in the drugs that are useful in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human disease.9) As most of the natural drugs are now highly purified and differ little from synthetic chemical drugs, the interests of the clinicians in pharmacognosy are correspondingly limited.10) Pharmacodynamics, as a border science, borrows greatly from both the subject matter and the experimental techniques of physiology, biochemistry, microbiology, immunology, genetics, pathology and so on.Unit 5 Combinatorial chemistry and new drugs1) To fight against disease, the immune system generates proteins known as antibodies that bind to invading organisms. But the real case is that the immune system is not to develop a specialized antibody each time it is faced with a new pathogen. In fact, the immune system select the most effective one by mass screening of its antibody repertoire, thus identifying the ones that work best.2) In a process called combinatorial chemistry, chemicals generate a large number of related compounds and then screen the collection for the ones that could have medicinal value.3) In a parallel synthesis, chemists often use a so-called microtiter plate to assemble all the products separately in their own reaction vessels.4) A parallel synthesis and a split-and-mix synthesis are different with that in a parallel synthesis, all the products are assembled separately in their own reaction containers, while in a split-and-mixsynthesis, the related compound are mixed up in the same reaction vessel, which reduces the number of containers required.5) At the end of a split-and-mix synthesis, all the molecules attached to a single bead are found to be of the same structure. Chemists pull out from the mixture the beads that bear biologically active molecules and then, use sensitive detection techniques to determine the molecular makeup of the compound attached.Unit 6 Drug discovery and natural products1) Plant natural products have had, and continue to have, an important role as medicinal and pharmaceutical agents, not only as purified isolates and extractives, but also as lead compounds for synthetic optimization.2) Plant secondary metabolites also show promise for cancer chemoprevention, which has been defined as “the use of non-cytotoxic nutrients or pharmacological agents to enhance intrinsic physiological mechanisms that protect the organism against mutant clones of malignant cells”.3) Nevertheless, the vast majority of the world’s quarter of a million plant species has not been evaluated in pharmaceutical screens, and the small percentage that has been tested has generally been screened for activity against only a few therapeutic targets.4) Although many sampling programs designed to generate large numbers of samples for high-throughput screening programs have been characterized as random, it has been shown that they are neither truly random nor haphazard, but that sampling occurs without preconceived selection of species.5) Three main research approaches are used in drug discovery and development processes：（1）bioactivity- or mechanism of action directed isolation and characterization of active compounds, (2)rational drug design-based modification and analog synthesis, and (3)mechanism of action studies.Unit 7 New drugs and drug delivery systems1) Every drug has its innate pharmacological characteristics. With the right dosage, frequency of administration and route of administration, most patients can get the expected pharmacological eficacy.2) But to different patients, there may be certain ,or even very obvious differences. Patients’physique, quality of drug, microorganisms and environmental factors can all affect drug fuctioning. They can enhance or decrease drug efficacy.3) The main factors that produce individual differences are the differences in drug absorption, distribution, biotransformation and elimination.4) In order to achieve the goal of maximum efficacy and minimum side effect for every patient, it is far from enough just to select drugs according to their pharmaceutical functioning.5) Other factors that influence the efficacy of different drugs must be taken into account, and appropriate therapies should be made according to the particular conditions of different patients. These therapies must be adjusted in time in the course of treatment to conform to patients’changed conditions until they recover.Unit 8 What analytical chemists do ?1) Analytical chemistry aims to resolve two questions:what it is and how much it is, that isqualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis is to identify the elements, ions and compounds contained in a sample while quantitative analysis is to determine the exact quantity.2) Analytical chemistry has expanded beyond the bounds of just chemistry, and many have advocated using the name analytical science to describe the field. Even this term falls short of recognition of the role of instrumentation development and application. One suggestion is that we use the term analytical science and technology.3) Analytical chemists work to improve the reliability of existing techniques to meet the demands for better chemical measurements which arise constantly in our society. They adopt proven methodologies to new kinds of materials or to answer new questions about their composition and their reactivity mechanisms.4) Qualitative tests may be performed by selective chemical reactions or with the use of instrumentation. For example, the formation of a white precipitate when adding a solution of silver nitrate to a dissolved sample indicateds the presence of chloride. Infrared spectra will give “fingerprints” of organic compounds or their functional groups.5) The first phase in the testing of banned substances is called fast-screening phase, in which qualitative analysis such as GC or LC is adopted to test suspicious samples. In the second phase, GC-MS is employed for further testing of those suspicious samples. Finally, spectrophotometry or GC is applied for accurate quantification.Unit 9 Nonclinical development of biopharmaceuticals1) The development of a new therapeutic agent involves a multidisciplinary group in many years of work, and with the development of genetic engineering and the production of monoclonal antibodies, it is likely that even more agents should be produced.2) The activity of biopharmaceuticals depends on their complicated conformation based on secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures. These structures cannot be fully defined with our present set of analytical techniques and approaches for potency testing.3) Apart from the intravenous route of drug administration, where a drug is introduced directly into the blood circulation, all other routesof adminstering systemically acting drugs involve the absoption of drug from the place of adminstration into the blood.4) Biopharmaceuticals are pharmaceutical products consisting of (glyco)proteins, and they have a number of characteristics that set them aside from low molecular weight drugs.5) In safety testing and clinical test programs of biopharmaceuticals, questions have to be addressed regarding species specific responses, selection of dosing schedules and route of administration, and the possible occurrence of immunogenicity.Unit 10 The package insert and prescription1) The information the package insert contains is derived from data supplied by investigators and submitted by pharmaceuticalfirm to the FDA, including the chemical structure of the drug, a summary of its pharmacological and toxicological action, its clinical indications and contraindications, precautions, reported adverse reactions, dosage recommendations, and available dosage forms.2) The physician may exercise his professional judgment in the use of any drug. However, if he deviates from the instructions in the package insert and adverse reactions occur, he must beprepared to defend his position in court if there is a malpractice suit.3) If a severe reaction occurred and litigation followed, how would a court react if a physician admitted to the use of this drug for the treatment of some diseases in view of the prohibitions in the package insert? Would the published clinical study, plus the physician’s judgment in prescribing the drug, suffice?4) The FDA cannot requirea pharmaceutical firm to include a new use for the drug product in the insert even if it has been clinically tested and found useful for a given problem. But, if a new use for a drug is not yet included in the package insert, the manufacturer cannot advertise his product for that particular use.5) Today, the FDA’s regulatory scope and authority include ensuring the safety and purity of foods, drugs, medical devices, nutritional supplements, vaccines and cosmetics. Of particular concern to the anesthesiologist is the timely access to drug evaluation, pharmacologic, and medical device data. With the dramatic upsurge in the number of new prescription drugs and over-the-counter supplements, the need for up-to-date drug information has never been more crucial.Unit 11 Development od new drugs(1)1) Formerly, drugs were extracted from natural plant and animal sources. Therapeutic use was empirical and based on traditional experiences.2) The strategies of the drug research include occasional discoveries, random molecular combination, and a planned research of synthesis of a certain specific chemical element.3) Although this is a ideal method of the development of new drugs, it is expensive and there is no guarantee of success.4) When a drug is used by millions of people, it is sure to develop unhealthy response, though this harm is not too big to particular people.5) Most drugs have a maximum safe dose, if the dose exceeds the limited extent, it will produce toxic side effects.6) Penicillin, one of the most powerful bacterium-killers in the world, was incidentally discovered by Fleming.7) The pharmacological experiment of a new drug will determine whether the drug has the desired medicinal functions in model systems.8) The addition of awareness of the biochemical mechanism will make the development of new drugs more rational.9) Extensive formal toxicological tests are required before new drugs can be used on patients.10) Now chemists and biologists attach importance to research fields of molecular biology, biochemical pharmacology, and so on.Unit 12 Development od new drugs(2)1) The rationale for the development of new drugs should be to provide better drugs, better in the sense of being either more effective, safer or cheaper.2) The promotion representative of the pharmaceutical manufacturer has been trained to promote a certain new product.3) The clinical evaluation of new drugs should be made after the study on animals proves effective.4) A new drug evaluation in man can be considered in four phases, each of which should be doneunder the strict supervision.5) Dose-ranging study should only be performed in volunteers who are informed about the implications of the tests, and who give their consent freely.6) As dose-ranging study may have a certain dangerous nature, it can only be carried out under medical supervision.7) A large scale of clinical trials in phase 3 will establish the new drug’s profile of action and frequency of adverse effects.8) The large cost of the drug development is borne by the pharmaceutical industry, which justifiably expects to recoupe it when the product is finally marketed.9) Information about new drugs published in well-established journals is more believable than the introductions by the representatives living on promotion.10) Heavy investment used in promotion of new drugs has not only led to the use of undistinguished new drugs but also raised the cost of the drugs.Unit 13 The impact of pharmaceutical care on drug therapy1) The focus of pharmaceutical care is to optimize drug therapy, minimize drug-related problems, and improve self-management for the purpose of achieving the optimal outcome to improve the patients’ quality of life.2) Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Ultimately, it is likely to lead to complications.3) The Pharmaceutical Care process for the patients in the Intervention Group consists of three sections. One of them is provided at hospital, then seamless care at the time of discharge from hospital and the last in the ambulatory setting.4) Pharmaceutical care has a clear benefit and positive impact on patient’s HRQoL, which is feasible in the hospital and in the community setting.5) The result of the study demonsreates that patients who do not receive intensified PC have a higher chance of deteriorationg their quality of life.Unit 14 FDA’s responsibilities and activities1) Before a new drug goes to the market and is widely used, the manufacturer should get the license from the corresponding authorized government agency(Drug Safety Commiittee in Britain; Food and Drug Administration in USA;Medical Products Agency in Sweden and etc).2) The new drug probably has been taken by more than 3000 healthy volunteers or patients in controlled studies before marketed unless it is only designed for some orphan diseases in small scale trials.3) At the present stage, most of the pharmacological effects are well-known and the side effects caused by overdosages have been documented. However, the recognition of unpredicted toxic and side effects are rarely known by humans until after the extensive use of the drugs.4) Continuous use of beta receptor blocking drug practolol for a comparative period of time may produce a syndrome of ocular mucosa and dermis, which had been discovered after several years.5) In similar manner, when thalidomide was discovered to make pregnant women who had taken the medicine during their early pregnancy bear babies with limb deformity, it had been sold on market for a few years.Unit 15 Good manufacturing practices(GMP)1) GMP is probably the most widespread quality system followed across the pharmaceutical industry as a whole. GMP compliance is a requirement within the R&D environment for the manufacture and testing of clinical trial materials (both drug product and API) and for commercial manufacture and testing of these materials.2) Although the FD&C Act requires all drugs (products and APIs) to be manufactured to cGMP, the regulations 21CFR parts 210 and 211 are only mandatory for the manufacture of drug products and not APIs. It is only with the issue of ICH Q7 A that the worldwide pharmaceutical industry finally received detailed guidance for manufacture of APIs for boh commercial and R&D purposes.3) There have been distinct and fundamental differences between USA regulation and EU/UK requirements for GMP. The US required all drugs to be made to GMP requirements and performed inspections throughout the world in support of these requirements. In the UK, only drug products and biological manufacturers (not APIs, except some specified antibiotics) were inspected by the regulatory authority fot compliance to GMP.4) An API is normally prepared by chemical processes and even if purification is involved at each stage of manufacture, impurities in APIs can not be removed thoroughly. Therefore, trace impurities are allowed to be present in drug product to a limited extent.5) Harmonization with the US through a Mutual Recognition Agreement（MRA）is seen as a big saving of inspection resources to both the EU and the USA, through mutual acceptance of API facility inspection reports.。

第四版药学英语课后翻译（节选）

第四版药学英语课后翻译（节选）药学英语课后翻译Organic Chemistry Translation1. 没有化学的帮助，现代医学所取得的令人瞩目的进展是不可能的。

The remarkable advances made in modern medicine would not have been possible without the aid of chemistry.2. 既然人体从本质上讲是一台化学机器，那么，有人体功能的化学知识对医生来说就显得至关重要了。

Since the body is essentially a chemical machine, a knowledge of the chemistry of bodily functions seems essential to the physician.3. 通过植物和动物生产食品涉及到分子中原子的重新排列问题。

The production of food by plants and animals involves the rearrangement of atoms in molecules.4. 幸运的是，很少有其他工作能像研究化学那样更能激励人们去取得成功。

Fortunately, few kinds of work seem to urge people on to success more effectively than does the pursuit of chemistry.5. 迄今为止，寻求合成制品背后的动机便是祈盼以更少的钱为更多的人生产更好的东西。

So far the motive behind the search for synthetics has been a wish to produce better things for less money, and for more people.6. 人们从活体分离出越来越多的纯净物质，并认识到它们都含有碳元素，这样便诞生了有机化学Isolation of increasing numbers of purified materials from living forms and recognition of the fact that all contained carbon gave birth to organic chemistry.7. 煤与氧结合在炉中燃烧，生成二氧化碳——一种在成分和化学性质上都不同于煤和氧的全新物质。

药学英语上册汇总

Unit One Text A Introduction to Physiologybuilding block connective tissue epithelial tissue anabolism catabolism deoxyribonucleic acid glucoseglycogengonad homeostasismatrixnitrogenosmolality osmoreceptor potassiumtracheabronchiplasma membrane blood clottingglial cellatriaventricle cardiovascular system respiratory system gastrointestinal tract urinary tract reproductive system endocrinefecesglucagongangliaembryobody fluidfertilized egg课文中句子（英译汉）:1. It is concerned with how an organism performs its varied activities; how it feeds, how it adapts to changing circumstances, how it spawns new generations.2. Although some processes are similar across the whole spectrum of biology-the replication of the genetic code for example-many are specific to particular groups of organisms.3. Although there have been many important physiological investigations on human volunteers, the need for precise control over the experimental conditions has meant that much of our present physiological knowledge has been derived from studies on other animals such as frogs, rabbits, cats, and dogs.4. The heart consists of four chambers, two atria and two ventricles, which form a pair of pumps arranged side by side. The right ventricles pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it absorbs oxygen from the air, while the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood returning from the lungs to the rest of body to supply the tissues.5. The carbon dioxide produced by the respiratory activity of the tissues is carried to the lungs by the blood in the pulmonary artery where it is excreted in the expired air.6. This activity depends on electrical signals which, in turn, depend on the concentration of sodium and potassium ions in the extracellular and intracellular fluids. If there is an excess of potassium in the extracellular fluid, the cardiac muscle cells become too excitable and may contract at inappropriate times rather than in a coordinated manner.7. If the body tissues are being built up, as is the case for growing children, pregnant women and athletes in the early stages of training, the daily intake of protein is greater than the normal body turnover and the individual is in positive nitrogen balance.8. A negative feedback loop is a control system that act to maintain the level of some variables within a given range following a disturbance. A feedback loop requires a sensor of some kind that responds to the variable in question but not to other physiological variables. Thus an osmoreceptor should respond to changes in osmolalityof the body fluids but not to changes in body temperature or blood pressure.9. The body is actually a social order of about 100 trillion cells organized into different functional structure, some of which are called organs. Each functional structure contributes its share to the maintenance of homeostasis conditions in the extracellular fluid, which is called the internal environment. As long as normal conditions are maintained in this internal environment, the cells of the body continue to live and function properly.课后汉译英：1.我们每天摄入的食物必须满足需要，任何多余的东西必须排出体外才能维持平衡。

药学英语第4版课后练习判断题翻译及答案

1.much of our present physiological knowledge has been found from theexperiments and studies on human beings. 我们目前的生理知识已经发现从实验和研究人类。

F2.the cell are grouped together to form tissues which,thus,consist of a lot of cells.细胞被组合在一起形成的组织，因此，包括大量的细胞。

F3.living cells break down glucose and fats to provide energy for otheractivities,which are called catabolism. 活细胞分解葡萄糖和脂肪提供能量等活动，被称为分解代谢。

F4.the white cells play an important role in defense against infection. 白细胞在抗感染防御中起重要作用。

Y5.the right atria pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it absorbs oxygenfrom the air. 右心房缺氧血液泵至肺部，它吸收空气中的氧气。

F6.the nervous system uses electrical signals to transmit information very rapidly tospecific cells. 神经系统利用电信号将信息传送到特定的细胞。

T7.the level of sodium increases in the extracellular fluid, the cardiac muscle cellsbecome too excitable and may contract. 细胞外液中的钠水平升高，心肌细胞的兴奋性，可能成为合同。

药学英语,课后翻译

药学英语Unit 1Inflammatory reaction induced by local ischemic injury is one of the important pathophysiological characteristics after ischemic stroke, so anti-inflammatory therapy may be an effective strategy for acute ischemic stroke. Enlimomab, an anti-ICAM-1 murine monoclonal antibody, can inhibit the recruitment and activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, reduce their adhesion and decrease cerebral infarct size in experimental stroke models. However, a much larger efficacy trial including 625 acute ischemic stroke patients has shown that enlimomab was ineffective on ischemic stroke patients even with a worsening outcome. The therapeutic time window of rt-PA is within 3 hours of ischemic onset. Administration of the drug after more than 3 hours of ischemic onset has no significant therapeutic implications and may even end up with an increased hemorrhagic risk. A study using the animal ischemic model indicated that combination of anti-inflammatory therapy and rt-PA could significantly and might as well extend the therapeutic time window of thrombolysis.局部脑缺血损伤引起的炎症反应是缺血性脑卒中发生后的重要病理生理特征，因此，抗炎治疗策略可能是治疗急性缺血性脑卒中的一种有效方法。

制药工程专业英语课文翻译1 5 6 11 13 16单元译文

Unit 1 Production of DrugsDepending on their production or origin pharmaceutical agents can be split into three groups:I .Totally synthetic materials (synthetics)，Ⅱ.Natural products，andⅢ.Products from partial syntheses (semi-synthetic products).The emphasis of the present book is on the most important compounds of groups I and Ⅲ一thus Drug synthesis. This does not mean，however，that natural products or other agents are less important. They can serve as valuable lead structures，and they are frequently needed as starting materials or as intermediates for important synthetic products.Table 1 gives an overview of the different methods for obtaining pharmaceutical agents.1单元生产的药品其生产或出身不同药剂可以分为三类：1。

完全（合成纤维）合成材料，Ⅱ。

天然产物，和Ⅲ。

产品从（半合成产品）的部分合成。

本书的重点是团体的最重要的化合物Ⅰ和Ⅲ一所以药物合成。

这并不意味着，但是，天然产品或其他代理人并不太重要。

它们可以作为有价值的领导结构，他们常常为原料，或作为重要的合成中间体产品的需要。

药学英语课文3翻译

Foods That Fight Cancer抗癌症的食物Foods That Fight CancerDiet is now considered a major weapon(武器) against cancer. The National Cancer Institute （协会）estimates that about one-third of all cancers are linked to diet, and recent research indicated（指出）that what you eat may help to significantly reduce your risk.Cancer develops over a long time, which means that you have years-typically decades（数十年）-in which to hinder（阻碍）or promote it. Researchers are finding that what you eat may interfere（妨碍）with cancer growth at various stages. For example, certain foods can block (v.阻碍) the chemicals that initiate（开始）cancer. Antioxidants（抗氧化剂）, found in some vitamins and minerals（矿物）, can snuff（消灭）out oxygen free radicals（基础；原子团）, substances that are thought to make cells more susceptible（易受影响的）to cancer, and they can even repair some of the cellular damage that has been done. And some food-wheat bran in particular-has been shown to shrink（收缩）precancerous（癌症前期的）cells.A recent review（评论）of 17 studies from 17 nations reveals that people who eat the most fruits and vegetables have about half the cancer rates of those who eat the least. That includes cancers of the lung, colon（结肠）, breast, cervix（宫颈）, esophagus（食道）, oral cavity（口腔）, stomach, bladder（膀胱）, pancreas（胰腺）and ovary（卵巢）. In fact, some research suggests that frequent consumption（肺痨;消耗）of fruits and vegetables can cut the risk of lung cancer even in smokers. “It is almost mind-boggling（难以理解的）,” says Tim Byers, an epidemiologist （流行病学家）with the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “that ordinary fruits and vegetables can be so effective against such a potent（有效的）carcinogen（致癌物质）as cigarette smoke.”One of the most studied antioxidants in vegetables and fruits thought to protect against cancer is beta-carotene（B-胡萝卜素）, concentrated（聚集）in deep green, yellow and orange vegetables such as carrots, sweet potatoes and spinach（菠菜）. Fruits high in beta-carotene include apricots （杏）and cantaloupes（哈密瓜）. In test-tube（试管）studies at Harvard University, beta-carotene had a direct toxic effect on cells taken from malignant（有害的）tumors（肿瘤）. It also reduced the growth of lung-cancer cells and altered（改变）the proteins needed for tumors to grow.Research also shows that beta-carotene can change in the body to retinoid acid（视黄酸）, a substance used in clinical trials to treat certain cancers.Here are some of the foods that contain cancer-fighting chemicals.Tomatoes. One of the compounds in tomatoes that is thought to reduce the risk of cancer is lycopene（番茄红素）, the pigment（色素）that makes tomatoes red. Lycopene, an antioxidant that is also found in watermelons and apricots, quenches（结束）certain cancer- triggering oxygen free radicals.Having little lycopene in your blood is associated with a higher risk of pancreatic cancer, according in a Johns Hopkins University study. People with pancreatic cancer showed lower levels of lycopene compared with healthy individuals. Those with the least blood lycopene had over five times the risk of pancreatic cancer as healthy people with the most blood lycopene.Lycopene is present in tomato products, including sauces（酱油）, tomato paste and even ketchup（番茄酱）.Green Vegetables. A recent Italian study showed that dark-green leafy vegetables lower the risk of many cancers. Spinach, broccoli（西兰花）, kale（甘兰）and dark-green lettuces（油麦菜）are chock-full of antioxidants, including beta-carotene, folate and lutein，. A good rule ofthumb: the darker the vegetable, the more antioxidants within.Citrus（柑橘类）Fruit. “Eat oranges, grapefruits（葡萄柚）, lemons and limes as often as possible,”says toxicologist Herbert Pierson, a former project officer with the National Cancer Institute. He calls citrus fruit an all-around cancer package because it possesses every class of natural substances (carotenoids（类胡萝卜素）, flavonoids（黄铜）and others) that individually have neutralized（中立的）powerful chemical carcinogens in animals.Citrus fruit may be particularly effective in reducing the risk of pancreatic cancer. One study found that in a group of Swedes, those who ate a citrus fruit almost daily reduced the risk of pancreatic cancer by one-half to more than two-thirds, as compared with eating citrus fruit less than once a week.Cruciferous（十字花科的）Vegetables. Cruciferous vegetables, such as cabbage, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, kale, mustard greens and turnips, may reduce the risk of breast cancer. In fact, researchers at Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied diseases at the University of Nebraska at Omaha found that feeding animals cabbage and collard greens (also a cruciferous vegetable), along with a low-fat diet, reduced the incidence（发病率）of mammary（乳腺癌）cancers. Eat cruciferous vegetables raw（生食）or lightly cooked. Overcooking may destroy the indoles（吲哚）, compounds found in these vegetables that may protect against cancer.Cruciferous vegetables may also work to head off stomach and colon cancer. Research conducted in Utah revealed（显示）that men who ate the most cruciferous vegetables had a 70 percent lower risk of colon cancer than those who ate the least of such vegetables.Soybeans. Soybeans contain at least five compounds believed to（抑制）cancer. In fact, one of the compounds is chemically similar to the drug tamoxifen （三苯氧胺）, which is routinely used to treat estrogen-dependent（雌性激素）breast cancer and is now being tested in a large clinical trial to see if it can prevent the disease. In animal studies, soybean constituents have been found to block colon, skin and other cancers by possibly slowing the growth and division（分割）of cancer cells.Wheat Bran. Wheat bran may lower the risk of colon cancer. A double-blind（双盲）study of patients at The New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center found that two one-ounce servings of wheat bran cereal（谷类）a day caused premalignant colon polyps（息肉）to shrink within six months. Most remarkable, say researchers, is that such a small amount of food could have such an impact within a short period of time, illustrating（图解）that dietary intervention（饮食干预）may work even after precancerous warning signs have appeared.Low-Fat Milk. While the saturated（饱和的）fat in milk seems to promote certain cancers, another substance in milk may deter（阻止）them. Researchers at Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo, N. Y., discovered, not surprisingly, that drinkers of whole milk had higher odds than non-milk-drinkers of developing cancers of the oral cavity, stomach, colon, rectum, lung, bladder, breast and cervix. But they also found that those drinking low-fat milk were less likely than non-milk-drinkers to develop cancers of the oral cavity, stomach, rectum and cervix. Why? Scientists suspect（猜想）that elements（基础）such as calcium, riboflavin, or vitamins A, C, and D (present in whole milk, too, but apparently less effective) may act as anti-cancer agents in ways not yet understood.To get the most cancer-protective compounds from your diet, strive（努力）for five or more servings of fruits and vegetables daily, advises the National Cancer Institute. One serving means one-half cup of most cooked or raw fruits or vegetables, one cup of raw leafy vegetables, onemedium（半生的）piece of fresh fruit, or six ounces of fruit juice or vegetable juice. The ideal diet is low in fat and calories, high in fiber, and it includes a variety of nutrient-rich foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, beans, seeds, nuts（坚果）and, if desired, low-fat animal proteins.翻译：抗癌的食物现在饮食开始被考虑作为抵抗癌症的主要武器。

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本篇包括人卫第四版Unit 3B，Unit4A，5A，8A，10A，12AB，13A等七篇课文Unit 3 Text B The Other Side of Antibiotics抗生素的另一面Antibiotics have eliminated or controlled so many infectious diseases that virtually everyone has benefited from their use at one time or another. Even without such personal experience, however, one would have to be isolated indeed to be unaware of the virtues, real and speculative, of these “miracle” drugs1. The American press, radio, and television have done a good job of reporting the truly remarkable story of successes in the chemical war on germs. What′s more, any shortcomings on their part have been more than made up for by the aggressive public relations activity of the pharmaceutical companies which manufacture and sell antibiotics.抗生素可以消除或控制很多种感染疾病，以致几乎每人生病时都习惯于使用它而受益，但是如果一个人没有这样的亲身经历，他必定是离群索居才会不知道这些“特效药物”或真实或推测的优点。

美国的出版物、电台或电视台用大量的篇幅报道了有关对细菌的化学战中获得的这些显著功绩。

而它的缺点却被生产和销售抗生素的制药公司通过公关活动掩藏了。

In comparison, the inadequacies and potential dangers of these remarkable drugs are much less widely known. And the lack of such knowledge can be bad, especially if it leads patients to pressure their doctors into prescribing antibiotics when such medication isn’t really needed, or leads them to switch doctors until they find one who is, so to speak, antibiotics-minded2.相比而言，使用这些药物的危险性并不广为人知。

对这种知识的缺乏将更糟糕，特别是当患者要求医生开处方用抗生素而事实并不需要，或患者频繁地更换医生直至找到一个同意开抗生素处方的医生。

Because the good side of the antibiotics story is so very well-known, there seems more point here to a review of some of the immediate and long-range problems that can come from today’s casual use of these drugs. It should be made clear in advance that calamities from the use of antibiotics are rare in relation to the enormous amounts of the drugs administered. But the potential hazards, so little touched on generally, do need a clear statement.因为抗生素的好的一面已广为人知，今天抗生素的滥用导致短期或长期问题。

我们预先应该知道与抗生素的巨大的使用量相比,它产生危害的例子是少见的。

但是，尽管十分少见，需要对这种潜在的危险作一个清楚的说明。

The antibiotics are not, strictly speaking, exclusively prescription drugs. A number of them are permitted in such over-the-counter products as nasal sprays, lozenges, troches, creams, and ointments. Even if these products do no harm there is no point whatsoever in using them. If you have an infection serious enough to warrant the launching of chemical warfare, you need much bigger doses of the antibiotics than any of the non-prescription products are allowed to contain.严格来讲，抗生素并不全是处方药。

许多抗生素被允许作为非处方药(如鼻喷雾剂、键剂、片剂、软膏和乳膏),尽管它们没有危害，也不能随意地使用。

如果你患了严重的感染，你就得需要比非处方药所允许最大剂量更大剂量的抗生素了。

Over-the-counter products, however, account for only a small percentage of total antibiotics production. It is the prescription dosages that give people trouble.然而，非处方药品只是整个抗生素类产品的一小部分，正是处方药物给人类带来了麻烦。

These drugs—even allowing for the diverse abilities of the many narrow-spectrum ones and the versatility of the broad-spectrum ones—are not the cure-alls they often are billed as being. There are wide gaps in their ability to master contagious diseases. Such important infections as mumps, measles, common colds, influenza, and infectious hepatitis still await conquest. All are virus infections and despite intense efforts, very little progress has been made in chemotherapy against viruses. Only small progress has been achieved against fungi. Many strains of bacteria and fungi are naturally resistant to all currently available antibiotics and other chemotherapeutic drugs.这些药物一即使允许最大能力,很多窄谱抗生素和广谱抗生素也并不是如宣传的那样治疗百病。

它们的能力与治疗传染性疾病间还存在很大的差距。

如腮腺炎、麻疹、普通感冒、流行性感冒和传染性肝炎等严重感染性疾病仍有待解决。

这些都是病毒感染，尽管做出了很大的努力，但是在抗病毒的化疗药物的研究上几乎没有什么进展。

抗真菌药物的研究上只取得一点小成就。

很多细菌和真菌对现有的抗生素和其他化疗药物具有耐药性。

Some microorganisms originally sensitive to the action of antibiotics, especially staphylococcus, have developed resistant strains. This acquired resistance imposes on the long range value of the drugs a very important limitation, which is not adequately met by the frequent introduction of new antimicrobial agents to combat the problem.一些原来对抗生素敏感的细菌，特别是葡萄球菌现在也产生了耐药性，这些获得的耐药性对药物的长期使用产生重要的限制，频繁引人新的抗菌药物也不能完全解决这个问题。

It has been pretty well established that the increase in strains of bacteria resistant to an antibiotic correlates directly with the duration and extent of use of that antibiotic in a given location. In one hospital a survey showed that, before erythromycin had been widely used there, all strains of staphylococci taken from patients and personnel were sensitive to its action. When the hospital started extensive use of erythromycin, however, resistant staphylococcus strains began to appear.现已经确定，在一些地区，抗生素广泛和长期的使用与细菌耐药性增加有直接的相互关系。