2015年职称英语理工类A级真题及答案
2015年职称英语理工类A级真题及答案第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1. I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class. A. control B. observe C. regulate D. accept2. She showed a natural aptitude for the work. A. sense B. talent C. flavor D. taste3. Most people find rejection hard to accept. A. excuse B. client C. refusal D. destiny4. The organization was bold enough to face the press. A. pleased B. powerful C. brave D. sensible5. They were locked in mortal combat. A. deadly B. open C. actual D. active6. We were attracted by the lure of quick money. A. amount B. supply C. tempt D. sum7. The procedures were perceived as complex and less transparent. A. clear B. necessary C. special D. correct8. The Stock Exchange is in turmoil following a huge wave of selling. A. Service B. danger C. disorder D. threat9. He believes that Europe must change or it will perish. A. survive B. last C. die D. move10. There was a simultaneous trial taking place in the next build. A. fair B. full C .coexisting D. public11. They promote assimilation of ethnic groups into the main-stream culture.A. policyB. value C .equality D. integration12. A salesman’s cardinal rule is to satisfy customers. A. principal B. official C. simple D. legal13. I must compliment you on your handling of a very difficult situation. A. silence B. praise C .assure D. complain14. We lived for years in a perpetual state of fear A. emotional B. nervous C. terrible D. Continuous15. The starving children were a pathetic sight. A. common B. unexpected C. unforgettable D. pitiful第2部分：阅读判断(第16～22题，每题l分，共7分)下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
Lack of Oxygen Delayed the Rise of Animals on EarthScientists have long speculated as to why animal species didn’t flourish sooner, once sufficient oxygen covered the Earth’s surface. Animals began to prosper at the end of the Proterozoic period, about 800 million years ago —but what about the billion-year stretch before that, when most researchers think there also was plenty of oxygen?Well, it seems the air wasn’t so great then, after all.In a study published Oct. 31 in Science, Yale researcher Noah Planavsky and his colleagues found that oxygen levels during the “boring billion”period were only 0.1% of what they are today. In other words, Earth’s atmosphere couldn’t have supported a diversity of creatures, no matter what genetic advancements were poised to occur.“There is no question that genetic and ecological innovation must ultimately be behind the rise of animals, but it is equally unavoidable that animals need a certain level of oxygen,”said Planavsky, co-lead author of the research along with Christopher Reinhard of the Georgia Institute of Technology. “We’re providing the first evidence that oxygen levels were low enough during this period to potentially prevent the rise of animals.”The scientists found their evidence by analyzing chromium (Cr) isotopes in ancient sediments from China, Australia, Canada, and the United States. Chromium is found in the Earth’s continental crust, and chromium oxidation is directly linked to the presence of free oxygen in the atmosphere.Specifically, the team studied samples deposited in shallow, iron-rich ocean areas, near the shore. They compared their data with other samples taken from younger locales known to have higher levels of oxygen.Oxygen’s role in controlling the first appearance of animals has long vexed scientists. “We were missing the right approach until now,”Planavsky said. “Chromium gave us the proxy.”Previous estimates put the oxygen level at 40% of today’s conditions during pre-animal times, leaving open the possibility that oxygen was already plentiful enough to support animal life.In the new study, the researchers acknowledged that oxygen levels were “highly dynamic”in the early atmosphere, with the potential for occasional spikes. However, they said, “It seems clear that there is a first-order difference in the nature of Earth surface Cr cycling”before and after the rise of animals.“If we are right, our results will really change how people view the origins of animals and other complex life, and their relationships to the co-evolving environment,”said co-author Tim Lyons of the University of California-Riverside. “This could be a game changer.”“There’s a lot of interest right now in a broader discussion surrounding the role that environmental stability played in the evolution of complex life, and we think our results are a significant contribution to that,”Reinhard said.16. The study discovered the rise of animals occurred earlier than the Proterozoic period.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned17. Many researchers believe the oxygen level was high during pre-animal times. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned18. The team was funded by several research institutes. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned19. Genetic advancements triggered the rise of animals. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned20. The samples studied in the research were collected in ocean areas. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned21. The study revealed that chromium found in Earth’s continental crust remained stable before and after the rise of animals.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned22. Tim Lyons liked to play computer games in his spare time. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23—30题，每题1分，共8分)下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个最佳标题;(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。
2015职称英语(理工A)真题及答案(完整文字版)2015年4月2日发布
2015年职称英语考试《理工A》真题及答案(完整文字版) 第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1. I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class.A. controlB. observeC. regulateD. Accept【答案】D2. She showed a natural aptitude for the work.A. senseB. talentC. flavorD. Taste【答案】B3. Most people find rejection hard to accept.A. excuseB. clientC. refusalD. Destiny【答案】C4. The organization was bold enough to face the press.A. pleasedB. powerfulC. braveD. Sensible【答案】C5. They were locked in mortal combat.A. deadlyB. openC. actualD. Active【答案】A6. We were attracted by the lure of quick money.A. amountB. supplyC. temptD. Sum【答案】C7. The procedures were perceived as complex and less transparent.A. clearB. necessaryC. specialD. Correct【答案】A8. The Stock Exchange is in turmoil following a huge wave of selling.A. ServiceB. dangerC. disorderD. threat【答案】C9. He believes that Europe must change or it will perish.A. surviveB. lastC. dieD. Move【答案】C10. There was a simultaneous trial taking place in the next build.A. fairB. full C .coexisting D. Public【答案】C11. They promote assimilation of ethnic groups into the main-stream culture.A. policyB. value C .equality D. Integration【答案】D12. A salesman’s cardinal rule is to satisfy customers.A. principalB. officialC. simpleD. Legal【答案】A13. I must compliment you on your handling of a very difficult situationA. silenceB. praise C .assure D. Complain【答案】B14. We lived for years in a perpetual state of fearA. emotionalB. nervousC. terribleD. Continuous【答案】D15. The starving children were a pathetic sight.A. commonB. unexpectedC. unforgettableD. Pitiful【答案】D第2部分阅读判断Lackof Oxygen Delayed the Rise of Animals on EarthScientistshave long speculated as to why animal species didn’t flourish sooner, oncesufficient oxygen covered the Earth’s surface.Animals began to prosper at theend of the Proterozoic period, about 800 million years ago — but what about thebillion-year stretch before that, when most researchers think there also wasplenty of oxygen?Well,it seems the air wasn’t so great then, after all.Ina study published Oct. 31 in Science, Yale researcher Noah Planavsky and hiscolleagues found that oxygen levels during the ‚boring billion‛ period wereonly 0.1% of what they are today. In other words, Earth’s atmosphere couldn’thave supported a diversity of creatures, no matter what genetic advancementswere poised to occur.‚There is no questionthat genetic and ecological innovation must ultimately be behind the rise ofanimals, but it is equally unavoidable that animals need a certain level ofoxygen,‛ said Planavsky, co-lead author of the research along with ChristopherReinhard of the Georgia Institute of Technology. ‚We’re providing the firstevidence that oxygen levels were low enough during this period to potentiallyprevent the rise of animals.‛Thescientists found their evidence by analyzing chromium (Cr) isotopes in ancientsediments from China, Australia, Canada, and the United States. Chromium isfound in the Earth’s continental crust, and chromium oxidation is directlylinked to the presence of free oxygen in the atmosphere.Specifically,the team studied samples deposited in shallow,iron-rich ocean areas, near theshore. They compared their data with other samples taken from younger localesknown to have higher levels of oxygen.Oxygen’srole in controlling the first appearance of animals has long vexed scientists.‚We were missing the right approach until now,‛Planavsky said. ‚Chromium gaveus the proxy.‛ Previous estimates put the oxygen level at 40% of today’sconditions during pre-animal times, leaving open the possibility that oxygenwas already plentiful enough to support animal life.Inthe new study, the researchers acknowledged that oxygen levels were ‚highlydynamic‛in the early atmosphere, with the potential for occasional spikes.However, they said, ‚It seems clear that there is a first-order difference inthe nature of Earth surface Cr cycling‛ before and after the rise of animals.‚If we are right, ourresults will really change how people view the origins of animals and othercomplex life, and their relationships to the co-evolving environment,‛ saidco-author Tim Lyons of the University of California-Riverside. ‚This could be agame changer.‛Fundingsources for the research included the NASA Exobiology Program and the NationalScience Foundation’s Earth-Life Transitions program, awarded to Planavsky,Reinhard, and Lyons.Theother members of the research team included Xiangli Wang, a postdoctoral fellowat Yale; Thomas Johnson, of the University of Illinois;Danielle Thomson, ofCarleton University; Peter McGoldrick, of the University of Tasmania; andWoodward Fischer, of the California Institute of Technology.16.The study discovered the rise of animals occurred earlier than the Proterozoicperiod.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned17.Many researchers believe the oxygen level was high during pre-animal times.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned18. The teamwas funded by several research institutes.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned19. Geneticadvancements triggered the rise of animals.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned20. Thesamples studied in the research were collected in ocean areas.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned21. Thestudy revealed that chromium found in Earth’s continental crust remained stablebefore and after the rise of animals.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned22. TimLyons liked to play computer games in his spare time.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned第3部分概括大意与完成句子FirstImage-recognition Software1.Dartmouth researchers and their colleagues have created an artificial 1 ,software that uses photos to locate documents on the Internet with far gre jthan ever before.2.The new system, which was tested on photos and is now being applied to , Ishows for the first time that a machine learning algorithm (运算法则)or ,ma9e I recognition and retrieval is accurate and efficient enough toimprove large seaie , document searches online. The system uses pixel (像素)data in images and potentia y video — rather than just text — to locatedocuments. It learns to recognize the pixels associated with a search phrase bystudying the results from text-based image search engines. The knowledgegleaned (收集) from those results can then beapplied to other photos without tags or captions making for more accuratedocument search results.3."Over the last 30 years," says Associate Professor Lorenzo Torresani,a co-author of the study, "the Web has evolved from a small collection ofmostly text documents to a modern, massive, fast-growing multimedia dataset,where nearly every page includes multiple pictures or videos. When a personlooks at a Web page, he immediately gets the gist (主旨)of it by looking at the pictures in it. Yet, surprisingly, allexisting popularsearch engines, such as Google or Bing, strip away the information contained inthe photos and use exclusively the text of Web pages to perform the documentretrieval. Our study is the first to show that modern machine vision systemsare accurate and efficient enough to make effective use of the informationcontained in image pixels to improve document search."4.The researchers designed and tested a machine vision system — a type ofartificial intelligence that allows computers to learn without being explicitlyprogrammed —that extracts semantic (语义的) information from thepixels of photos in Web pages. This information is used to enrich thedescription of the HTML page used by search engines for document retrieval. Theresearchers tested their approach using more than 600 search queries (查询)on a database of 50 million Web pages. They selected the text-retheval searchengine with the best performance and modified it to make use of the additionalsemantic information extracted by their method from the pictures of the Webpages. They found that this produced a 30 percent improvement in precision overthe original search engine purely based on text.23. Paragraph 1 __B__24. Paragraph 2 __C__25. Paragraph 3 __E__26. Paragraph 4 __D__A.Popularity of the new systemB.Publication of the new discoveryC.Function of the new systemD.Artificial intelligence software createdE.Problems of the existing search enginesF.Improvement in document retrieval27. The new system does documentretrieval by __C__.28. The new system is expected toimprove precision in __B__.29. When performing documentretrieval the existing search engines ignore __A__30. The new system was found moreeffective in document search than the __E__rmation in imagesB.current popular search enginesing photosD.machine vision systemsE.document searchF.description of the HTML page第4部分阅读理解Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat,More LightSolar photovoltaic thermal energy systems,or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but until now they haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more electricity but isn’ta very efficient way to gather heat.That’s a problem of economics. Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower cost. And it’s also a space problem: photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications.In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, anassociate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a solution in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from Thin Silicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queen’s University, Canada.Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon, but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon, commonly known as thin-film silicon. They don’t create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they require much less silicon,they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately, thin-film silicon solar cellsare vulnerable to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect.‚That means that their efficiency drops when you expose them to light — pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell,‛ Pearce explains,which is one of the reasons thin-film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market.However, Pearce and his team found a way to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film siliconin a new type of PVT. You don’t have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact, Pearce’s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures, near the boiling point of water, they could make thicker cells that largely overcame the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy collector,they also found that by baking the cell once a day, they boosted the solar cell’s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent.31. PVTs are not efficient inA. creating electricity.B. cooling silicon solar cells.C. generating heat.D. powering solar thermal collectors.32. One of the problems PVTs have is thatA. their thermala pplications are costly.B. they are too expensive to afford.C. it is hard to fix them on the roof.D. they occupy too much space.33. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advantage of thin-film silicon solar cells?A. They are flexible.B. They are less expensive.C. They are electrically efficient.D. They are environment friendly.34. Thin-film solar panels do not sell well on market becauseA. they do not work well if exposed to light.B. their advantages are not well-recognized.C. they need improving in appearance.D. they are not advertised.35 Which of the following statements is true?A. New techniques have been developed to produce thin-film silicon.B Thin-film silicon works efficiently at low temperature.C Thin-film silicon's electrical efficiency improves when heated up.D Anew material enlarging the Staebler-WronsKi effect has been created.译文：第十三篇更有效的太阳能系统：更多热量，更强灯光太阳能光伏热能系统，也叫PVT，能够生成热量和电能。
职称英语等级考试理工类A级试题及答案答案附后
经典资料,ＷＯＲＤ文档,可编辑修改
经典考试资料,答案附后,看后必过,ＷＯＲＤ文档,可修改
2015年职称英语等级考试理工类A级试题及答案
第l部分：词汇选项第1～15题,每题1分,共15分
下面共有15个句子,每个句子中均有1个词或短语画有底横线,请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与画线部分意义最相近的词或短语;请将答案涂在答题卡相应的
位置上;
1 The dentist has decided to extract her bad tooth．
A take out
B break off
C push in
D dig up
2 The economy continued to exhibit signs of decline in September．
A play
B show
C send
D tell
3 This table is strong and durable．
A long-lasting
B extensive
C far-reaching
D eternal
4 He endured great pain before he finally expired.
A fired
B resigned
C died
D retreated
5 The girl is gazing at herself in the mirror．
A smiling
B laughing
C shouting
D staring。
2015年职称英语理工类A级考试真题及答案汇总
2015职称英语理工类A级考试真题：一．词汇选项下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1.I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class.A.controlB.observeC.regulateD.accept2.She showed a natural aptitude hard to accept.A.senseB.talentC.flavorD.taste3.Most people find rejection hard to accept.A.excuseB.clientC.destinyD.refusal4. The organization was bold enough to face the press.A.pleasedB.powerfulC.braveD.sensible5.They were locked in mortal cmbat.A.deadlyB.openC.actualD.active6. We were attracted by the lure of quick money.A.amountB.supplyC.sumD.temp7.The procedures were perceived as complex and less transparent.A.clearB.necessaryC.specialD.correct8.The Stock Exchange is in turmoil following a huge wave of selling.A.ServiceB.dangerC.disorderD.threat9.He believes that Europe must change or it will perish.A.survicestC.dieD.move10.There was a simultaneous trial taking place in the next build.A.fairB.fullC.coexistingD.public11.They promote simulation of ethnic group into the main-streasm culture.A.policyB.valueC.equalityD.intergration12.A saleman’s cardinal rule is to satisfy customers.A.principalB.officalC.simpleD.legal13.I must compliment you on your handling of a very difficult situation.A.silenceB.praiseC.assureplain14.We live for years in a perpetual state of fear.A.emotionB.nervousC.terribileD.Contimuous15.The starving children were a pathectic sight.monB.unexpectedC.unforgettableD.pitiful二．阅读判断下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
2015年全国职称英语等级考试理工类A级真题及详解【圣才出品】
2015年全国职称英语等级考试理工类A级真题及详解第1部分：词汇选项（第l～15题，每题l分，共15分）下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定l个意义最为接近的选项。
1.I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class.A.controlB.observeC.regulateD.accept【答案】D【解析】句意：在我的课堂上我无法容忍那种行为。
tolerate容忍，忍受。
control控制。
observe观察；遵守。
regulate调节；控制。
accept接受。
tolerate与accept意思相近，可相互替换，因此本题正确答案为D项。
2.She showed a natural aptitude for the work.A.senseB.talentC.flavorD.taste【答案】B【解析】句意：她表现出做这份工作的天赋。
aptitude天资；能力。
sense感觉，感官。
talent天赋。
flavor风味，香料。
taste口味；尝起来。
aptitude与talent意思相近，可相互替换，因此本题正确答案为B项。
3.Most people find rejection hard to accept.A.excuseB.clientC.destinyD.refusal【答案】D【解析】句意：大多数人难以接受拒绝。
rejection拒绝，否决。
excuse借口；打扰。
client 客户。
destiny命运。
refusal拒绝。
rejection与refusal意思相近，可相互替换，因此D项为正确答案。
4.The organization was bold enough to face the press.A.pleasedB.powerfulC.braveD.sensible【答案】C【解析】句意：这个组织勇于面对媒体。
2015年职称英语考试理工类A级试题及答案(代码：12) (1)
2015年职称英语考试理工类A级试题（代码：12）第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1. I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class.A. controlB. observeC. regulateD. accept2. She showed a natural aptitude for the work.A. senseB. talentC. flavorD. tasteA. excuse D. destiny4. The organization was bold enough to face the press.A. pleasedB. powerfulC. braveD. sensible5. They were locked in mortal combat.A. deadlyB. openC. actualD. activeA. amountB. supply D. sum7. The procedures were perceived as complex and less transparent.A. clearB. necessaryC. specialD. correctA. ServiceB. danger D. threat9. He believes that Europe must change or it will perish.A. surviveB. lastC. dieD. moveA. fair D. public11. They promote assimilation of ethnic groups into the main-stream culture.A. policyB. value C .equality D. integration12. A salesman’s cardinal rule is to satisfy customers.A. principalB. officialC. simpleD. legalC .assure D. complain14. We lived for years in a perpetual state of fearA. emotionalB. nervousC. terribleD. Continuous15. The starving children were a pathetic sight.A. commonB. unexpectedC. unforgettableD. pitiful第2部分：阅读判断（第16～22题，每题l分，共7分）下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
2015年职称英语考试理工A级真题及答案
2015年职称英语考试理工A级真题及答案【天宇考王】为广大考生归纳总结职称外语最新考试资讯，让考生最先了解职称外语考试报名等有关事项的通知，天宇考王是一款上机练习题库软件，有单机版、网页版、手机版、三位一体多平台学习模式。
词汇学习七每组词汇学习有15 道小题。
在每道题的句子里都有一个加底线的词或短语，请在四个选项中找出与加底线的词或短语意义最相近的一项。
1. Loud noises can be annoying.A) hateful B) painful C) horrifying D) irritating1. D annoying和irritating意思最相近，有“使烦恼的”，“使人不愉快的”等意思。
hateful 有“可恨的”，“心怀不满的”等意思。
He is hateful to me.我觉得他可恨。
Don't be so hateful.别这么怨天尤人。
painful:痛苦的。
I don't like his painful look.我不喜欢他那副痛苦的表情。
horrifying是“恐怖的”，“使震惊的”的意思。
These were horrifying experiences.这些经历不堪回首2. Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree to which they can be deliberately controlled and modified.A) sufficiently B) noticeably C) intentionally D) absolutely2. C deliberately和intentionally意思相同：故意，蓄意地。
sufficient:足够的，充分的。
This is sufficient for my needs.足够我用了。
noticeable:明显的，易见的。
全国职称英语等级考试理工类试题及答案
【经典资料，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可编辑修改】【经典考试资料，答案附后，看后必过，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可修改】2015年全国职称英语等级考试理工类（A级）试题及答案第1部分：词汇选项（第1～5题，每题l分，共15分）下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语画有底横线，请为每处画线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1 With immense relief. I stopped running.A some B、enormous C little D extensive2 The scientists began to accumulate data.A collectB handleC analyzeD investigate3 Jack eventually overtook the last truck.A hit.B passedC reachedD led4 Sometimes it is advisable to book hotels in advance.A possibleB profitableC easyD wise5 The reason for their unusual behavior remains a puzzle.A factB mysteryC statementD game6 That guy is really witty.A smartB uglyC honorableD popular7 The world champion suffered a sensational defeat.A reasonableB dramaticC humiliatingD horrifying8 It seems that only Mary is eligible for the job.A preparedB trainedC qualifiedD guided9 This poem depicts the beautiful scenery of a town in the South.A praisesB writesC imitatesD describes10 The meaning is still obscure.A vagueB transparentC alienD significant11 Dumped waste might contaminate Water supplies.A destroyB decreaseC delayD pollute12 One theory postulates that the ancient Filipinos came from India and Persia.A assumesB expectsC predictsD considers13 It is very difficult for a child to adhere to rules.A rememberB followC understandD learn14 I hope that I didn't do anything absurd last night.A awkwardB strangeC stupidD awful15 There should be laws that prohibit smoking around children.A forbidB advocateC inheritD withdraw第2部分：阅读判断（第16～22垒题，每题1分，共7分）下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C.Green Roof ResearchThe concept of green roofs is basically about growing plants on roofs，thus helping to replace the green footprint that had been destroyed due to the construction of the building. Green roofs are the most prevalent（流行）in Germany，which is widely regarded as the leader in green roof research.The green roofs that are used these days can be classified as 'extensive' and'intensive' systems. Extensive green roofs use mosses，grasses and herbs，which are tolerant to droughts. These plants do not Reed much maintenance. can be grown in a layer of substrate（土层）that can be as shallow as inches，and generally are inaccessible to the public. In contrast, a wide range of species of plants are grown on intensive green roofs，such as shrubs（灌木）and even trees，which require deeper substrate layers，and are usually grown on flat roofs. They need intensive maintenance, and are usually areas that resemble parks which are accessible to people.There are several benefits of adopting green roof technologies. Apart from the obvious psychological and aesthetic（美学的）benefits of garden-like environments surrounding you，some of the common economic and ecological benefits are：a reduction in the consumption of energy；air and water purification；recovering green spaces；and the mitigation（缓解）of the heat island effect in urban areas.The green roof research that is currently ongoing is focused on evaluating the species of plants that are suitable to be grown on roofs，the methods of propagation（繁殖）as well as establishment，nutrient（养料）and water requirement，substrates，and the quantity and quality of water runoff. The evaluation criteria of plant species are：at what rate they can be established：their capacity to withstand invasive weeds：tolerance of cold and heat: tolerance of drought conditions: capacity of persistence and survival.A number of experiments are being conducted on roof platform simulations at various research centers. These sites are generally outfitted with equipment，which are used to measure temperatures at different depths of the growing substrates, and the rate and volume of the runoff of stormwaters from each of the platforms.Green roof technology is representative of a completely new market for landscape contractors. And all roofs that currently exist and the future ones to be constructed are the potential market-a market that is too huge to be overlooked.16 It is estimated that around 10 percent of the flat roofs in Germany are green.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned17 German people prefer extensive green roof systems to intensive ones.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned18 Small plants like grasses and herbs are grown widely on intensive green roofs.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned19 Green roof is an ecologically sound strategy of spreading green in urban areas.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned20 0ne of the benefits of green roofs is the reduction of the heat island effect in cities.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned21 0ne focus；n the green roof research is the evaluation of suitable plant species.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned22 Although green roof technology can create a garden-like environment，its potential market is rather small.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23～30题，每题l分，共8分）下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2—5段每段选择1个最佳标题；（2）第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。
全国职称英语等级考试理工类A级试题及答案
【经典资料，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可编辑修改】【经典考试资料，答案附后，看后必过，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可修改】2015年全国职称英语等级考试理工类（A级）试题及答案第1部分：词汇选项（第1～5题，每题l分，共15分）下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语画有底横线，请为每处画线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1 With immense relief. I stopped running.A some B、enormous C little D extensive2 The scientists began to accumulate data.A collectB handleC analyzeD investigate3 Jack eventually overtook the last truck.A hit.B passedC reachedD led4 Sometimes it is advisable to book hotels in advance.A possibleB profitableC easyD wise5 The reason for their unusual behavior remains a puzzle.A factB mysteryC statementD game6 That guy is really witty.A smartB uglyC honorableD popular7 The world champion suffered a sensational defeat.A reasonableB dramaticC humiliatingD horrifying8 It seems that only Mary is eligible for the job.A preparedB trainedC qualifiedD guided9 This poem depicts the beautiful scenery of a town in the South.A praisesB writesC imitatesD describes10 The meaning is still obscure.A vagueB transparentC alienD significant11 Dumped waste might contaminate Water supplies.A destroyB decreaseC delayD pollute12 One theory postulates that the ancient Filipinos came from India and Persia.A assumesB expectsC predictsD considers13 It is very difficult for a child to adhere to rules.A rememberB followC understandD learn14 I hope that I didn't do anything absurd last night.A awkwardB strangeC stupidD awful15 There should be laws that prohibit smoking around children.A forbidB advocateC inheritD withdraw第2部分：阅读判断（第16～22垒题，每题1分，共7分）下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C.Green Roof ResearchThe concept of green roofs is basically about growing plants on roofs，thus helping to replace the green footprint that had been destroyed due to the construction of the building. Green roofs are the most prevalent（流行）in Germany，which is widely regarded as the leader in green roof research.The green roofs that are used these days can be classified as 'extensive' and'intensive' systems. Extensive green roofs use mosses，grasses and herbs，which are tolerant to droughts. These plants do not Reed much maintenance. can be grown in a layer of substrate （土层）that can be as shallow as l.5 inches，and generally are inaccessible to the public. In contrast, a wide range of species of plants are grown on intensive green roofs，such as shrubs （灌木）and even trees，which require deeper substrate layers，and are usually grown on flat roofs. They need intensive maintenance, and are usually areas that resemble parks which are accessible to people.There are several benefits of adopting green roof technologies. Apart from the obvious psychological and aesthetic（美学的）benefits of garden-like environments surrounding you，some of the common economic and ecological benefits are：a reduction in the consumption of energy；air and water purification；recovering green spaces；and the mitigation（缓解）of the heat island effect in urban areas.The green roof research that is currently ongoing is focused on evaluating the species of plants that are suitable to be grown on roofs，the methods of propagation（繁殖）as well as establishment，nutrient（养料）and water requirement，substrates，and the quantity and quality of water runoff. The evaluation criteria of plant species are：at what rate they can be established：their capacity to withstand invasive weeds：tolerance of cold and heat: tolerance of drought conditions: capacity of persistence and survival.A number of experiments are being conducted on roof platform simulations at various research centers. These sites are generally outfitted with equipment，which are used to measure temperatures at different depths of the growing substrates, and the rate and volume of the runoff of stormwaters from each of the platforms.Green roof technology is representative of a completely new market for landscape contractors. And all roofs that currently exist and the future ones to be constructed are the potential market-a market that is too huge to be overlooked.16 It is estimated that around 10 percent of the flat roofs in Germany are green.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned17 German people prefer extensive green roof systems to intensive ones.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned18 Small plants like grasses and herbs are grown widely on intensive green roofs.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned19 Green roof is an ecologically sound strategy of spreading green in urban areas.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned20 0ne of the benefits of green roofs is the reduction of the heat island effect in cities.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned21 0ne focus；n the green roof research is the evaluation of suitable plant species.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned22 Although green roof technology can create a garden-like environment，its potential market is rather small.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23～30题，每题l分，共8分）下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2—5段每段选择1个最佳标题；（2）第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。
职称英语考试理工类A级真题及答案（4）
职称英语考试理工类A级真题及答案（4）2015年职称英语考试理工类A级真题及答案第4部分：阅读理解(第31〜45题，每题3分，共45分)下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。
请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。
第一篇 Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems, or PVTs，generate both heat and electricity, but until now they haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells，which lets the silicon generate more electricity but isn’t a very efficient way to gather heat.That’s a problem of economics. Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower cost. And it，s also a space problem: photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications.In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a solution in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from Thin Silicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queen’s University, Canada.Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon, but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon，commonly known as thin-film silicon. They don’t create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they require much less silicon, they have a greener footprint.Unfortunately, thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect.“That means that their efficiency drops when you expose them to light 一 pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell，” Pearce explains, which is one of the reasons thin-film solar panels makeup only a small fraction of the market.However, Pearce and his team found a way to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film si licon in a new type of PVT. You don’t have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact, Pearce’s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures, near the boiling point of water, they could make thicker cells that largely overcame the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy collector, they also found that by baking the cell once a day, they boosted the solar cell’s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent.31.PVTs are not efficient inA.creating electricity.B.cooling silicon solar cells.C.generating heat.D.powering solar thermal collectors.32.One of the problems PVTs have is thatA.their thermal applications are costly.B.they are too expensive to afford.C.it is hard to fix them on the roof.D.they occupy too much space.33.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advantage of thin-film silicon solar cells?A.They are flexible.B.They are less expensive.C.They are electrically efficient.D.They are environment friendly.34.Thin-film solar panels do not sell well on market becauseA.they do not work well if exposed to light.B.their advantages are not well-recognized.C.they need improving in appearance.D.they are not advertised.35.Which of the following statements is true?A.New techniques have been developed to produce thin-film silicon.B.Thin-film silicon works efficiently at low temperature.C.Thin-film silicon's electrical efficiency improves when heated up.D.Anew material enlarging the Staebler-WronsKi effect has been created.第二篇 Face Masks May Not Protect from Super-FluIF a super-flu strikes, face masks may not protect you. Whether widespread use of masks will help, or harm, during the next worldwide flu outbreak is a question that researchers are studying furiously. No results have come from their mask research yet. However, the government says people should consider wearing them in certain situations anyway, just in case.But it’s a question the public keeps asking while the government are making preparations for the next flu pandemic. So the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) came up with preliminary guidelines. “We don’t want people wearing them everywhere，” said the CDC. “The overall recommendation really is to avoid exposure.55When that’s not possible, the guidelines say to considerwearing a simple surgical mask if you are inone of the three following situations. First, you’re healthy and can’t avoid going to a crowded place. Second t you，re sick and think you may have close contact with the healthy, such as a family member checking on you. Third, you live with someone who，s sick and thus might be in the early stages of infection, but still need to go out.Influenza pandemics can strike when the easy-to-mutate flu virus shifts to a sto*ain that people never have experienced. Scientists cannot predict when the next pandemic will arrive, although concern is rising that the Asian bird flu might trigger one if it starts spreading easily from person to person.During the flu pandemic, you should protect yourself. Avoid crowds，and avoid close contact with the sick unless you must care for someone. Why aren’t masks added to this self-protection list? Because they can help trap virus-laden droplets flying through the air with a cough or sneeze. Simple surgical masks only filter the larger droplets. Besides, the CDC is afraid masks may create a false sense of security. Perhaps someone who should have stayed home would don an ill-fitting mask and hop on the subway instead.Nor does flu only spread through the air. Say someone covers a sneeze with his or her hand, then touches a doorknob or subway pole. If you touch that spot next and then put germy hands on your nose or mouth, you’ve been exposed. It’s harder to rub your nose while wearing a mask and so your face may get pretty sweaty under masks. You reach under to wipe that sweat，and may transfer germs caught on the outside of the mask straight to the nose. These are the problems face masks may create for their users.Whether people should or should not use face masks still remains a question. The general public has to wait patiently for the results of the mask research scientists are still doing.36.What is the passage mainly about?A. Widespread use of face masks.B. Possibility of a worldwide flu outbreakC.New discoveries of a face mask research.D.Effectiveness of wearing face masks37.The CDC suggests that peopleA.stay alone when being sickB.wear face masks when going to a crowded place.C.wear face masks wherever possible.D.remain at home if living with someone who，s sick.38.The word ’'that" in Paragraph 3 refers toA.making preparations.B.avoiding exposureing up with guidelines.D.wearing face masks everywhere.39.Which of the following statements is true?A.Scientists warn the next flu is coming soon.n bird flu is spreading easily from person to person.C.Masks protect people because they keep viruses away.D.Masks are not effective if a flu strikes.40.One of the concerns the CDC has is thatA.masks may give people a wrong assumption of being safe.B.the sick may not wear masks and go out.C.flu virus may spread via public transportation.D.healthy people may not know how to protect themselves.第三篇What’s killing the BatsFirst it was bees. Now it is bats. Biologists in America areworking hard to discover the cause of the mysterious deaths of tens of thousands of bats in the northeastern part of the country. Most of the bats affected are the common little brown bats (Myotis lucifiigus,) but other species，such as the long-eared bat, the small-footed hat, the eastern pipistrelle, and the Indiana bat have also been affected. In some caves, more than 90 percent of the bat populations have died.One possibility is disease. A white fungus (真菌)known as fusarium has been found on the noses of both living and dead bats. However，scientists don't know. If the fungus is the primary cause of death，a secondary cause of death, or not a cause at all, but the result of some other conditions.Another possible cause is a lack of food. For example, bats typically eat a large number of moths (蛾)， and in some states such as New York, the number of moths has been declining in recent years. If bats can’t eat enough food, they starve to death.Still other scientists believe that global wanning is to blame. Warmer temperatures in recent years have been waking up hibernating (冬目民)bats earlier than usual. If bats break their hibernation at the wrong time, they might not find their expected food sources. The weather might also turn cold again and weaken or kill the bats.Scientists might not agree on the causes of the bat die-off, but they do agree on the consequences. Bats are an important predator of mosquitoes; a single brown bat can eat 1,000 or more insects in an hour. They also eat beetles and other insects that damage plant crops. If there aren't enough bats, damage will be great from the insects they eat While bats live a long time for their size — the little brown bat can live for more than 30 years — a female bat has only one baby per year，so bat populationsgrow slowly. Many bat species in the United States are already protected or endangered.How can you help? Do not disturb sleeping or nesting bats. If you discover bate that seem to be sick or that are dead, contact your local Fish& Wildlife Department with the details. However，be careful not to touch the animals.41.What is the main idea of this passage?A.All species of bats in North America are dying.B.Scientists already know the cause of the deaths of batsC.The bat deaths are a serious problem.D.There are many possible causes of the deaths of bats.42.What does the first sentence in Paragraph 1 mean?A.Bees have been dying mysteriously.B.The first article on the website is about bees.C.Bees usually die before batsD.It was bees that caused the deaths of bats.43.The word “pipistrelle" in Paragraph 1 refers toA.a kind of fungus.B.an area in the U.S.C.a special cave.D.a kind of bat.44.The "moths" in Paragraph 3 are taken as an example ofA.diseases that kill bats.B.Insects that bats eat.C.animals that have diseases.D.bat species that are starving to death.45.What is the purpose of the last paragraph?A.To get people to stop killing bats.B.To hire workers for the Fish & Wildlife Department.C.To ask people not to touch dead bats.D.To tell the public how to help bats.。
职称英语等级考试真题理工类a级资料答案附后
【经典资料，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可编辑修改】【经典考试资料，答案附后，看后必过，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可修改】2015年职称英语等级考试真题(理工类A级)第1部分：词汇选项(第1—1 5题，每题1分，共15分)下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1. The sea turtle’s natural habitat has been considerably reduced.A. suddenlyB. generallyC. slightlyD. greatly2. Anderson left the table，remarking that he had some work to do.A. doubtingB. thinkingC. sayingD. knowing3. I got a note from Moira urging me to get in touch.A. instructingB. pushing.C. notifyingD. inviting4. He asserted that nuclear power was a safe and non-polluting energy source.A. maintainedB. WrongC. Not mentioned18. Earth cooled down shortly after it was formed.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned19. Scientists once estima ted that Earth’s crust started shifting three billion years ago.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned20. It took a long time for the melted crust to become hard.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned21. The formation of the Isua supracrustal belt is thought to have started about billion years ago.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned22. The lsua supracrustal belt is now a popular holiday resort.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentionedA．distributedB．personalizedC．modifiedD．increasedE．browsedF．released第4部分：阅读理解(第31～45题，每题3分，共45分)下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。