考研英语培训 use of English.ppt
考研英语(一)-31 (1)
考研英语(一)-31(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Section Ⅰ Use of English(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The China boom is by now a well-documented phenomenon. Who hasn't (1) the Middle Kingdom's astounding economic growth (8 percent annually), its mesmerizing (令人目瞪口呆的) (2) market (1.2 billion people), the investment ardor of foreign suitors ($40 billion in foreign direct investment last year (3) )? China is an economic juggernaut (主宰). (4) Nicholas Lardy of the Brookings Institution, a Washington D. C. -based think tank, "No country (5) its foreign trade as fast as China over the last 20 years. Japan doubled its foreign trade over (6) period; (7) foreign trade as quintupled. They're become the preeminent producer of labor-intensive manufacturing goods in the world." But there's been (8) from the dazzling China growth story—namely, the Chinese multinational. No major Chinese companies have (9) established themselves, or their brands, (10) the global stage. But as Haler shows, that is starting to change. (11) 100 years of poverty and chaos, of being overshadowed by foreign countries and multinationals, Chinese industrial companies are starting to (12) on the world.A new generation of large and credible firms (13) in China in the electronics, appliance and even high-tech sectors. Some have reached critical mass on the main land and (14) new outlets for their production—through exports and by building Chinese factories abroad, chiefly in Southeast Asia. One example: China's investment in Malaysia (15) from $8 miilion in 2000 to $766 million in the first half of this year. (16) China's export prowess (杰出的才能), it will be years (17) Chinese firms achieve the managerial and operational expertise of Western and Japanese multinationals. For one thing, many of its best companies are still at least partially state-owned. (18) , China has a shortage of managerial talent and little notion of marketing and brand-building. Its companies are also (19) by the country's long tradition of central planning, inefficient use of capital and antiquated distribution system, (20) makes building national companies a challenge.（分数：10.00）(1).A. listened B. listened to C. heard D. heard of（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D. √解析：[考点] 此题属于语义搭配题has heard of意为“听说过”，符合句意。
考研英语二模拟试题及答案解析(17)
考研英语二模拟试题及答案解析（17）(1~20/共20题)Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.A new economics paper has some old-fashioned advice for people navigating the stresses of life: Find a spouse who is also your best friend. Social scientists have long known that __1__ people tend to be happier, but they debate whether that is because marriage causes happiness or simply because happier people are more__2__ to get married. The new paper, __3__ by the National Bureau of Economic Research, controlled for pre-marriage happiness levels. It__4__that being married makes people happier and more satisfied __5__ their lives than those who remain single—particularly during the most stressful periods, like __6__ crises.Even as fewer people are marrying, the disadvantages of remaining single have broad__7__. It´s important__8__marriage is increasingly a force behind inequality.__9__marriages are more common among educated, high-income people, and increasingly out of reach for those who are not. That divide appears to__10__not just people´s income and family stability, but also their happiness and stress levels.A quarter of today´s young adults will have never married by 2030, which would be the highest__11__in modern history, according to Pew Research Center.__12__both remaining unmarried and divorcing are more common among less-educated, lower-income people.__13__, high-income people still marry at high rates and are less likely to divorce.Those whose lives are most difficult could__14__most from marriage, according to the economists who wrote the new paper, John Helliwell and Shawn Grover. "Marriage may be most important when there is that stress in life and when things are going__15__," Mr. Grover said.__16__ marital happiness long outlasted the honeymoon period.__17__some social scientists have argued that happiness levels are innate, so people return to their natural level of well-being__18__joyful or upsetting events, the researchers found that the benefits of marriage persist. One__19__for that might be the role of friendship within marriage. Those who__20__their spouse or partner to be their best friend get about twice as much life satisfaction from marriage as others, the study found.第1题A.singleB.engagedC.marriedD.divorced第2题A.eagerB.likelyC.easyD.excited第3题A.madeB.studiedC.foundD.published第4题A.deniedB.concludedC.doubtedD.imagined第5题A.withB.fromC.byD.in第6题A.financialB.midlifeC.academicD.quarterlife第7题A.necessitiesB.transmissionsC.implicationsD.significances 第8题A.whenB.becauseC.soD.if第9题A.StableB.NormalC.ConstantD.Poor第10题A.affectB.promoteC.lowerD.control第11题A.figureB.rateC.scoreD.share第12题A.EvenB.StillC.YetD.And第13题catedB.IntelligentC.DignifiedD.Knowledgeable第14题A.stealB.chooseC.benefitD.suffer第15题A.wrongB.badC.greatD.well第16题A.FortunatelyB.UnexpectedlyC.IntriguinglyD.Surprisingly第17题A.UnlessB.HenceC.UntilD.Though第18题A.afterB.beforeC.duringD.within第19题A.optionB.reasonC.resultD.tendency第20题A.believeB.seeC.considerD.regard下一题(21~25/共20题)Section ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections :Read the following four terts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B],[C]or [D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.The Nobel Prize is a mysterious incarnation of power and authority, an anointed ritual whose claims are accepted as part of the order of things. The Nobel Prize is at once a relic of the past and a self-admiring mirror of our democratized, scientized, secularized modern culture. After a century of existence, the Nobel has become a problematic part of modern history: it helps shape our perception of ourselves for better or worse.Like monarchy, the Nobel Prize surrounds itself with mystery and extraordinary secretiveness. Indeed, the media have more easily breached the privacy of the British royal family than that of the Nobel institution.The prizes present themselves as if handed down from eternity. But as even a cursory inspection will reveal, the juries that pick the laureates have often shown bias, lapses of judgment and bitter infighting. In the sciences, a number of quarrels, scandals, and even lawsuits have erupted over claims to priority or credit for collaborations honored by Nobles. And while widely admired, the science prizes have also been charged with swaying research goals and funding, however inadvertently, and more insidiously with corrupting scientific ambitions by the lure of Nobel fames. Such controversies, together with public dissent from several prizes, have been part of the Nobel history since its beginning. All prizes stir arguments; the Nobel´s fame simply magnifies this hugely.The very glory and stature of the Nobel Prizes prompt some sharp questions. Should such high endeavors of the human spirit as science, literature, and peace be treated as competitions, however exalted? Should these priceless efforts be paid the enormous, though "honorary," price lavished on the winners? Would it matter if there never had been a Nobel Price? Or if it vanished tomorrow? The problem is that the prices are not merely awards and medals but are aspects of power woven into our lives: it was once and future Nobelists who built the nuclear bombs that still hang fatefully over us; Nobelists now play an important part in public and military policy.It is also true that the Nobel Prizes show modern fame: the Nobel Prize pays honor to some of the highest human adventures in nature and matter, creativity and justice. Where else, moreover, can both the unfamed and the general public find a replacement for the authority and coherence, to whatever degree, the Nobel has come to possess? In a world and age as inwardly fractured as ours this is a question not lightly dismissed.第21题The Nobel has become a problematic part of modern history because ______.A.it reflects the modern world and results in many follow-up questionsB.it dismisses authority and coherenceC.the standard for the prize is unclear and arouses many questionsD.the prize cannot be seen as a driving force for social development第22题Which of the following statements is true about the Nobel Prize?A.The prizes need to be diversified.B.The prizes are unexpected to the winners.C.The prize manifests authority and coherence.D.Prejudice does not exist among the panel of judges any longer.第23题The author´s attitude towards Nobel Prize is______.A.ambiguousB.negativeC.objectiveD.critical第24题The word "fractured" (Line 5, Paragraph 4) probably imply that______.A.alienation is seen as one of the problems of modern worldB.people are stratified and separated by modern technologyC.the Nobel Prize is accepted by people from all walks of lifeD.the world is diversified and Nobel does not necessarily mean authority第25题Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.The Authority of NobelB.On the Glory of NobelC.Nobel and the Modern WorldD.A mirror of Modern Culture上一题下一题(26~30/共20题)Section ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections :Read the following four terts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B],[C]or [D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Psychologists have known for a century that individuals vary in their cognitive ability. But are some groups, like some people, reliably smarter than others? In order to answer that question, we grouped 697 volunteer participants into teams of two to five members. Each team worked together to complete a series of short tasks, which were selected to represent the varied kinds of problems that groups are called upon to solve in the real world. One task involved logical analysis, another brainstorming; others emphasized coordination, planning and moral reasoning. Individual intelligence, as psychologists measure it, is defined by its generality: People with good vocabularies, for instance, also tend to have good math skills, even though we often think of those abilities as distinct. The results of our studies showed that this same kind of general intelligence also exists for teams. On average, the groups that did well on one task did well on the others, too. In other words, some teams were simply smarter than others.We found the smartest teams were distinguished by three characteristics. First, their members contributed more equally to the team´s discussions, rather than letting one or two people dominate the group. Second, their members scored higher on a test called Reading the Mind in the Eyes, which measures how well people can read complex emotional states from images of faces with only the eyes visible. Finally, teams with more women outperformed teams with more men. This last effect, however, was partly explained by the fact that women, on average, were better at "mindreading" than men.In a new study, we replicated these earlier findings. We randomly assigned each of 68 teams to complete our collective intelligence test in one of two conditions. Half of the teams worked face to face. The other half worked online, with no ability to see any of their teammates. We wanted to see whether groups that worked online would still demonstrate collective intelligence, andwhether social ability would matter as much when people communicated purely by typing messages into a browser.And they did. Online and off, some teams consistently worked smarter than others. More surprisingly, the most important ingredients for a smart team remained constant regardless of its mode of interaction: members who communicated a lot, participated equally and possessed good emotion-reading skills.第26题It can be inferred from the first paragraph that______.A.some groups are really smarter than othersB.the 697 volunteer participants need to complete a series of short tasks togetherC.the selected short tasks must have practical significanceD.logical analysis and brainstorming are important in each task第27题According to psychologists, individual intelligence______.A.is characterized by generalityB.is related to math skillsC.is not related to teamsD.is key to smarter teams第28题According to the author, the characteristics of smarter teams include all the following EXCEPT ______.A.the members have relatively equal contribution to the team´ s discussionsB.the members have a higher IQC.the members have a stronger ability of reading complex facial expressionsD.there are more female members than other teams第29题In a new study, the other half of people work online because______.A.it´ s necessary to ensure the accuracy of the experimentB.online collaboration is becoming more and more importantC.the experimenters want to see whether collective intelligence will be showedD.the experimenters want to prove social ability is vital to every team第30题The best title for the passage may be______.A.How to Develop a Smarter TeamB.Why Some Teams Are Smarter Than OthersC.The Characteristics of Smarter TeamD.What Factors can Affect a Team上一题下一题(31~35/共20题)Section ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections :Read the following four terts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B],[C]or [D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Many of the tech industry´s biggest companies, like Amazon, Google, IBM and Microsoft, are jockeying to become the leader for artificial intelligence(A.I.). In the industry´s term, thecompanies are engaged in a "platform war."A platform, in technology, is essentially a piece of software that other companies build on and that consumers cannot do without. Become the platform and huge profits will follow. Microsoft dominated personal computers because its Windows software became the center of the consumer software world. Google has come to dominate the Internet through its ubiquitous search bar. If true believers in A.I. are correct that this long-promised technology is ready for the mainstream, the company that controls A.I. could steer the tech industry for years to come. "Whoever wins this race will dominate the next stage of the information age," said Pedro Domingos, a machine learning specialist and the author of "The Master Algorithm," a 2015 book that contends that A.I. and big-data technology will remake the world.In this fight—no doubt in its early stages—the big tech companies are engaged in tit-for-tat publicity stunts, circling the same start-ups that could provide the technology pieces they are missing and, perhaps most important, trying to hire the same brains. Fei-Fei Li, a Stanford University professor who is an expert in computer vision, said one of her Ph.D. candidates had an offer for a job paying more than $1 million a year, and that was only one of four from big and small companies.For years, tech companies have used man-versus-machine competitions to show they are making progress on A.I. In 1997, an IBM computer beat the chess champion Garry Kasparov. Five years ago, IBM went even further when its Watson system won a three-day match on the television trivia show "Jeopardy!" Today, Watson is the centerpiece of IBM´s A.I. efforts.By 2020, the market for machine learning applications will reach $40 billion, IDC, a market research firm, estimates. And 60 percent of those applications, the firm predicts, will run on the platform software of four companies—Amazon, Google, IBM and Microsoft. Intelligent software applications will become commonplace, said Jeff Dean, a computer scientist who oversees Google´s A.I. development. "And machine learning will touch every industry."第31题The reason for Microsoft controlling personal computers is that______.A.it has formed a good platformB.its software has gained a lot of moneyC.its Windows software became popular among consumersD.its software has been widely used in search bar第32题Google can steer the tech industry in the future on premise that______.A.it has controlled the InternetB.A.I. has prepared to be the mainstreamC.it has won in the information ageD.A.I. and big-data technology have become mature第33题The text takes "Fei-Fei Li" as an example in Paragraph 3 to show that______.A.the competition between tech companies is fierceB.the candidates from famous universities are more popularC.the higher the pay is, the more likely the candidate is to accept the offerD.perhaps tech companies are striving for the same talents第34题In which way the tech companies have used to show their progress?petitions between men and machines.B.Chess games. shows.D.The profitability of new products.第35题What´s the author´ s attitude towards the future of A.I.?A.Negative.B.Positive.C.Unclear.D.Indifferent.上一题下一题(36~40/共20题)Section ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections :Read the following four terts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B],[C]or [D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Some futurologists have assumed that the vast upsurge of women in the workforce may portend a rejection of marriage. Many women, according to this hypothesis, would rather work than marry. The converse of this concern is that the prospects of becoming a multi -paycheck household could encourage marriages. In the past, only the earnings and financial prospects of the man counted in the marriage decision. Now, however, the earning ability of a woman can make her more attractive as a marriage partner. Data show that economic downturns tend to postpone marriage because the parties cannot afford to establish a family or are concerned about rainy days ahead. As the economy rebounds, the number of marriages also rises. Coincident with the increase in women working outside the home is the increase in divorce rates. Yet, it may be wrong to jump to any simple cause-and-effect conclusions. The impact of a wife´ s work on divorce is no less cloudy than its impact on marriage decisions. The realization that she can be a good provider may increase the chances that a working wife will choose divorce over an unsatisfactory marriage. But the reverse is equally plausible. Tensions grounded in financial problems often play a key role in ending a marriage. Given high unemployment, inflationary problems, and slow growth in real earnings, a working wife can increase household income and relieve some of these pressing financial burdens. By raising a family´ s standard of living, a working wife may strengthen her family´ s financial and emotional stability. Psychological factors also should be considered. For example, a wife blocked from a career outside the home may feel caged in the house. She may view her only choice as seeking a divorce. On the other hand, if she can find fulfillment through work outside the home, work and marriage can go together to create a stronger and more stable union.Also, a major part of women´s inequality in marriage has been due to the fact that, in most cases, men have remained the main breadwinners. With higher earning capacity and status occupations outside of the home comes the Capacity to exercise power within the family. A working wife may rob a husband of being the master of the house. Depending upon how the couple reacts to these new conditions, it could create a stronger equal partnership or it could create new insecurities.第36题The word "portend"(Sentence 1, Para. 1)is closest in meaning to "______".A.defyB.signalC.suffer fromD.result from第37题It is said in the passage that when the economy slides,______.A.men would choose working women as their marriage partnersB.more women would get married to seek financial securityC.even working women would worry about their marriagesD.more people would prefer to remain single for the time being第38题If women find fulfillment through work outside the home,______.A.they are more likely to dominate their marriage partnersB.their husbands are expected to do more houseworkC.their marriage ties can be strengthenedD.they tend to put their career before marriage第39题One reason why women with no career may seek a divorce is that______.A.they feel that they have been robbed of their freedomB.they are afraid of being bossed around by their husbandsC.they feel that their partners fail to live up to their expectationsD.they tend to suspect their husbands´ loyalty to their marriage第40题Which of the following statements can best summarize the author´s view in the passage?A.The stability of marriage and the divorce rate may reflect the economic situation of the country.B.Even when economically independent, most women have to struggle for real equality in marriage.C.In order to secure their marriage women should work outside the home and remain independent.D.The impact of the growing female workforce on marriage varies from case to case.上一题下一题(41~45/共5题)Part BDirections :Read the following tert and decide whether each of the statements is true or false. Choose T if the state ment is true or F if the statement is not true. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.[A]Think about how your attitude change will affect your life[B]Look for a role model[C]Be clear about your traits[D]Identify and understand what you want to change[E]Believe that you are able to change[F]Get rid of the pessimistic friends[G]Choose the right company"Our attitude toward life determines life´s attitude towards us." We´ve all heard about the power of our attitude, and that it´s our attitude that determines how much we succeed in life.If you look around you, you will see that people with a positive attitude enjoy life more and are generally happier and more successful than those who walk around grumpy and pessimistic. Our attitude is the driving force in our lives—it can either push you to do great things or pull you down to your demise.All the things that you have been through, all the people you have met and interacted with can have an impact on your attitude. If you think that all these factors have molded you into a person with a poor attitude towards life, there is no need to worry as there is always an opportunity for change. Let me share with you how I did it.__41__The first step towards change is clearly understanding what needs to be changed. Setting clear goals is the key to success in any endeavor. When it comes to changing your attitude, you need to do an honest and in-depth self-evaluation so you could point out exactly which of your traits need to be improved or totally changed.__42__We all need to know that what we´re trying to accomplish can in fact be achieved; that we can be more optimistic, more social or more patient. Find someone who has the kind of attitude that you want to have, and let his or her life give you inspiration and encouragement to move beyond your temporary failures in your journey towards becoming a better person.__43__To be able to overcome all the difficulties that lie ahead of you in your journey towards self betterment, you need to figure out exactly what this supposed change could bring to your life. Will changing your attitude mean a happier family or social life? Will a change in your attitude mean a more successful career or business? Fix your mind on the things that would come as a result of your attitude change and you will have a greater chance of reaching your goal.__44__As they say, "Bad company corrupts good character." You don´ t expect yourself to be able to change if you go on surrounding yourself with people who possess all the negative traits that you want to change. Consider befriending new people, especially those who are optimistic and have a healthy attitude towards life. You will see that your effort to change will be easier with these kinds of people as friends.__45__Often, the greatest obstacle between us and our goals is ourselves or our inability to trust in what we are able to do. If you don´t believe in yourself or believe that you or your life can change, it just won´t happen—you will either never start, or give up quickly so you won´t have even given yourself the opportunity to succeed.It cannot be denied that a positive attitude is very important for living a successful and satisfying life, so it is only right to strive to have a positive attitude.第41题第42题第43题第44题第45题上一题下一题(1/1)Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points)第46题For a child, happiness has a magical quality. I remember making hide-outs in newly cut hay, playing cops and robbers in the woods,getting a speaking part in the school play. For adults, happiness is complicated. As far as I am concerned, happiness is "the capacity for enjoyment". The more we can enjoy what we have, the happier we are. It´ s easy to overlook the pleasure we get from loving and being loved, the company of friends, the freedom to live where we please, even good health.While happiness may be more complex for us, the solution is the same as ever. Happiness isn´t about what happens to us; it´ s about how we perceive what happens to us. It´ s the knack of finding a positive for every negative, and viewing a set-back as a challenge. It´ s not wishing for what we don´ t have, but enjoying what we do possess._____________上一题下一题(1/1)Section WritingPart A第47题Suppose you have damaged your friend´ s computer when you lived in his house a few days ago. Write him a letter to1)make an apology, and2)suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)____________上一题下一题(1/1)Part B第48题Write an essay based on the following pie chart. In your writing, you should1)interpret the chart, and2)give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)图片_______________上一题交卷交卷答题卡答案及解析(1~20/共20题)Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.A new economics paper has some old-fashioned advice for people navigating the stresses of life: Find a spouse who is also your best friend. Social scientists have long known that __1__ people tend to be happier, but they debate whether that is because marriage causes happiness or simply because happier people are more__2__ to get married. The new paper, __3__ by the National Bureau of Economic Research, controlled for pre-marriage happiness levels. It__4__that being married makes people happier and more satisfied __5__ their lives than those who remain single—particularly during the most stressful periods, like __6__ crises.Even as fewer people are marrying, the disadvantages of remaining single have broad__7__. It´s important__8__marriage is increasingly a force behind inequality.__9__marriages are more common among educated, high-income people, and increasingly out of reach for those who are not. That divide appears to__10__not just people´s income and family stability, but also their happiness and stress levels.A quarter of today´s young adults will have never married by 2030, which would be the highest__11__in modern history, according to Pew Research Center.__12__both remaining unmarried and divorcing are more common among less-educated, lower-income people.__13__, high-income people still marry at high rates and are less likely to divorce.Those whose lives are most difficult could__14__most from marriage, according to the economists who wrote the new paper, John Helliwell and Shawn Grover. "Marriage may be most important when there is that stress in life and when things are going__15__," Mr. Grover said.__16__ marital happiness long outlasted the honeymoon period.__17__some social scientists have argued that happiness levels are innate, so people return to their natural level of well-being__18__joyful or upsetting events, the researchers found that the benefits of marriage persist. One__19__for that might be the role of friendship within marriage. Those who__20__their spouse or partner to be their best friend get about twice as much life satisfaction from marriage as others, the study found.第1题A.singleB.engagedC.marriedD.divorced参考答案： C 您的答案：未作答答案解析：此处意为“社会科学家向来知道，______人士往往更幸福”。
考研英语-37
考研英语-37(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}Section Ⅰ Use of English{{/B}}(总题数：1，分数：10.00)I've heard many students and professionals express a desire to take a speed reading course so they can increase their knowledge at a faster rate. But the information I've {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}over the last few years {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}me to believe that "speed reading" may be less useful than most people think.Don't push yourself to read at a(n){{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}pace. The claim that you can read and fully {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}2,000 or 3,000 words per minute is a(n){{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}exaggeration. One researcher proved this in a study in which irrelevant and {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}} sentences were added to a passage of writing. The "speed readers" who were tested didn't notice the irrelevant lines-the non-speed readers {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}them immediately.It was said that President Kennedy read three or four major daffy newspapers each morning in just a few minutes. But he {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}obtained all the information he needed from the headlines and topic paragraphs. I wish I could have {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}him after he completed his daily newspaper reading. I'm willing to {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}he would not have known most details revealed in the body of the articles-{{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}those in stories he read completely.I suspect that's also true {{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}most persons who make {{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}to great reading speeds.I've never taken one of the reading courses that {{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}to increase your reading pace astronomically, but I've spoken {{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}to many persons who have. Virtually all of them felt the courses had been helpful but, {{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}, didn't make them faster readers.My secretary used to teach a speed reading course for the personnel department of a large utility company. She told me the follow-up {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}indicated that employees who attended all 12 classes showed no {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}long-term improvement in their reading speed. She did add, {{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}, that many company employees took the course to enhance their promotion opportunities, and it may well have {{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}that purpose.（分数：10.00）(1).∙ A. collected∙ B. learned∙ C. defined∙ D. given（分数：0.50）A. √B.C.D.解析：语义逻辑题，考查词义辨析。
考研英语223_真题(含答案与解析)-交互-
考研英语223(总分36, 做题时间180分钟)Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)Historians are detectives searching out the evidence of the past in their pursuit of history. This is a challenging and frequently engaging quest 1 its own, but evidence must be turned to 2 . Primary sources that are uncovered 3 many forms that vary 4 the questions asked and the period studied, but written records are 5 historians use more than any other. The historian does not 6 evidence in the manner of courts of law, where questions of admissibility and truth versus falsehood are 7 . The historian''s use of evidence is much more 8 Determining how and with what end 9 mind any piece of evidence came into existence are the first tasks 10 the historian in the internal criticism of historical sources. It is important to know, for instance, who 11 a particular census and with what instructions, or 12 a correspondent was addressing a friend or foe, colleague or opponent.For many years historians divided evidence into the two 13 of primary and secondary sources. The former were considered as any 14 or artifact from the period 15 study, the latter as descriptions or reconstructions based on primary sources. The function of the historian, it was 16 , was to convert primary sources into secondary sources. This 17 misleads. What have been called secondary sources am not historical sources at all, but 18 that reveal the historian''s point of view. All evidence used by the historian was a primary source at the time it was 19 and it is always partial and incomplete. Therein lies part of the 20 of history.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.Historians are detectives searching out the evidence of the past in their pursuit of history. This is a challenging and frequently engaging quest 1 its own, but evidence must be turned to 2 . Primary sources that are uncovered 3 many forms that vary 4 the questions asked and the period studied, but written records are 5 historians use more than any other. The historian does not 6 evidence in the manner of courts of law, where questions of admissibility and truth versus falsehood are 7 . The historian''s use of evidence is much more 8 Determining how and with what end 9 mind any piece of evidence came into existence are the first tasks 10 the historian in the internal criticism of historical sources. It isimportant to know, for instance, who 11 a particular census and with what instructions, or 12 a correspondent was addressing a friend or foe, colleague or opponent.For many years historians divided evidence into the two 13 of primary and secondary sources. The former were considered as any 14 or artifact from the period 15 study, the latter as descriptions or reconstructions based on primary sources. The function of the historian, it was 16 , was to convert primary sources into secondary sources. This 17 misleads. What have been called secondary sources am not historical sources at all, but 18 that reveal the historian''s point of view. All evidence used by the historian was a primary source at the time it was 19 and it is always partial and incomplete. Therein lies part of the 20 of history.A forB onC byD in分值: 0.05答案:Bon one''s own是一惯用短语，意为alone(独自，单独)。
2023年考研英语真题及解析
1.[A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased2.[A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare3.[A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against4.[A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately5.[A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence6.[A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk7.[A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects8.[A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question9.[A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating10.[A] normal [B] common [C] mean [D] total11.[A] unconsciously[B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely[D] unaccountably12.[A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers13.[A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve14.[A] moreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] meanwhile15.[A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on [D] put down16.[A] assessing [B] supervising [C] administering [D] valuing17.[A] development [B] origin [C] consequence [D] instrument18.[A] linked [B] integrated [C] woven [D] combined19.[A] limited [B] subjected [C] converted [D] directed20.[A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable [D] continuousSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responsesbecame equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress.Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt.I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experienc e demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22. Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women .[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress[C] are more capable of avoiding stress[D] are exposed to more stress23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be .[A] domestic and temporary[B] irregular and violent[C] durable and frequent[D] trivial and random24. The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 5, Para. 5) shows that .[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expense s[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?[B] Response to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say?[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove t he author’s names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept thepaper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money fromgovernment–funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (orhis employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybridsof these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses .[A] the background information of journal editing[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers[D] the traditional process of journal publication27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that .[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to .[A] cover the cost of its publication[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it[C] allow other online journals to use it freely[D] complete the peer-review before submission30. Which of the following best summarizes the text?[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easily by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches ta ller now than 140 years ago, today’s people—especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations—apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s.And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at t his genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist WilliamCameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients—notably, protein—to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height—5'9" for men, 5'4" for women—hasn’t really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today's data and feel fairly confident.”31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to .[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S.[C] compare different generations of NBA players[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future .[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable35. The text intends to tell us that .[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern[B] human height is becoming even more predictable[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has alteredText 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw—having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently,many historians have begun to focus on the role slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significant, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong—and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, auth or of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children—though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravary of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36. George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to .[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37. We may infer from the second paragraph that .[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40. Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his .[A] moral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.Part BDirections:In the following text, some segments have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each ofthe numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41)_______________.Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42) _______________. Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) _______________. Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on either side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) _______________. These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessa ry to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote “The A&P as a Stateof Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45) _______________.Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times—and then again—working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences andcorrections. Write on only one side of the paper.[B] After you have already and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C] It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrible, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that d escribed Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy” he enforces.[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A&P” the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring t o his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)In his autobiography，Darwin himself speaks of his intellectualpowers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46)he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his ownPart A51. Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CDin your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) make an apology, and2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2023年全国硕士硕士招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章总体分析这是一篇议论文。
2019考研英语(二)真题答案解析(完整版)
2019考研英语(二)真题答案解析(完整版) SectionⅠ Use of English1. [答案] 【D】 However[解析] 此处是逻辑关系考点。
空格前面说到定期称重能够协助我们注重自身体重的明显变化，这是正面描述，但是空格后面说的是负面描述，我们能够从词汇hurt上面感觉到语气的转变，所以，我们这里选择D,However(不过). 所给的答案中[A]Besides(除此之外)，[B] Therefore(所以)， [D]Otherwise(否则)，意思都不符合题意。
2. [答案] 【A】helps[解析] 此处是考查词义复现。
空格所在的句子的意思是说：这种习惯的坏处有时候要比...多，很明显想表达的意思是弊大于利，所以空格处应该写表示利的同义词，这里所给的答案中，A helps(有协助)复合题意，其他[B]cares(关心)，[C] warns(警告),[D] reduces(减少)带入句中都不符合题意。
3. [答案] 【B】solely[解析] 此处是词汇考查。
空格所在的句子的意思是：每天称重会让我转译注意力到体重的数值上，而不是宽泛的身体健康上。
此处和后面的4题的数值也很匹配，所以答案是B solely表示仅仅。
而其他答案[A] initially(最初地)[B]solely(仅仅地)[C]occasionally(偶尔地) [D] formally(正式地)都不合题意。
4. [答案] 【B】lowering[解析] 此处是词义辨析题。
空格所在的句子的意思和上文3空格的意思想对应，我虽然体重增加是因为肌肉的增强，但是我所想的是体重秤上的数字增大了，所以会注重怎样把数字降下来，所以这里应该选择是B (lowering)降低的意思。
其他选项[A]recording(记录) [C]explaining(解释) [D]accepting(接受)都不能表达此意。
5. [答案] 【D】reach[解析] 此处是固定搭配题。
考研英语-208
考研英语-208(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}Section Ⅰ Use of English{{/B}}(总题数：1，分数：10.00){{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read tile following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C, and D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The "standard of living" of any country means the average person's share of the goods and services which the country produces. A country's standard of living, {{U}}(1) {{/U}}, depends first and{{U}} (2) {{/U}}on its capacity to produce wealth." Wealth" in this sense is not money, for we do not live on money{{U}} (3) {{/U}}on things that money can buy. "Goods" such as food and clothing, and "services" such as transport and "{{U}} (4) {{/U}}". A country's capacity to produce wealth depends upon many factors, most of{{U}} (5) {{/U}}have an effect on one another. Wealth depends{{U}} (6) {{/U}}a great extent upon a country's natural resources. Some regions of the world are well supplied with coal and minerals, and have a fertile soil and a{{U}} (7) {{/U}}climate; other regions possess none of them.Next to natural resources{{U}} (8) {{/U}}the ability to turn them to use. China is perhaps as well{{U}} (9) {{/U}}as the USA in natural resources, but suffered for many years from civil and{{U}} (10) {{/U}}wars, and{{U}} (11) {{/U}}this and other reasons was{{U}} (12) {{/U}}to develop her resources. {{U}}(13) {{/U}}and stable political conditions, and{{U}} (14) {{/U}}from foreign invasion, enable a country to develop its natural resources peacefully and steadily, and to produce more wealth than another country equally well{{U}} (15) {{/U}}by nature but less well ordered.A country's standard of living does not only depend upon the wealth that is produced and consumed{{U}} (16) {{/U}}its own borders, but also upon what is indirectly produced through international trade. {{U}}(17) {{/U}}, Britain's wealth in foodstuffs and other agricultural products would be much less if she had to depend only on{{U}} (18) {{/U}}grown at home. Trade makes it possible for her surplus manufactured goods to be traded abroad for the agricultural products that would{{U}} (19) {{/U}}be lacking. A country's wealth is, therefore, much influenced by its manufacturing capacity, {{U}}(20) {{/U}}that other countries can be found ready to accept its manufactures.（分数：10.00）A.howeverB.therefore √C.neverthelessD.furthermore解析：上下文理解题。
7考研英语完型填空第一讲PPT课件
❖C) inspiration D) intuition
4
❖The new secretary has written a remarkably (1) report. With a few hundred words, she incorporated all the required details.
值得注意的是，近年来，命题更加注重 词汇辨析和应用能力的考查，而相对淡化了 纯语法的考查。
Байду номын сангаас13
完型填空文章的结构特点
❖ 1，文章一般都有明确的中心主线
整个文章的中心主线包括鲜明的主题(FOCUS)，同 时文章往往又具有很强的导向性或者作者态度具有 倾向性；这个主题以及这种导向性或倾向性其实就 构成了完型文章的中心主线，成为从整体上把握完 型文章的关键点。
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2）应用于文章中的段落结构
❖ 例如：1999年考研英语完型文章的第二段 ❖ "Successful safety programs may(45 differ) greatly in
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❖ 第一部分 英语知识运用（use of English） 该部分不仅考查考生对不同语境中规范的语言要素
（包括词汇、表达方式和结构）的掌握程度，而且还考查考 生对语段特征（如连贯性和一致性等）的辨识能力等。共20 小题，每小题0.5分，共10分。
在一篇280~320词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生 从每题给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案，使补全后的文章意 思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。考生在答题卡1上作答。
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从命题形式分析命题思路
❖ 命题人员之所以将20个未知信息设置在大量的已知信息之中， 就是要求考生先对这些已知信息进行充分的把握和理解，通 过已知信息去破解未知信息。
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完型测试的三个重点
第一，侧重考生从整体上把握文章，来解决具
体填空的能力。这是近几年，完形填空考试比较侧 重的一点。并不是考一个独立的词汇或者一个单纯 的语法项。近年来，完型文章的选择是有些特点的， 基本上是议论文和说明文为主，这种文章都是逻辑 性很强的文章，需要大家从整体上把握文章去填空。
（1） 区分for instance/example和
such as.
for instance/example举“事”（做什么或谁做 什么），往往与前文用逗号分开，甚至另起一句再 排阵势；
such as举“物”（什么东西），多结合在一起， 有时也可分开。
The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 31 the trial of Rosemary West.
rate )of interest, but loans of this kind are
not (50 frequently) obtainable."
该篇文章在这里进入一个新的意群(该文章在
此之前都在讲述农民如典的总分对照结构：
四 完型备考技巧-- （1） 七大逻辑关系题
（4）句子间的衔接
句子间的衔接实际上就是考察考生对于
句子含义的理解和进而推断句子间关系的能 力。而很多考生常常分不清if only和only if， 尽管它们几乎从没被选到过；很多考生也分 不清even if和even though，其实它们没 有区别；更有考生分不清as if和even if， 这就在考试中造成了很多的困扰。
而短语只是测试题中的陪衬而已。不过起到关联作 用的短语，如as if, even if, such as, at first等 短语作为对考生理解篇章能力的考察仍然会继续相 对频繁的出现。
规律二：重衔接，轻孤立，重点考察对文 章和选项的内在联系
考研完形的测试点就在于它是面向文章的，因此 每个空格中的内容就不可避免地与文章中的内容有 所联系。换句话说，正确选项的特征就是必然能和 文章中的对应内容构成形式上的关联或是内容上的 衔接。因此，孤立地分析每个空格甚至是选项其实 是徒劳的，考研完形其实考察的是考生通过文中内 容判断选项的合理性的能力。既然弄清楚了考研完 形的内在联系，我们就可以进一步将选项和文章的 衔接加以分类和归纳，进而得出考研完形的规律所 在。
(2)应用于文章中的段落结构-
尽管整篇完型文章往往是一篇主题明确、形 式完整的小短文，但完型文章中的段落仍然 是具有相对独立性的意群，因此也经常采用 总分对照结构，此时的总述句是概括出本段 的中心主线，即本段的核心主题是什么。
例如：1999年考研英语完型文章的第二 段
"Successful safety programs may(45 differ)greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by (46 observing)rules or regulations. (47 Still) others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained."
（1）利用词义理解的盲点设置障碍
你认识assure，ensure，guarantee，可你
能否准确区分它们的含义？
你认识release，publication，exposure， 可你能否明确解释它们的不同？
你认识discover，disclose，detect，可你能 否清楚说明它们的用法？
（2）利用词义的多样性设计误区
[A]replace（替换）[B] purchase（购买） [C]supplement（补充）[D]dispose（处 理）vi
2002年考研完形36题…
with the distance between generation s much _____.
[A] deeper（更深） [B] fewer（更少） [C] nearer（更近）
列举，如 for example, such as
根据题目设计有理推测：
3同相斥，异者胜 例如2002年考研完形23题：选项如下
[A] means [B] method [C] medium [D] measure，
又如34题： [A] ability [B] capability [C] capacity [D]
考研英语培训
Use of English
一 考研英语完型填空介绍
二 命题规律
三 完型文章的结构特点
四 完型备考技巧---逻辑关系题
句意题
语法题
五 解题步骤
一 考研英语完型填空介绍
众所周知，在考研英语中，起到决定性作用的是阅 读和写作部分，其累加百分比也达到了70%之多， 因而完形和翻译这两个项目就往往容易被人们所忽 略。然而纵观考研命题的特点和思路，不难发现， 完形和翻译恰恰是最具有区分度的两个项目，换而 言之，也就是说完形和翻译的答题情况更能将考生 区分开来从而决定在选拔中谁能脱颖而出。在商业 圈中有个80/20的黄金法则，而在考研英语中，这 20%的部分也在80%的程度上决定了最后的结果。
[D] smaller（更小）。
（2）用复杂成分替换上述内容后的衔接
考研完形的难度很大程度上就来自于其命题思路 的复杂化，考研英语的句子多以结构多样的复杂句 为主，即便是简单句也会出现复杂的修饰成分，如 介词短语、分词结构、不定式为主，从而使得考研 英语的难度进一步增大。而在完形中考生往往留心 到词语间的搭配或是句子间的关系，但却容易忽略 掉上述复杂化结构在句子中的作用以及和空格内容 的联系。因此在判断过程中不妨留意空格周围的介 词短语、分词结构、不定式甚至是从句，尤其是定 语从句和同位语从句更直接起到了限定的作用。
（3）存在并列结构的衔接
众所周知，用连词，如and，or可以将类似结
构的内容并列在一起，而and更是要求并列的内容 具有一致性。因此在空格周围出现and的并列结构 时，并列的内容往往是推论正确答案的线索。
例如2003年考研完形23题： Growing bodies need movement and _____， movement有“运动”的含义，而能与之并列的 选项也应包含“运动”的含义，因此只有 [C]exercise符合要求。
常考逻辑关系是：
反向（转折、让步、对照）如 although, whereas， even if, on the contrar y等；
递进，如furthermore, moreover, in addition 等；
因果，如 because, so, consequently, as a result等；
（1）名词、动词、形容词、非关联性副 词间的衔接
在词汇的基本搭配中，主要的关系有两种： 动词关系和修饰关系。
动词关系是指动词和名词构成主谓或动宾关 系。
修饰关系则是指形容词修饰名词或是副词修 饰动词等。
例如2000年考研完形44题： _____ old agricultural implements…，
faculty 正确答案显而易见，均是[C]。
题目有联系者优选 如2001年考研完形35题：
[A]publicity [B]penalty [C]popularity [D]peculiarity， 接下来是39题：
[A]Release [B]Publication [C]Printing [D]Exposure， 正确答案应该是[A]和[B]。
本段的结构就是标准的总分对照型：
(3)应用于段落中意群的结构-即使一个段落 之中也会存在独立的意群，不管这个意群有 多短小，由于其具有相对独立的意义，因此 也可以采用总分对照的结构。
例如：2000年考研英语完型文章中的一 个意群
"If no surplus is available, a farmer
2000年考研英语的完型文章的首句如下：
"If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. - (如果一个 农民想要成功的话，他必须在消费和生产之间保持 一个大的差额)"
available的含义到底是“有用的”还
是“可得到的”？identifiable究竟是“可 识别的”还是“相同的”？subject到底是 “主题”还是“易…遭受的”？考生应在复 习中更明确单词的含义和其用法，借鉴字典 上的例句不失为良策。
（3）利用短语搭配产生困惑
在考研完形中，短语的考察方式有两种： 一是选项直接为短语；（下降趋势） 二是选项仅为短语中的一部分，特别是一个词。 考研越来越重视对于词汇辨析和篇章理解的考察，
三 完型文章的二个结构特点
1.完型文章一般都有明确的中心主线 （focus）
2.完型文章往往采用总分对照结构 （general-specific）
总分对照结构详解
(1)应用于整篇文章的结构-
总述句一般就承担了表现整个文章中心主线的任务。 首句或首段就是整篇文章的中心主线所在。分述部 分围绕这个总述句(即中心主线)展开详细的描写。 例如：