工程硕士研究生英语综合教程(上册)复习

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高等院校研究生英语系列教材 综合教程(上)INTEGRATED COURSE讲解学习

高等院校研究生英语系列教材 综合教程(上)INTEGRATED COURSE讲解学习
–Love, memory
2020/5/30
Starting out—Task 3
Task 3 Read the following paragraph and discuss with your partner what makes a happy marriage and why.
– The Beatles sang, “All you need is love.” Your friends might tell you, “Good communication is all you really need.” Your parents advise you, “The key is to marry someone with the same values.”
Background Information
Listen to a talk on The mathematical Marriage Predictor and answer the following questions. Script
1) What did James Murray try to do? To explore the rocky road of romance.
2020/5/30
Background Information
4) What prediction did James Murray try to make with his findings? Whether the marriage would last.
5) How correct was James Murray’s prediction? Ninety-four percent.
– What do you think is essential for a happy marriage?

21世纪工程硕士研究生英语综合教程(上册)第一课

21世纪工程硕士研究生英语综合教程(上册)第一课

21世纪工程硕士研究生英语综合教程(上册)第一课1. 什么知识最有价值?1.什么知识最有价值?赫尔伯特.斯宾塞在他1859年的文章中提出了这个有名的问题,不过自从正统教育诞生的那时起,这个问题就一直受到教育学家的关注。

这有几个原因:首先,人生有多种价值观,而且人们的价值观各不相同;其次,正统教育需要一定金钱和时间的投入,所以必须有所选择。

再次,教育学家们意识到教育中所犯的错误很难予以纠正。

学生们无法随意地被更新思想,就象轮胎上磨损的橡胶很难通过倒车进行恢复一样。

2.苏格拉底和伊索克拉底俩的职业生涯有一段时间同在雅典度过。

伊索克拉底为年轻人创办了一所有名的学校。

在那里他向年轻人传授演讲术、雄辩术、和其它走向成功政治生涯的学科。

(以及其它有助于在政治生涯中获得成功的知识)对于古雅典有雄心壮志的年轻人来说,这就是最有价值的知识;在希腊,当时的成功之路需要这些技能。

3.苏格拉底同样教授青年人。

他本可以教他们一些雄辩术,然而他却花费更多的时间和这些青年人讨论一个问题:这些所谓的成功之路是否值得一试。

他与这些青年人讨论,是不是有一种特殊的方法可以教人们美德,从而使人生真正有价值。

4.这两所学校不仅在教学的风格和重点各有所不同,而且结果也大相径庭。

伊索克拉底的学生们在政治和军事追求上有所建树。

尽管苏格拉底也有才华出众的学生,但有些学生却在政界颜面扫地。

而苏格拉底自己也不能说服雅典陪审团,使他们信服,他并没有在批判当时所谓的成功之路时腐蚀青年人。

然而,具有讽刺意义的是,今天很少有人知道伊索克拉底/会去阅读伊索克拉底的文章或记得伊索克拉底的言论,相反苏格拉底却被视为永远的文化界英雄和大师。

被伯拉图记录或想象的苏格拉底的语录,至今仍在一定程度上属于畅销书之列。

5.苏格拉底和伊索克拉底的分歧在每个时代都被重复着。

上流社会的统治阶层成功所必需的那种教育成为“优质”教育的标准。

他们注重所有实用目的的价值观象征着当时社会的真善美。

21世纪工程硕士研究生英语综合教程unit1

21世纪工程硕士研究生英语综合教程unit1

Unit 1:ComprehensionA.1. 1) Take full responsibility.2) Live life “On purpose”3) Write out a plan.4) Be willing to pay the price.5) Become an expert.6) Never give up.7) Don’t delay.2. They refuse to buy into the victim mentality.3. By finding a cause we truly believe in and creating a business around it.4. He compares the action plan to a written map. He wants to show us that withthe help of the plan we can realize our goals in the shortest possible time.5. “Goals that are not in writing are not goals at all. They are merely fantasies.”6. The main point is successful people find out what it costs to make their dreamcome true and then make it happen. They don’t complain about the work they take up.7. It is their phenomenal drive to be the best.8. To improve her speaking ability.9. I should decide today to work towards being the best in my field, study theexperts, find out what the best are doing, and then do what they do.10. The power of perseverance.11. He asks us to r emember “we don’t have time forever”. Top achievers use theknowledge to spur themselves on.B. Reading StrategiesI. Introduction (Para. 1): The author sums up seven keys to success by asking and answering the questions:How do successful people think? What drives them?II. Seven keys to success1. (Para. 2-5): The first key to success: Take full responsibility.Motivational superstars’ credo: “If it’s to be, it’s up to me.”e.g. Les Brown, who believes that taking responsibility for your life is:one of the most empowering things you can do.2. Live life “On purpose”. (Para.6-8)If you live your life on purpose, it shows in the following ways:1)Your main concern is doing the job right.2)You love what you do and it shows.3)People want to do business with you because they sense your commitment.How to live your life on purpose:By finding a cause you truly believe in and creating a business around it.3. Write out a plan. (Para. 9-11)A comparison: Trying to achieve your goals without an action plan is like:trying to drive on unfamiliar roads to a distant city.Result of having a written map in hand:You’ll enjoy the trip and arrive at your destination in the shortest possible time.4. Be willing to pay the price. (Para. 12-13)Successful people find out:What it costs to make their dream come true and then make it happen.The example of Les Brown’s callus on his left ear shows:how much effort one has to make to achieve success.5. Become an expert. (Para. 14-16)One striking factor about the motivational speakers:their phenomenal drive to be the best.The example of Patricia Fripp shows:They’ll do almost anything to improve their skills.6. Never give up. (Para. 17-19)e.g. The story of Jack Canfield and Mark Victor Hansen and their book ChickenSoup for the Soul proved the importance of perseverance.7. Don’t delay. (Para. 20-21)Remember: we don’t have time forever.How top achievers use the knowledge:to spur themselves on.Language StudyA.1.credentials2. empower3. retarded4. fantasy5. mentality6. comedies7. destination 8. perseverance 9. passionately10. best-selling 11. expended / had expended12. electrifying 13. credibility 14. MotivationalB. Confusing WordsI. 1. utilize 2. consumed 3. expend 4. expended 5. consumed 6. utilizedII.1. invented 2. created 3. invented 4. create 5. invented 6. createdC. Cloze(1) bestseller (2) copies (3) success (4) book (5) for(6) business (7) habits (8) change (9) takes (10) management(11) reacting (12) intricate (13) skim (14) annotations (15) feel TranslationA.1. 激发积极性的演讲者布赖恩·特雷西相信“你所思考的、感觉到的、所做的、以及所取得的一切成就,其中百分之九十五是习惯的结果。

《工程硕士研究生实用英语教程》课文-参考答案

《工程硕士研究生实用英语教程》课文-参考答案

综合英语(1)课后翻译练习参考答案(Unit 1-10)Unit 11. He has prepared answers to the questions that he expects to confront during the interview.2. His sad story touched us so deeply that we nearly cried.3. The two of them are walking hand in hand along the riverbank, chatting and laughing.4. When he heard the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes.5. People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect have much in common.6. Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years.7. He finally gave in to his daughter's repeated requests to further her education abroad.8. We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday.9. Although we have parted from each other, I hope that we will remain good friends and that we will care for and help each other just as we did in the past.10. At that critical moment, the army commander summoned all the officers to work out new strategies and tactics which would make it possible to conquer the enemy.Unit 21. Yesterday, a government delegation headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs arrived in South Africa and began a 3-day friendly visit to the country.2. It is awfully funny to observe these caricatures which satirize social ills.3. Computers are one of the most useful teaching aids, for all your lessons as well as all the questions asked and all the answers provided can be shown on a screen.4. Zhang Li’s mother fell ill suddenly the day before yesterday, he sent for a doctor immediately.5. He failed in the college entrance examination last year, but he did not feel disappointed. Instead, he continued to study hard, passed the examination successfully and became a student in a famous university this year.6. There are many English words that this middle school student cannot pronounce correctly.7. In this new era of information explosion, we have to make constant efforts to renew our knowledge. Only thus can we become adjusted to the requirements of our work.8. With his shirt tucked into the top of his trousers and a leather bag tucked under his arm, the boy looked just like a boss.9. Although she is only eight years old, the little girl is already very good at calculating fractions. No wonder her parents feel very proud of her.10. All the neighborhood have heard about the news, but you haven't. Don't you think it is very strange?Unit 31. I am sorry I am late; I was at a meeting and couldn't get away.2. At the concert, whenever a singer finished singing a beautiful song, the audience would burst into loud cheers to show their appreciation.3. As a stylish dresser, she is always wearing stylish clothes, but she seldom cares about what she eats or drinks.4. The nurse tells me that the doctors have done wonders for your heart disease.5. When awarding the prize, the chairman complimented the winner on his great contribution to mankind.6. This problem has bothered the experts for many years.7. The crowd of demonstrators melted away when the police arrived.8. Since punctuality is a good habit, we should pay much attention to it and make great efforts to cultivate this good habit.9. The old man cherishes that girl, as if she were his own daughter.10. It is just a routine physical checkup, nothing to get worded about.Unit 41. It is a systematic attempt to strengthen our competitive ability.2. The police in this district know where the thieves hang out.3. The agreements signed will break down all barriers to free trade.4. It was a very difficult situation, but he handled it quite successfully.5. He is my best friend. I just can't turn my back on him now that he needs my help.6. So long as you work hard, you are bound to succeed and realize your ambition sooner or later.7. Although he hates the job, yet he is determined to stick it out because he needs the money to support his family.8. That cancer patient kept an optimistic attitude towards his disease, persisted in combating it, and conquered it in the end.9. This university has a staff of more than 2000, including about 150 professors and over 500 associate professors.10. The concert was held to mark the 75th anniversary of the composer's death.Unit 51. That psychiatrist, who had talked about his patients, was charged with violating professional ethics.2. Hanging on the walls of the classroom are some famous sayings, which inspire and urge people to exert themselves.3. All kinds of commodities are available. Nothing is in short supply.4. We all trust the president of the board of directors, who is a man of absolute integrity.5. Before we vote for him, we want to know what he stands for.6. The defendant couldn't account for the fact that the money was found in his house.7. When I saw that he was right, I had to back down.8. She has been appointed sales director, for she is both clever and diligent.9. One of the biggest challenges faced by the present government is that of creating more jobs.10. The enemy succumbed soon after our soldiers stormed its stronghold.Unit 61. The dilemma she is facing is whether to tell her husband the truth about his fatal disease.2. Don’t you think it a sort of stigma that you, already in your thirties, still have to depend on your old parents?3. Almost all the governments in the world are very much concerned about the financial issue.4. With regard to the seminar on English teaching (the English seminar), I suggest we hold it at the weekend (this weekend).5. Whether to go abroad for further education or not is entirely up to you.6. Just a single spark can lead to an explosion in a room filled with gas.7. No matter what efforts the government has made, the price of housing has barely declined.8. In order to pass TOEFL, he has devoted every minute of his spare time to English studies.9. With his acting potential, the young man is likely to be a superstar in the field of entertainment.10. It is believed that sibling jealousy exists more in a rich family than in a poor one.Unit 71. I scrambled up the cliff for a better view of the sea.2. He lunged at the burglar and wrestled with him for the weapon.3. I figure that our national economy will continue to develop rapidly.4. The chairman made effort to reassure the shareholders that the company's bad results would not be repeated.5. Stop acting like a baby! Pull yourself together!6. Being very much a private man, he does not confide in anyone.7. We all hate the terrorists' indiscriminate violence against ordinary people.8. Many people in this country are alarmed by the dramatic increase in violent crime.9. We anticipated that the enemy would try to cross the river. That was why we destroyed the bridge.10. I am indebted to all the people who worked so hard to make the party a great success.Unit 81. At Christmas people enjoy themselves very much; they visit one another and present each other with Christmas cards and presents.2. The walls of her bedroom and living room are all decorated with pictures of pop stars and film stars.3. Sophia teased Tom about his new hat mildly, but Tom teased her about her curly hair unmercifully.4. He had attained remarkable achievements which surpassed the goal he had set for himself.5. He kept crying bitterly and I tried to persuade him not to give way to grief.6. I took it for granted that you would want to see the play, so I bought you a ticket.7. They have relegated these problems somewhere down on the priority list.8. I am going to address the letter to Donna in care of her lawyer.9. I could not account for the lump in my throat as I was telling her the news.10. Sailors signal with flags by day and with lights at night.Unit 91. Towering above all the others, this mountain peak commands a fine view.2. I have asked my friends to recommend a doctor who is good at treating children.3. The children were swinging on a rope hanging from a tree.4. Direct contact with the patients suffering from SARS must be avoided at all costs.5. Being cruel, treacherous, and unscrupulous, that terrorist committed murder, arson, and every crime imaginable.6. That old woman is always interfering in other people's affairs.7. After having several influential papers published, he became quite distinguished in the academic world.8. The huge outdoor amphitheater is an attractive place, where symphonies by great musicians are played every summer.9. He packed a briefcase with what might be required, while I packed a suitcase with all the things that might be needed.10. We Chinese usually associate the Spring Festival with family reunion.Unit 101. Some students longed to study what they want to, not what they are asked to.2. Many volunteers rendered a valuable service to the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games.3. The world economy is in a desperate situation, so all governments must take desperate measures to cope with it.4. Scissors, knives, matches and medicine must be kept beyond the reach of children.5. I always keep a sum of at least 1, 000 yuan on hand, in case of an emergency.6. Honest people despise lies and liars.7. It was a long time before I began to feel at home in English.8. Because of the financial recession, some of the entrepreneurs who are running small and middle-sized businesses are, so to speak, up to their necks in debt.OR: Because of the financial recession, some of those running small and medium-sized businesses are, so to speak, up to their necks in debt.9. He is a man who always mouths fine words about people to their faces and speaks ill of them behind their backs.10. I was greatly scared by the zest demonstrated by those radicals.。

工程硕士研究生英语综合教程

工程硕士研究生英语综合教程

工程硕士研究生英语综合教程Engineering Master's Comprehensive English TutorialIntroductionIn today's globalized world, proficiency in English has become an essential skill for engineering professionals. As an aspiring engineering graduate student, it is crucial to develop a comprehensive understanding of the English language. This tutorial aims to provide an overview of the key components of the Engineering Master's English curriculum, covering areas such as listening, speaking, reading, and writing.Listening SkillsEffective listening skills are fundamental in any engineering career. Engineering professionals must be able to comprehend technical lectures, participate in discussions, and understand instructions. To enhance listening skills, students will engage in various activities, including listening to recorded lectures, participating in group discussions, and practicing note-taking techniques. Additionally, the use of audiovisual materials will be incorporated to expose students to different accents and speech patterns commonly found within the engineering field.Speaking SkillsProficient communication is vital for engineering professionals. Throughout the course, students will engage in interactive sessions to develop their speaking skills. These sessions will focus on improving pronunciation, fluency, and vocabulary usage. Students will haveopportunities to engage in role-plays, debates, and presentations. Emphasis will also be placed on developing effective interpersonal skills, as collaboration and teamwork are essential in the engineering field.Reading SkillsThe ability to comprehend and analyze technical texts is crucial for engineering graduate students. In this course, students will be exposed to a wide range of technical materials, including research papers, case studies, and industry reports. They will learn effective reading strategies to identify key information, understand complex concepts, and critically evaluate arguments. Furthermore, students will enhance their vocabulary by learning technical terms commonly used in engineering literature.Writing SkillsClear and concise writing is essential for research papers, technical reports, and project proposals. This course will focus on developing students' writing skills by providing guidance on structure, organization, and clarity. Students will learn to express ideas coherently, with a focus on using appropriate technical terminology. Through writing assignments, they will gain hands-on experience in preparing engineering-related documents that are coherent, well-structured, and professionally formatted.Grammar and VocabularyA strong foundation in English grammar and vocabulary is indispensable for effective communication. Throughout the tutorial, attention will be given to grammar rules, sentence structure, and word choice. Students will practice grammar exercises, engage in vocabulary-building activities, and learncommon engineering terminology. By mastering these skills, students will be able to express themselves accurately and confidently in an engineering context.ConclusionThe Engineering Master's English tutorial aims to equip students with the necessary language skills to excel in their academic and professional careers. By focusing on listening, speaking, reading, writing, grammar, and vocabulary, students will develop the ability to communicate effectively within the complex field of engineering. With these comprehensive language skills, engineering graduate students will enhance their employability and thrive in an increasingly interconnected world.。

《工程硕士研究生英语综合教程(上册)》课件:Unit Three

《工程硕士研究生英语综合教程(上册)》课件:Unit Three
➢ Analysis: I belive good physical health helps the most to keep men young and strong, and ready for the daily battles…
New words & phrases
1. sage adj. 贤明的; 明智的; 审慎的
Analysis: People feel good when imagining that they could avoid all mistakes if they lived their youth again, but it is quite uncertain that many of them could do so or take a more smooth life path if they had a second chance.
➢Thomas Arkle Clark (1862-1932) : instructor and Professor of English (1893-99), and dean of undergraduate (1901-09) and men (1909-31) at the University of Illinois. Clark was head of the University of Illinois Department of Rhetoric in 1895 when he helped organize Alpha Tau Omega's (ATO) Gamma Zeta chapter and was its first initiate. Seven years later, he was named dean of men, the first in America to have that title. "Unofficially, he won the title of Keeper of the University's Conscience through his insistence on high ethical and moral standards," records the ATO Story. He did likewise for ATO as Worthy Grand Chief, High Council member, Educational Advisor, and Brother. Brother Clark was nationally known in the early part of the century for his efforts developing the modern Greek system. He served the national fraternity as "Worthy Grand Chief" for several terms. To this day, the highest honor a graduating senior can achieve is the Thomas Arkle Clark Award. The Thomas Arkle Clark Award annually recognizes Alpha Tau Omega's most outstanding senior candidates for undergraduate degrees. It was established as an incentive for young brothers to seek excellence in scholarship, leadership, service, and the personal qualities of character, integrity, and responsibility. Clark’s publications include Facts for Freshmen (1911, 1914, 1916, 1927), The Fraternity and the College (1915), Sunday Eight O'Clock (1916), and many magazine articles on fraternities and college life.

工程硕士研究生英语综合教程上册Unit Nine

工程硕士研究生英语综合教程上册Unit Nine
星蓝海学习网
PrPoroppeer Nr Naammees s
2.sickle cell anemia: a chronic, usually fatal anemia marked by crescent shaped red blood cells, occurring almost exclusively in black people of Africa or of African descent, and characterized by episodic pain in the joints, fever, leg ulcers, and jaundice(镰状 细胞血症) 3.the Belmont Report: a report of the National Commission for the protection of human subjects of biomedical and behavioral research
星蓝海学习网
Proper Names
1. ADA deficiency: adenosine deaminase (腺苷酸 脱胺酶) deficiency, which is an autosomal (正染 色体的;常染色体的) recessive condition. In the absence of the enzyme (酶) adenosine deaminase, T lymphocytes (T 型淋巴细胞), a type of immune system cell, cannot develop normally. Children with ADA lack the immunity to fight off infections and typically die within the first year of life.

研究生英语综合教程(上)Unit_2

研究生英语综合教程(上)Unit_2

Starting out—Task 2 out—
Task 2
With the ever-widening opening up to the outside world, Western practices exert some influence, yet they have not really changed the eating habits of the Chinese people. (P35)
Starting out
Task 1
Chinese cuisine has become widespread in many parts of the world—from East Asia to North America, Australia to Western Europe. Regional cultural differences vary greatly among the different regions of China, giving rise to the different styles of food. There are eight main regional cuisines: Anhui, Guangdong, Fujian, Hunan, Jiangsu, Shandong, Sichuan and Zhejiang. Work in pairs to choose two different regional cuisines with which you are familiar from the eight alternatives above.ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้Compare them by discussing the ingredients, preparation, flavors etc. (P35) What’s your favorite dish? Why? How is it prepared?
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sole randomly physiology in a funk bring up intellectual affiliate volunteer render head-on literally disposeget it off your chest tactfully lick triggerin the presence go a long way diminish spot1.If you __________ any mistakes in the article, mark them with a pencil.2.The way the books were arranged seemed completely __________.3.We three were the __________ survivors of the accident being found in the water aftersix hours.4.These are facts that can always be __________ against you.5.The health clinic is relying on __________ to run the office and answer the telephones.6.He’s never had much __________ and people don’t like his blunt manner.7.She ordered the brand new car __________ the sales manager though her sisterwhispered not to decide promptly.8.The store __________ the jewelry in an attractive display.9.In classroom discussion, a chain of questions is always __________ by students on thehit topic.10.Our house has __________ substantially in value over the last six months.11.Well-chosen wallpaper can __________ toward making a room look attractive.12.Their lack of __________ to any particular bank allows them to give objective financialadvice.13.We hadn’t eaten since yesterday and th e children were __________ starving.14.Her desire to __________ everyone happy was seen clearly but her rudeness ruinedeverything.15.He is a man more noted for his __________ than his charm.leverage assign downturn burnoutresent option incredible day-to-daycap base on run into focus onattend to compare to kick in1.He __________ trouble with his economic policies.2.I had two items of business to __________ before I could relax.3.If the United Nations had more troops in the area, it would have greater __________(= power to influence people and get desired result).4.I’ve been __________ the job of looking after the new students from foreign countries.5.If you subscribe now we will __________ a bonus.6.Your __________ responsibilities will include sorting the mails and makingappointments.7.They __________ their estimate __________ the figures for the last three years.8.Central government has imposed a __________ on local tax increases.9.That’s the most __________ coincidence I’ve ever heard of.10.This car has a lot of extra features. That is why it’s expensive __________ other cars.11.John has taken an __________ on shares in the company.12.I strongly __________ her attempts to interfere in my work.13.She suffered __________ after doing her last exam.14.The conference will __________ the issue of population control.15.The __________ in inflation has only taken place in the last three months.在危机地带1新经济看上去像是一种心态,也是一种可以识别的变革。

它反映了一种坚定的信念,就是新技术和全球市场扩张已经开创了一个不会受到破坏性的商业周期影响的空前繁荣的时代。

但是,新经济的核心中存在着一些难处理的矛盾,连新经济忠实的拥护者也不愿意承认及面对。

这种矛盾被嵌入了”新经济”这个词语中。

新的东西就是是不熟悉的、不同的、未勘察过的东西。

这就意味着新经济可能发生危险并且威胁着稳定。

这种增加的危险以及不确定性和新经济预测可以保证的持续繁荣形成了鲜明的对比。

2虽然有波动,但是在股价不可避免的会上涨的预期下,美国和外国的投资者已经把大量的资金投入了股票市场。

相似的,,许多公司在新投资项目上注入大量资金――在计算机,通信设备和机器――他们这样投资是建立在持续增长的生产力和购买力会带来收益增长假设正确这个正当理由上的。

(从1996年到1999年,企业投资增长了40%),美国财政部长劳伦斯‧萨玛斯说经济正沉浸在巨大的“积极供应冲击”。

商品和服务充足;很少有供应不足。

这种持续的繁荣是通过抑制通胀和降低利率实现的。

3简言之,那就是新经济的理论。

或许这样还会繁荣若干年,但是任何想要寻求矛盾的证据的人在眼前就可以找到证据)。

最明显的地方时新技术,它是新经济最引以为荣的部分。

考虑一下(试想),1990年,美国有430万的移动电话订购者,2000年这个数字增长到了9700万(两个数字都是六月份的)。

网络从一个骨架(1990年全球只有260万用户)发展到了2000年拥有3.85亿使用者的巨大的全世界性的网络。

同时,全世界的个人电脑拥有者从1990年的1.2亿增长到了2000年的5亿,翻了近5倍。

4问题是新技术不能保证有新的收益,没有收益的新技术最终会陷入困境。

它不仅仅是网络公司陷入了困境。

几年前,AT&T公司把公司的未来投注于有线电视、电话和网络服务的业务合并;它可以把所有信号全部通过一根宽带线传送。

现在AT&T已经退出了这个业务,公司将会被拆分为四个公司(分别负责有线业务,无线业务、消费电子和长途商务服务)。

很多资金都陷入了众所周知的可以称之为无底洞的项目上。

AT&T公司承认花了1000亿资金购买有线网系统,另外,1995年以来,美国的风险投资公司已经投资了1950亿给新公司。

5新技术的不确定性不是伴随着新经济的唯一的不确定因素,资本逐渐向全世界转化的现象--“全球化”--是另外一个不稳定因素。

这里,最近的经验也是很独特的。

诚然,如同一些经济学家所注意到的那样,从19世纪后期以来,世界是高度经济综合化的。

贸易繁荣。

发达国家给贫穷国家借了大量的钱。

Rutgers 大学的Michael Bordo、California大学Berkeley分校的Barry Eichengreen、Dartmouth 学院的Douglas Irwin的三位经济学家最近一个研究发现,当今世界比以往任何时候更盘综复杂。

一个世纪以前,贸易主要集中在很少的工业领域;现在是很广泛的。

类似的,过去国际投资,包括跨国贷款仅仅是给少部分幸运的借款者(主要是铁路和政府项目)Similarly, international finance then involved cross-boarder loans(loan 是名词to a few favored borrowers。

现在,国际投资—包括跨国产品分享—影响着各行各业。

6这常常会跃入一个未知的状况。

1997年~1998年的金融危机暴露了外国借贷者忽视当地商业、政府政策和文化传统的危险。

或者想一下全世界都需要用合理价格买到的石油,但是,价格并不单单是由供需双方决定的,还取决于OPEC成员国的政治情况。

所以,正如最近中东暴力事件所显示的,油价是固有的难以预测。

政治风险和经济风险混在了一块。

世界市场一直在以大家都不熟悉的方式演进。

全球投资者是越来越倾向于购买有最高回报的投资项目,不管这种高汇报是在何处找到的。

外国投资者购买美国股票总额创下新高(最近的年增长超过了1500亿美金)。

这对美国股价是一个强有力的支撑,但如果投资者失去信心,资金流入开始减缓或者是抽出资金,这也是一个很大的危险。

7实际上,股票市场代表了新经济(最终一个未解的问题。

这种繁荣不是史无前例的。

20世纪20年代的股市可以与之相媲美的。

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