词汇学复习资料

2.1 Types of homonyms
Perfect/absolute homonyms完全同形同音异义词 Homographs同形异义词 Homophones同音异义词 Of the three types, homophones constitute the largest number and are most common.
• The distinction b/w polysems and homonyms is drawn by etymology and the closeness of the relations b/w meanings: the different meanings of homonyms can be traced to different etymological roots, and the meanings are unrelated to each other, though they happen to have the same sound or form or both; contrastively, the meanings of a polysem are from the same root and related to each other.
Synchronic approach 共时研究方法 共时研究方法 Synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a historical period of time. 从 共时的角度看，在同一个历史时期，同一个 词可以拥有许多不同的意义。 The basic meaning of a word is called the central meaning 中心意义. The derived meanings are secondary in comparison.
Sense Relation
Objectives:
– To discuss the main sense relations among words; – To explain semantic field.
Teaching focus:
– Polysemy 一词多义关系 – Homonymy 同形同音异义关系 – Synonymy 同义关系 – Antonymy 反义关系 – Hyponymy 上下义关系 – Semantic Field 语义场
Take head for example: the head of the school, six pence per head, the head of a page, to come to a head, to lose one’s head, six head of cattle Though these senses have little in common, they all derive from special application of the central idea of head as a part of the body.
• poly-: combining form (in nouns, adj., and adv.), “many” • Polysemy means that one single word has two or more senses at the same time or words have a range of different but related meanings. They are called polysemous or polysemic words. • 它是指一个单独的词同时有两个或更多的意义。 • The bulk of English words are polysemantic; one –meaning words are rare and are mainly scientific terms such as hydrogen, molecule, and so on.
• 一般地说，多义词是一词多义，几个意义之间有 历史的或现实的联系，它们都是从一个基本意义 派生出来的，有“同源、同族”的关系，而同形 同音异义词则是同一拼写或同一发音，但在意义 上大多没有任何历史的或现实的联系，它们非同 出一源，而只是读音和拼写上的偶合。在词典中， 同形同音词通常以独立项分立(different lexical items/lexemes)，而多义词的各不同义项则全部 列在同一词项下(one lexical item/one lexeme)。
2.4 Rhetoric features of homonyms
（1）“Waiter” “Yes, sir” “what’s this” “It’s bean soap, sir.” “No matter what it’s been, what is it now?” (2) Why should a man never tell his secrets in a cornfield? Because it has so many ears. (3) Why is the Middle Ages also called the Dark Ages? Because there were so many Knights.
• 例1：board：木板→餐桌→会议桌→董事 会 • 例2：candidate：穿白袍的人→身着白袍申 请职位的人→候选人
II. Homonymy 同音异义 I – eye Wear – where Tear n. – tear vt. Bow n. – bow vi. Seal – seal Ball – ball
2) Concatenation连锁型 连锁型
• Concatenation is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.连锁型 是一种语义过程，在此过程中，一个词的意 义象链条一样，通过连续的改变，逐渐从本 义移开，直至最后发展出来的意义和本义没 有了任何关系。
I. Polysemy
Polysemy一词多义: one word may have more than one meaning. Polysemy appears with the development of or change in the meaning of words promontory (海角） 海角） hydraulic 水压高度 source of a river Derivative meaning 派生意义 coin 正面 mental power leader upper part of animal with brain/mouth…
identical in sound only: homophone identical in spelling only: homograph identical both in sound and spelling: complete homonym
bark vi. /bark n. Match n. (1) (2) knight/night Polysemy and complete homonym: etymology (词 源）
Head
highest part main point Primary meaning 基本意义
Raise in value
Estimate worth … of
Be grateful for
appreciate
Understand
Esteem highly
Be sensitive to
1. Polysemy一词多义关系
From the above examples, we can see that homonyms are often employed to create puns for desired effect of humor or irony for stylistic purposes.
பைடு நூலகம்
3 Synonymy同义关系
在此过程中，本义（也称中心意义）处在中心位 置，次要意义从此处象光线一样朝各个方向辐射。
All the meanings are independent of one another, but can all be traced back to the central meaning.这些次要词义之间相互独 立，但均可追溯到中心义。
1. 2. Two processes of development
1) Radiation辐射型 2) Concatenation连锁型
1) Radiation辐射型 辐射型
Semantically, radiation is the process which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays. 从语义学上讲，辐射型是这样一种过程，
2. 2 Origins of homonyms
Change in sound and spelling 读音和拼写演变的结果 Borrowing借入外来词的结果 Shortening 词语缩略的结果
2. 3 Differentiation of homonyms from polysemants (polysemous)