英语国家社会与文化 复习资料
英语国家社会文化复习
Unit 3 The Government of the United Kingdom1.女王的职责？/女王的作用？○1To represent Britain at home and abroad.○2To set standards of good citizenship and family life.2.女王的角色？○1Legally head of the executive(行政部门)○2An integral part of the legislature○3Head of the judiciary(司法部)○4Commander in chief of the armed forces○5“Supreme governor” of the Church of England○6Confidante to the Prime Minister3. 公众对女王的态度？4. 议会的职能？○1Pass laws○2Provide the means of carrying on the work of government by voting fortaxation○3Scrutinize government policy, administration and expenditure○4Debate the major issues of the day5.上、下议院？Lords are below the Crown, and are usually called peersDifference: ○1sources ○2term ○3salaryUnit4 Politics, Class and Race1.选举的时间？Every 5 years2.选举的过程？(1) Delivering voting card(2) The electoral campaigns(3)“Opinion polls”(4) Election day: voting and counting3.什么时候可以提前？○1The government loses a “vote of no confidence” in the H ouse ofCommons ○2The Prime Minister decides that the government is currently very popular4.什么人有资格参加选举？○1Anyone who is eligible to vote with 500 pounds as deposit○2Joining one of the big parties and applying to be chosen as theircandidate in one of the constituencies provide a greater chance towin.5.选举中什么过程对候选人关键？6.政党主张？(1) The Labour party: ○1a socialist party○2believe a society should be relatively equal in economic terms○3government should play a redistribute role: transferring wealth fromricher to poorer○4government should provide a range of public services available to all,such as health, education and public transport(2) The Conservative party: ○1a party of individual○2protect the individual’s right to acquire wealth an d to spendit how they choose○3Hold a fatherly sense of obligation to the less fortunate○4The difference with The Lobour party is one of degree, notabsolute.(3) The Liberal party: ○1a party of the “middle”○2Comparatively flexible and pragmatic in their balance ofthe individual and the social○3Emphas ize the need for change in Britain’s constitutionalarrangements to make government more democraticand accountable7.阶级有什么？判定标准？(1) working-class: manual workers (blue workers)(2) middle-class: office workers (white workers)○1Lower middle-class: unskilled office workers or skilled well paidmanual workers○2upper middle-class: having relatively high incomes and high statusprofessions (lawyer/doctor)8.移民问题对英国的影响？Positive: Increase the variety and interest within British cultureE.g. Restaurant food、TV programs、books、musicNegative: ○1Ethnic relations are tensed: the local people view thenew comers as a threat to their way of living.○2Despite much official action to minimize racism, bothsubtle and overt oppression remains○3The situation of the immigrant population isunpleasant:They face problems of unemployment，under-representation in politics and unfair treatmentby police and justice system.Unit 5 The UK Economy1.英国经济从二战后衰退的原因？○1Britain has gone heavily into debt in order to financethe war ○2As the era of empire was over, Britain lost its colonies which used to be raw material bases and big markets for British people○3Still maintain a substantial and expensive military presence in many overseas location○4As Britain’s industry survived comparatively unaffected in the German bombing duri ng the war, Britain lacked the investment in modern equipment and new products2.… … 生产的情况？□1Primary industry: (1) Agriculture (2) Fishing(3) Mining: ○1Oil and gas ○2Coal○3New renewable energy sources□2Secondary industries: (1) Manufacturing industry: Pharmaceuticals、Chemicals、high-technology engineeringindustry、Aerospace、Food and drink(2) Electronics industry□3Tertiary industriesUnit 7 British Education System1.英国教育？公立，私立？(1) State sector: ○1They are founded by local and centralgovernment ○2They provide free education for students(2)Private sector: ○1They receive the money through the privatesector、tuition rates with some government assistance2.教育阶段？（1）Pre-primary schooling(2) Primary school: 5-11, pupils mainly attend state sector primary schools（3）Secondary school: ○111-19, include comprehensive schools (综合学校) andgrammar schools（文法学校）○2Comprehensive schools: the most popular secondaryschools in Britain today; admit children withoutreference to their academic abilities; provide ageneral education○3Grammar schools: select children through“the11-plus”; lay emphasis advanced academicsubjectsUnit 4 The political System in the United States1.制约关系？怎样发挥作用？The three branches of the federal government(1) It is a way of restricting government power and preventing its abuse(2) In the three-part national government, this system works in many ways to keep serious mistakes from being made by one branch or another2. 政党？政党主张？（1）The Democratic Party: donkey; more liberal; In the 1930s, PresidentFranklin Roosevelt started the New Deal in order to solve theDepression. Provided paid employment for people building dams androads and public building and Social Security.(2) The Republican Party ：elephant; more conservative; Republicans placemore emphasis on private enterprise and often accuse the Democrats ofmaking the government too expensive and of creating too many laws thatharm individual initiativeUnit 5 American Economy当前经济状况做分析？成功之处：American farmers are virtually unrivaled in producing crops cheaply and in quantity. America ag ricultural produce’s output is huge. Bountiful resources、the geographical size of the country, population trends and strong domestic demand are responsible for the successes of American business and industry. More and more people are employed in service industries in the US.危机：The problems are deep-seated, revealing defects in the free market and US government financial policies.Unit 8 Education in the United States(1)Gradu ate schools in America award master’s and doctor’s degrees(2)An undergraduate student has to earn a certain number of credits(120) in order to receive adegree at the end of four years of college(3)About 25% of all schools of higher education in the US are privately operated by religiousorganizations.(4)Income sources: student tuition endowments and government funding(5)Flourishing reason: ○1They offer the best libraries and facilities for scientific research○2Access to “mainframe” c omputer and to modern labs attracts leading scientists○3Students enroll to study with the expertsUnit 9 Social problems in the United States1.当前美国移民？(1)Housing(2)Busing and other programs(3)education(4) family income2.贫困问题？Lots of Americans are living at or below the official poverty line. Their incomesaren’t insufficient to meet basic requirement of food, clothing and shelter. The unequal distribution of wealth and income.3.吸毒带来的影响？（1）crime (2) automobile accidents (3) effects on individuals(4) economic losses4. 犯罪的原因？Young people:(1) less skillful than older adults in avoiding being arrested(2) They tend to commit crimes, they are highly visible to the policeBlack population:(3) most of them are poor or unemployed(4) racial discrimination。
英语国家社会与文化知识要点汇总
Unit OneIntroduction& Unit 1The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking Countries课程名称：英语国家社会与文化本课内容：The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking Countries授课时间：90分钟教学目的:通过本节课的教学，使学生了解英语国家社会与文化课程的主要内容与要求，了解文化的概念；同时对英国有一个总体上的了解。
教学意义:帮助学生了解主要英语国家的社会与文化概貌，如地理、历史、政治、经济、社会生活和文化传统等方面的基本知识。
教学重点:文化的概念；英国基本情况。
教学难点:英国概况教学方式：以电子课件为主，辅以少量板书的课堂讲授。
教学内容: (详见下页）1.什么是文化？2．英国国土与人民英国的不同名称及其区域3. 伦敦概况教学方法：采取教师教授为主，结合学生课堂讨论。
时间分配: What is culture? (10 分钟.);What’s th e relation between Culture and society? (10 分钟);Why should we learn culture (10 分钟);UK- a complicated country with a complicated name(40 分钟)A Brief Idea about London. (20 分钟)课堂板书:1. Culture-the foundation of communication2. The four parts of UK3. Main cities of EnglandLondonBirmingham-second largest city of England.Liverpool-second largest port of EnglandManchester- industrial and commercial centre.课后作业: Exercises in Unit 1Unit OnePart One1.What is culture?Culture-the foundation of communicationCulture is very abstract and complicated. Concretely speaking, it refers to all the aspects of social life, such as, the values, the practices of a society and social conventions, education, politics, art or literature,language,ideas,etc.文化即是人们所思,所言(言语和非言语),所为,所觉的总和.文化是无处不在的,具体说来,包括社会生活的一切方面,如:价值观念,生活行为方式,社会规范等,乃至艺术,政治,经济, 教育,修养,文学,语言,思想等.2. What’s the relation between Culture and society?1)Culture is a separate idea from society, although culture and society areinterrelated and cannot exist without each other.2)Culture is a system of values (or beliefs) and norms (or behaviour). A societyis a system of interrelationships which connect or bind individuals together.3. Why should we learn culture?1)Requirement of communication2) Language and culture are inseparable3)Culture acquisition is important for the study of literature.Part TwoUK- a complicated country with a complicated nameⅠStatus in the worldEffects of its Imperial Past--“an empire in which the sun never set”（日不落帝国）:1.one of five permanent members of the UN Security Council, a founding memberof NATO, and of the Commonwealth,2. Member of European Union and the Group of seven3.The make-up of the British population (Immigration has produced a populationof which 1 in 20 are of non-European ethnicity.)II. The effects of its imperial past* The days of empire ended after World War II1. The effects were mainly encountered in the close relationships which exist with the 50 or more colonies of that empire, and which maintain links through Commonwealth of Nations. But more important international relation is its membership in the European Union since 1973.2. The makeup of the British population--- immigration from India, Pakistan, or Caribbean (西印度群岛与中南美洲海域) countries in the 1950s and1960s. 1/20 are non-European ethnicity.III.The features of British society:1.a multiracial societyRacial, gender, class, regional and economic differences in the societya multi-racial society: most are Christians and because of immigration, many are Muslims;gender difference: male and female live different livesclass difference: the class structure of UK society is relatively obvious (A white-collar worker’s lives are very different from a blue-collar worker’s.) economic and regional difference within each of the 4 countries:-- difference between highland and lowland Scots-- difference between north and south England (South is on average more wealthy than the north)2. a society with class-structure3. a society with difference of region difference: highland and lowland Scots，north and south England，the capital and provinces.Part ThreeMain cities of England1. London2. Birmingham-second largest city of England.3. Liverpool-second largest port of England4. Manchester- industrial and commercial centre.London--cultural,bussness,and financial centre1. One of the most famous cities of the world, London is England's capital and a favourite for tourists from all over the world who flock there in their millions. It has a history stretching back almost 2000 years, A population of 7.5 million people, and some of the most famous tourist attractions in the world.2.London Attractions:Big Ben and the Houses of Parliament.The Tower of London,Tower Bridge,St Paul's Cathedralthe River ThamesCountless fascinating museums, art galleries and famous theatres.The English Royal Family reside in London at Buckingham Palacewhere you can see the famous 'Changing of the Guard'and muchmore.3. A significant role of LondonWhen a man is tired of London, you are tired of life for there is in London all that life can afford.—Samuel Johnson London is dominant in UK in all sorts of ways.1)It is the largest city in the country with abo ut one seventh of the nation’spopulation.2)It is seat of government.3)It is the cultural centre.4)It is the business centre.5)It is the financial centre of the nation.6)London is a huge weight in Britain’s economic and cultural life, and to someextent the rest of the country lives in its shadow.For reference英国历代国王与王后Geographical features1.Geographical positionThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) is situated north-west of the European continent between the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea. It has a total land area of 244,100 square kilometres, of which nearly 99% is land and the remainder inland water. From north to south it is about 1,000 kilometres long.(1) Northwest of Europe(2) North Atlantic Ocean(3) Separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel2.Geographical features(1) An island country, surrounded by sea(2) Highlands in the north and west(3) Lowlands in the east and southeastA. Part of the great European PlainB. Level land and fertile soilC. farming(4) 3 natural zones in ScotlandA. the highlands in the northB. the central lowlandsC. the southern uplands. Rivers and LakesImportant role of rivers in the country’s economy1.Important Rivers(1)the Severn RiverA.the longest in the countryB.only 338 kilos long(2)the Thames RiverA.the 2nd longestB.the most important riverC.336 kilos longD.Oxford and London are on the river(3)River ClydeA.the most important in ScotlandB.important commercial waterway2.the Lake District(1)in northwest England and North Wales(2)popular tourist attractions(3)the home of the Lake PoetsA.William WordsworthB.Samuel Taylor ColeridgeC.Robert SoutheyClimate1.Typical feature of Britain’s climate“Other countries have a climate; in England we have weather.”The statement is often made by Englishmen to describe the peculiar meteorological conditions of their country.A maritime type of climate(1)rainy---abundant rainfallThe uncertainty about the weather tends to make the Englishmen cautious.“A foreigner may laugh when he sees the Englishman setting forth on a brilliantly sunny morning wearing a raincoat and carrying an umbrella, but he may well regret his laughter later in the day!”(2)changeable and unpredictable, no clear cut of 4 seasons“In no country other than England, it has been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day! Day may break as a balmy spring morning; an hour or so later black clouds may have appeared from nowhere and the rain may be pouring down. At midday conditions may be really wintry with the temperature down by about eight degrees or more centigrade. And then, in the late afternoon the sky will clear, the sun will begin to shine, and for an hour or two before darkness falls, it will be summer.”(3)Mild: no extremesIn England one can experience almost every kind of weather except the most extreme.temperature: 4-6℃ in winter, 12-17℃ in summer2.Factors influencing the climate(1)the surrounding waters(2)the prevailing south-west winds(3)the North Atlantic Drift (warm current)3.Rainfall(1) a steady reliable rainfall throughout the year(2)uneven distribution of rainA. a water surplus in the north and westB. a water deficit in the south and eastUnit TwoThe History of England课程名称：英语国家社会与文化本课内容：The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking Countries授课时间：90分钟教学目的:通过本节课的教学，使学生了解英国历史，尤其是英格兰的历史；掌握主要历史事件及人物。
英语国家社会文化知识
1.英语语言发展阶段：古英语--中古英语--现代英语：古英语-old English主要是日耳曼部落讲的凯尔特语，语法性浓厚。
中古英语-Middle English罗曼底征服事件后，人种混合，语言混合，英语渐渐取代法语成为主要语言。
语法形态简化。
现代英语-文艺复兴，印刷术，伦敦方言成为标准英语。
语音变化巨大。
趋势-简化语法，简化单词。
变体-美国英语（主导），澳大利亚英语，加拿大英语，南非英语，印度英语。
2.英美国家概况之历史篇：美国历史（重要事件列出）：最早的美国人是印第安人；英国在1607在美国建立殖民地，并逐渐建立13个殖民地。
1776年圣诞节美军挫败英军，1783年巴黎和约英国承认美国独立。
美国宪法前十条是«人权法案»，保护个人权利。
英美最后一次交火是1812年的英美战争。
美国内战期间，林肯发表【解放奴隶宣言】，1863葛底斯堡演说民有民享民治（the government of the people,by the people and for the people）.1903年，莱特兄弟发明第一架飞机。
第一次世界大战，美国宣布中立，但实际上是支持同盟政策。
20ce20ys,美国是物质上成功但精神挫败迷惘的时期。
罗斯福的新政措施目的在于拯救美国民主制度和资本主义制度。
20ce30ys,美国奉行孤立主义外交政策。
目的是远离欧洲和亚洲的战争。
二战期间，美国外交政策针对英国和前苏联，想赢得战争，阻止苏联扩张。
美苏英三国首脑会晤三次，第一次1943德黑兰会议决定“霸王行动”向法国进攻。
第二次1945年雅尔塔会议，决定建联合国组织。
第三次1945波茨坦会议，确定欧洲格局暂时分配。
1946年，美国电报出现遏制苏联政策，1949年，杜鲁门公开遏制政策。
同年，美国签订北约（The North Atlantic Treaty).1945年以来，美国经济进入25年的繁荣期。
1962古巴导弹危机，在位肯尼迪。
英语国家社会与文化复习
Executive Branch
• The power of the executive branch is vested in the President. • As the chief executive officer of the nation, the President’s duty is to “preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States” and to faithfully execute laws passed by Congress. • The President is assisted by a Cabinet in the execution of his duty. The Cabinet includes the Vice President and the heads of executive departments.
Reasons for European Immigration
• Most European emigrants left their homelands to escape political oppression, to seek the freedom to practice their religion, or for adventure and opportunities. • Between 1620 and 1635, economic difficulties swept England. Colonial expansion became an outlet for this displaced population. • In the 1630s, arbitrary rule by England's Charles I gave impetus to the migration to the New World. • In contrast to the colonization policies of other countries and other periods, the emigration from England was not directly sponsored by the government but by private groups of individuals whose chief motive was profit.
「英语国家社会与文化」 期末考试要点.doc
「英语国家社会与文化」期末考试要点Part I Blank Filling (每小题1 分，共35 分)1.Britain is a constitutional monarchythe head of state-Queen elizabeth IIthe head of government—prime minister2.The official name of UK—United Kingdom of Great Britain and northern Ireland3.The defensive fortification in northern England built from AD 122—Hadrian f s Wall4.The flag of the united kingdom—Union Jack，Red Cross of Saint patrick - IrelandThe Cross of saint George - England TheCross of saint Andrew - Scotland5.British civil wars (1455-1485)—Wars of the Roses6.The United States of Americtm is a federal constitutional republic,the capital district—Washington, D・C・states-50 个(除Alaska State 和Hawaii State 之外的48 个在本土)7.The fist permanent settlement in north America—Jamestwon (English 1607)8.The national government after the war of independence was won・-the United States Constitution was ratified in 1788, the new republic's first Senate, House of Representatives, and president—George Washington—took office in 1789・9.In 1492, the discovery of Columbus~In 1942, Christopher Columbus, under contract to the Spanish Crown, reached "La Florida *10.Mayflower—the Pilgrim ship that in 1620 made the historic voyage from England to the New World. Mayflower master Christopher Jones11.In 1063, Martin Luther King for civil rights12.British favorite public sport—football13.Rugby school is one of the oldest independent schools in Britain -rugby14.OXBRIDGE-the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge15・ On December 7, 1941, Japanese attacked on pearl harbor ,which led the pacific war broke out. The United States entered the wa「formally, and isolationism vanished over night16.Symbols of the American Two parties are the elephant and donkey , which represents the Republican and the Democratic Party17.b ride 新娘groom 新郎bridesmaid 伴娘the best man 伴郎bride's father 新娘的爸爸priest神职人员(男)18.I n the 1980s, when the conservative party under Margaret Thatcher was in power, and extensive program of privatization was carried out.19.Adam Smith the wealth of nations20.New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) on Wall Street21.Detroit —motor citySan Francisco ・・the center of tech no logy developme ntLos Angeles “ takes lead in the country^ film and television industriesHollywood the capital of motion pictures in the worldBoston •・the city where most famous universities are locatedNew York ・・the center of financial, publishing, broadcasting, and advertising industriesPart II Definitions (每小题3 分，共15 分)1.Norman conquest: The Norman conquest of England was the I lth-century invasion and occupation of England by an army of Norman, Breton, and French soldiers led by Duke William II of Normandy, later William the Conqueror.2.Henry VIII: Henry VIII was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was Lord, and later assumed the Kingship, of Ireland, as well as continuing the nominal claim by the English mon archs to the Kin gdom of France ・ He was the second mon arch of the Tudor dynasty. Besides his six marriages, Henry VIII is known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church for his divorce・3.A-level: The General Certificate of Education Advaneed Level, is an academic qualification offered by educational institutions to students completing secondary or pre-university education .It requires studying an offered A・level subject over a two-year period and sitting for an examination at the end of each year (AS and A2, respectively), proctored by an official assessment body・Most students study three or four A-level subjects simultaneously during Year 12 and Year 13 (ages 16 -18), either in a sec on dary education institution or in a Sixth Form College, as part of their further education.4.The American War of Independence: began as a war between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Thirteen Colonies, but gradually grew into a world war between Britain on one side and thenewly formed United States, France, Netherlands, Spain, and Mysore on the other. The war was from April 19, 1775 to September 3, 1783, was the result of the political American Revolution and began in Lexington, the eastern north America. At last, through signing Peace of Paris, British recognized the United States of America. American independenee was achieved.5.Academy Awards: commonly known as The Oscars, are a set of awards given annually for excellence of cinematic achievements・ Organized and overseen by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, the awards are given each year at a formal ceremony. The awards were first given in 1929, is the oldest award ceremony in the media, and also one of the most prominent award ceremonies in the world.6.The Declaration of Independence: The Declaration of Independenee is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776 in Philadelphia, which announced that the thirteen American colonies, then at war with Great Britain, regarded themselves as independent states, and no longer a part of the British Empire. The national birthday, the Independence Day is celebrated on July 4.7.The "Lost Generation^: The "Lost Generation11 is used for the period from the end of World War I to the beginning of the Great Depression. In the United States it is used for the generation of young people who came of age during and shortly after World War I, alternatively known as the World War 1 gen eratio n. In Britain the term was originally used for those who died in the war, and often implicitly referred to upper-class casualties who were perceived to have died disproportionately, robbing the country of a future elite・& Baby boomer: In the United States, a baby boomer is a person who was born during the demographic Post-World War II baby boom between the years 1946 and 1964.9.GCSE: The General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) is an academic qualification awarded in a specified subject, generally taken in a number of subjects by students aged 14 - 16 in secondary education in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. It was introduced in 1986 (with the first examinations taking place in 1988) replacing the former O Level / CSE qualifications. As well as amalgamating the two fomer exami nation systems, one of the main cha nges was to allow students to complete Course Work during their two years of study, which was marked by their teachers and contributed to their final examination grade・10.The Gunpowder Plot of 1605: The Gunpowder Plot of 1605, in earlier centuries often called the Gunpowder Treason Plot or the Jesuit Treason，was a failed assassination attempt against King James I of England and VI of Scotland by a group of provincial English Catholics led by Robert Catesby.11.The New World: The New World is one of the names used for the Western Hemisphere, specifically the Americas, certain Atlantic and Pacific oceanic idands to which the closest continental shelf is that of the Americas (such as Bermuda), and sometimes Oceania (Australasia). The term originated in the early 16th century after Europea ns made landfall in, what would laterbe called, ,f the Americas/1 in the age of discovery, expanding the geographical horizon of the people of the Middle Ages, who had thought of the world as consisting of Africa, Asia, and Europe only: collectively now referred to as the Old World.Part III Answers & Answer (每小题4分，共20分)Part IV Short Essays (每小题io 分，共30 分)L What were the consequences of the norman conquest?1)Elite replacementA direct consequence of the invasion was the almost total elimination of the old English aristocracy and the loss of English control over the Catholic Church in England・2)English emigrationFollowing the conquest, many Anglo-Saxons, including groups of nobles, fled the country for Scotland, Ireland, or Scandinavia. Some of the English migrants were settled in Byzantine frontier regions on the Black Sea coast, and established towns with names such as New London and New York・3)Gove「nmental systemsAll of England was divided into administrative units called shires, with subdivisions; the royal court was the center of government, and royal courts existed to secure the rights of free men.4)LanguageOne of the most obvious effects of the conquest was lhe introduction of Anglo-Norman, a northern dialect of Old French, as the language of the ruling classes in England, displacing Old English. French words entered the English language, and a further sign of the shift was the usage of names common in France instead of Anglo-Saxon names・5)Immigration and intermarriageAn estimated 8000 Normans and other continentals settled in England as a result of the conquest. Within a century of lhe invasion, interinarriage between the native English and lhe Norman immigrants had become common.6)SocietyThe major change was the elimination of slavery in England, which had disappeared by the middle of the 12th century.2.What were the reasons that the industrial revolution was initiated in Britain?1)England had experienced all of the forerunners of industrialization in the previous century: an agricultural revolution, cottage industry, and an expanded commercial revolution. These developme nts had built surplus capital and an inf「ast「uctu「e (shippi ng, ban king, in surance, joint stock companies)・2)England already had a handcraft textile industry using wool, but with the availability of cotton from overseas markets as an alternative raw material・3)The scientific revolution in England prepared the way for new inventions to be applied to industry.4)A spreading shortage of wood (used for energy, for shipbuilding and construction) stimulated a search for alternatives.5)England was rich in supplies of coal for energy and iron for construction.6)England had a long, irregular coastline with many rivers and natural harbors which providedeasy transportation by water to many areas・7)England's population grew rapidly in the 18th century, providing a labor force for industry.3.What were the influences of the industrial revolution in Britain?1)Economical ConsequencesIts industrial productivity increased dramatically. Britain was by 1830 the "workshop of the world". Britain became the most advaneed industrial country and also the financial center in the world. The country underwent a process of mass urbanization. Many new cities sprang up, such as Manchester, Leeds, Birmi ng ham and Sheffield ・In 1850, the urba n population was half of the whole population in Britain・2)Political ConsequencesThere emerged two new contrary classes: the industrial proletariat vs. the industrial bourgeoisie. Political conflicts between them worsened4.What do you think are the difference between British and Chinese education?1)On Primary EducationFor the British education, there are two sections in primary schools一an infant section and a junior section. Before their elementary schooling some children attend Nursery Schools, which are run by an in dividual person or a company. But most small children stay at home with their mothers. After two years in the infants' school the child enters a junior school.China has adopted a nine-year compulsory schooling system. Students have to complete both the primary school program and the junior middle-school program・ Student must pass the entrance examination for senior middle schools or middle-level technical schools・2)On Secondary Education (equal middle school in China)The secondary is about 7 years in Britain from 11 to 19, and there are two complete education systems at this stage, the state school and the independent schools・At this stage of education, there are various schools・They are grammar schools, comprehensive secondary schools, secondary modern schools and “public schools"・The first three schools belong to the state system, while public schools belong to the category of in dependent schools ・ Very few grammar schools are secondary schools belong to the old system・ All there schools are products of various periods in history.In China, high school education include two parts:3-year junior high school program and senior high school. From junior high school, students begin to learn a variety of scienee subjects. Physical education is enthusiastically encouraged・ Senior high school education is a continuation of junior high school. Students take up specific subjects in either scienee or humanity subjects. The purpose is for them in preparation for the national university entrance examination. Examinations are designed separately for science and arts students.3)On Higher EducationThese are over forty universities in Britain. They can be divided into five types: old universities, the four Scottish universities, and Open Universities and the one independent university. Apart from the universities these are polytechnics and colleges of higher education for those who fail to get universities or who choose more practical courses・Higher education in China is to train specialists for all the sectors of the country s development. Universities, colleges and institutes offer four-year or five-year undergraduate programs as well as special two-or three-year programs. Students who have completed a first degree may apply to enter graduate schools. Un iversity admission is operated on a centralized en roll me nt system, in which admissions committees at the provincial level are under the Ministry of Education. Admission is granted on the basis of academic, physical and moral qualifications. Special allowances are made for minority nationality and overseas Chinese candidates\4)On Adult EducationOne of the most far reaching changes to schools in England in the last few years has been the enormous growth in the number of adults other than teachers working in classrooms. These other adults in the classroom carry out a wide range of tasks. Some have specialist qualifications whereas others do not. In the great majority of cases they will be working under your direction. For some overseas trained teachers, this is the first time another adult has been present in the classroom for which you have responsibility・This area of the site provides guidance on the effective management of other adults in the classroom.5・ Give names of famous rock & roll singers.Bon Jovi The Beatles Linkin Park Rolling Stones (主唱Mick Jagger)Bob Dylan Avril Lavigne Cold Play6.List American holidays that are not traditionally celebrated in China.Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr. Inauguration Day Memorial Day Columbus Day Thanksgiving Day Veterans Day7・ In what way do you think the lifestyle of English and American people is different from that of the Chinese?& What is the government structure in the U.S? (3 branches of US political system)「Legislative Branch C ongressConstitution Executive Branch President Vice presidentL Judicial Branch SupremeCourt9・ What were the characteristics of the Victorian era?The era is often characterized as a long period of peace, known as the Pax Eritannica，and economic, colonial, and industrial consolidation, temporarily disrupted by the Crimean War, although Britain was at war every year during this time. Towards the end of the century, the policies of New Imperialism led to increasing colonial conflicts and eventually the Anglo-Zanziba 「War and the Boer War. Domestically, the agenda was increasingly liberal with a number of shifts in the direction of gradual political reform and the widening of the voting franchise.10.What were the characteristics of the Elizabeth age?This period is gen erally regarded as the greatest in the history of English literature ・ Historically, vve note in this age the tremendous impetus received from the Renaissance, from the Reformation, and from the exploration of the New World・It was marked by a strong national spirit, by patriotism, by religious toleranee, by social content, by intellectual progress, and by unbounded enthusiasm.Such an age, of thought, feeling, and vigorous action, finds its best expression in the drama; and the wonderful development of the drama, culminating in Shakespeare, is the most significant characteristic of the Elizabethan period. Though the age produced some excellent prose works, it is essentially an age of poetry; and the poetry is remarkable for its variety, its freshness, its youthful and romantic feeling. Both the poetry and drama were permeated by Italian influence, which was dominant in English literature from Chaucer to the Restoration. The literature of this age is often called the literature of the Renaissance, though, the Renaissance itself began much earlier, and for a century and a half added very little to English literary possessions.11.The main newspaper or magazines in the U.SThe Los Angeles TimesThe New York TimesWashing to n PostThe Wall Street JournalTIMEPeopleReader^ Digest12.The main newspaper or magazines in UKThe TimesThe Daily TelegraphThe GuardianThe MirrorNature13.What do the brides wear in a western wedding?Something Old, Something New, Something Borrowed, Something Blue.Something old must be something that has belonged to a happily married woman to ensure the transfer of happiness・Something new is no「mally the gown or shoes・Something borrowed should be gold to ensure future wealth and fortune・Something blue, symbolizes modesty, fidelity, and love・14> How do wars influence people?1)On soldiersSoldiers subject to combat in war often suffer mental and physical injuries, including depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, disease, injury, and death・2)On civiliansMciny wars have been accompanied by significant depopulations, along with destruction of infrastructure and resources (which may lead to famine, disease, and death in the civilian population). Civilians in war zones may also be subject to war atrocities such as genocide, while survivors may suffer the psychological aftereffects of witnessing the destruction of war.3)On the economyOnce a war has ended, losing nations are sometimes required to pay war reparations to the victorious nations. In certain cases, land is ceded to the victorious nations. For example, the territory of Alsace-Lorraine has been traded between France and Germany on three different occasions ・4)On the artsWar leads to forced migration causing potentially large displacements of population. Among forced migrants there are usually relatively large shares of artists and other types of creative people, causing so the war effects to be particularly harmful for the country^ creative potential in the long-run.。
英语国家社会与文化入门期末考试复习资料
英语国家社会与文化入门期末考试复习资料III. Acronyms1. GCSE: General Certificate of Secondary Education（普通中等教育证书）2. the BBC: the British Broadcasting Corporation（英国广播公司）3. WASP: White Anglo-Saxon Protestant（盎格鲁-撒克逊白人新教）4. NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation（北大西洋公约组织）V. Term Differentiating1. The Anglo-Saxons: They were two groups of Germanic peoples who settleddown in England from the 5th century. They were regarded as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.2. Class System(U.K.): The class system does exist in British society. Most of theBritish population would claim themselves to be either of middle-class or working-class, though some people would actually belong to the upper middle-class or lower middle-class. Class divisions are not simply economic, they are cultural as well. People of different classes may differ in the kind of newspapers they read, in the way they speak and in the kind of education they receive. One of the distinctive features about the British class system is that aristocratic titles can still be inherited.3. Grammar Schools: It is a type of secondary schools in Britain. Grammar schoolsselect children at the age of 11, through an examination calle d “the 11-plus”.Those children with the highest marks go to grammar schools. These schools lay emphasis on advanced academic subjects rather than the more general curriculum of the comprehensive schools and expect many of their pupils to go on to universities.4. The Commonwealth: The Commonwealth is a voluntary association of stateswhich is made up of Britain and mostly of former British colonies. There are 54 members of the Commonwealth including one currently suspended member: many of these are developing countries like India and Cyprus; others are developed nations like Australia, Canada and New Zealand. The Commonwealth was set up as a forum for continued cooperation and as a sort of support network.5. Tabloids: A tabloid is a small format newspaper with colour photos and catchyheadlines. Tabloids are interested in scandals and gossip usually about famous people. They also carry lots of crime, sports and sentional human interest stories so as to attract readers. Stories are short, easy to read often rely more on opinions than fact. They belong to a category of national papers different from quality papers.6. Puritanism: Puritans were those who followed the doctrinee of John Calvin and wanted to purify the Church of England. They believe that human beings were predestined by God before t hey were born. Some were God’s chosen people while others were damned to hell. No church nor good works could save people. The sign of being God’s elect was the success in his work or the prosperity in his calling. They also argued that everyone must read the Bible in order to find God’swill and establish a direct contact with God. These beliefs had great impact on American culture.7. Bill of Rights(Amendments): The Bill of Rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791. The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.8. The Three Faiths: By the 1950s, the three faiths model of American religion had developed. Americans were considered to come in three basic varieties: Protestant, Catholic and Jewish. In terms of numbers, the Protestants are the strongest, the Catholics are next to the Protestants and Jewish are the smallest among the three groups.VI. Q&A(references)1. The influence of the foreign invasions of Britain on the development of theEnglish language:A: (1)During the 5th Century AD three Germanic tribes (Saxons, Angles, and Jutes) came to the British Isles from various parts of northwest Germany aswell as Denmark. Through the years, the Saxons, Angles and Jutes mixedtheir different Germanic dialects. This group of dialects forms whatlinguists refer to as Old English or Anglo-Saxon.(2)The arrival of St. Augustine in 597 and the introduction of Christianityinto Saxon England brought more Latin words into the English language.(3)Around 878 AD Danes and Norsemen, also called Vikings,invaded thecountry and English got many Norse words into the language, particularly in the north of England. The Vikings, being Scandinavian, spoke a language (Old Norse) which, in origin at least, was just as Germanic as Old English.(4)After William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, invaded andconquered England in 1066 AD with his armies and became king, the Old French took over as the language of the court, administration, and culture.Latin was mostly used for written language, especially that of the Church.2. The influence of the Protestant Reformation on the formation of the UnitedStates(refer to your textbook on pages 37-38)。
英语国家社会与文化入门知识考点总结
Unit1.（选择、判断、填空）:UnionJack:3.ThetimejoiningtheBritishparliament: However,in 1707byagreementoftheEnglishandScottishparliaments,Scotlandjoinedthe Union.4.DifferencebetweentheBritishIsles,UK,GreatBritain,andEngland: BritishIsles: theislandofGreatBritaintheislandofIrelandsurroundingislesUK=GreatBritain+NorthernIrelandGreatBritain=England+Scotland+Wales5.ThefourmajorinvasionsinthehistoryofGreatBritain:Atfirst,EnglandwasoccupiedbyCelticpeople.Thenin43ADBritainwasinvadedbytheRomanempire.Result:EnglandandWalesbecameapartoftheRomanempirefornearly400years. theAngle-Saxoninvaded.Result:Thelandtheylivedbecame"Angle-land",laterchangedintoEngland,thelanguage theyspokenbecameEnglish.theVikingsinvaded.ResultinacertainculturaldividebetweennorthernersandsouthernersinEngland,which canbeexpressedas"Saxon"versus"Dane".theNormans,WilliamofNormandyinvadedthiscountry.Result:ThismarksthelasttimethatanarmyfromoutsidetheBritishIslessucceededininv adingLondon:(P18)Unit2（选择、判断、填空）NorthernIreland(oftencalled"Ulster"afteranancientIrishkingdom)1.ActivitiestoseekIrishindependence:Home-ruleTheEasterRisingof1916:wasthemostspectacularevent,inwhichtherebelstookoverD ublin'sPostOffice,forcingtheBritishtoretakeitbymilitarymeans.:theSinnFeinpartylegalSDLP:SocialDemocraticandLabourPartyEngland LondonScotland EdinburghWales CardiffNorthern Ireland BelfastIRA:IrishRepublicanArmy(illegal)3.PoliticaltroublesinNorthernIreland(famous):Partition(分割):Thesouthern26countieswouldformanindependent"freestate",whilethe6north-easterncountieswouldremainapartoftheUK.(即26RepublicIreland,6NorthernIreland):(了解下，P36)Unit3:Theprocessofstate-buildinghasbeenoneofevolutionratherthanrevolution.:Britainisbothaparliamentarydemocracyandaconstitutionalmonarchy.:ItwasheldthatthesovereignderivedhisauthorityfromGod,notfromhissubjects.:limitsontheking'sabilitytoabusehisroyalpower.:ensuredthattheKingwouldneverbeabletoignoreParliament.(WilliamofOrange时期):(P49):（P49）:Thequeen:(symbolised,traditional)Sheislegallyheadoftheexecutive,anintegralpartofthelegislature,headofthejudici ary,commanderinchiefofthearmedforcesand"supremegovernor"oftheChurchofEngland，aconfidantetothePrimeMinister（了解下）TheHouseofLords：donotreceivesalaries，bothsexistandelitist(了解下) LordsSpiritualhereditarypeersLordsTemporallifepeersTheHouseofCommons(P49)重要Unit4:(P67)重要:(P67):(P67):(P67):(P67)了解下:TheConservativeparty(newest):settinguptheNationalHealthServiceTheLabourparty:From1979to1997,theConservativePartywon4electionsinrow TheLiberalDemocrats:apartyofthe"middle"Margaret-Thatcher改革(Therewerealsonegativeconsequences)了解下Unit5(判断、选择、填空)1、AbsoluteDecline2、RelativeDeclineoftheUKeconomy:(P81)重要3、thereasonforitsrelativedecline:(了解下) thecountryhadgoneheavilyintodebtinordertofinancethewartheeraofempirewasoverLargemilitaryexpensesOutdatedindustriesandless-competitiveproducts Alackofcloserelationshipbetweenindustryandbanks4.ThedivisionofBritishindustries:Primaryindustries(miningindustry矿业)Secondaryindustries(steelindustry钢铁业)Tertiaryindustries(insurance保险，thesellingofgoods):ThenamegiventothehistoricareaatthecentreofLondon:TheheartoftheCity（伦敦的中心是伦敦城，伦敦城的中心是伦敦证券交易所）Unit6（填空、选择、判断）: Oneoftheoldestoftheseearly"OldEnglish"literaryworksisalongpoemfromAnglo-Saxon timescalledBeowulf.：TheCanterburyTales:Marlowe：TheTragicalHistoryofDrFaustusRomeoandJulietTheTamingoftheShrewtragedies Othello（重要）Macbeth.historyplays：，AntonyandCleopatra:JohnMilton:ParadiseLost:JonathanSwift:Gulliver'sTravels:WilliamWordsworthandSamuelTaylorColeridge：LyricalBallads （markedthebeginningoftheRomanticPeriod.）GeorgeGordon,LordByronThreemenJohnKeatsPercyByssheShelley:MaryShelley:FrankensteinSenseandSensibilityJaneAusten PrideandPrejudiceEmmaCharlotte:JaneEyretheBrontesistersEmily:WutheringHeightsAnnElizabethGaskell:NorthandSouthOliverTwistCharlesDickens DavidCopperfieldGreatExpectationsTheReturnoftheNativeThomasHardy TessoftheD’UrbervillesJudetheObscure:MaryShelleyJaneAustentheBrontesistersElizabethGaskell:Twentiethcenturyliteraturecanbebroadlydividedintotwostylisticperiods:Modernis m,and Postmodernism.JosephConrad：TheHeartofDarknessVirginiaWoolf TotheLighthouseOrlandoARoomofOne'sOwn1.：Allchildrenthroughoutthecountrymuststudythefollowingsubjects:English,mathe matics,science,religiouseducation,history,geography,technology,music,art,p hysicaleducation,andamodernforeignlanguage.Allchildrenthroughoutthecountrymustpassnationaltestsandschools.Allteachersaretoldwhattoteachandtheirschoolsarenowrankedaccordingtohowwell theyperformthistask.2.Stateschool:93%ofpupilsreceivefreeeducationfromthepublicsector.3.Independentschool(publicschools/privateschool): Independentschoolsarenotpartofthenationaleducationsystem.EtorschoolLarrowschoolWinchestercollegeprehensiveschool:Entranceexamswereabolished.,tomorepracticalsubjectslikecookingandcarpentry.5.Grammarschool：Thosewhoshowacademicpotentialareadmittedtothegrammarschoolswheretheemphasisis onadvancedacademicworkratherthanthemoregeneralcurriculumofthecomprehensivesch ools.：GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation9.GCEA：GeneralCertificateofEducation-Advanced10.GNVQs：GeneralNationalVocationalQualifications11.TheuniversitiesinBritain：Britishuniversitiesarepublicbodies，exceptoneuniversity,theUniversityofBuckingham.12.TheOpenUniversity：TheOpenUniversityoffersanon-traditionalrouteforpeopletotakeuniversitylevelcou rsesandreceiveauniversitydegree,throughtextbooks,tvandradiobroadcasts,corresp ondence,videos,residentialschoolsandanetworkofstudycentres.Unit81.CountriestoestablishUN:2.ThepermanentmembersoftheUNSecurityCouncil:theSovietUnion,theUnitedStates,China,France,UK3.ThefoundationsofBritain'sforeignpolicy: ThecontemporaryforeignpolicyoftheUKisgreatlyinfluencedbyitsimperialhistoryand alsobyitsgeopoliticaltraits4.ThemakingofBritain'sforeignpolicy:(P128)5.TherelationshipbetweenBritainandtheEU(P128)ThedecisionjoinedtheEEC(psychological,natural,controversial) TheUKhasalwaysbeenlessenthusiasticaboutgivingupitsnationalsovereigntytoaEurop eangovernment.6.Thecommonwealth:BritainisalsoamemberoftheCommonwealth,avoluntaryassociationofstates. Thereare50membersoftheCommonwealthhichismadeupmostlyofformerBritishcolonies.7.NATO(NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganisation): protectmemberstatesagainstaggression ThepurposeofNATOprovideafoundationforsecurityinEurope provideaforumfortransatlanticdefencecooperation8.SpecialrelationshipwithUS:hasgonethroughmanyupanddowns9.Independentnuclearweaponscapability:Britainisatraditionalseapower.Unit91.ThedivisionofBritishmedia:（降序排列）①TV②Newspaper(InBritain,mostadvertisingiscarriedinnewspapers)③Radio④Magazine2.ThefunctionsoftheBritishmedia:①Entertainment②ProvideBritishpeoplewithinformationaboutpoliticalandsocialissues③Provideweatherreports④Carryadvertising⑤Usedforeducationalpurposes⑥Provideaforumforpeopletowritelettersorphoneintoexpresstheirviewsorsee kadvice⑦HelpBritainengendernationalculture3.Oldestnewspaper:Theworld'soldestnationalnewspaper:TheObserver TheBritisholdestdailynewspaper:TheTimesTheverynamesofBritishnewspapers-TheTimes,TheObserver,TheGuardian—stillsuggestthatthefunctionofthepaperistooffertheelectorateobjectivereportsab outwhatishappeninginthecountry4.Papersissuedinternationally:TheFinancialTimesisprintedinFrankfurt,France,HongKong,NewJersey,LosAngeles,To kyoandMadrid.((Daily)Telegraph/TheNewsoftheWorld)5.Qualitypressandgutterpress:TheDailyTelegraphTheTimesTheSun gutterpressTheGuardian QualitypressTheObserver6.Fleetstreet:ItisalsoknownastheStreetofShame7.BBC:(P144)Unit10:Cricket,football,lawntennis,golf,rugbyFACup:(FootballAssociationCup)GentlesportWimbledoniswheretheworld'.: CricketwasoneoftheveryfirstteamsportsinBritaintohaveorganisedrulesandtobeplay edaccordingtothesamerulesnationally.:ThegameofgolfwasinventedbytheScottish.:FlatracingHorseracingsteeplechasingTheGrandNtionalTheRoyalAsot:peopleusuallydressupandshowofftheirfashionableclothandelaborateh atsforthesocialeventEquestrianismHunting:(P163)theChristmasPantomimetheQueen'sChristmasmessagetheBoxingDay:Traditionally,itwasonBoxingDaythatpeoplegaveChristmasgiftsorm oneytotheirstafforservants.:crucifixionnandresurrectionofJesusChristEasterChristmas9.NationalHolidays:-----Queen'sBirthday "troopingthecolour"aroundBuckinghamPalace10.Holidaysinthe4nations:England:GuyFawkesNight(theBonfireNight,celebratedinNovember) NorthernIreland:StPatrick'sDay(March17)OrangeMarches,BattleoftheBoyne(July12)Scotland:HogmanayBurnsSupperHalloweenWales:TheEisteddfod:festivalofmusicmakingandpoetry。
英语国家社会与文化入门要点复习-副本
英语国家社会与文化入门要点复习-副本the UKThe full and short name, constituent parts of the UKThe full name of the United kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The island of Great Britain is made up of England,Scotland and Wales.What is the political system in the UK?Text A POLITICAL SYSTEM IN THE UKThe Structure of British GovernmentWhat is the role of Monarch in the UK?The head of state and theoretical source of executive, judicial and legislative power in the UK is the British monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. However, sovereignty in the UK no longer rests with the monarch, whose role is largely a symbolic one.The queen presides over the State Opening of Parliament.The queen has to give the Royal Assent of agreement to any new law that is passed by parliament.She is kept in touch with the government by a weekly meeting with the Prime Minister in Buckingham Palace.或P40书本She is legally head of the executive,an integral part of the legislature ,head of the judiciary,commander in chief of the armed forces and “supreme governor” of the Church of England. The Bill of Rights of 1689In 1688,King James II’s daughter Mary and her husband William were invited by the politicians and church authorities to take the throne,on condition that they would respect the rights of parliament.The Bill of Rights was passed in 1689 to ensure that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.What are the main functions of Parliament in the UK?The functions of Parliament are :to pass laws,to vote for taxation,to scrutinise(审查) government policy,administration and expenditure and to debate the major issues of the day.What are the three parts of the UK Parliament?The Queen: the House of Lords ;the House of CommonsThe three major political parties of the UKThe Labour party；the Conservative party; the Liberal Democrats. What is the class system in British society?The class system does exist in British society.Most of the British population would claim themselves to be either of middle-class or working-class,though some people would actually belong to the upper middle-class or lower middle-class. Class divisions are not simply economic ,they are cultural as well.People of different classes may differ in the kind of newspapers they read,in the way they speak and in the kind ofeducation they receive.One of the distinctive features about the British class system is that aristocratic titles can still be inherited.Relative decli ne of the UK’s economy?The UK has experienced an economic decline since 1945.But this is a relative decline rather than an absolute one. Britain is wealthier and more productive than it was in 1945 , but since other countries developed more rapidly,it has slid from being the second largest economy to being the sixth.The three main areas of UK economy1.Primary industries ,such as agriculture,fishing,mining.2.Secondary industries, such as car, pharmaceutical.3.Service industries, such as banking, insurance.Categories of schools;Comprehensive schools；grammar schools;public schools Important exams for pupils;GCSE:General Certificate of Secondary Education中学毕业证书GCE-A:General Certificate of Education-Advanced高级水平测试结业证书GNVQs:General National V ocational Qualifications国家专业资格证书Academic degrees offered by higher education in the UK BA:Bachelor of Arts文学士BSc:Bachelor of Science理学士MA:Master of Arts文科硕士MSc:Master of Science理科硕士PhD：Doctor of Philosophy 哲学博士main newspapers in the UK;the Observer ;the Times;the Guardian; the Telegraph;the Financial Times; Tabloids.BBCThe full name is the British Broadcasting Corporation .It was founded in 1927as a public service radio station and later movedinto television. It has been Britain’s main public service broadcaster .For a long time the BBC had mainly two channels.BBC One specializes in shows with a broad appeal while BBC Two aims at arange of subject matter and interests ,specialising in intelligent yet popular programme genres .The BBC also provides the World Service which broadcasts in English and43 other languages throughout the world.Important national holidays and religious holidays1.Religious holidays:Christmas ;Easter;Boxing day2.Nationalholidays:BonfireNight;Hogmanay;Holloween; Eisteddfod.Three traditions of Christmas in BritainOne is the Christmas Pantomime.Two is to hear the Queen give her Christmas message to her realm over the television and radio.Three is Boxing Day.the USThe four early English settlements in America1：The first English permanent settlemnet was founded in 1607 in V irginia.2: The second enduring English settlement was established in Massachusetts Bay in 1620.3: In 1623, Lord Baltimore was granted a charter from the king and was allowed to set up a colony in today’s Maryland.4: The fourth colonial pattern in North America was set by William Penn.What are the influence of Puritanism on American society and culture?Their legacies are still felt in American society and culture.For example ,the Puritans hoped to build “a city upon hill”—anideal community .The Puritans also have left rich cultural heritage to future Amricans.The American values such as individualism,hard work, respect of education owe very much to the Puritan beliefs.the Declaration of IndependenceDrafted by Thomas Jefferson,adopted by the Congress on July 4 ,1776.The document declared that all men are equal and that have some unalienable rights.It explained the philosophy of government.The theory of politics and principles of the American Revolution mainly came from John Lockethe three founding fathers of the American RepublicGeorge W ashington ; Thomas Jefferson; Benjamin Franklin Bill of rightsAmericans are guranteed freedom of religion ,of speech and of the press.And guarantee Americans the right to a sppedy trial if accuse of a crime.political system of the US–The Constitution–In 1787 delegates from the states met in Philadelphia to revise the Articles, but they did more than that. They wrote the Constitution , which was finally adopted by the thirteen states by 1790. The Constitution isstill in force. It sets the basic form of government of three separate branches, each one having powers (’checks and balances’) over the other: the executive branch (the President); the legislative branch (the Congress); the judicial branch (the Supreme Court)–The Structure of American Government––two major political partiesDemocratic Party ; Republican PartyFour developments in Industrial Revolution in America1. One key development was the introduction of the factory system.2. A second development was the “American system”of mass production which originated in the firearms industry about 1800.3. A third development was the application of new technologies to industrial tasks.4. A fourth development was the emergency of new forms of business organization, notably the bank and the corporation.main crops produced in the USmaize; beans ; squash; wheat; corn ; soybeans.What is “agribusiness”?In short, agribusiness is the business of farming. However, “agribusiness” is a loaded term, especially among critics of corporate farming. For people who view large-scale commercial farming negatively, agribusiness is the antithesis of traditional small-scale family farms. For people involved in agribusiness, of course, the word is simply a convenient shorthand for saying that one is in the business of agriculture.Agribusiness includes the production, processing, and supply of agricultural goods which range from lettuce to corn syrup. Companies may focus on things like cut flowers, fresh vegetables, or byproducts of farming such as fuels derived from farm waste. Agribusiness also encompasses farming equipment, machinery, chemicals, suppliers, and personnel. Several large companies control the bulk of the share of business, especially in the United States; this has been a cause for criticism amongpeople who are concerned about monopolies and price fixing.。
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2013届《英语国家社会与文化》期末复习题I. Explain the following terms:1. Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin was one of the founding fathers of the United States ofAmerica. He participated in writing the Declaration of Independence and making the US Constitution.2. King ArthurIt is said that he was the King of England in the 15th century and united the British and drove the Saxons back with his magical sword, Excalibur. His real existence is in doubt. He is the central figure of many legendsII. Choose the best answer.1. The first inhabitants in Britain were _____.A. the NormansB. the CeltsC. the IberiansD. the Anglo-Saxons2. The largest lake in Britain is _____.A. the Lough NeageB. Windermere WaterC. Coniston WaterD. the Lake District3. Which part of Britain is always fighting?A. England B . Scotland C. Wales D. Northem Ireland4. The Tories were the forerunners of _______ , which still bears the nickname today.A. the Labour PartyB. the Liberal PartyC. the Social Democratic PartyD. the Conservative Party5. Martin Luther King, Jr., a young black clergyman, became a national leader of the_______ Movement.A. BoycottB. Civil RightsC. SegregationD. Integration6. The Declaration of Independence was drafted by _____.A. James MadisonB. Thomas JeffersonC. Alexander HamiltonD. George Washington7. The Renaissance began in ______ in the early _______ century.A. England, 14B. England, 15C. Italy, 14D. Italy, 158. In the 18th century, there appeared ____ in England, which owed a great deal to the invention of machines.A. the Industrial RevolutionB. the Bourgeois RevolutionC. the Wars of the RosesD. the Religious Reformation7. British Recorded history began with _____.A.Roman invasionB. the Norman ConquestC. the Viking and Danish invasionD. the Anglo-Saxons invasion8. In Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16 can _____ by law.A. receive completely free educationB. receive partly free educationC. receive no free education if their families are richD. receive no free education at all9. With regard to its size, the USA is the _____ country in the world.A. largestB. second largestC. third largestD. fourth largest10. On July 4, 1776, _____ adopted the Declaration of Independence.A. the First Continental CongressB. the Second Continental CongressC. the Third Continental CongressD. the Constitutional Convention11. Where is the best agricultural land in Britain?A. In the southeast of England.B. In the northeast of England.C. In the southeast of Scotland.D. In the northeast of Scotland.12. In the aerospace industry, which of the following countries is ahead of Britain ？A. Germany.B. The U.S.C. Russia.D. France.13. Which company became an important aero-engine manufacturer after WWI?A. Boeing.B. Rolls Royce.14. Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Roots are two novels which give a vivid description ofthe miserable life of the _____.A. early settlersB. PuritansC. native IndiansD. black slaves15. Which company became an important aero-engine manufacturer after WWI?A. Boeing.B. Rolls Royce.C. McDonnel-Douglas.D. Hawker-Siddeley Aviation.16. Three of the following universities have large endowments from wealthybenefactors. Which is the exception ?A. Harvard UniversityB. the State University of New YorkC. Yale UniversityD. Princeton University17. Both public and private universities depend on the following sources of incomeexcept ___________.A. investmentB. student tuitionC. endowmentsD. government funding18. Which of the following countries is the last to come out of recession?A. Germany.B. Japan.C. Britain.D. France.19. Which of the following book is written by Geoffrey Chaucer？A. The Canterbury TalesB. BeowulfC. King LearD.Morte D’ Arthur20. Which of the following did NOT belong to Romanticism ?A. Keats.B. Shelley.C. Wordsworth.D. Defoe.21. Which of the following is a tragedy written by Shakespeare ?A. Doctor Faustus.B. Macbeth.C. Frankenstein.D. The Tempest.22. The following were the main Reformation leader except ___________.A. Martin LutherB. Martin Luther KingC. John CalvinD. The English King Henry VIII23. In Britain, the great majority of parents send their children to____________A. private school.B. independent schools.C, state school. D. public school.24. Which of the following is privately funded university in Britain ?A. The University of Cambridge.B. The University of Oxford.C. The University of Edinburgh.D. The University of Buckingham.25. In the examination called “ the 11 plus”, students with academic potential go to________A. grammar schoolB. comprehensive schoolsC. public schoolsD. technical schools26. In Britain most advertising is carried ___________A. in newspaper.B. in magazines.C. on televisionD. on radio.27. Which of the following is the British oldest daily newspaper ?A. The TelegraphB. The news of the World.C. The Guardian.D. The Times.28. Which of the following was NOT a denomination of Protestantism ?A. Catholics.B. Puritains.C. Quakers.D. Church of England.29. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Open University ?A. It’s open to everyone.B. It requires no formal educational qualifications.C. No university degree is awarded.D. University courses are followed through TV, radio，correspondence，etc.30.Which of the following statements was correct around the time of the AmericanRevolution ?A. The American had the mixed blood of Europeans or their descendants.B. The American had the mixed blood of Europeans with American Indiana.C. The American had the mixed blood of Europeans with blacks.D. The American had the mixed blood of English and their descendants only.31. There are some ____ universities, including the Open University.A. 900B. 290C. 90D. 5032. The expenditure in American public school is guided or decided by_______.A. teachers.B. the students.C. headmasters.D. boards of education.33. In the United States school system, which of the following division is true ?A. Elementary school, grammar schoolB. Elementary school, junior high school .C. Elementary school, secondary schoolD. Junior high school, senior high school.34. What did Frank Whittle do in 1937?A. He invented the first jet plane.B. He developed the first jet engine.C. He made the first powered flight.D. He made the trans-Atlantic flight.35. All the following universities and colleges are located in New England, except_____.A. YaleB. HarvardC. OxfordD. Massachusetts Institute of Technology36. The Prime Minister is appointed by _____ and he or she always sits in _____.A. the Archbishop of Canterbury, the House of CommonsB. the Archbishop of Canterbury, the House of LordsC. the Queen, the House of CommonsD. the Queen, the House of Lords37. In _____, a small group of Puritans sailed from _____ in the Mayflower to be thefirst settlers in the North America.A. 1620, LondonB. 1620, PlymouthC. 1720, LondonD. 1720, Plymouth38. President Jefferson bought _____ from France and doubled the country’s territory.A. New MexicoB. the Louisiana TerritoryC. KansasD. Ohio39. The Declaration of Independence came from the theory of British philosopher_____.A. Paul RevereB. John LockeC. CornwallisD. Frederick Douglass40. The English Civil War is also called _____.A. the Glorious RevolutionB. the Bloody RevolutionC. the Catholic RevolutionD. the Puritan Revolution41. According to American historians and specialists in demography, there are _____great population movement in the history of the United States.A. twoB. threeC. fourD. fivePart III. Translate the following into Chinese: 10% Norman Conquest 诺曼底征服King Alfred 阿尔弗雷德国王Julius Caesar 尤利乌斯·凯撒Constitutional monarchy 君主立宪制度The Monarchy 君主制The House of Lords 上议院The House of Common 下议院The battle of Hastings 黑斯廷斯战役Parliament 议会，国会The Great Charter 大宪章The Glorious Revolution 光荣革命The Wars of Rose 玫瑰战争Bloody Mary 血腥玛丽The Great lakes 五大湖Puritanism 清教主义Pilgrim’s Progress 天路历程Joan of Arc 圣女贞德Robinson Crusoe 鲁宾逊漂流记The Origin of Species 物种起源The English Renaissance 英国文艺复兴Francis Bacon 弗兰西斯·培根the Enclosure Movement 圈地运动The Black Death 黑死病The Industrial Revolution 工业革命The Declaration of Independence 独立宣言George Washington 乔治·华盛顿Thatcherism 撒切尔主义Winston Churchill 温斯顿·丘吉尔The Marshall Plan 马歇尔计划The New Deal （罗斯福）新政public schools 公立学校comprehensive schools 综合学校VI. Translate the following into Chinese:1. The first English settlement in North AmericaThe first English permanent settlement was organized in 1607 by the London Company with a charter from the English King. The Colonists settled in Virginia and survived by imposing strict discipline on themselves and by transplanting tobacco into colony of Virginia. In 1619, the settlers elected their delegates and set up the House of Burgesses, and the same time they bought and enslaved black servants. These two events greatly influenced the political and social development of the United States later.2. The Open UniversityThe Open University was founded in Britain in the 1960s for people who might not get the opportunity for higher education for economic and social reasons. It’ open to everyone and does not demand the same formal educational qualifications as the other universities. University courses are followed through TV, radio, correspondence, video and a net work of study centres. At the end of their studies at the Open University, successful students are awarded a university degree.3."The City"“The City”refers to the historic area at the centre of London. It is one of the biggest financial centres in the world with the greatest concentration of banks, insurance companies and business dealing in commodities. At the heart of the city is the London stock Exchange4. What were the consequences of the Norman Conquest?The Norman Conquest of 1066 is one of the best known events in English history. It brought about many consequences.William confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners, and architecture were been introduced. The church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.。