English_Rhetorical_英语中常用的修辞手法

语料驱动的微观修辞操作与英语写作教学研究

English Rhetorical Devices

英语中的修辞与汉语的修辞相比，分类细，种类多。下面将英语中的修辞（部分）简单介绍如下：

1. Simile 明喻.

【英释】It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.

【汉释】明喻是一种表现一事物像另一事物的修辞格。说得通俗点，也就是打比方，即把要描述的事物——本体（A）用比喻词与另一种具有鲜明的同一特征的事物——喻体（B）联系起来。常用的比喻词有as(如),like(像),seem(似乎),as if(好像),as through(好像),such as(像……一样)等。其基本格式是“A is like B”或“A is as……as B”。

【例句】①He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.

②I wandered lonely as a cloud.

③Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.

④My heart is like a singing bird.

⑤O my love's like a red, red rose.

2. Metaphor 暗喻,隐喻.

【英释】It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.

【汉释】暗喻是本体和喻体同时出现，它们之间在形式上是相合的关系，说甲（本体）是（喻词）乙（喻体）。喻词常由：是、就是、成了、成为、变成等表判断的词语来充当，不用like 或as等表示出来,而是进行隐藏的比较。暗喻又叫隐喻。

【例句】①Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.

②Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.

③She is a woman with a stony heart.

④Mark Twain is a mirror of America.

⑤He is a pig.

3. Metonymy 转喻,借喻.

【英释】It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another.

【汉释】转喻是指当甲事物同乙事物不相类似，但有密切关系时，可以利用这种关系，以乙

事物的名称来取代甲事物，这样的一种修辞手段；或者说是一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法。转喻的重点不是在“相似”；而是在“联想”。转喻又称借喻、换喻，或借代。

【例句】①The kettle boils.

水开了(用the kettle壶，表示the water in the kettle 壶里的水)。

②The room sat silent.

全屋人安静地坐着（用the room房间，表示the people in the room房间里的人）。

③Grey hairs should be respected.

老人应受到尊重（用grey hairs白发，表示old people老人)。

④The pen is mightier than the sword.

笔要比剑更锋利（用pen笔，表示article文章）。

⑤I am reading Lu Hsun.

我在读鲁迅的作品（用Lu Hsun鲁迅，表示Lu Hsun's works鲁迅的作品）。

4. Synecdoche 提喻.

【英释】It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part,etc.

【汉释】提喻是用部分代替全(整)体，或用全(整)体代替部分，或特殊代替一般。

【例句】①There are about 100 hands working in his factory.[部分代替整体]

他的厂里约有100名工人。

②It was reported that China won the volleyball match.[整体代替部分]

椐报载：在这次排球赛中，中国队赢了。

③He is the Newton of this century.[特殊代替一般]

他是本世纪的牛顿.

5. Allegory 讽喻,寓言.

【英释】An expressive style that uses fictional characters and events to describe some subject by suggestive resemblances; an extended metaphor.

【汉释】建立在假借过去或别处的事例与对象之上（或以讲故事、寓言的形式），传达暗示，影射或者讥讽现世各种现象的含义；意为“换个方式的说法”。它是一种形象的描述，具有双重性，表层含义与真正意味的是两回事。

【例句】①Make the hay while the sun shines.

表层含义：趁着出太阳的时候晒草。

真正意味：趁热打铁。

②It's time to turn plough into sword.

表层含义：是时候把犁变成剑。

真正意味：时机成熟了。

6. Personification 拟人.

【英释】It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes to(赋予) inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象的事物).

【汉释】拟人是指把物（包括物体、动物、思想或抽象概念等）拟作人，使其具有人的外表、个性或情感的一种修辞手段。拟人可以通过形容词、动词、名词等表现出来。

【例句】①The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads. [把夜拟人化]

②I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods. [把鸟拟人化]