2015年南京师范大学考研试题英文翻译与写作

实用英文写作与翻译作业与参考答案21

实用英文写作与翻译2-1作业及参考答案 第一次作业： Americans Eat Out More often and Less Healthfully Although food cooked at home is far more healthful than meals eaten at restaurants, Americans are dining out more than ever, the U.S. Agriculture Department said Tuesday. Restaurant food accounted for（[在数量，比例方面] 占） 39 percent of U.S. meals bought in 1996, up from 26 percent in 1970, the department said in a report, ``Away-From-Home Foods Increasingly Important to Quality of American Diet.'' ``While（尽管）the nutritional quality（营养质量）of foods consumed by Americans has improved overall, foods prepared at home are generally much more healthful than away-from-home foods,'' the department said. ``Despite nutritional gains at home, Americans will find it difficult to improve their diets because they purchase so many meals outside the home,'' the study said. While （尽管）the nutritional content of food prepared both at home and in restaurants has improved in recent years, food eaten out contains more of the nutrients Americans typically（一般地；通常）eat too much of, including fat and saturated fat（饱和脂肪）, and less of what is lacking from most diets, such as calcium, fiber and iron. The department recommended nutrition education programs should place more emphasis on teaching U.S. consumers about how to order healthful meals when dining out. Improved diets have been found to prevent risk of heart disease, stroke（中风）, cancer, diabetes（糖尿病）, osteoporosis-related hip fractures（与骨质疏松症有关的髋关节骨折） and neural tube birth defects（神经管先天缺损）. Osteoporosis-related hip fractures cost up to $10.6 billion each year in the United States in medical care expenses, missed work and premature deaths（早亡）, the department said. 参考译文：美国人外出用餐频繁而饮食健康水准美况愈下 据美国农业部星期二称尽管在家煮烧的食物远比餐馆里所用之餐有益于健康，美国人外出用餐更频繁。餐馆里的食物占1996年美国人购餐的39%，比1970年增长了26%。该部门在报告中称：“外出所用之餐对于美国人饮食质量日益重要”。该部门还称：“虽然美国人消费的食物的营养质量总体改善了。但是，一般来说，家里所备的食物远比外出用餐的食物有益于健康。”研究表明：“尽管在家里用餐能获取养份，美国人发觉他们难以改善自己的饮食，因为他们多次在外购餐。”近年来在家里和餐馆里所备的食物的营养结构都得到了改善，然而，外出用餐的食物包含了较多典型的美国人汲取过多的养份，包括脂肪和饱和脂肪，也包含了较少多数饮食中所缺少的，如钙，纤维和铁。该农业部提议营养教育计划应更着重于教导美国消费者外出用餐时如何预定有益于健康的一餐。人们发现改善后的饮食结构能预防心脏病，中风，癌症，糖尿病，与骨盆炎相关的髋部骨折以及试管婴儿的神经缺陷所带来的危险。该部门称，在美国与骨盆炎相关的髋部骨折每年在医疗照料费用，医疗失误和早产死亡之上的耗费高达106亿美元。 第二次作业 1、Kill one’s appetite ?Kill time ?Kill the peace ?Kill the mood ?Kill the proposal ?Kill the engine ?Kill the child with kindness 2、If the doctor had been available, the child would not have died. 3、This ticket is available in all parks. 4、I’ll have Mr. Perkin call you back as soon as he is available.

考研英语阅卷老师谈：如何做好翻译与作文

考研英语阅卷老师谈：如何做好翻译与作文 温剑波中央财经大学外国语学院讲师，教学一部主任，曾参加近几年的考研英语阅卷工作。 姜晓丽中央财经大学外国语学院讲师，教研室主任。曾多次讲授考研英语辅导班的课程，并参加了近几年考研英语的阅卷工作。 一、考研英语翻译、作文得分情况 考研英语共包含三大部分，六种题型。其中，翻译和作文部分是主观题，而作文又包含一篇应用文（小作文）和一篇议论文（大作文）的写作。笔者从近几年的阅卷情况看，翻译部分考生的平均分是4分（满分10分）；小作文平均分是4分（满分10分），大作文平均分是10分（满分20分）。 二、考研英语翻译题型介绍 英译汉题型重点考查学生准确理解概念或者结构复杂的英语材料并将其译成汉语的能力。英译汉是国内英语考试独有而常见的题型，因为国外的英语考试，如TOEFL、GRE、IELTS等都没有而且也不可能有英译汉这一题型；而国内的英语考试则经常把英译汉作为考查的内容之一。此外，英译汉是一种主观题，对于考生的语法、词汇、阅读理解、中文表达等方面都有着较高的要求，这对于平时习惯于做多项选择（multiple choice）的考生而言无疑是一次很大的挑战。从历届的考试情况来看，英译汉是考生们的薄弱环节之一。 1．翻译部分的文章特点 纵观近年的翻译真题，考研翻译部分的文章长约400词，词汇量基本控制在考试大纲所规定的范围之内，很少有生词和难词出现。试题有以下几个特点： ①从文章的题材来看，大多数都是有关政治、经济、文化、教育、历史、地理、科普以及社会生活等方面的内容，有一定的难度； ②从所选文章的文体来看，大多数的文章都是议论文，说明文也较多，结构都比较严谨，逻辑性也很强； ③从具体要求翻译的句子来看，长难句（并列句、复合句、并列复合句等）占多数，不过也有一些虽然不长，但是包含一些比较难理解的结构和词汇的句子。 2．考研翻译的要求 考研英语大纲对于翻译部分的明确要求是"译文准确、完整、通顺"。换句话说，翻译考查的重点首先是对英语句子的正确理解，其次是不能随意增加和漏掉原文的内容，最后是用通顺的中文把原文的意思表达出来。不难看出，考研的翻译并不要求考生讲究文采、使用华丽的语言，这就如同写作并不要求考生有多么深刻的思想而只是要求叙述时具有普通的逻辑性和完整性一样。在2002年题型改革以前，考研的翻译一直是一个独立的部分，满分15分，占总分数的15％的比重；改革之后，考研的翻译并入了阅读理解部分，分数由原来的15分减

94年-14年历年考研英语翻译必背词汇英汉对照

94年-14年历年考研英语翻译必背词汇（英汉对照） 46) articulate 清晰的表达， 47) by all accounts根据、根据报道；by one’s own account根据某人自己所说，let alone更别提， 48) intensity紧张，abruptly突然地，sudden突然，soft柔和的，passage段落，rarely很少、几乎不，composer作曲家，compose作曲、编写, 49) associate联系， 50) suffer遭受, inevitable不可避免, render转换、使变成； 13年 46) strike打、震撼，for all尽管，style风格，urge需求、督促、鼓励，decoration装饰， 47)sacred神圣的，crude原始、粗糙，as opposed to与相反，shelter避难所， 48) in effect实际上，urban城市，discernible容易看出的，discern看出、识别， 49)blame批评， 50)implicit隐含的，explicit明确的，reference谈到、提及、参考，synthetic人造的； 12年 46) impulse冲动，unification统一、一致， generative生产的、生成的，generate产生， 47) constrain力劝、强迫、限制，constraint限制， 48) filter过滤, cognitive认知的， 49) empirical实证的、根据经验得到的, bias偏见， 50) track跟踪； 11年 46) erroneous错误的，error错误， 47) sustain支持、维持，illusion幻觉，conscious有意识的， 48) justification合理，借口，justify证明是公正的，rationalization合理，exploitation剥削、开发, bottom底， 49) circumstance环境， 50) upside积极的、正面的，contain包含，be up to取决于，array展示、陈列、一系列； 10年 46) rescue拯救，to the effect that大意是说，failed to不能，

(免费)2011年考研复试英语翻译和写作(试题)

1．Whatever the explanation, the idea of a work-life balance is a staple of European discourse, studied in think tanks, mulled over by policymakers. In the US, the term, when it’s used at all, is said with the sort of sneer reserved for those who eat quiche. But it might still catch on. When Bill Keller was named executive editor of the New York Times last week, he encouraged the staff to do “a little more savoring” of life, spending time with their families or viewing art. 不管如何解释，工作与生活的平衡总是欧洲人的主要谈资，同时也是智囊团和政策制定者研究和考虑的主题。在美国，人们使用这个说法时总是带着几分针对那些吃蛋奶火腿馅饼的悠闲人士才会表现出来的冷嘲热讽的态度。但是，它可能还是会流行起来的。时任《纽约时报》执行主编的比尔?凯勒曾鼓励员工们要给生活增加一些色彩，多陪陪家人或去欣赏艺术。 2．P. L. Travers, the author of the Mary Poppins books, put it best when she wrote, “You do not chop off a section of your imaginative substance and make a book specifically for children, for— if you are honest—you have, in fact, no idea where childhood ends and maturity begins. It is all endless and all one.” There is plenty for children and adults to enjoy in Rowling’s books, starting with their language. Her prose may be unadorned, but her way with naming people and things reveals a quirky and original talent. 《欢乐满人间》的作者帕梅拉·林登·特拉弗斯概括得精辟之极。她写到，“你不能把你想象的东西砍掉一部分然后写成一本专给孩子看的书，坦白地说，因为事实上你根本无从知道童年究竟是什么时候结束的而成人期又是什么时候开始的。它们互相连接、浑然一体。”在罗琳的书中，从语言开始，就有足够多的让大人和孩子都喜欢的东西。也许她的文风朴实，但是她给人和物命名的方式显示了独特的原创才能。 3．Zhejiang cuisine is light and exquisite, and is typical of food from along the lower Yangtze River. One famous dish is West Lake Vinegar Fish, which looks pretty and has the delicate refreshing flavors of nature. Many Chinese restaurants in China, as well as other parts of the world, serve this dish, but often the flavor is less authentic compared to that found in Hangzhou, capital of Zhejiang Province, which has unique access to the fish and water of West Lake. 4．Yoga achieves its best results when it is practiced as a daily discipline, and yoga can be a life-long exercise routine, offering deeper and more challenging positions as a practitioner becomes more adept. The basic positions can increase a person’s stren gth, flexibility and sense of well-being almost immediately, but it can take years to perfect and deepen them, which is an appealing and stimulating aspect of yoga for many. 每天练习瑜伽会达到最好的效果，随着动作越来越熟练，你就可以加大强度和难度这样瑜伽就能成为你相伴终生的日常锻炼方式了。练习基础的瑜伽动作即可收到增强力量，改善柔韧性并使人感到舒适的效果，但要想达到完美和高深的境界还是需要日积月累的练习，这也是瑜伽吸引人的地方之一。 5．What attracts individuals to each other in the first place? Many people believe that “there’s one person out there that one is meant for” and that destiny will bring them together. Such beliefs are roman tic but unrealistic. Empirical studies show that cultural norms and values, not fate, bring people together. We will never meet millions of potential lovers because they are “filtered out” by formal or informal rules on partner eligibility due to factors such as age, race, distance, social class, religion, sexual orientation, health, or physical appearance. 一开始让人相互吸引的是什么？许多人相信“世上有一个人是你为之而生的”，而且命运会将你俩带到一起。这样的想法很浪漫却不现实。实证研究发现，是文化标准和价值观而非命运，将人们连系在一起。我们错过了成千上万的可能的爱人，因为他们早就被正式的或非正式的挑选理想爱人的准则筛选出局，这些准则包括年龄、种族、地域、社会阶层、宗教、性倾向、健康状况或外表。 6．Much research shows that the quality of care infants receive affects how they later get along with friends, how well they do in school, how they react to new and possibly stressful situations, and how they form and maintain loving relationships as adults. It is for these reasons that people’s early intimate relationships within

历年考研英语翻译常考词汇汇总

历年考研英语翻译常考词汇汇总 A Abstract n.摘要，概要，抽象adj.抽象的，深奥的，理论的 Accelerate vt.&vi.（使）加快，（使）增速，n.接受速成教育的学生 Achievement n.成就；成绩；功绩，达到；完成 Acquire vt.得到，养成，vt获得；招致，学得（知识等），求得，养成（习惯等），捕获，Action n.作用，动[操]作，行动，机械装置[作用]，（小说等中的）情节 Activity n.活动，活动的事物，活动性，机能，功能 Actually adv.现实的，实际的；目前的；明确的，有效的 Additional adj.增加的，额外的，另外的 Advance vt.&vi.（使）前进，（使）发展；促进，vt.提出 Advantage n.利益，便利，有利方面，有利条件；优点；优势， （网球等）打成平手（deuce）而延长比赛后一方先得的一分（攻方所得称advantage in，守方所得则称advantage out） Agree vi.一致；相合同意，赞成约定，允诺，答应，相宜，调和，符合，和睦相处 Almost adv.几乎，差不多，差一点；将近 Amount n.量，数量，数额，总额，总数vi.合计，共计 Approach vt.&vi.接近，走近，靠近；vt.接洽，交涉；着手处理；n.靠近，接近，临近 Appropriate adj.适当的，恰当的；vt.挪用；占用；盗用 Argue vt.&vi.争吵，辩论；vt.坚决主张，提出理由证明，说服，劝说 Arise vi.&link v.呈现；出现；发生；vi.起身，起来，起立 Aspect n.方面，方位，朝向 Assert vt.声称，断言，维护，坚持 Assume vt.假设，臆断，猜想，假装，担，担任，就职

历年考研英语翻译词组汇总(免费下载)

1990年 1. be determined by 由…所决定 2. have something to do with 与…有关 3. be central to sth. 是…的核心 4. in contrast/by contrast与此相反 5. be due to 由于（常做表语） 6. be deprived of 被剥夺 7. respond to 对…作出反应 8. as the basis of 依据/根据 9. be born with 天生具有 10. In contrast 相比之下 1991年 11. shut off 关上，停止，切断 12. in any case=at any rate 不管怎样，无论如何； in no case 决不 13. or so 大概，大约 14. at the rate of 以…的速率 15. take time 花费时间 16. be likely to 可能；倾向于

17. result in 导致 18. not nearly 远不能；远非 19. head into走向；陷入（危机） 20. in the matter of 关于；就…而言 21. make…possible 使…成为可能 22. combine…with 把……和…结合起来；加上 23. in the fashion of 以…方式 24. such…as 像…一样 1992年 25. refer to…提到；谈到 26. agreement on 一致意见 27. be comparable to 和…相当；犹如 28. in terms of 根据；按照；在…方面 29. on the whole 总体来说；大体上看 30. draw a conclusion 得出结论 31. have the attitude towards 对…的态度 32. only if 只要 33. the same…as 与…一样 34. by lack of=for lack of 因为缺乏

高中英语句子翻译与写作 第1章 时态

第一章时态 历届试题 1．在过去的几年里，这加工厂用塑料代替木头来降低成本。(substitute…for) (S99) 2．尽管有很多困难，我们仍将努力执行我们的计划。(in spite of) (Ss00) 3．小组讨论有助于更好地理解课文。(help) (S04) 4．他们的新房子离学校很远。(far) (S07) 5．各色阳伞给夏日街头平添了活泼的气氛。(add to) (S07) 6．前天我们订购了二十台洗衣机。(order) (Ss07) 7．网球运动在上海越来越流行了。(popular) (S09) 8．尽管山高林密，医护人员还是迅速地赶到出事地点，实施救援。(despite) (S09) I. 一般现在时 1．在公共汽车上李先生总是设法匆匆浏览一下报纸的标题。(glance at) 2．一条装有邮件和食物的小船一星期一次航行到那岛上。(go over to) 3．我根本不喜欢这个铜的框架。(not…at all) 4．晚饭后，我总是在厨房里洗碗碟。(wash up) 5．我认为你找到男生宿舍不会有困难的。(have trouble in) 6．不同的国家有不同的问候形式。(form) 7．我们中3／5以上的人喜欢田径运动。(love) 8．大多数学生住在学校附近。(a stone’s throw) 9．有了一台计算机，我们就能更快地做各种各样的工作。(all kinds of) 10．一艘现代化轮船可以在几天内横渡大西洋。(cross) 11．音乐在人类生活中起着重要的作用。(play a … part in) 12．那些孩子中没有一个会演奏乐器。(instrument) 13．他坚持正确的，反对错误的。(persevere) 14．你看起来很累，这音乐将有助于你放松。(relax) 15．缺乏先进的科学技术是一个严重的问题。(1ack) 16．我们用无线电和电视和世界各国人民保持联系。(keep in touch with) 17．巴金全集主要由小说和散文组成。(consist of) 18．那家工厂提供我们各种各样的塑料产品。(provide) 19．每一个人，无论老幼，必须向周围的人学习。(old or young) 20．像英语一样，汉语也有许多谚语。(proverbs) 21．那些学生把大部分零用钱花在书上。(spend) 22．一定有人把我的自行车拿走了，我找不到了。(take) 23．这不仅是我们的卧室，事实上我们什么都在这里干的。(more than) 24．这些年轻人自愿贡献大量时间为老人服务。(volunteer) 25．电脑在科学研究的许多方面替代了人脑。(substitute) 26．我的丈夫和我对音乐有相似的爱好。(similar) 27．有些学生不理解这首诗的含义。(make out) 28．千里之行，始于足下。(start) 29．尽管意见有分歧，他们对维护世界和平有着共同的利益。(in spite of) 30．旅游不仅是一种很好的锻炼形式，也为各国人民之间的文化交流提供了一种重要手段。(in addition to) 31．知识的共享将造福于四面八方的人们。(benefit)

考研英语作文范文素材及译文(11)

考研英语作文范文素材 1、品质和道德 Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should: 1) describe the drawing briefly, 2) explain its intended meaning, and then 3) state your point of view. 范文： From the picture we can perceive that a man is going to order food in a restaurant. What astonishes both the waiter in the drawing and the readers is that the man use XO to wash his cup. It is known to all that XO is among the most expensive alcohols, but is as water to the man’s ey es who we can deduce is very rich. The artist implies a spreading vogue that advocates extravagance. Ultimately, the trend boils down to the accumulation of wealth in too short a period. Turning rich rapidly, the upstarts fail to master appropriate methods to manage their money but tend to show off fortune through dazzling material consumption. Accordingly, some businesses begin to accommodate such

研究生入学测试英语翻译及作文考题和答案

研究生入学测试英语翻译及作文考题和答 案 一、翻译部分：46. Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. 在加强不同的民族和国家之间的联系方面，电视也许还从来没有像在最近的欧洲事件中那样起过如此大的作用。47. In Europe ，as elsewhere，multi-media groups have been increasingly successful；groups which bring together television， radio，newspapers， magazines and publishing house that work in relation to one another. 在欧洲就像在其他地方一样多媒体集团越来越成功了，这些集团把相互关系密切的电视台、电台、报纸、杂志、出版社组合到了一起。48. This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in， a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks， no less than 50% took a loss in

历年考研英语真题作文考研十年作文精选范文+翻译

考研英语十年真题大作文（2002-2011） 一、题目 2002 Directions: Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled “Cultures---National and International” In the essay you should 1.describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and 2.give your comments on the phenomenon. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET II. 2003 Directions: Study the following pictures carefully and write an essay about 200 words based on the following 1.describe the set of drawings and interpret its meaning 2.point out its implications in our life. 2004 Directions: Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should 1. describe the drawing. 2. interpret its meaning, and 3. support your view with examples. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

2005年考研英语翻译和作文试题答案

2005年考研英语翻译和作文试题答案 一、翻译部分： 46. Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. 在加强不同的民族和国家之间的联系方面，电视也许还从来没有像在最近的欧洲事件中那样起过如此大的作用。 47. In Europe ,as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful; groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing house that work in relation to one another. 在欧洲就像在其他地方一样多媒体集团越来越成功了，这些集团把相互关系密切的电视台、电台、报纸、杂志、出版社组合到了一起。 48. This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989. 仅这一点就表明在电视行业里生存不那么容易，这个事实通过统计数字也是一目了然，统计表明在80家欧洲电视网中1989年出现亏损的不下50%。 49. 创造一个将要组成旧大洲联系纤维并且尊重不同文化和传统的统一体不是一项容易的任务，需要策略性的选择。

考研英语翻译写作

考研英语试卷讲解 英语翻译（2010英语二、第一次模拟考试试卷） 写作（2010英语二、第一次模拟考试试卷）

翻译 一、翻译的步骤 1）化简 所谓化简就是将整段的翻译按照句号划分为每个句子。然后将每个句子翻译出来就可以了。这样的话你只要能把每句话里面核心的东西翻译出来（即采点翻译）就可以得到分 数了 2）二次化简 所谓二次化简就是在你把整段分成每个句子之后，再将每个句子根据连词（and，but，then，while等），逗号等分成更小的部分，往往分成更小的部分之后你就更有可能得分，因为这样的话你就抓住了采分点 3）还原 所谓整合就是等你把每个分句的分句翻译出来之后你必须要还原到一个完整的句子里面去，这样有助于你从整个句子的高度去猜测个别词汇的意思，从而使翻译不失偏颇。 4）二次还原 二次还原就是在还原，毋庸置疑，就是将每个单句整合到整个段落中去，从整个段落的 高度去把握该句是不是符合整个段落。这样可以使你的句子和段落之间是相相融的，匹 配的。

句子结构分析 主谓宾 主语不定式动名词主语从句人名地名名词 谓语找谓语就是找该句中真正的动词 宾语宾语从句 句子结构分析是非常有必要，也很重要的一步，因为句子机构划分清楚才能在翻译的时候不出错误。能从整体上去把握句子的大意。

2010年翻译 1Suatainability”has become a popular word these days,but to Ted Ning,the concept will always have personal meaning.2Having endured apainful period of unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action and choice. 3Ning recalls spending a confusing year in the late1990s selling insurance.4He'd been though the dot-com boom and burst and,desperate for a job,signed on with a Boulder agency. 5It did't go well.“It was a really had move because that's not my passion,”says Ning,whose dilemma about the job translated,predictably,into a lack of sales.6“I was miserable,I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling.7I had no money and needed the job.8Everyone said,Just wait,you'll trun the corner,give it some time.”大家先按照我们的步骤来试试 1 Suatainability”has become apopular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Suatainability”has become apopular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning.

考研英语翻译历年真题

1、1994年 Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. (71) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (72) "In short" , a leader of the new school contends, "the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions. " (73)Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology algues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments. The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes , genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo' s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. (74)Galileo' s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses . Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. (75)Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. 精美译文 新学派的科学家认为，技术是扩大科学知识的范围中被忽视的力量。（71）他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼识，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。（72）新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说:“简言之，我们所称谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。 （73）工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。为技术而欢呼的现代学派争辩说，像伽利略、牛顿、麦克斯威尔、爱因斯坦这样的科学大师和像爱迪生这样的发明家十分重视科学实验中能使用的各种不同的工艺信息和技术装置并从中受益匪浅。 鼓吹技术第一、天才第二的论据的核心是分析了科学革命初期伽利略的作用。那时的聪明才智取自第二世纪的天文学家托勒密;了精心创立的太空体系把地球置于所有天体运动的中心。（74）伽利略的最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，