Learning Style Inventory
第十二讲learning style

• Perceptual learning styles
• visual, aural/auditory, and haptic (kinesthetic & tactile)
• Visual Learners
They tend to prefer sitting at the front of the classroom to avoid visual obstructions (e.g. people's heads). They learn best from visual displays including: diagrams, illustrated text books, overhead transparencies, videos, and hand-outs. During a lecture or classroom discussion, visual learners often prefer to take detailed notes to absorb the information.
• ORIGINS OF OUR LEARNING STYLES • For many of us, our learning style preference results from the kind of processing our brain “specializes” in. • Left Brain Processing – concentrates more on tasks requiring verbal competence, such as speaking, reading, thinking, and reasoning.
• A person's learning style has to do with the way he or she processes information in order to learn it and then apply it. • No one approach or style is more or less effective than any other. What does matter is whether it is suited to a particular everyday task or academic situation. • By understanding different 'learning styles' teacher may gain insights into ways of making academic information more accessible to our diverse groups of learners. • Most students learn best when the style of presentation is in agreement with their preferred learning style. • Learning style is the application of a particular cognitive style to a learning activity. It is seen as relatively fixed.
最齐全的人力资源常用英语词汇

以章节为顺序一、人力资源管理:(Human Resource Management ,HRM)人力资源经理:( human resource manager)高级管理人员:(executive) / i`gzekjutiv职业:(profession)道德标准:(ethics)操作工:(operative employees)专家:(specialist)人力资源认证协会:(the Human Resource Certification Institute,HRCI)二、外部环境:(external environment)内部环境:(internal environment)政策:(policy)企业文化:(corporate culture)目标:(mission)股东:(shareholders)非正式组织:(informal organization)跨国公司:(multinational corporation,MNC)管理多样性:(managing diversity)三、工作:(job)职位:(posting)工作分析:(job analysis)工作说明:(job description)工作规范:(job specification)工作分析计划表:(job analysis schedule,JAS)职位分析问卷调查法:(Management Position Description Questionnaire,MPDQ) 行政秘书:(executive secretary)地区服务经理助理:(assistant district service manager)四、人力资源计划:(Human Resource Planning,HRP)战略规划:(strategic planning)长期趋势:(long term trend)要求预测:(requirement forecast)供给预测:(availability forecast)管理人力储备:(management inventory)裁减:(downsizing)人力资源信息系统:(Human Resource Information System,HRIS)五、招聘:(recruitment)员工申请表:(employee requisition)招聘方法:(recruitment methods)内部提升:(Promotion From Within ,PFW)工作公告:(job posting)广告:(advertising)职业介绍所:(employment agency)特殊事件:(special events)实习:(internship)六、选择:(selection)选择率:(selection rate)简历:(resume)标准化:(standardization)有效性:(validity)客观性:(objectivity)规范:(norm)录用分数线:(cutoff score)准确度:(aiming)业务知识测试:(job knowledge tests)求职面试:(employment interview)非结构化面试:(unstructured interview)结构化面试:(structured interview)小组面试:(group interview)职业兴趣测试:(vocational interest tests)会议型面试:(board interview)七、组织变化与人力资源开发人力资源开发:(Human Resource Development,HRD) 培训:(training)开发:(development)定位:(orientation)训练:(coaching)辅导:(mentoring)经营管理策略:(business games)案例研究:(case study)会议方法:(conference method)角色扮演:(role playing)工作轮换:(job rotating)在职培训:(on-the-job training ,OJT)媒介:(media)八、企业文化与组织发展企业文化:(corporate culture)组织发展:(organization development,OD)调查反馈:(survey feedback)质量圈:(quality circles)目标管理:(management by objective,MBO)全面质量管理:(Total Quality Management,TQM)团队建设:(team building)九、职业计划与发展职业:(career)职业计划:(career planning)职业道路:(career path)职业发展:(career development)自我评价:(self-assessment)职业动机:(career anchors)十、绩效评价绩效评价:(Performance Appraisal,PA)小组评价:(group appraisal)业绩评定表:(rating scales method)关键事件法:(critical incident method)排列法:(ranking method)平行比较法:(paired comparison)硬性分布法:(forced distribution method)晕圈错误:(halo error)宽松:(leniency)严格:(strictness)3600反馈:(360-degree feedback)叙述法:(essay method)集中趋势:(central tendency)十一、报酬与福利报酬:(compensation)直接经济报酬:(direct financial compensation)间接经济报酬:(indirect financial compensation)非经济报酬:(no financial compensation)公平:(equity)外部公平:(external equity)内部公平:(internal equity)员工公平:(employee equity)小组公平:(team equity)工资水平领先者:(pay leaders)现行工资率:(going rate)工资水平居后者:(pay followers)劳动力市场:(labor market)工作评价:(job evaluation)排列法:(ranking method)分类法:(classification method)因素比较法:(factor comparison method)评分法:(point method)海氏指示图表个人能力分析法:(Hay Guide Chart-profile Method) 工作定价:(job pricing)工资等级:(pay grade)工资曲线:(wage curve)工资幅度:(pay range)十二、福利和其它报酬问题福利(间接经济补偿)员工股权计划:(employee stock ownership plan,ESOP)值班津贴:(shift differential)奖金:(incentive compensation)分红制:(profit sharing)十三、安全与健康的工作环境安全:(safety)健康:(health)频率:(frequency rate)紧张:(stress)角色冲突:(role conflict)催眠法:(hypnosis)酗酒:(alcoholism)十四、员工和劳动关系工会:(union)地方工会:(local union)行业工会:(craft union)产业工会:(industrial union)全国工会:(national union)谈判组:(bargaining union)劳资谈判:(collective bargaining)仲裁:(arbitration)罢工:(strike)内部员工关系:(internal employee relations)纪律:(discipline)纪律处分:(disciplinary action)申诉:(grievance)降职:(demotion)调动:(transfer)晋升:(promotion)以开头字母为顺序16PF 卡特尔16 种人格因素测试360-degree appraisal 360 度评估360-degree feedback 360 度反馈7S 7S 原则/模型New 7S 新7S 原则/模型80/20 principle 80/20 法则AAR-After Action Review 行动后学习机制Ability Test 能力测试Ability of Manager 管理者的能力Absence Management 缺勤管理Absence rate 缺勤率Absent with leave 因故缺勤(被)许可缺勤Absent without Leave 无故缺勤擅离职守Absenteeism 缺勤Accelerating Premium 累进奖金制Accident Frequency 事故频率Accident Insurance 意外伤害保险Accident Investigation 事故调查Accident Loss 事故损失Accident Prevention 事故预防Accident Proneness 事故(频发)倾向Accident Severity 事故严重程度Accident Severity Rate 事故严重率Accident Work Injury 工伤事故Achievement Need 成就需求Achievement Test 成就测试Action Learning 行动(为)学习法Action Research 行动研究Active Practice 自动实习Adjourning 解散期解散阶段Administer 管理者Administrative Level 管理层次Administrative Line 直线式管理ADR-Alternative Dispute Resolution 建设性争议解决方法Adventure learning 探险学习法Adverse Impact 负面影响Advertisement Recruiting 广告招聘Affective Commitment 情感认同Affiliation Need 归属需求Affirmative Action 反优先雇佣行动Age Composition 年龄结构Age Discrimination 年龄歧视Age Retirement 因龄退休Agreement Content 协议内容ALIEDIM 费茨帕特里克出勤管理模型Allowance 津贴Alternative Ranking Method 交替排序法Amoeba Management 变形虫式管理Analytic Approach 分析法Annual Bonus 年终分红Annual Leave 年假Annuity/Pension 退休金Applicant-Initiated Recruitment 自荐式招聘Application Blank 申请表Appraisal Feedback 考评反馈Appraisal Interview 考评面谈Appraisal Standardization 考评标准化Appraiser Training 考评者培训Apprenticeship Training 学徒式培训Arbitration/Mediation 仲裁Assessment Center 评价中心ATS-Applicant Tracking System 求职跟踪系统Attendance 考勤Attendance Incentive Plan 参与式激励计划Attendance Rate 出勤率Attitude Survey 态度调查Attribution Theory 归因理论Audiovisual Instruction 视听教学Authority 职权Availability Analysis 可获性分析Availability Forecast 供给预测Background Investigation 背景调查Balance-Sheet Approach 决算表平衡法Bargaining Issue 谈判问题BARS-Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale Method 行为锚定等级法Basic Skill 基础技能Behavior Modeling 行为模拟Behavior Modification 行为矫正疗法Behavioral Description Interview 工作方式介绍面试Behavioral Rating 工作方式考核法BEI-behavior event interview 行为事件访谈法Benchmark Job 基准职位Benchmarking Management 标杆管理Benefit Plan 福利计划Benefit/Welfare 福利BFOQ-Bona Fide Occupational Qualification 实际职业资格Biological Approach 生物型工作设计法Board Interview 会议型面试BOS-Behavior Observation Scale 行为观察量表Borter-Lawler's theory of Expectency 波特—劳勒期望激励理论Bottom-Line Concept 底线概念Boundaryless Organizational Structure 无疆界组织结构Bounded Rationality 有限理性Brainstorm Ideas 头脑风暴法Broadbanding Pay Structure 扁平薪资结构BSC-balanced scorecard 平衡计分卡Burnout 精力耗尽Business Necessity 经营上的必要性Cafeteria-Style Benefit 自助式福利CAI-Computer-assisted Instruction 电脑辅助指导Campus Recruiting 校园招聘Candidate-Order Error 侯选人次序错误Career Anchors 职业锚/职业动机Career Counseling 职业咨询Career Curve 职业曲线Career Cycle 职业周期Career Development Method 职业发展方法Career Path 职业途径Career Path Information 职业途径信息Career Planning 职业规划career plateau 职业高原Career Stage 职业阶段Career Training 专业训练职业训练Career-Long Employment 终身雇佣制Case Studay Training Method 案例研究培训法CBT-Computer Based Training 以计算机为载体的培训Central Tendency 居中趋势CIPP-Context,Input,Process,Product CIPP 评估模型CIRO-Context Evaluation,Input Valuation,Reaction Evaluation,Output Evaluation CIRO 培训评估模式CIT-Critical Incident Technique 关键事件技术Classification Method 分类法Classroom Training 课堂培训Closed Shop 闭门企业CMI-Computer-managed Instruction 电脑管理指导Coaching 辅导教练Co-Determination 共同决策制Coercive Power 强制权力Cognitive Aptitude Test 认知能力测试Cohesiveness 凝聚力Colleague Appraisal 同事考评Collective Bargaining 劳资谈判Comparable Worth 可比价值Comparative Appraisal Method 比较评估法Compensable Factor 报酬要素Compensation & Benefit 薪酬福利Compensation Committee 报酬委员会Compensatory Time Off 补假Competence-Based Interview 基于能力的面试Competency Assessment 能力评估Competency 胜任特征Competency Model 胜任特征模型Competency-Based Education and Training 能力本位教育与训练Competency-Based Pay/Skill-Based Pay 技能工资Complex 情结Compressed Workweek 压缩工作周Compulsory Binding Arbitration 强制性仲裁Computerized Career Progression System 电脑化职业生涯行进系统Computerized Forecast 电脑化预测Conceptual Skill 概念性技能Conciliation 调解Concurrent Validity 同期正当性Conference Method 会议方法Conflict 冲突Conflict Management 冲突管理Construct Validity 结构效度Constructive Discharge 事实上的解雇Content Validity 内容效度Contractual Right 契约性权利Contrast Error 比较性错误Contributory Plan 须付费的退休金计划Coordination Training 合作培训Copayment 共同付费Core Competency 核心竞争力Core Value 核心价值观Core Worker 核心员工Core Workforce 核心工作团队Corporate Culture 企业文化Corporate Identity 企业识别Corporate Image 企业形象Correlation Analysis 相关分析Cost Per Hire 单位招聘成本Criterion-Related Validity 标准关联效度Critical Job Dimension 关键性工作因子Cross-Functional Training 跨功能训练Cross-Training 岗位轮换培训Culture Shock 文化冲突Cumulative Trauma Disorder 累积性工伤Cutoff Score 录用分数线Cyclical Variation 循环变动Decertification 取消认可Defined Benefit Plan 固定收益制Delphi Analysis 德尔菲分析Deutero Learning 再学习Differential Piece Rate 差额计件工资Dimission 离职Dimission Interview 离职面谈Dimission Rate 离职率Disciplinary Action 纪律处分Discriminant Analysis 判别分析dismissal reason 解雇理由disparate impact 差别性影响disparate treatment 差别性对待distribute bonus/profit sharing 分红distributive bargaining 分配式谈判distributive justice 分配公正diversity management 多样性管理diversity training 多样化培训division structure 事业部结构Double-Loop Learning 双环学习Downsizing 裁员DTL-Decision Tree Induction 决策树归纳法Dual Career Path 双重职业途径dust hazard 粉尘危害EAP-Employee Assistance Program 员工帮助计划Early Retirement 提前退休Early Retirement Factor 提前退休因素Early Retirement Window 提前退休窗口Earnings 薪资Economic Strike 经济罢工Education 学历Education Subsidy 教育津贴EEO-Equal Employment Opportunity 公平就业机会EEOC-Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 公平就业机会委员会Effect Factors of Career Planning 职业规划影响因素Effect Factors of Development 开发影响因素Effective Coaching Technique 有效的训练方法Effective Working Hour 有效工时Efficiency of Labor 劳动效率Efficiency Wage 效率工资Ego-Involvement 自我投入E-Learning 网络化学习Election Campaign 选举活动Electronic Meeting 电子会议Emotional Appeal 感召力Employee Attitude Surveys 员工态度调查Employee Career Management 员工职业生涯管理Employee Consultation Services 员工咨询服务Employee Equity 员工公平Employee Leasing 员工租借Employee Involvement 员工参与Employee Manual 员工手册Employee Orientation 员工向导Employee Ownership 员工所有制Employee Polygraph Protection Act 《雇员测谎保护法案》[美] Employee Potential 员工潜能Employee Referral 在职员工推荐Employee Retirement Income Security Act 《职工退休收入保障法》[美] Employee Safety and Health 员工安全和健康Employee Security 员工安全Employee Security Measures 员工安全措施Employee Self-Service 员工自助服务Employee Services Benefits 员工服务福利Employee Skill 员工技能Employee Stock Ownership Trust 企业员工持股信托Employee Surplus 员工过剩Employee Survey 员工测评Employee Training Method 员工培训方法Employee Turnover 员工流动Employee Turnover Rate 员工流动率Employee Under Training 受训员工Employee-Centered Job Redesign 以员工为中心的工作再设计Employees Bonus 雇员红利Employer Unfair Labor Practices 雇主不当劳动行为Employment 雇用Employment Agency 职业介绍所Employment Application Form 应聘申请表Employment at will 自由就业Employment Consultant 招聘顾问Employment Contract Renewal 雇用合同续签Employment Diseases 职业病Employment History 工作经历Employment Objective 应聘职位Employment Offer/Enrollment 录用Employment Relationship 员工关系Employment Separation Certificate 离职证明书Empowerment 激励自主Entitlement 授权法EQ-Emotional Quotient 情感智商EPA-Equal Pay Act 《平等工资法案》Equal Pay For Equal Work 同工同酬Equity Theory 公平理论E-Recruit 网络招聘ERG theory ERG 理论ERM-Employee Relationship Management 员工关系管理ERP-Enterprise Resource Planning 企业资源计划ESOP-Employee Stock Ownership Plan 员工持股计划Essay Method 叙述法ETS-Environmental Tobacco Smoke 工作场所吸烟问题E-Survey 电子调查Evaluation Criterion 评价标准Excellent Leader 优秀领导Executive Ability 执行力Executive Compensation 管理层薪资水平Executive Development Program 主管发展计划Executive Director 执行董事Executive Management 行政管理Executive Marketing Director 市场执行总监Executive Recruiters 高级猎头公司Executive Salaries 管理层工资Exempt Employee 豁免员工Exit Interview 离职面谈Expectancy Theory 期望理论Expectation 期望值Expected Salary 期望薪水Experimental Method 实验法Experimental Research 试验调查Expiry of Employment 雇用期满Exploit of HR 人力资源开发External Costs 外部成本External Employment 外部招聘External Environment of HR 人力资源外部环境External Equity 外部公平External Labor Supply 外部劳力供应External Recruiting Sources 外部招聘来源External Recruitment Environment 外部招聘环境Extra Work 加班Extrinsic Rewards 外部奖励Face Validity 表面效度Factor Comparison Method 因素比较法Fair Labor Standards Act 《公平劳动标准法案》Family and Medical Leave Act 《家庭和医疗假期条例》[美] Fiedler Contingency Model 费德勒的权变模型First Impression Effect 初次印象效应Five-Day Workweek 每周五天工作制Fixed Term Appointment 固定期聘用Fixed Term Contract 固定任期合同Fixed Term Staff 固定期合同工FJA-Functional Job Analysis 功能性工作分析法Flat Organizational Structure 扁平化组织结构Flex Place 弹性工作地点Flex Plan 弹性工作计划flex time 弹性工作时间Flexible Benefits Program 弹性福利计划Forced Distribution Method 强制分配法Forced-Choice Method 强迫性选择法Formal Organization 正式组织Front-Line Manager 基层管理人员Full-Time 全职Function 职能Function of HRM 人力资源管理职能Functional Conflict Theory 冲突功能理论Functional Department 职能部门Funeral Leave 丧假Fundamental Attribution Error 基本归因误差Gain-Sharing Plan 收益分享计划Gang Boss 领班/小组长Gantt Charts 甘特图GATB-General Aptitude Test Battery 普通能力倾向成套测验General Union 总工会Given Role Playing 角色定位演示法Glass Ceiling 玻璃天花板Goal Conflict 目标冲突GOJA-Guidelines Oriented Job Analysis 指导性工作分析Golden Handshake 黄金握别Golden Parachute 黄金降落伞Graphic Rating Scale 图尺度评价法Grievance Mediation 抱怨调解Grievance Procedure 抱怨程序Gross Pay/Total Payroll 工资总额Group Appraisal 小组评价Group/Team Bonus 团体/小组奖金Group Congeniality/Cohesiveness 群体凝集力Group Life Insurance 团体人寿保险Group Pension Plan 团体退休金计划Group Piece Work 集体计件制Guaranteed Employment Offer 雇用信H.C.Gantt Premium System 甘特奖励工资制H.Emerson Premium System 艾末生奖励工资制Halo Effect 晕轮效应Halseys Premium System 哈尔赛奖励工资制Handwriting Analysis 笔迹分析法Headhunting 猎头Health Insurance 健康保险H-Form/Holding Company H 型结构Hierarchy of Needs Theory 需要层次理论High Performance Organization 高绩效组织High-Performance Work System 高绩效工作系统HMO-Health Maintenance Organization 健康维护组织Holiday Pay 假日薪水Home/Family Leave 探亲假Horizontal Career Path 横向职业途径Hot Stove Rule 热炉规则Housing/Rental Allowance 住房补贴HR Generalist 人力资源通才HR Information System 人力资源信息系统HR Manager 人力资源经理HR Officer 人力资源主任HR Policy 人力资源政策HRCI-Human Resource Certification Institute 人力资源认证机构HRD Appraisal 人力资源开发评价HRD Intermediary 人力资源开发媒介HRD Process 人力资源开发过程HRD-Human Resource Development 人力资源开发HRM-Human Resource Management 人力资源管理HRP-Human Resource Planning 人力资源规划Human Relations Movement 人际关系运动Hygiene Factor 保健因素Hypnosis 催眠Ill-Health Retirement 病退In-Basket Training 篮中训练Incentive Compensation/Reward Payment/Premium 奖金Incentive Plan 激励计划Incentive-Suggestion System 奖励建议制度Incident Process 事件处理法Independent Contractor 合同工Indirect Financial Compensation 间接经济报酬Individual Incentive Plan 个人奖金方案Individual Income Tax 个人所得税Individual Interview 个别谈话Individual Retirement Account 个人退休账户Industrial Injury Compensation 工伤补偿Industrial Union 产业工会Informal Communication 非正式沟通Informal Organization 非正式组织In-House Training 在公司内的培训Initial Interview 初试Insurance Benefit 保险福利Internal Environment of HR 人力资源内部环境Internal Equity 内部公平Internal Growth Strategy 内部成长战略Internal Job Posting 内部职位公开招聘Internal Recruitment 内部招聘Internal Recruitment Environment 内部招聘环境Interpersonal Skill 人际交往能力Interview Appraisal 面谈考评Interview Content 面试内容Interview Method 访谈法Interview Objective 面试目标Interview Planning List 面试计划表Intrinsic Reward 内在奖励Jack Welch's Management 韦尔奇式管理JAS-Job Analysis Schedule 工作分析计划表Job 工作、职业Job Account 工作统计Job Action 变相罢工(如怠工、放慢速度等) Job Aid 工作辅助Job Assignment 工作分配Job Analysis 工作分析Job Analysis Formula 工作分析公式Job Analysis Methods 工作分析方法Job Analysis Information 工作分析信息Job Analysis Process 工作分析流程JAP-Job Analysis Program 工作分析程序法Job Attitude 工作态度Job Bidding 竞争上岗Job Card 工作单Job Characteristic 工作因素Job Characteristics Model 工作特性模式Job Classification 职位分类Job Clinic 职业问题咨询所Job Code 工作编号,职位编号Job Context 工作背景Job Description 职位描述,工作说明Job Design 工作设计Job Enlargement 工作扩大化Job Enrichment 工作丰富化Job Evaluation 工作评估Job-Family 工作群Job Identification 工作识别Job Involvement 工作投入Job Inventory 工作测量表Job Knowledge Test 业务知识测试Job Morale 工作情绪Job Performance 工作表现Job Plan 工作计划Job Posting 公开招聘Job Pricing 工作定价Job Qualification and Restriction 工作任职条件和资格Job Redesign 工作再设计Job Rotation 工作轮换Job Satisfaction 工作满意度Job Security 工作安全感Job Scope 工作范围Job Sharing 临时性工作分担Job Specialization 工作专业化Job Specification 工作要求细则Job Standard 工作标准Job Stress 工作压力Job Surrounding 工作环境Job Time Card 工作时间卡Job Vacancy 职业空缺,岗位空缺Job-hop 跳槽频繁者Job-posting system 工作告示系统JTPA-Job Training Partnership Act 《职业培训协作法》J.S.Adams Equity Theory 亚当斯的公平理论Junior Board 初级董事会Johari Window 约哈瑞窗户Just Cause 正当理由Karoshi 过劳死Keogh Plan 基欧计划KPI-key Process Indication 企业关键业绩指标Kirkpatrick's Four-level Model of Evaluation 四阶层评估模型Knowledge Database 知识数据库Knowledge Management 知识管理KSA-knowledge ,skill, attitude 知识,技能,态度Labor Clause 劳工协议条款Labor Condition 劳动条件Labor Contract 劳动合同,雇佣合同Labor Contract Renewal 劳动合同续签Labor Cost 劳动成本Labor Demand Forecast 劳动力需求预测Labor Discipline 劳动纪律Labor Dispute 劳动纠纷Labor Exchange/Employment Agency 职业介绍所Labor Handbook 劳动手册Labor Insurance 劳保Labor Laws 劳动法Labor Management Relations Act 《劳动关系法》Labor Market 劳动力市场Labor Protection 劳动保护Labor Rate Variance 工资率差异Labor Redundance 劳动力过剩Labor Relation 劳动关系Labor Relation Consultant 劳工关系顾问Labor Relations Process 劳工关系进程Labor Reserve 劳动力储备Labor Shortage 劳动力短缺Labor Stability Index 人力稳定指数Labor Wastage Index 人力耗损指数Labor/Trade Union 工会Labor/Working Hour 人工工时Labor-Management 劳动管理Lateral Communication 横向沟通Lateral Thinking 横向思维Layoff 临时解雇Layoff Process 临时解雇程序Leader Attach Training 领导者匹配训练Leaderless Group Discussion 无领导小组讨论法Leader-Member Exchange Theory 领导者-成员交换理论Leader-Member Relation 上下级关系Leader-Participation Model 领导参与模式Leadership 领导能力Learning Curve 学习曲线Learning Organization 学习型组织Learning Performance Test 学习绩效测试Legitimate Power 合法权力Level-to-Level Administration 分级管理Life Cycle Theory of Leadership 领导生命周期理论Life Insurance 人寿保险Likes and Dislikes Survey 好恶调查表Limitation Factors of PA 考评的限制因素Line Manager 直线经理Line Authority 直线职权Line-Staff Relationship 直线参谋关系Line Structure 直线结构Loaned Personnel 借调人员Lockout 停工闭厂Locus of Control 内外控倾向Long Term Trend 长期趋势Long-Distance Education 远程教育Long-Range Strategy 长期策略Long-Term Contract 长期合同Lower Management 基层管理Lower-Order Need 低层次需求Lump Sum Bonus/Pay Incentive 绩效奖金Lump-Sum Merit Program 一次性总付绩效报酬计划Managed Care 有控制的医疗保健Management As Porpoise 海豚式管理Management Assessment Center 管理评价中心Management by Walking About 走动管理Management Development 管理层开发Management Development of IBM IBM 的管理层开发Management of Human Resource Development 人力资源开发管理Management Psychology 管理心理学Management Right 管理权Management Risk 管理风险Management Tool 管理工具Management Training 管理培训Managerial Art 管理艺术Managerial Authority 管理权威Managerial Function 管理职能Managerial Grid Theory 管理方格理论Mandated Benefit 强制性福利Mandatory Bargaining Issue 强制性谈判项目Marital Status 婚姻状况Market Price 市场工资Markov Analysis 马尔可夫分析过程Marriage Leave 婚假Massed Practice 集中练习集中学习Matrix Structure 矩阵结构MBO-Management By Objective 目标管理MBTI-Myers-Briggs Type Indicator 迈尔斯—布里格个性类型测量表Mc-Clelland's Theory of Needs 麦克里兰需要理论McDonnell-Douglas Test 麦当纳道格拉斯法Mechanistic Approach 机械型工作设计法Mediator/Negotiator 调解人Medical Insurance 医疗保险Medical/Physical Ability Inspection/Physical Ability Test 体检Membership Group 实属群体Mental Ability Test 逻辑思维测试Mentor 指导者Mentoring 辅导制Mentoring Function 指导功能Merit Pay 绩效工资Merit Raise 绩效加薪Metrics-Driven Staffing Model 标准驱动招聘模式Mid-Career Crisis Sub Stage 中期职业危机阶段Minimum Wage 最低工资Mission Installation Allowance 出差津贴Mixed-Standard Scale Method 多重标准尺度法Motivation 激励Motivational Approach 激励型工作设计法Motivational Factor 激励因素Motivational Pattern 激励方式Motivation-hygiene Theory 激励保健论MPS-Motivating Potential Score 激励潜能分数Multidivisional Structure M 型结构Multimedia Technology 多媒体技术Multiple Cutoff Model 多切点模式Multiple Hurdle Model 跨栏模式National Culture 民族文化National Union ( 国家)总工会Needs Assessment 需求评估Negligent Hiring 随意雇佣Nepotism 裙带关系Network Career Path 网状职业途径Networking 网络化(组织)NGT-Nominal Group Technique 群体决策法No Financial Compensation 非经济报酬Noncontributory Plan 非付费退休金计划Nondirective Interview 非定向面试Nondiscrimination Rule 非歧视性原则Nonexempt Employee 非豁免的员工Nonverbal Communication 非言语沟通No-Pay Study Leave 无薪进修假期Normal Retirement 正常退休Normative Analysis 规范分析法No-Smoking Rule 禁烟规定object teaching 实物教学,直观教学observation method 观察法occupational choice 职业选择occupational disease 职业病occupational environment 职业环境occupational guidance 职业指导,就业指导Occupational Health &Safety Training 职业安全与卫生培训occupational market condition 职业市场状况occupational mobility 职业流动性occupational outlook handbook 职业展望手册offer letter 录用通知书off-the-job training 脱产培训Ombudsperson 督察专员OMS-Occupational Measurement System 职业测定系统on boarding training 入职培训on-the-job training 在职培训open-door policy 门户开放政策opinion survey 意见调查organization 组织organization change and development 组织变革与发展organization character 组织特征organization design 组织设计organization development appraisal 组织发展评价organization development method 组织发展方法organization environment 组织环境organization goal 组织目标organization renewal 组织革新organization size 组织规模organization structure 组织结构organizational analysis 组织分析organizational authority 组织职权organizational career planning 组织职业规划organizational citizenship behavior 组织公民行为organizational climate 组织气候organizational commitment 组织认同感organizational diagnosis 组织诊断organizational function 组织职能organizational level 组织层次organizational merger 组织合并organizational orientation 组织定位organizational/job stress 组织/工作压力organization-centered career planning 以企业为中心的职业计划organized administration 组织管理orientation 岗前培训orientation objective 岗前培训目标orientation period 岗前培训阶段OSHA standard 美国职业安全与健康局/职业安全与健康法案标准out placement 岗外安置oversea assignment 海外工作overtime hour 加班工时overtime wage 加班工资overtime work 加班paired comparison method 配对比较法panel/group interview 小组面试PA-Performance Analysis 绩效分析Parkinson's Law 帕金森定律participant diary 现场工人日记participative management 参与式管理part-time job 兼职PAS-Performance Appraisal 绩效评估体系pattern bargaining 模式谈判patterned behavior description interview 模式化行为描述面试pay calculation 工资结算pay card 工资卡pay cheque/employee paycheck 工资支票pay compression 压缩工资Pay day 发薪日pay equity 报酬公平pay freeze 工资冻结pay grade 工资等级pay period 工资结算周期pay range 工资幅度pay rate 工资率pay rate adjustment 工资率调整pay secrecy 工资保密pay slip/envelop 工资单pay survey 薪酬调查pay/salary rate standard 工资率标准payroll system 工资管理系统Payroll tax 工资所得税payroll/wage analysis 工资分析payroll/wage form 工资形式payroll/wage fund 工资基金pension plan 退休金计划pension/retirement benefit 退休福利people-first value " 以人为本"的价值观perceptual-motor approach 知觉运动型工作设计法performance appraisal 绩效评估performance appraisal interview 绩效评估面谈performance appraisal objective 绩效评估目标performance appraisal period 考评期performance appraisal principle 绩效评估原则performance feedback 绩效反馈performance management system 绩效管理制度performance standard 绩效标准performance-reward relationship 绩效与报酬关系periodic salary adjustment 定期薪资调整permissive management 放任式管理personal character 个人性格,个性personal grievance 个人抱怨personal information record 人事档案personal leave 事假personality test 个性测试Personality-Job Fit Theory 性格与工作搭配理论personnel selection 选拔personnel test 人格测验品格测验Peter M. Senge's Theory of Learning Organization 彼德.圣吉的学习型组织理论physiological need 生理需要piece-rate system 计件工资制pink slip 解雇通知point method 因素计点法polygraph test 测谎测试position analysis questionnaire 职位分析问卷法position description 职位描述position vacant 招聘职位positional level 职位层次positional title 职称post wage system 岗位工资制power distance 权力距离practice 实习predictive validity 预测效度premium plan/incentive system/reward system 奖金制pre-natal/maternity leave 产假prescribed group 正式群体primary welfare 基本福利privacy right 隐私权prize contest 奖励竞争probationary term/probation period 试用期problem-solving team 问题解决团队procedural justice 过程正义process benchmarking 流程标杆管理professional certificate 职业资格证书professional competence/capacity 专业能力professional ethics 职业道德professional examination 专业考试professional liability insurance 职业责任保险professional manager 职业经理人profit-sharing plan 利润分享计划programmed instruction 程序教学projective personality test 人格投射测试promote/demote 晋升/降职protected group 受保护群体psychic reward 精神奖励psychoanalysis 心理分析psychological characteristic/feature 心理特征psychological contract 心理/精神契约psychological factor 心理因素psychological goal 心理目标psychological phenomenon 心理现象psychological test/psychometry 心理测验心理测试psychomotor abilities test 运动神经能力测试quality circles 质量圈quantity of applicant 侯选人数量questionnaire method 问卷调查法quit rate 离职率Race Discrimination 种族歧视Ranking Method 排序法Rater Bias 评估偏差Rating Certificate 等级证书Ratio Analysis 比率分析法Realistic Job Preview 实际岗位演习Reality Shock 现实冲击Reallocate 重新安排重新分配Recommend 员工推荐Recreation Leave Allowance 休假津贴Recreation/Sabbatical Leave 休假Recruiter 招聘人员Recruitment 招聘Recruitment Ditch 招聘渠道Recruitment Examination 招聘考试Recruitment Method 招聘方法Recruitment Optional Program 招聘备择方案Recruitment Task Guide 招募工作指导Red-Circled Employee 红圈员工Reducing Accident 减少事故Reducing Burnout 减少衰竭Reengineering the Corporation 企业再造Reference Check 个人证明材料检查Refusing Applicant 拒绝求职者Regency Effect 近因性错误Regression Analysis 回归分析Regular Earning/Pay/Wage 固定工资Regular Incentive 常规奖励Rehiring 回聘Reinforcement Theory 强化理论Reliability Evaluation 信度评估Renege 违约Replacement Cost 重置成本Requirement Identification 需求识别Requisite Task Attributes Theory 必要任务属性理论Resignation 辞职Resume 简历Resume Inventory 简历数据库Resumption from Leave 销假Retiree System 退休制度Retirement 退休Retirement Age 退休年龄Retirement Fund 退休基金Return of Talent 人才回流Rewarding by Merit/Pay According to Work 业绩报酬Right to Rest and Leisure 休息权Risk Pay Planning 风险工资计划Rokeach Values Survey 罗克奇价值观调查表Role Ambiguity 角色模糊Role Behavior 角色行为Role Conflict 角色冲突Role Playing 角色扮演Roles of HRM 人力资源管理角色Roll-Down Training 自上而下分级培训法Safety Director 安全负责人Safety Inspection 安全检验Safety Measure 安全措施Safety Program 安全方案Safety Training 安全培训Salary Administration 薪水管理Salary Band/Range 薪水范围Salary Survey 薪资调查。
教培英语面试题及答案

教培英语面试题及答案1. 问题:What is your teaching philosophy? (你的教学理念是什么?)答案:My teaching philosophy is centered around student engagement and fostering a love for learning. I believe that every student has unique strengths and learning styles, andit's my role as a teacher to identify and nurture these differences to create a positive and inclusive learning environment.2. 问题:How do you handle a classroom with diverse learning needs? (你如何处理具有不同学习需求的课堂?)答案:I approach a diverse classroom by implementing differentiated instruction strategies. This includes varying the content, process, and product of learning to meet the needs of all students. I also make sure to provide individualized support and resources to ensure that every student can succeed.3. 问题:Can you describe a time when you had to adapt your teaching methods to accommodate a student with special needs? (你能描述一次你不得不调整教学方法以适应有特殊需求的学生的经历吗?)答案:Certainly. In one instance, I had a student with dyslexia in my class. I adapted my teaching by providing multisensory learning experiences, using visual aids, and allowing the student to record lectures for later review. This approach helped the student to better understand thematerial and participate actively in class.4. 问题:How do you assess student progress and provide feedback? (你如何评估学生的进步并提供反馈?)答案:I assess student progress through a combination of formative and summative assessments. This includes regular quizzes, assignments, and projects, as well as ongoing observation of student participation and engagement. Iprovide feedback in a timely and constructive manner,focusing on areas for improvement and celebrating successes.5. 问题:What strategies do you use to maintain student motivation and interest in the subject? (你使用哪些策略来保持学生对学科的动机和兴趣?)答案:To maintain student motivation, I incorporate a variety of teaching methods such as interactive activities, group work, and real-world applications of the subject matter.I also set clear goals and expectations, and I encourage students to take ownership of their learning by setting personal targets and reflecting on their progress.6. 问题:Describe a situation where you had to deal with a difficult student. How did you handle it? (描述一次你必须处理一个困难学生的情况。
learning-style

1
what is a learning style
2
what is a learning style
A learning style is one's consistent way of responding to and using stimuli in the environment
• They like to solve problems and find practical solutions to practical issues.
• The problem or the task is more interesting to them than interactions with others.
• They like to listen and then act upon what
knowledge they have.
11
• The advantage of k
nowing what kind of
learner you are is th
at you can
then
study in the way tha
5
Learning Styles
• Visual: Involves the use of seen or observed things
• Auditory: Involves the transfer of information through listening
• Kinesthetic: Involves physical experience; touching feeling, movement and practical hands-on experiences.
文献综述写作格式

文献综述写作格式文献综述写作结构加句型(总结实用篇)一文献综述特征1.一般字数控制在2000-4000字左右;2.以评述为主,不可罗列文献;3.基本格式通常包括题目、作者、摘要、关键词、前言、正文、结语和参考文献等几个部分;4.中文参考15-20篇,英文参考3篇左右,文献要新,50%-80%最好为3年内的文献。
5.如果文献综述是为开题报告作准备,整篇文章建议为漏斗状结构,即“有什么研究进展,问题是什么,怎么找方向”。
二按照文献综述的结构顺序分析常用句型1 题目1.1 如果文章为结果论文标题格式a)Effect of (因素)on(观测项目)in(研究对象)Progressb)(观测对象)in (研究对象)Progressc)无固定格式1.2 如果文章为方法论文标题格式d)Methods for … Progress2 摘要常用句型归纳了…研究中的关键问题指出了…及其…研究的主要进展讨论了…的类型、影响因素、过程机理和描述方法在此基础上,对…规律的研究前景进行了展望3 关键词略4 前言4.1 内容:问题的历史、现状和发展动态,有关概念和定义,选择这一专题的目的和动机、应用价值和实践意义。
4.2 常用句式…是…的重要研究内容过去研究主要集中在…(深度上)…(广度上)…(有争论的问题)…鉴于…的工作将对今后…研究意义以及…的现实应用意义作者就…的关键问题进行了系统的分析和综述5 正文5.1 综述材料来源广泛,因此段落结构格式非常重要,举例如下表;第一句第二句第三句第四句第五句第六句主题句陈述理论1 研究支持1 陈述理论2 研究支持2 略主题句研究支持1 研究支持2 研究支持3 略例外情况研究意义主题句研究支持1 说明理论1 略主题句5.2 纵横结合式写法写历史背景采用纵式写法,围绕某一专题,按时间先后顺序或专题本身发展层次,对其历史演变、目前状况、趋向预测作纵向描述;写目前状况采用横式写法,对某一专题在国际和国内的各个方面,如各派观点、各家之言、各种方法、各自成就等加以描述和比较。
2024北京高三二模英语汇编:阅读理解A篇

2024北京高三二模英语汇编阅读理解A篇一、阅读理解(2024北京顺义高三二模)Have you considered contributing your skills and expertise virtually towards achieving sustainable human development efforts? Through the Online V olunteering service of the United Nations V olunteers (UNV) programme, you can connect with UN agencies, governments, public institutions and civil society organizations — from any device, anywhere in the world. While extending your network, you can also get first-hand practical experience.Requirements:·To sign up on the Unified V olunteering Platform and apply for Online V olunteer assignments, you must be at least 18 years of age.·There is no particular background required to become an Online V olunteer. Each Online V olunteer assignment is different and has its own requirements, set by the host organization.· As an Online V olunteer, you can only support organizations remotely in assignments up to 20 hours per week for a maximum of 12 weeks for each assignment.Criteria and service rules:· Online V olunteers are not under contract with the UNV programme or the engaging organization.· Online V olunteers do not receive any kind of financial benefits.·For each Online V olunteering assignment, a maximum of 25 Online V olunteers can be engaged.Procedures:· Volunteers find assignments of their interest and apply.· Organizations select the volunteers they want to engage.· Volunteers and organizations work together online.· Volunteers and organizations provide feedback on their cooperation.· Organizations issue an electronic certificate of appreciation to their volunteers.1.Through the UNV programme, one can ______.A.travel around the world B.improve their network skillsC.set up civil society organizations D.work on sustainable development2.Which is a requirement for the applicants?A.Being no less than 18 years.B.Finishing 25 online assignments.C.Working at least 20 hours a week.D.Having some practical experience.3.When working in the UNV programme, volunteers will ______.A.sign a contract with an organizationB.find tasks of their interest and applyC.get a paper certificate of appreciationD.receive some kind of financial benefits(2024北京丰台高三二模)Around the world, coral reefs (珊瑚礁) are in danger. Now, let’s check out a fewways conservationists are protecting these habitats.Seaweed SmackdownHot ocean temperatures can supercharge seaweed growth — and that’s not good for a reef. So, in Hawaii, scientists have used an underwater vacuum (真空吸器) to suck up lots of seaweed into the device’s long tube. In Australia, scientists are studying a low-tech solution: pulling seaweed by hand.21Some polyps (珊瑚虫) are harmed by heat waves and pollution. Scientists cut parts of coral from a healthy reef. Then these polyps are taken to a nursery, which could be in shallow protected areas underwater. After about a year, the healthy coral parts are attached to damaged reefs. The nursery-grown corals can bring new life to a struggling habitat.Sound SaverHealthy reefs are noisy. Fish make different sounds, and thousands of shrimp create and pop bubbles with their claws to create a sound. The biologists play sounds of healthy reefs through underwater speakers. They found that six weeks of broadcasting healthy reef sounds doubled the amount of fish in the area.Bleaching KillerOne of the biggest threats to coral reefs is bleaching. Here’s how it works.themake food for the coral bythenowhere else, so they can survive heat waves. Biologists hope their work will inspire governments and environmental groups to protect these corals.4.Which of the following might be the subtitle of Paragraph 3?A.Underwater Nurseries.B.Fishing Guides.C.Seaweed Cleaners.D.Colour Designers.5.What can mainly help stop corals bleaching?A.Breathing in more oxygen.B.Changing the appearance.C.Absorbing more sound.D.Partnering with algae.6.What is the author’s purpose of writing this passage?A.To present the serious damages to corals.B.To explain the reasons for coral habitat loss.C.To introduce the methods of coral protection.D.To compare the effects of different solutions.(2024北京昌平高三二模)Interested in writing, photography or current events? Looking for an experience to inspire your college essays? Or hoping to explore a world-class city with new friends this summer? If so, check out the Boston University Summer Journalism Academy. It’s a program created and run by Boston University,where high school students:● Learn from award-winning, working journalists — including two who have shared in Pulitzer Prizes for their reporting.● Report on actual events around Boston or your hometown.● Place stories with Boston’s Daily Free Press, one of the top college newspapers.● Improve their writing, interviewing, and research skills — applicable for any major and career.The academy offers two options: an on-campus, residential program over three weeks for students with journalism experience, and a learn-from-home program over two weeks for all experience levels. For students interested in photography, we offer a special photojournalism track for both. Every option is organized in three sections:● Classroom starts each day with a review of journalism fundamentals in a collegiate format. A university-level journalism textbook provides daily readings and writing assignments.● Newsroom provides time for students to apply what they learn in the Classroom to hands-on journalism assignments. Over the rest of their day, students conduct interview s and gather information.● Guest Talks offer students advice and insight from journalism experts in topics such as radio reporting and studying journalism in college. Sessions feature a Guest Talk during each three-week session from journalism experts. Students also visit city newsrooms to hear from famous reporters.Applications for the on-campus session June 24 to July 12 are due: April 19. Applications for learn-at-home sessions starting June 17, July 1 and July 15 are due: May 10.● On Campus, residential: Three weeks, including tuition(学费), activity fees, room and board: $ 6,200. ($ 400 discounts for Early Bird applicants by Mar 8!)Learn-from-Home: Two weeks, tuition: $ 1,500. ($200 discounts for Early Bird applicants by Mar 8!)7. In the program, participants can ______.A. develop their interviewing skillsB. finish their college essays with helpC. get inspiration from retired journalistsD. publish stories in Boston official website8. If one chooses to learn in on-campus program, one needs to ______.A. pay at most $ 1,500B. apply before May 10C. have journalism experienceD. have knowledge in photography9. What will the three sections provide for participants?A. Advice and insight from top photographers.B. Reviews of reading and writing fundamentals.C. A weekly talk with leading journalism experts.D. Chances to put journalism knowledge into practice.(2024北京朝阳高三二模)Do you want to boost your ATAR, a rank which indicates the overall achievements of all Year 12 students in Australia, and get a preview of university life? When you join the Deakin Accelerate Program, you’ll get a head start by completing two first-year university units while you’re still a high school student.How Deakin Accelerate Program worksYou’ll study two first-year university units through the program. If you choose to study and experience university life on campus, you’ll attend classes and conferences during the day. Or if studying online is more accessible for you, complete the program online in your free time at school or after hours when it suits you.No matter how you choose to study, you’ll benefit from our online learning platform, which allows you to access classes, workshops, resources and more. Whether you’re using your desktop,tablet or mobile, you’ll have access to course content all year round and get answers in real time.After successfully completing your Accelerate units, you’ll gain credits which you can put towards a related Deakin university course. Plus, there is no charge for that.Apply to the Deakin Accelerate Program if you’re:Ÿ a high achiever with above-average Year 11 results;Ÿ looking for an extra challenge in high school;Ÿ a self-starter who can work independently;Ÿ keen to make a head start on your university degree.To be qualified for the program, you must:Ÿ be completing Year 12 in 2024;Ÿ meet the high school subject requirement;Ÿ attain a minimum average grade of 65% across your subjects.For more information about the Deakin Accelerate Program, you can read our FAQs or get in touch using our online inquiry form.❖Submit an inquiry10. What benefit do participants gain from the Deakin Accelerate Program?A. Receiving a preview of their ATAR.B. Experiencing different learning styles.C. Completing two years’ university units.D. Earning credits towards university courses.11. What is available for participants on the online learning platform?A. Real-time response.B. Guidance on using devices.C. High school course content.D. An online learning schedule.12. Which is a requirement for the applicants?A. Submitting an inquiry form.B. Graduating from university in 2024.C. Having started to study for a university degree.D. Achieving an average score of at least 65% in all subjects.(2024北京东城高三二模)Over 1.000 of these yellow robots, Spot, are already checking factories and power plants.And now the New York City Fire Department is starting to use the dog-like devices for search-and-rescue missions.In April 2024, a Spot surveyed the remains of a collapsed car park that was considered too unstable for fire crews to enter. Spot can also send back video footage, carry up to 14 kg and. when fitted with an add-on “arm”, open doors and press switches.Lightning SwarmInspired by fireflies, these robots are tiny and can give out light in various colours.The scientists intend the robots to use their lights to signal to and track each other: a low-power communication strategy for a lightweight robot.“We envision sending hundreds or more of these tiny flying robots into a disaster site, and having them collectively search for survivors,” says MIT robotics engineer Prof Kevin Chen. “Once a survivo r is found, they’ll pass the information out to the operators.”Trail BlazersAt the Bajiao Firc Rescue Station, in Yantai, northeast China. a firefighter tests out a fire-fighting robot.For a few years, China has been promoting the technology, which allows humanfirefighters to stay safely outside the danger zone while controlling robot firefighters to put out fires at chemical plants and in subways. One major advantage of this approach is fire resistance — Trail Blazers can work at temperatures of 1,000℃ for over 30 mins.RoosterThanks to its clever design, Rooster can roll across surfaces or fly around to examine almost any type of disaster site, moving through narrow passages and windows, or overobstacles and up or down staircases.Designed to assist in search operations, the robot uses cameras and sensors to scan a space, so that rescuers don’t need to enter dangerous areas. Rooster can also communicate with search teams and other robots via a radio link.13. Which robots can work in the air?A. Spot and Trail Blazers.B. Spot and Lightning Swarm.C. Rooster and Trail Blazers.D. Rooster and Lightning Swarm.14. What do these robots have in common?A. They can send radio signals.B. They are fitted with cameras.C. They can help conduct rescues.D. They are modelled after animals.15. This passage is probably from ______.A. a science magazineB. a test reportC. an operating handbookD. a modern fiction(2024北京海淀高三二模)UN FAO World Food Day Poster Contest applications are now being accepted. Try to picture a future where everyone has access to food and water. What comes to mind? You may help create a sustainable future by taking appropriate action. Create a poster showing your water action for food as part of the World Food Day Poster Contest to showcase your artistic talent.Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations is a specialized agency that leads international efforts to end hunger, promote nutrition, and ensure food security.Procedure and BenefitsFill out the form on our website, take a picture of or scan your submission, and submit it on line. The screening committee will choose 15 posters from each category for the first round (a total of 60 posters from 4 age categories), and those chosen will be notified in December 2024. A certificate for this accomplishment will be given to the shortlisted individuals. Winners will be highlighted on the FAO social media channels and by regional FAO offices.Our judges will choose three winners in each age group, and they will be revealed in December. The winners will also get a diploma and a surprise gift package, as well as promotion from FAO offices throughout the world.Entry Requirements●The entry period will open on June 1, 2024, and end on November 3, 2024.●Per individual, only one entry may be submitted.●Poster entries may be painted, sketched, or drawn using oil or watercolor paint as well asmixed media, pens, pencils, crayons, or charcoal. Artwork produced digitally is also acceptable. No photos are permitted.●Text may or may not be included in poster entries. Use of text is limited to no more than 25 words.●Never mention private information such as names, schools, ages, etc.●Please do not send in physical posters; only digital files saved as JPEGs will be allowed.16. By taking part in the contest, participants can .A.show their cooking talent B.contribute to food sustainabilityC.raise their nutritional awareness D.have more access to food and water17. The final winners of the contest will be .A.promoted globally B.informed before DecemberC.invited to regional FAO offices D.decided by FAO after three rounds18. Which of the following posters meets the entry requirements?A.B.C.D.(2024北京西城高三二模)Museum ToursThere are many ways to visit SAAM and the Renwick Gallery and they’re all free!Gallery Tours for All Ages●Group ToursGroup tours are available by request for adult groups of eight or more. Choose from a variety of themes, including current special exhibitions. Request 3 to 4 weeks in advance.●Walk-in ToursWalk-in tours are sometimes available. Check with the Information Desk when you arrive. If a walk-in tour is scheduled for that day:SAAM walk-in tours start at 12:30 to 1:30 p.m. and 2:00 to 3:00 p.m. every day of the week and 4:00 to 5:00 p.m. Thursday through Sunday.Renwick walk-in tours start at 12:00 to 1:00 p.m. every day except Sunday. There are no tours on Sundays.●Self-guided ToursSelf-guided tours using your smartphone are available throughout SAAM. Scan the QR codes to bring lots of information to your fingertips!Access ProgramsFree tours are available online and in our galleries at SAAM or the Renwick Gallery:–in American Sign Language (ASL);–for people with low vision;–for people with mental disorders and their care partners.There is no minimum group size for Access tours.School ToursWe welcome learners of all abilities and from all settings. School tours at SAAM and the Renwick Gallery are:–for kindergarten through college;–in line with national curriculum standards;–interactive and interdisciplinary.School tours last 60 minutes. Want more time in the galleries? Ask about additional activities. Request 4 to 6 weeks in advance.Virtual Programs●Online School Tours:–for 3rd grade through 12th grade;–in line with national curriculum standards;–40 to 60 minutes long.Request 4 to 6 weeks in advance.Online Adult Tours:–available by request;–45 to 60 minutes long;–focus on a variety of themes, including highlights and special exhibitions;–interactive and conversational.Request 4 to 6 weeks in advance.19. If you want to take a walk-in tour, you can visit the SAAM Gallery at ______.A. 12:00 pm on MondayB. 4:30 pm on WednesdayC. 1:00 pm on SundayD. 3:30 pm on Tuesday20. What do we know about the Access Programs?A. Tours are available in English only.B. There is a minimum group size of 8 for Access tours.C. People with mental illness can visit the galleries with their care partners.D. People with poor sight cannot have access to the free tours in the galleries.21. From the passage, we can know ______.A. SAAM and the Renwick Gallery offer paid tours for adult groupsB. school tours are consistent with educational curriculum standardsC. requests for online tours should be made at least 3 weeks in advanceD. visitors can use smartphones to enjoy self-guided tours in Renwick Gallery参考答案1.D 2.A 3.B【导语】本文为一篇应用文。
experiential-learning-theory

Experiential Learning Theory:Previous Research and New DirectionsDavid A. KolbRichard E. BoyatzisCharalampos MainemelisDepartment of Organizational BehaviorWeatherhead School of ManagementCase Western Reserve University10900 Euclid Avenue,Cleveland, OH 44106PH: (216) 368 -2050FAX: (216) 368-4785dak5,@August 31, 1999The revised paper appears in:R. J. Sternberg and L. F. Zhang (Eds.), Perspectives on cognitive, learning, and thinking styles. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2000.Experiential Learning Theory: Previous Research and New Directions Experiential Learning Theory (ELT) provides a holistic model of the learning process and a multilinear model of adult development, both of which are consistent with what we know about how people learn, grow, and develop. The theory is called “Experiential Learning” to emphasize the central role that experience plays in the learning process, an emphasis that distinguishes ELT from other learning theories. The term “experiential” is used therefore to differentiate ELT both from cognitive learning theories, which tend to emphasize cognition over affect, and behavioral learning theories that deny any role for subjective experience in the learning process.Another reason the theory is called “experiential” is its intellectual origins in the experiential works of Dewey, Lewin, and Piaget. Taken together, Dewey’s philosophical pragmatism, Lewin’s social psychology, and Piaget’s cognitive-developmental genetic epistemology form a unique perspective on learning and development. (Kolb, 1984).The Experiential Learning Model and Learning Styles Experiential learning theory defines learning as "the process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience. Knowledge results from the combination of grasping and transforming experience"(Kolb 1984, p. 41). The ELT model portrays two dialectically related modes of graspingexperience -- Concrete Experience (CE) and Abstract Conceptualization (AC) -- and two dialectically related modes of transforming experience -- Reflective Observation (RO) and Active Experimentation (AE). According to the four-stage learning cycle depicted in Figure 1, immediate or concrete experiences are the basis for observations and reflections. These reflections are assimilated and distilled into abstract concepts from which new implications for action can be drawn. These implications can be actively tested and serve as guides in creating new experiences.-------------------------------Insert Figure 1 about here-------------------------------A closer examination of the ELT learning model suggests that learning requires abilities that are polar opposites, and that the learner must continually choose which set of learning abilities he or she will use in a specific learning situation. In grasping experience some of us perceive new information through experiencing the concrete, tangible, felt qualities of the world, relying on our senses and immersing ourselves in concrete reality. Others tend to perceive, grasp, or take hold of new information through symbolic representation or abstract conceptualization – thinking about, analyzing, or systematically planning, rather than using sensation as a guide. Similarly, in transforming or processing experience some of us tend to carefully watch others who are involved in theexperience and reflect on what happens, while others choose to jump right in and start doing things. The watchers favor reflective observation, while the doers favor active experimentation.Each dimension of the learning process presents us with a choice. Since it is virtually impossible, for example, to simultaneously drive a car (Concrete Experience) and analyze a driver’s manual about the car’s functioning (Abstract Conceptualization), we resolve the conflict by choosing. Because of our hereditary equipment, our particular past life experiences, and the demands of our present environment, we develop a preferred way of choosing. We resolve the conflict between concrete or abstract and between active or reflective in some patterned, characteristic ways. We call these patterned ways “learning styles.”The Learning Style Inventory and the Four Basic Learning StylesIn 1971 David Kolb developed the Learning Style Inventory (LSI) to assess individual learning styles. While individuals tested on the LSI show many different patterns of scores, research on the instrument has identified four statistically prevalent learning styles -- Diverging, Assimilating, Converging, and Accommodating (Figure 1). The following summary of the four basic learning styles is based on both research and clinical observation of these patterns of LSI scores (Kolb, 1984, 1999a, 1999b).Diverging. The Diverging style’s dominant learning abilities are Concrete Experience (CE) and Reflective Observation (RO). People with this learning style are best at viewing concrete situations from many different points of view. It is labeled “Diverging” because a person with it performs better in situations that call for generation of ideas, such as a “brainstorming” session. People with a Diverging learning style have broad cultural interests and like to gather information. Research shows that they are interested in people, tend to be imaginative and emotional, have broad cultural interests, and tend to specialize in the arts. In formal learning situations, people with the Diverging style prefer to work in groups, listening with an open mind and receiving personalized feedback.Assimilating. The Assimilating style’s dominant learning abilities are Abstract Conceptualization (AC) and Reflective Observation (RO). People with this learning style are best at understanding a wide range of information and putting into concise, logical form. Individuals with an Assimilating style are less focused on people and more interested in ideas and abstract concepts. Generally, people with this style find it more important that a theory have logical soundness than practical value. The Assimilating learning style is important for effectiveness in information and science careers. In formal learning situations, people with this style prefer readings, lectures, exploring analytical models, and having time to think things through.Converging. The Converging style’s dominant learning abilities are Abstract Conceptualization (AC) and Active Experimentation (AE). People with this learning style are best at finding practical uses for ideas and theories. They have the ability to solve problems and make decisions based on finding solutions to questions or problems. Individuals with a Converging learning style prefer to deal with technical tasks and problems rather than with social issues and interpersonal issues. These learning skills are important for effectiveness in specialist and technology careers. In formal learning situations, people with this style prefer to experiment with new ideas, simulations, laboratory assignments, and practical applications.Accommodating. The Accommodating style’s dominant learning abilities are Concrete Experience (CE) and Active Experimentation (AE). People with this learning style have the ability to learn from primarily “hand-on” experience. They enjoy carrying out plans and involving themselves in new and challenging experiences. Their tendency may be to act on “gut” feelings rather than on logical analysis. In solving problems, individuals with an Accommodating learning style rely more heavily on people for information than on their own technical analysis. This learning style is important for effectiveness in action-oriented careers such as marketing or sales. In formal learning situations, people with the Accommodating learning style prefer to work with others to get assignmentsdone, to set goals, to do field work, and to test out different approaches to completing a project.Factors that Shape and Influence Learning StylesThe above patterns of behavior associated with the four basic learning styles are shown consistently at various levels of behavior. During the last three decades researchers have examined the characteristics of learning styles at five particular levels of behavior: Personality types, early educational specialization, professional career, current job role, and adaptive competencies. We summarize briefly these research findings in Table 1 and discuss them below.--------------------------------Insert Table 1 about here--------------------------------Personality Types. ELT follows Carl Jung in recognizing that learning styles result from individuals’ preferred ways for adapting in the world. Jung’s Extraversion/Introversion dialectical dimension as measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) correlates with the Active/Reflective dialectic of ELT as measured by the LSI; and the MBTI Feeling/Thinking dimension correlates with the LSI Concrete Experience/ Abstract Conceptualization dimension. The MBTI Sensing type is associated with the LSI Accommodating learning style and the MBTI Intuitive type with the LSI Assimilating style. MBTI Feeling typescorrespond to LSI Diverging learning styles and Thinking types to Converging styles.The above discussion implies that the Accommodating learning style is the Extraverted Sensing type, and the Converging style the Extraverted Thinking type. The Assimilating learning style corresponds to the Introverted Intuitive personality type and the Diverging style to the Introverted Feeling type. Myers (1962) descriptions of these MBTI types are very similar to the corresponding LSI learning styles as described by ELT (see also Kolb, 1984, pp: 83-85).Educational Specialization. Early educational experiences shape people’s individual learning styles by instilling positive attitudes toward specific sets of learning skills and by teaching students how to learn. Although elementary education is generalized, there is an increasing process of specialization that begins at high school and becomes sharper during the college years. This specialization in the realms of social knowledge influences individuals’ orientations toward learning, resulting to particular relations between learning styles and early training in an educational specialty or discipline.People with undergraduate majors in the Arts, History, Political science, English, and Psychology tend to have Diverging learning styles, while those majoring in more abstract and applied areas like Physical Sciences and Engineering have Converging learning styles. Individuals with Accommodatingstyles have educational backgrounds in Business and Management, and those with Assimilating styles in Economics, Mathematics, Sociology, and Chemistry.Professional Career Choice. A third set of factors that shape learning styles stems from professional careers. One’s professional career choice not only exposes one to a specialized learning environment, but it also involves a commitment to a generic professional problem, such as social service, that requires a specialized adaptive orientation. In addition, one becomes a member of a reference group of peers who share a professional mentality, and a common set of values and beliefs about how one should behave professionally. This professional orientation shapes learning style through habits acquired in professional training and through the more immediate normative pressures involved in being a competent professional.Research over the years has shown that social service (i.e., psychology, nursing, social work, public policy) and arts and communications professions (i.e., theater, literature, design, journalism, media) comprise people who are heavily or primarily Diverging in their learning style. Professions in the sciences (i.e., biology, mathematics, physical sciences) and information or research (i.e., educational research, sociology, law, theology) have people with an Assimilating learning style. The Converging learning styles tends to be dominant among professionals in the fields of technology (i.e., engineering, computer sciences, medical technology), economics, and environment science (i.e., farming,forestry). Finally, the Accommodating learning style characterizes people with careers in organizations (i.e., management, public finance, educational administration) and business (i.e., marketing, government, human resources).Current Job Role. The fourth level of factors influencing learning style is the person’s current job role. The task demands and pressures of a job shape a person’s adaptive orientation. Executive jobs, such as general management, that require a strong orientation to task accomplishment and decision making in uncertain emergent circumstances require an Accommodating learning style. Personal jobs, such as counseling and personnel administration, that require the establishment of personal relationships and effective communication with other people demand a Diverging learning style. Information jobs, such as planningand research, that require data gathering and analysis, as well as conceptual modeling, have an Assimilating learning style requirement. Technical jobs, suchas bench engineering and production that require technical and problem-solving skills require a convergent learning orientation.Adaptive competencies. The fifth and most immediate level of forces that shapes learning style is the specific task or problem the person is currentlyworking on. Each task we face requires a corresponding set of skills for effective performance. The effective matching of task demands and personal skills resultsin an adaptive competence. The Accommodative learning style encompasses a setof competencies that can best be termed Acting skills: Leadership, Initiative, andAction. The Diverging learning style is associated with Valuing skills: Relationship, Helping others, and Sense-making. The Assimilating learning style is related to Thinking skills: Information-gathering, Information-analysis, and Theory building. Finally, the Converging learning style is associated with Decision skills like Quantitative Analysis, Use of Technology, and Goal-setting Kolb, 1984).An Overview of Research on ELT and the LSI: 1971-1999 What has been the impact of ELT and the LSI on scholarly research? Since ELT is a holistic theory of learning that identifies learning style differences among different academic specialties, it is not surprising to see that ELT/LSI research is highly interdisciplinary, addressing learning and educational issues in several fields. Since the first publications in 1971 (Kolb, 1971; Kolb, Rubin & McIntyre, 1971) there have been many studies of the ELT and LSI. The most recent update of the Bibliography of Research on Experiential Learning Theory and The Learning Style Inventory (Kolb & Kolb, 1999) includes 990 entries.Table 2 shows the distribution of these studies by field and publication period. The field classification categories are: Education (including k-12, higher education, and adult learning), Management, Computer/Information Science, Psychology, Medicine, Nursing, Accounting, and Law. Studies were also classified as early (1971-1984) or recent (1985-1999). In addition to being themid-point of the 28 1/2 year history of the work, the division makes sense in that the most comprehensive statement of ELT, Experiential Learning, was published in 1984, and the original LSI was first revised in 1985.-------------------------------Insert Table 2 about here-------------------------------Table 2 also shows the distribution of the 990 studies according to the publication type. More than 50% of the studies were published in journals and another approximately 20% were doctoral dissertations. 10% of the studies were either books or book chapters, and the remaining 150 studies were conference presentations, technical manuals, working papers, and master theses. Numbers should be considered approximate since a few recent citations have yet to be verified by abstract or full text. Also, classification by field is not easy because many studies are interdisciplinary. However, the Bibliography does probably give a fair representation of the scope, topics and trends in ELT/LSI research. The following is a brief overview of research activity in the various fields.EducationThe education category includes the largest number of ELT/LSI studies. The bulk of studies in education are in higher education (excluding professional education in the specific fields identified below). K-12 education accounts for arelatively small number, as does adult learning alone. However, in many cases adult learning is integrated with higher education. A number of studies in the education category have been done in other cultures--UK, Canada, Australia, Finland, Israel, Thailand, China, Melanesia, Spain, Malta, and American Indian.Many of the studies in higher education use ELT and the LSI as a framework for educational innovation. These include research on the matching of learning style with instructional method and teaching style and curriculum and program design using ELT (e.g., Claxton & Murrell, 1987). A number of publications assess the learning style of various student, faculty and other groups.Other work includes theoretical contributions to ELT, ELT construct validation, LSI psychometrics and comparison of different learning style assessment tools. In adult learning there are a number of publications on ELT and adult development, moral development, and career development. The work of Sheckley and colleagues on adult learning at the University of Connecticut is noteworthy here (e.g., Allen, Sheckley, & Keeton 1992; Travers, 1998). K-12 education research has been primarily focused on the use of ELT as a framework for curriculum design, particularly in language and science. (e.g., McCarthy, 1996; Hainer, 1992)ManagementELT/LSI research was first published in management and there has continued to be substantial interest in the topic in the management literature. Studies can be roughly grouped into four categories--management and organizational processes, innovation in management education, theoretical contributions to ELT including critique, and psychometric studies of the LSI. Cross-cultural ELT/LSI research has been done in Poland, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, UK, and Singapore. In the management/organization area, organizational learning is a hot topic. Dixon’s (1999) new book The Organizational Learning Cycle is an excellent example.Another group of studies has examined the relationship between learning style and management style, decision-making, and problem solving. Other work has measured work related learning environments and investigated the effect of a match between learning style and learning environment on job satisfaction and performance. ELT has been used as a framework for innovation in management education including research on matching learning styles and learning environments, program design and experiential learning in computerized business games (e.g., Boyatzis, Cowen, & Kolb, 1995; Lengnick-Hall & Sanders, 1997).Other education work has been on training design, management development and career development. Another area of research has been on the development and critique of ELT. Most psychometric studies of the LSI in theearly period were published in management, while recent psychometric studies have been published in psychology journals. Hunsaker reviewed the early studies in management and concluded, "The LSI does not demonstrate sufficient reliability to grant it the predictive reliability that such a measurement instrument requires. The underlying model, however, appears to receive enough support to merit further use and development." (1981, p. 151)Computer and Information ScienceThe LSI has been used widely in computer and information science particularly to study end-user software use and end-user training (e.g., Bostrom, Olfman, & Sein, 1990; Davis & Bostrom, 1993). Of particular interest for this book on individual differences in cognitive and learning styles is the debate about whether these differences are sufficiently robust to be taken in account in the design of end-user software and end user computer training. Other studies have examined the relationship between learning style and problem solving and decision making, on line search behavior, and performance in computer training and computer assisted instruction.PsychologyStudies in psychology have shown a large increase over time, with 77% of the studies in the recent period. Many of these recent studies were on LSIpsychometrics. The first version of the LSI was released in 1976 and received wide support for its strong face validity and independence of the two ELT dimensions of the learning process (Marshall & Meritt, 1985; Katz, 1986). Although early critique of the instrument focused on the internal consistency of scales and test-retest reliability, a study by Ferrell (1983) showed that the LSI version 1 was the most psychometrically sound among four learning instruments of that time. In 1985 version 2 of the LSI was released and improved the internal consistency of the scales (Veres, Sims, & Shake, 1987; Sims, Veres, Watson, & Buckner, 1986). Critiques of this version focused their attention on the test-retest reliability of the instrument, but a study by Veres, Sims, and Locklear (1991) showed that randomizing the order of the LSI version 2 items results in dramatic improvement of test-retest reliability. This finding led to an experimental research and finally to the latest LSI revision, LSI Version 3 (Kolb 1999a). The LSI version 3 has significantly improved psychometric properties, especially test-retest reliability (see Kolb, 1999b).Other research includes factor analytic studies of the LSI, construct validation studies of ELT using the LSI, and comparison of the LSI with other learning style and cognitive style measures. Another line of work uses ELT as a model for personal growth and development, including examination of counselor/client learning style match and its impact on counseling outcomes.Notable here is the work of Hunt and his colleagues at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (Hunt, 1992,1987).MedicineThe majority of studies in medicine focus on learning style analysis in many medical education specialties--residency training, anesthesia education, family medicine, surgical training, and continuing medical education. Of significance here is the program of research by Baker and associates (e.g., Baker, Cooke, Conroy, Bromley, Hollon, & Alpert, 1988; Baker, Reines, & Wallace, 1985). Also Curry (1999) has done a number of studies comparing different measures of learning styles. Other research has examined clinical supervision and patient/physician relationships, learning style and student performance on examinations, and the relationship between learning style and medical specialty career choice.NursingELT/LSI research has also increased dramatically with 81% of the nursing studies in the recent period. In 1990 Laschinger reviewed the experiential learning research in nursing and concluded, "Kolb's theory of experiential learning has been tested extensively in the nursing population. Researchers have investigated relationships between learning style and learning preferences,decision-making skills, educational preparation, nursing roles, nursing specialty, factors influencing career choices and diagnostic abilities. As would be expected in a human service profession, nursing learning environments have been found to have a predominantly concrete learning press, matching the predominating concrete styles of nurses…Kolb's cycle of learning which requires the use of a variety of learning modalities appears to be a valid and useful model for instructional design in nursing education" (p. 991).AccountingThere has been considerable interest in ELT/LSI research in accounting education, where there have been two streams of research activity. One is the comparative assessment of learning style preferences of accounting majors and practitioners, including changes in learning style over the stages of career in accounting and the changing learning style demands of the accounting profession primarily due to the introduction of computers. Other research has been focused on using ELT to design instruction in accounting and studying relationships between learning style and performance in accounting courses.In 1991 Stout and Ruble reviewed ELT/LSI research in accounting education. Reviewing the literature on predicting the learning styles of accounting students they found mixed results and concluded that low predictive and classification validity for the LSI was a result of weak psychometric qualitiesof the original LSI and response set problems in the LSI 1985. They tentatively recommended the use of the randomized version proposed by Veres, Sims, and Locklear (1991). They write, "researchers who wish to use the LSI for predictive and classification purposes should consider using a scrambled version of the instrument", and note, "…it is important to keep in mind that assessing the validity of the underlying theoretical model (ELT) is separate from assessing the validity of the measuring instrument (LSI). Thus, for example, the theory may be valid even though the instrument has psychometric limitations. In such a case, sensitivity to differences in learning styles in instructional design may be warranted, even though assessment of an individual's learning style is problematic" (p. 50).LawWe are now seeing the beginning of significant research programs in legal education, for example the program developed by Reese (1998) using learning style interventions to improve student learning at the University of Denver Law School.Evaluation of ELT and the LSIThere have been two recent comprehensive reviews of the ELT/LSI literature, one qualitative and one quantitative. In 1991 Hickox extensivelyreviewed the theoretical origins of ELT and qualitatively analyzed 81 studies in accounting and business education, helping professions, medical professions, post-secondary education and teacher education. She concluded that overall 61.7% of the studies supported ELT, 16.1% showed mixed support, and 22.2% did not support ELT.In 1994 Iliff conducted a meta-analysis of 101 quantitative studies culled from 275 dissertations and 624 articles that were qualitative, theoretical, and quantitative studies of ELT and the LSI. Using Hickox's evaluation format he found that 49 studies showed strong support for the LSI, 40 showed mixed support and 12 studies showed no support. About half of the 101 studies reported sufficient data on the LSI scales to compute effect sizes via meta-analysis. Most studies reported correlations he classified as low (<.5) and effect sizes fell in the weak (.2) to medium (.5) range for the LSI scales. In conclusion Iliff suggests that the magnitude of these statistics is not sufficient to meet standards of predictive validity.Most of the debate and critique in the ELT/LSI literature has centered on the psychometric properties of the LSI. Results from this research have been of great value in revising the LSI in 1985 and again in 1999. Other critique, particularly in professional education, has questioned the predictive validity of the LSI. Iliff correctly notes that the LSI was not intended to be a predictive psychological test like IQ, GRE or GMAT. The LSI was originally developed asa self-assessment exercise and later used as a means of construct validation for ELT. Tests designed for predictive validity typically begin with a criterion like academic achievement and work backward in an a-theoretical way to identify items or tests with high criterion correlations. Even so, even the most sophisticated of these tests rarely rises above a .5 correlation with the criterion. For example, while Graduate Record Examination Subject Test scores are better predictors of first-year graduate school grades than either the General Test score or undergraduate GPA, the combination of these three measures only produces multiple correlations with grades ranging from .4 to .6 in various fields (Anastasi & Urbina, 1997). While researchers in the professions are understandably searching for measures with high predictive validity to aid in decision-making, a more realistic approach than relying on any single measure is to rely on prediction from new multi-trait multi-method techniques such as structural equation modeling (e.g. White & Manolis, 1997; Coover 1993; Travers, 1998).Construct validation is not focused on an outcome criterion, but on the theory or construct the test measures. Here the emphasis is on the pattern of convergent and discriminant theoretical predictions made by the theory. Failure to confirm predictions calls into question the test and the theory. "However, even if each of the correlations proved to be quite low, their cumulative effect would be to support the validity of the test and the underlying theory" (Selltiz, Jahoda, Deutsch, & Cook, 1960, p. 160). Judged by the standards of construct validity。
Perceptual Learning Style Preference Questionnaire

Perceptual Learning Style Preference Questionnaire Joy Reid (1984)Directions:People learn in many different ways. For example, some people learn primarily with their eyes (visual learners) or with their ears (auditory learners); some people prefer to l earn by experience and /or by “hands-on” tasks (kinesthetic or tactile learners); somepeople learn better when they work alone while others prefer tolearn in groups.This questionnaire has been designed to help you identify the way(s) you learn best – theway(s) you prefer to learn.Read each statement on the following pages. Please respond to the statements AS THEY APPLY TO YOUR STUDY OF SECOND/FOREIGN LANGUAGE.Decide whether you agree or disagree with each statement. And then indicate whether you:Strongly Agree (SA)Agree (A)Undecided (U)Disagree (D)Strongly Disagree (SD)Please respond to each statement quickly, without too much thought. Try not to change your responses after you choose them. Please answer all the questions.PERCEPTUAL LEARNING STYLE PREFERENCEQUESTIONNAIRESA A U D SD 1. When the teacher tells me the instructions Iunderstand better.2. I prefer to learn by doing something in class.3. I get more work done when I work withothers.4. I learn more when I study with a group.5. In class, I learn best when I work withothers.6. I learn better by reading what the teacherwrites on the chalkboard.7. When someone tells me how to dosomething in class, I learn it better.8. When I do things in class, I learn better.9. I remember things I have heard in classbetter than things I have read.10. When I read instructions, I remember thembetter.11. I learn more when I can make a model ofsomething.12. I understand better when I read instructions.13. When I study alone, I remember thingsbetter.14. I learn more when I make something for aclass project.15. I enjoy learning in class by doing experiments.16. I learn better when I make drawings as I study.17. I learn better in class when the teacher givesa lecture.SA A U D SD 18. When I work alone, I learn better.19. I understand things better in class when I participate in role-playing.20. I learn better in class when I listen to someone.21. I enjoy working on an assignment with twoor three classmates.22. When I build something, I remember what I have learned better.23. I prefer to study with others.24. I learn better by reading than by listening to someone.25. I enjoy making something for a class project.26. I learn best in class when I can participate inrelated activities.27. In class, I work better when I work alone.28. I prefer working on projects by myself.29. I learn more by reading textbooks than bylistening to lectures.30. I prefer to work by myself.SELF-SCORING SHEETInstructionsThere are 5 questions for each learning category in this questionnaire. The questions are grouped below according to each learning style. Each question you answer has a numerical value: SA A U D SD5 4 3 2 1Fill in the blanks below with the numerical value of each answer. For example, if you answered Strongly Agree (SA) for question 6 (a visual question), write a number 5 (SA) on the blank next to question 6 below.Visual6 - __ 5__When you have completed all the numerical values for Visual, add the numbers. Multiply the answer by 2, and put the total in the appropriate blank.Follow this process for each of the learning style categories. When you are finished, look at the scale at the bottom of the page; it will help you determine your major learning style preference(s), your minor learning style preference(s), and those learning style(s) that are negligible.SELF-SCORING SHEETVISUAL TACTILE6 - _____ 11 - _____10 - _____ 14 - _____12 - _____ 16 - _____24 - _____ 22 - _____29 - _____ 25 - _____Total_____ x 2 = _____(Score) Total_____ x 2 = _____(Score)AUDITORY GROUP1 - _____ 3 - _____7 - _____ 4 - _____9 - _____ 5 - _____17 - _____ 21 - _____20 - _____ 23 - _____Total_____ x 2 = _____(Score) Total_____ x 2 = _____(Score)KINESTHETIC INDIVIDUAL2 - _____ 13 - _____8 - _____ 18 - _____15 - _____ 27 - _____19 - _____ 28 - _____26 - _____ 30 - _____Total_____ x 2 = _____(Score) Total_____ x 2 = _____(Score)-50 Major Learning Style Preference 38Minor Learning Style Preference 25-37 Negligible 0-24EXPLANATION OF LEARNING STYLE PREFERENCESStudents learn in many different ways. The questionnaire you completed and scored showed which ways you prefer to learn English. In many cases, st udents’ learning style preferences show how well students learn material in different situations.The explanations of major learning style preferences below describe the characteristics of those learners. The descriptions will give you some information about ways in which you learn best.VISUAL MAJOR LEARNING STYLE PREFERENCEYour learn well from seeing words in books, on the chalkboard, andin workbooks. Youremember and understand information and instructions better if you read them. You don’t need as much oral explanation as an auditory learner, and you can often learn alone, with a book. You should take notes of lectures and oral directions if you want to remember the information.AUDITORY MAJOR LEARNING STYLE PREFERENCEYou learn from hearing words spoken and from oral explanations. You may remember information by reading aloud or moving your lips as youread, especially when you are learning new material. You benefit from hearing audio tapes, lectures, and class discussion. You benefit from making tapes to listen to, by teaching other students, and by conversing with your teacher.KINESTHETIC MAJOR LEARNING STYLE PREFERENCEYou learn best by experience, by being involved physically in classroom experiences. You remember information well when you actively participate in activities, field trips, and role-playing in the classroom. A combination of stimuli-for example, an audio tape combined with an activity-will help you understand new material.TACTILE MAJOR LEARNING STYLE PREFERENCEYou learn bes t when you have the opportunity to do “hands-on” experiences withmaterials. That is, working on experiments in a laboratory, handling and building models, and touching and working with materials provide you with the most successful learning situation. Writing notes orinstructions can help you remember information, and physical involvement in class related activities may help you understand new information.GROUP MAJOR LEARNING STYLE PREFERENCEYou learn more easily when you study with at least one other student, and you will be more successful completing work well when you work with others. You value group interaction and class work with other students, and you remember information betterwhen you work with two or three classmates. The stimulation you receive from group work helps you learn and understand new information.INDIVIDUAL MAJOR LEARNING STYLE PREFERENCEYou learn best when you work alone. You think better when you study alone, and you remember information you learn by yourself. You understand new material best when you learn it alone, and you makebetter progress in learning when you work by yourself.MINOR LEARNING STYLESIn most case, minor learning styles indicate areas where you can function well as a learner. Usually a very successful learner can learn in several different ways.NEGLIGIBLE LEARNING STYLESOften, a negligible score indicates that you may have difficulty learning in that way. One solution may be to direct your learning to your stronger style. Another solution might be to try to work on some of the skills to strengthen your learning style in the negligible area.(Adapted from the C.I.T.E. Learning Styles Instrument, Murdoch Teacher Center, Wichita, Kansas 67208. Used with permission.)。
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Learning Style Inventory Based on David Kolb'sModel(Please note that this instrument is meant for instructional purposes only.No claims are made as to its validity or reliability.)Part I: Concrete Experience vs. Abstract Conceptualization1. I preferA. hands-on learning experiences.B. learning through thinking and reasoning.2. I tend toA. rely on feelings when making decisions.B. rely on logical reasoning when making decisions.3. I learn more effectively fromA my peers.B. my teachers.4. I like learning throughA. simulations.B. lectures.5. I learn well byA. practical experience.B. applying theories to hypothetical situations.6. I am best at learningA. facts.B. concepts.Total of As _____ Concrete Experience (CE) scoreTotal of Bs _____Abstract Conceptualization (AC)scorePart II:Active Experimentation vs. Reflective Observation1. I learn best throughC. active involvement in projects.D. observation.2. I would ratherC. do volunteer work with disadvantaged youth.D. read about disadvantaged youth.3. I prefer assignments thatC. require me to work examples.D. require me to think about situations.4. I learn well throughC. participating in a discussionD. listening to what others have to say.5. I tend toC. jump right in and do something new.D. think about possible outcomes before trying something new.6. I learn bestC. by doing.D. watching and then reflecting.Total of Cs _____ Active Experimentation (AE) scoreTotal of Ds _____ Reflective Observation (RO) scoreInterpretation:A responses = Concrete Experience (CE)B responses = Abstract Conceptualization (AC)C responses = Active Experimentation (AE)D responses = Reflective Observation (RO)CONVERGER- Those with highest scores in Abstract Conceptualization (AC) and Active Experimentation (AE). This person's greatest strength lies in the practical application of ideas. A person with this style seems to do best in those situations where there is a single correct answer or solution to a question or problem and can focus on specific problems or situations. Research on this style of learning shows that Convergers are relatively unemotional, preferring to deal with things rather than people. They often choose to specialize in the physical sciences, engineering, and computer sciences.DIVERGER - Those with highest scores in Concrete Experience (CE) and Reflective Observation (RO). Divergers have characteristics opposite from convergers. Their greatest strengths lie in creativity and imaginative ability. A person with this learning style excels in the ability to view concrete situations from many perspectives and generate many ideas such as in a "brainstorming" session. Research shows that Divergers are interested in people and tend to be imaginative and emotional. They tend to be interested in the arts and often have humanities or liberal arts backgrounds. Counselors, organizational development specialists, and personnel managers tend to be characterized by this learning style.ASSIMILATOR - Those with highest scores in Abstract Conceptualization (AC) and Reflective Observation (RO). This person's strength lies in the ability to understand and create theories. A person with this learning style excels in inductive reasoning and in synthesizing various ideas and observations into an integrated whole. This person, like the converger, is less interested in people and more concerned with abstract concepts, but is less concerned with the practical use of theories. For this person it is more important that the theory be logically sound and precise; in a situation where a theory or plan does not fit the "facts," the Assimilator would be likely to disregard or re-examine the facts. As a result, this learning style is more characteristic of the basic sciences and mathematics rather than the applied sciences. Assimilators often choose careers involving research and planning.ACCOMMODATOR.- Those with highest scores in Concrete Experience (CE) and Active Experimentation (AE). Accommodators are polar opposites form Assimilators. Their greatest strengths lie in carrying out plans and experiments and involving themselves in new experiences. They are risk-takers and excel in those situations requiring quick decisions and adaptations. In situations where a theory or plan does not fit the "facts," they tend to discard it and try something else. They often solve problems in an intuitive trial and error manner, relying heavily on other people for information. Accomodators are at ease with people but may be seen as impatient and "pushy." Their educational background is often in practical fields such as business or education. They prefer“action-oriented" jobs such as nursing, teaching, marketing, or sales. ReferencesKolb, D. (1985). Learning style inventory. Boston, MA: McBer and Company.Lamberski, R. (2002). Kolb learning style inventory. Available at /rjl/instruction/cm150/selfinterpretation/kolb.htm.。