现代语言学 名词解释

现代语言学名词解释

一绪论

1 Linguistics语言学:Linguistics is generally defined as the scientic study of language

2 Phonetics语音学: The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics. For example, vowels and consonants

3 Phonology语音体系: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. For example, phone, phoneme, and allophone.

4 Morphology形态学:The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. For example, b oy and “ish”---boyish, teach---teacher.

5 Syntax句法: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. For example, ”John like linguistics.”

6 Semantics词义学: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example: The seal could not be found. The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found, The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things.

7 Pragmatics语用学: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. For example, “I do” The word do means different context.

8 Sociolinguistics社会语言学: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics. For example, regional dialects, social variation in language.

9 Psycholinguistics语言心理学: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.

二音系学

1 Phonetics语音通信学: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.

2 Phonology语音体系: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.

3 Phone发声: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do, some don’t.

4 Phoneme音素: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.

5 allophone音位变体: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.

6 Complementary distribution互补分布: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in Complementary distribution.

7 Minimal pair极小队: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.

8 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the syllable is pronounced with great force than the other or others.

9 tones声调: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme; therefore, the tone is a suprasegmental feature.

10 intonation语调: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English

三形态学

1 morphology形态学: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.

2 inflectional morphology转折形态学: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation.

3 derivational morphology派生形态学: Derivational morphology is the study of word-formation.

4 morpheme词素: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.

5 free morpheme自由形态: Free morpheme are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes.

6 bound morpheme黏着语素: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.

7 root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.