CAC第四版(2003)食品 卫生通用规范(详解)
食品卫生通则
Codex Alimentarius Food Hygeine食品卫生通用规范CAC/RCP1-1969,* 注1：这一版本的《食品卫生通用规范》，包括附件《HACCP 体系及其应用指南》是由CAC 在1997 年制订的。
在1999 年进行修改。
HACCP 指南在2003 年修改。
这一法规已作为咨询版本发放至FAO 和WHO 的各成员国，并由各国政府决定将其作为指南。
前言1 目的食品卫生通用规范2 范围、应用和定义范围应用定义3 初级生产环境卫生食品原料的卫生生产搬运、贮藏和运输4 工厂：设计及设施选址厂房和车间设备设施5 操作的控制食品危害的控制卫生控制体系的关键原料接收的要求包装水管理与监督文件和记录产品回收程序6 工厂：维护和卫生维护和清洁清洁计划害虫控制体系废弃物管理监控的有效性7 工厂：个人卫生健康状况疾病和受伤个人清洁个人行为外来人员8 运输总体要求要求使用和维护9 产品信息和消费者的意识批次识别产品信息标识对消费者的教育10 培训意识和责任培训计划指导和监督培训的回顾附录：危害分析及关键控制点（HACCP）体系及其应用指南1. 导言2. 定义3. HACCP体系的原则4. HACCP体系及其应用导则介绍应用导则培训图1：HACCP应用的逻辑步骤图2：关键控制点判断树状表图3：HACCP工作表范例前言人们有权期望他们食用的食品是安全和适宜消费的，但食源性疾病导致的伤害，会令人不安，有时甚至是致命性的，这是人们最不愿看见的。
当然，食物中毒事件也会带来其他一些影响。
食源性品疾病不仅会影响到贸易和旅游业，导致收入下降、工人失业，甚至于产生法律纠纷。
食品腐败不仅会造成浪费，影响成本，还可能对贸易和消费者的信心产生不良影响。
现在，国际食品贸易和出国旅游业正在兴旺发展，带来了显着的社会和经济效益，但同时也使得疾病更易于在世界范围传播。
从新食品的生产、制作和销售技术的不断发展可以看出，在过去的20年里，许多国家人们的饮食习惯已经发生了巨大变化。
食品生产通用卫生规范讲义国家食品安全风险评估中心
食品安全的过程控制
食品生产通用卫生规范讲义国家食品 安全风险评估中心
生产经营规范类食品安全标准体系框架
通用规范
各项食品污染因素控制
初级 农产 品生 产卫 生规 范
食品 生产 通用 卫生 规范
食品 流通 卫生 规范
食品 经营 通用 卫生 规范
餐饮 服务 通用 卫生 规范
食品生产通用卫生规范讲义国家食品 安全风险评估中心
适用范围
规定了食品生产过程中原料采购、加工、包装、贮存和运输等 设施、人员的基本要求和管理准则 适用于各类食品的生产
食品生产通用卫生规范讲义国家食品 安全风险评估中心
污染 虫害 食品加工人员 接触表面 分离 分隔 食品加工场所 监控 工作服
术语和定义
食品生产通用卫生规范讲义国家食品 安全风险评估中心
微生物监控指南
监控项目
建议取样点a
建议监控微生物b
建
食品接触表面
食品加工人员的手部、工作服、手套传送 皮带、工器具及其他直接接触食品的设备 表面
菌落总数 大肠菌群等
验证清洁 之后，其 或每月
环境的微生物 监控
与食品或食品接触 表面邻近的接触表 面
设备外表面、支架表面、控制面板、零件 车等接触表面
（或每两
a可根据食品特性以及加工过程实际情况选择取样点。 b可根据需要选择一个或多个卫生指示微生物实施监ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้。 c可根据具体取样点的风险确定监控频率。
食品生产通用卫生规范讲义国家食品 安全风险评估中心
自行或委托检验 检验室的能力 检验频次的要求
检验
食品生产通用卫生规范讲义国家食品 安全风险评估中心
CAC_GL 53-2003 食品卫生措施检验和认证系统等价性的评判准则
GUIDELINES ON THE JUDGEMENT OF EQUIVALENCE OF SANITARY MEASURES ASSOCIATED WITH FOOD INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION SYSTEMS1CAC/GL 53-2003SECTION 1 – PREAMBLE1.It is often the case that importing and exporting countries operate different food inspection and certification systems. The reasons for such differences include differences in prevalence of particular food safety hazards, national choice about management of food safety risks and differences in the historical development of food control systems.2.In such circumstances, and in order to facilitate trade while protecting the health of consumers, an exporting and an importing country may work together to consider the effectiveness of sanitary measures of the exporting country in achieving the appropriate level of sanitary protection of the importing country, consistent with the principle of equivalence as provided for in the World Trade Organization Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (WTO SPS Agreement).23.Application of the principle of equivalence has mutual benefits for both exporting and importing countries. While protecting the health of consumers, it serves to facilitate trade, and minimize the costs of regulation to governments, industry, producers, and consumers by allowing the exporting country to employ the most convenient means in its circumstances to achieve the appropriate level of protection of the importing country.34.Importing countries should avoid the application of unnecessary measures when they have already been carried out by the exporting country. Importing countries may be able to reduce the frequency and extent of verification measures following a judgment of equivalence of measures applied in the exporting country.SECTION 2 – SCOPE5.This document provides guidelines on the judgement of the equivalence of sanitary measures associated with food inspection and certification systems. For the purpose of determining equivalence, these measures can be broadly characterized as infrastructure; programme design, implementation and monitoring; and/or specific requirements (refer paragraph 13).1These guidelines should be read in conjunction with other relevant Codex texts, including in particular the Guidelines for the Development of Equivalence Agreements Regarding Food Import and Export Inspection and Certification Systems – CAC/GL 34-1999.2Consistent with the definition of equivalence in Section 3, measures that are equivalent (i.e., are different from the measures used by the importing country but nonetheless achieve the importing country’s appropriate level of protection) should be distinguished from measures that are the same as the measures of the importing country.3The benefits to an exporting country of application of the principle of equivalence would be offset or negated if a request for an equivalence determination were, by itself, used as a pretext for the disruption of established trade. Such action by an importing country would be contrary to the principles of international trade.SECTION 3 – DEFINITIONS6.The definitions presented in this document are derived from and consistent with those of the Codex Alimentarius Commission and the WTO SPS Agreement.Sanitary measure: Any measure applied to protect human life or health within the territoryof the country from risks arising from additives, contaminants, toxins or disease-causingorganisms in food or feedstuffs, or from risks arising from diseases carried by foods whichare animals, plants or products thereof or from risks arising from any other hazards infoods.Note: Sanitary measures include all relevant laws, decrees, regulations, requirements andprocedures including, inter alia, end product criteria; processes and production methods;testing, inspection, certification and approval procedures; provisions on relevant statisticalmethods, sampling procedures and methods of risk assessment; and packaging and labelingrequirements directly related to food safety.Hazard: A biological, chemical or physical agent in, or condition of, food with thepotential to cause an adverse health effect.4Risk: A function of the probability of an adverse health effect and the severity of thateffect, consequential to a hazard(s) in food.4Risk Assessment: A scientifically-based process consisting of the following steps: (i)hazard identification; (ii) hazard characterization; (iii) exposure assessment; and (iv) riskcharacterisation.4Appropriate level of sanitary protection (ALOP): The level of protection deemedappropriate by the country establishing a sanitary measure to protect human life or healthwithin its territory. (This concept may otherwise be referred to as the “acceptable level ofrisk”.)Equivalence of sanitary measures:5 Equivalence is the state wherein sanitary measures applied in an exporting country, though different from the measures applied in an importing country, achieve, as demonstrated by the exporting country, the importing country’s appropriate level of sanitary protection.SECTION 4 - GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF EQUIVALENCE 7.Determination of the equivalence of sanitary measures associated with food inspection and certification systems should be based on application of the following principles:a)An importing country has the right to set a level of sanitary protection it deems appropriate inrelation to the protection of human life and health.6The ALOP may be expressed in qualitative or quantitative terms.b)The sanitary measure7 applied in an importing country should in practice achieve the ALOP ofthe importing country and be applied consistent with article 2.3 of the SPS agreement.84Codex Alimentarius Commission: Procedural Manual (12th Edition), pages 43-44.5Equivalence is defined in CAC/GL 26-1997 as “the capability of different inspection and certification systems to meet the same objectives”.6The SPS Agreement sets out the rights and obligations of WTO Members in relation to the determination of an appropriate level of sanitary protection.7Where this guideline refers to ‘measure’ in the singular it may also be taken to refer to ‘measures’ or ‘a set of measures’, as appropriate to the circumstances.8Equivalent measures may achieve the ALOP of the importing country or, in combination with other measures, they may contribute to the achievement of the importing country’s ALOP. In the remainder of this guideline any reference to the former should be taken to include the latter possibility.c)An importing country should describe how its own sanitary measure achieves its ALOP.d)An importing country should recognize that sanitary measures different from its own may becapable of achieving its ALOP, and can therefore be found to be equivalent.e)The sanitary measure that the exporting country proposes as equivalent must be capable ofachieving the importing country’s ALOP.f)An importing country should, upon request by an exporting country, promptly enter intoconsultations with the aim of determining the equivalence of specified sanitary measures within a reasonable period of time. 9g)It is the responsibility of the exporting country to objectively demonstrate that its sanitarymeasure can achieve the importing country’s ALOP.h)The comparison of countries’ sanitary measures should be carried out in an objective manner.i)Where risk assessment is used in the demonstration of equivalence, countries should strive toachieve consistency in the techniques applied, using internationally accepted methodology where available and taking into account relevant Codex texts.j)The importing country should take into account any knowledge and past experience it has of the food inspection and certification systems in the exporting country to make the determination as efficiently and quickly as possible.k)The exporting country should provide access to enable the inspection and certification systems which are the subject of the equivalence determination to be examined and evaluated upon request of the food control authorities of the importing country.l)All judgments of equivalence should consider the means by which that equivalence will be maintained.m)Countries should ensure transparency in both the demonstration and judgment of equivalence, consulting all interested parties to the extent practicable and reasonable. The exporting and importing countries should approach an equivalence determination procedure in a cooperative way.n)An importing country should give positive consideration to a request by an exporting developing country for appropriate technical assistance that would facilitate the successful completion of an equivalency determination.SECTION 5 - THE CONTEXT OF AN EQUIVALENCE DETERMINATION8.To facilitate judgement of equivalence between countries and promote harmonisation of food safety standards, Codex members should base their sanitary measures on Codex standards and related texts.109.An equivalence determination can be sought for any sanitary measure or set of measures relevant to a food product or group of food products. Relevant sanitary measures making up a food control system in the exporting country that are not the subject of an equivalence determination should meet importing country requirements.9Guidelines for the Design, Operation, Assessment and Accreditation of Food Import and Export Inspection and Certification Systems - CAC/GL 26- 1997.10Article 3 of the WTO SPS Agreement states, inter alia, that WTO Members may introduce or maintain sanitary measures which result in a higher level of sanitary protection than would be achieved based on Codex standards, if there is a scientific justification, or as a consequence of the member’s chosen level of protection. Such measures must be based on a risk assessment appropriate to the circumstances.10.The extent of the equivalence determination will depend on the prior experience, knowledge, and confidence that the importing country has regarding the food control measures of the exporting country.11.When an importing country has prior experience, knowledge, and confidence in food control measures relevant to those being evaluated for equivalence and the countries agree that import requirements are being fully met, e.g. where trade experience exists, determination of the equivalence of sanitary measures may be made without further consideration of those other relevant measures making up the food control system.12.When an importing country does not have prior experience, knowledge, and confidence in food control measures relevant to those being evaluated for equivalence and the countries have not determined that import requirements are being fully met, e.g., where trade in a food product or group of food products is being proposed for the first time, determination of the equivalence of sanitary measures will require further consideration of those other relevant measures making up the food control system.13.For the purposes of determining equivalence, the sanitary measures associated with a food inspection and certification system can be broadly categorised as:a)infrastructure; including the legislative base (e.g., food and enforcement law), andadministrative systems (e.g., organization of national and regional authorities, enforcement systems, etc.);b)programme design, implementation and monitoring; including documentation of systems,monitoring, performance, decision criteria and action, laboratory capability, transportation infrastructure and provisions for certification and audit; and/orc)specific requirements; including requirements applicable to individual facilities (e.g., premisesdesign), equipment (e.g., design of food contact machinery), processes (e.g., HACCP plans), procedures (e.g., ante- and post-mortem inspection), tests (e.g., laboratory tests for microbiological and chemical hazards) and methods of sampling and inspection.14.Categorization in this manner is likely to facilitate agreement between countries on the basis for comparison of sanitary measures subject to an equivalence determination (see section 6). Further, allocation of measures to a particular category may assist countries in simplifying the extent of the equivalence determination relative to other sanitary measures making up the food control system. SECTION 6 - OBJECTIVE BASIS OF COMPARISON15.Since the sanitary measures applied by an importing country have the purpose of achieving its ALOP, an exporting country may demonstrate achievement of the importing country’s ALOP by demonstrating that the measures it proposes as equivalent have the same effect, relative to the achievement of the importing country’s ALOP, as the corresponding sanitary measures applied by the importing country by using an objective basis of comparison.16.The importing country should, at the request of the exporting country, specify as precisely as possible an objective basis for comparison of the sanitary measures proposed by the exporting country and its own measures.11 Dialogue between the exporting and importing country will assist in the development of understanding and, desirably, agreement on the objective basis for comparison. Supporting information to be provided by the importing country may include:a)the reason/purpose for the sanitary measure, including identification of the specific risks thatthe measure is intended to address;b)the relationship of the sanitary measure to the ALOP, i.e., how the sanitary measure achievesthe ALOP;c)where appropriate, an expression of the level of control of the hazard in a food that is achievedby the sanitary measure;d)the scientific basis for the sanitary measure under consideration, including risk assessmentwhere appropriate;e)any additional information that may assist the exporting country in presenting an objectivedemonstration of equivalence.SECTION 7 - PROCEDURE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF EQUIVALENCE17.The importing country should make available details of its sanitary measures to the exporting country on request. The exporting country should review all applicable sanitary measures of the importing country for the food involved and identify those it will meet and those for which it seeks determination of equivalence. The importing and exporting countries should then use an agreed process for exchange of the relevant information to facilitate the determination of equivalence. This information should be limited to that which is necessary for this purpose.18.The determination of equivalence is facilitated by both exporting and importing countries following a sequence of steps, such as those described below and illustrated in Figure 1. The parties should work through these steps in a cooperative manner with the aim of reaching agreement:a)The exporting country identifies the sanitary measure of the importing country for which itwishes to apply a different measure, and requests the reason/purpose for the measure.b)The importing country provides the reason/purpose for the identified sanitary measure andother relevant information in accordance with section 6.c)In accordance with section 6 the importing country should specify as precisely as possible anobjective basis for comparison of the sanitary measures proposed by the exporting country and its own measures. On the initiative of the exporting country, the importing and exporting countries should enter into a dialogue concerning this objective basis for comparison with a view to reaching agreement.d)The exporting country develops a submission using risk assessment or other relevantmethodology as appropriate, to demonstrate that the application of the different sanitary measure achieves the ALOP of the importing country, and presents it to the importing country.e)The importing country reviews the submission and, if adequate, uses the submission todetermine whether the exporting country’s measure achieves the importing country’s ALOP. 11 The objective basis for comparison of sanitary measures categorized as “Infrastructure” is likely to be of aqualitative nature, e.g., the ability of food control legislation to achieve broad food safety goals. The objective basis of comparison of sanitary measures categorized as “Specific Requirements” is likely to be quantitative in nature e.g., a comparison of levels of hazard control achieved by the measure. The objective basis of comparison of sanitary measures categorized as “Programme” is likely to contain a mixture of qualitative and quantitative elements e.g., correct application of principles, and establishment of appropriate critical limits, in HACCP food control systems.f)If the importing country has any concerns with the submission as presented, it should notifythem to the exporting country at the earliest opportunity and should detail the reasons for concern. If possible, the importing country should suggest how the concerns might be addressed.g)The exporting country should respond to such concerns by providing further information,modifying its proposal or taking other action as appropriate.h)The importing country notifies the exporting country of its judgement within a reasonableperiod of time and provides the reasoning for its decision, should the judgement be that the sanitary measure is not equivalent, i.e., does not achieve the importing country’s ALOP.i)An attempt should be made to resolve any differences of opinion over judgement of asubmission, either interim or final.SECTION 8 – JUDGEMENT19.Judgement of equivalence by the importing country should be based on a transparent analytical process that is objective and consistent, and includes consultation with all interested parties to the extent practicable and reasonable.20.Judgement of the equivalence of sanitary measures should take into account:a)experience, knowledge and confidence of an exporting country’s food inspection andcertification systems (see section 5);b)supporting data submitted by the exporting country;c)analysis of the strength of the relationship between the exporting country’s specified sanitarymeasure, and the achievement of the ALOP of the importing country as reflected in the objective basis for comparison (see section 6);d)that parameters should be stated in quantitative terms to the extent possible;e)adequacy of qualitative descriptions where the level of control of hazards in foods in is notquantified;f)consideration of variability and other sources of uncertainty in data;g)consideration of all expected human health outcomes of the exporting country’s identifiedsanitary measure;h)those Codex texts relevant to the food safety matters under consideration.21.Following any judgment of equivalence, exporting and importing countries should promptly advise each other of significant changes in their supporting programmes and infrastructure that may affect the original determination of equivalence.Figure I: Simplified flow chart for the determination of equivalence(individual steps may be iterated)(18.g)NoYes。
CAC食品卫生通则概要5_1599_8
3、个人清洁
4、个人行为举止
5、参观者
运输
保护食品不受潜在污染源的危害
保护食品不受损伤
为食品提供一个良好环境
1、运输工具和集装箱的设计与制造要求
2、使用和养护
产品信息和消费者的意识
为食品链中的下一个经营者提供充分、易懂的产品信息，以使其能安全、正确地对食品进行处理、贮存、加工、制作和展示
对同一批或同一宗产品应易于辨认或必要时易于撤回
消费者应对食品卫生知识有足够的了解，以保证消费者认识产品信息的重要性，作出适合消费者的明智选择
通过食品的正确存放、烹饪和使用，防止食品污染和变质，或防止食品引以性病原菌的残存或滋生
1、不同批产品的标识
2、产品信息
3、标识
4、对消费者的教育
培训
对从事食品生产与经营，并直接或间接与食品接触的人员应进行食品卫生知识培训和（或）指导，以使他们达到其职责范围的食品卫生标准要求
必要的环节，应配有对温度、湿度和其他控制所需的设备及设施
有效防止害虫的进入或藏匿
1、选设施
生产控制
通过对食品危害的控制和卫生控制，生产出安全的和适宜人们消费的食品
1、食品危害的控制
2、卫生控制体系的关键
3、外购材料的要求
4、包装
5、水
6、管理和监督
7、文件与记录
8、撤回产品程序
工厂：养护与卫生
通过建立有效的程序保证充分、适当的工作方法，保证直接接触食品或与食品有间接关系的人员不污染食品
1、养护和清洁
2、清洁计划
3、害虫控制体系
4、废弃物管理
5、必须保持贮存处的清洁
工厂：个人卫生
通过保持适当水平的个人清洁和适当的工作方法，保证直接接触食品或与食品有间接关系的人员不污染食品
CAC-RCP 1-1969, Rev.4-2003 食品卫生通用规范
8
Codex Alimentarius
Food Hygeine
• 使污染减至最低程度；
• 设计和布局合理，便于维护、清洗和消毒，同时使空气带来的污染降低到 最低；
• 表面及材料，尤其与食品直接接触的表面和材料，根据其用途，应是无毒 的；必要时还应具有适当的耐用性并易于清洗和维护；
本文件中也肯定存在一些特殊要求不适用的情况。在任何情况下，提出的基本 问题都是：在食品消费的安全性及适宜性的基础上，什么是必要的和恰当的？
文中对什么情况下会提出“哪里必要”和“哪里恰当”之类的问题作了说明。 尽管所作的要求基本都是适当的和合理的，在食品的安全性和适宜性的基础上， 还是会出现某些不必要也不适当的情况。要确定某一要求是否必要和恰当，则应 对其风险性进行评估，最好在 HACCP 方法的范围内进行。这一方法可以使本文件 中的要求被灵活、合理地应用，以达到食品的安全性和适宜性的总体目标。本文 件还考虑到食品生产过程中，加工工艺的多样性及生产中可能要冒的各种风险。 专门食品法规中有附加说明。
卫生通用规范中所述的控制措施是保证食品食用的安全性和适宜性的国际公 认的重要方法。可用于政府、企业（包括初级生产者、加工和制造商、食品服务 商及零售商）和消费者。
4
Codex Alimentarius 1 目的
Food Hygeine
食品卫生通用规范：
• 明确用于整个食品链（包括从初级生产到最终消费者）的基本卫生准则， 以达到保证食品安全和适宜消费的目的。
还要注意通过采取适当的措施，包括对温度、湿度的控制和其他控制方法以 尽可能合理、有效地防止食品变质和腐败。
3.4 初级生产中的清洁、维护及个人卫生
使用适当的设备及程序以确保： • 有效地进行任何必要的清洁及维护； • 保持适当的个人清洁卫生。
食品生产通用卫生规范释义案例分析.ppt
? 4.2.4.3 窗户玻璃应使用不易碎材料。若 使用普通玻璃，应采取必要的措施防止玻 璃破碎后对原料、包装材料及食品造成污 染。
? 4.2.4.4 窗户如设置窗台，其结构应能避 免灰尘积存且易于清洁。可开启的窗户应 装有易于清洁的防虫害窗纱。
? 5.1.5.3 应根据需要设置卫生间，卫生间 的结构、设施与内部材质应易于保持清洁； 卫生间内的适当位置应设置洗手设施。卫 生间不得与食品生产、包装或贮存等区域 直接连通。
? 5.1.5.4 应在清洁作业区入口设置洗手、 干手和消毒设施；如有需要，应在作业区 内适当位置加设洗手和（或）消毒设施； 与消毒设施配套的水龙头其开关应为非手 动式。
? 5.1.8.4贮存物品应与墙壁、地面保持适当 距离，以利于空气流通及物品搬运。
? 5.1.8.5 清洁剂、消毒剂、杀虫剂、润滑 剂、燃料等物质应分别安全包装，明确标 识，并应与原料、半成品、成品、包装材 料等分隔放置。
? 5.1.9温控设施 ? 5.1.9.1应根据食品生产的特点，配备适宜
的加热、冷却、冷冻等设施，以及用于监 测温度的设施。 ? 5.1.9.2根据生产需要，可设置控制室温的 设施。
? 3.1.3厂区不宜择易发生洪涝灾害的地区， 难以避开时应设计必要的防范措施。
? 3.1.4厂区周围不宜有虫害大量孳生的潜在 场所，难以避开时应设计必要的防范措施。
? 3.2 厂区环境 ? 3.2.1应考虑环境给食品生产带来的潜在污
染风险，并采取适当的措施将其降至最低 水平。 ? 3.2.2厂区应合理布局，各功能区域划分明 显，并有适当的分离或分隔措施，防止交 叉污染。
CAC食品卫生通用规范介绍
食品卫生通用规范CAC/RCP1-1969, Rev.4-2003 1前言1目的食品卫生通用规范2范围、应用和定义2.1范围2.2应用2.3定义3初级生产3.1环境卫生3.2食品原料的卫生生产3.3搬运、贮藏和运输4工厂：设计及设施4.1 选址4.2厂房和车间* 注1：这一版本的《食品卫生通用规范》，包括附件《HACCP体系及其应用指南》是由CAC在1997年制订的。
在1999年进行修改。
HACCP指南在2003年修改。
这一法规已作为咨询版本发放至FAO和WHO的各成员国，并由各国政府决定将其作为指南。
4.3设备4.4设施5操作的控制5.1食品危害的控制5.2卫生控制体系的关键5.3原料接收的要求5.4包装5.5水5.6管理与监督5.7文件和记录5.8产品回收程序6工厂：维护和卫生6.1维护和清洁6.2清洁计划6.3害虫控制体系6.4废弃物管理6.5监控的有效性7工厂：个人卫生7.1健康状况7.2疾病和受伤7.3个人清洁7.4个人行为7.5外来人员8运输8.1总体要求8.2要求8.3使用和维护9产品信息和消费者的意识9.1批次识别9.2产品信息9.3标识9.4对消费者的教育10培训10.1意识和责任10.2培训计划10.3指导和监督10.4培训的回顾附录：危害分析及关键控制点（HACCP）体系及其应用指南1.导言2.定义3.HACCP体系的原则4.HACCP体系及其应用导则4.1 介绍4.2 应用导则4.3培训图1：HACCP应用的逻辑步骤图2：关键控制点判断树状表图3：HACCP工作表范例前言人们有权期望他们食用的食品是安全和适宜消费的，但食源性疾病导致的伤害，会令人不安，有时甚至是致命性的，这是人们最不愿看见的。
当然，食物中毒事件也会带来其他一些影响。
食源性品疾病不仅会影响到贸易和旅游业，导致收入下降、工人失业，甚至于产生法律纠纷。
食品腐败不仅会造成浪费，影响成本，还可能对贸易和消费者的信心产生不良影响。
CACRev.4-2003标准
•定期或操作进行变更时，对控制程序进行评审。
这些体系应该运用于整个食物链，通过适当的产品加工和设计来控制产品保质期内食品卫生。控制程序可以很简单，例如：检查存货周期校准装置，或正确使用冷藏展示柜。有时候，听取专家的建议和具有相关文件记录的体系可能更好。这种食品安全体系的模型在HACCP体系和应用指南（附录）中有描述。
5.2.3微生物及其它说明
在5.1中所述的管理体系为保证食品的安全性和适宜性提供了一个有效的方法。在任何食品控制系统中涉及到有关微生物、化学或物理的说明时，都应具有坚实的科学理论基础和水平，而且在适当之处，还需要说明其监测程序、分析方法和应用范围。
5.2.4微生物交叉感染
致病菌可以通过一种食品传染给另一种食品，感染的方式可以是食品的直接接触，也可能是通过食品操作人员、食品接触面或者空气间接感染。原料、未经加工的食品要与即食食品有效的隔离，隔离可根据食品的物理性质或按时间间隔来完成，并要对中间物进行有效地清洁，必要时还要对其进行消毒。
•根据其用途，墙壁表面、隔板和地面应采用不渗水、无毒的材料制造；
•在符合操作要求的高度内，墙壁和隔板的表面是光滑的；
•地面的结构应有利于排污和清洗的需要；
•天花板和顶部固定物的结构应有利于减少积尘，水珠的凝结和碎物的脱落；
•窗户应易于清洗，其结构应有利于减少积尘，必要时还应安装可拆卸、可清洗的防虫纱窗。
5.5.2作为配料
凡是需要使用饮用水的场合必须使用饮用水以避免食品受到污染。
5.5.3冰和蒸汽
制冰用水要符合4.4.1节的要求。冰和蒸汽在生产、处理和贮藏过程中要加以保护防止污染。用于与食品或食品接触面直接相接触的的蒸汽不应对食品的安全性和适宜性构成威胁。
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基本文本食品法典前言食品法典委员会及FAO/WHO食品标准计划食品法典委员会负责执行粮农组织/世界卫生组织联合食品标准计划，旨在保护消费者健康和促进食品贸易的公平进行。
食品法典（拉丁文指食品法律或法规）是以统一格式表述的国际已采纳的食品标准的汇编。
它还包括了以操作规范、准则和其它建议措施为形式的咨询性规定，以助于达到食品法典的目标。
委员会已表明，这些操作规范可为国家食品控制或执法机构提供需要的有用清单。
食品法典的出版旨在指导和促进各种食品的定义及其要求的详细界定和确立，以有助于其协调一致，并借此促进国际贸易。
食品卫生的基本文本 — 第三版食品法典委员会于1997年和1999年采纳了食品卫生的基本文本。
这是1997年首次出版的汇编册的第三版，包括了2003年食品法典委员会采纳的对HACCP系统应用准则的修订。
希望该版有助于食品卫生基本原则的广泛使用和理解，并将鼓励政府部门、执法机构、食品企业和所有的食品加工者和消费者使用。
有关这些文本的详细信息，或食品法典委员会的其他方面内容可从以下获得：食品法典委员会秘书处F AO/WHO联合食品标准计划,F AO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla,00100, 意大利罗马传真: +39(6)57.05.45.93电子邮箱: codex@iii基本文本食品法典目录国际推荐操作规范食品卫生总则 -------------------------------------------------- 1 危害分析和关键控制点系统（HACCP）及其应用准则-------------------------29 制定和应用食品微生物标准的原则--------------------------------------------------41 实施微生物危险性评估的原则和准则-----------------------------------------------47 出版史--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------55 索引-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------56v基本文本食品法典国际推荐操作规范食品卫生总则CAC/RCP 1-1969, 第4修订版（2003）引言------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3第一节－目标----------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 食品卫生的食典总则----------------------------------------------------------------- 3第二节－范围、应用和定义-------------------------------------------------------- 4 2.1范围----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 2.2应用----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 2.3定义----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5第三节－初级生产-------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 3.1环境卫生-----------------------------------------------------------------------7 3.2食物来源的卫生生产--------------------------------------------------------7 3.3处理、贮藏和运输-----------------------------------------------------------8 3.4初级生产中的清洁处理、保持卫生及个人卫生------------------------8第四节－加工场所：设计与设施---------------------------------------------------- 9 4.1选址-----------------------------------------------------------------------------9 4.2加工场所和房间--------------------------------------------------------------10 4.3设备-----------------------------------------------------------------------------11 4.4设施-----------------------------------------------------------------------------12第五节－加工的卫生控制-------------------------------------------------------------14 5.1食品危害的控制----------------------------------------------------------------14 5.2卫生控制系统的关键方面----------------------------------------------------15 5.3原料的进货要求----------------------------------------------------------------16 5.4包装------------------------------------------------------------------------------17 5.5用水------------------------------------------------------------------------------17 5.6管理与监督----------------------------------------------------------------------18 5.7文件管理与记录----------------------------------------------------------------18 5.8产品召回程序-------------------------------------------------------------------181食品法典食品卫生第六节－场所：维护与清洁----------------------------------------------------------19 6.1维护与清洁----------------------------------------------------------------------19 6.2清洁方案-------------------------------------------------------------------------20 6.3害虫控制系统-------------------------------------------------------------------20 6.4废弃物的处理-------------------------------------------------------------------21 6.5监测有效性----------------------------------------------------------------------21第七节－场所：个人卫生-------------------------------------------------------------22 7.1健康状况-------------------------------------------------------------------------22 7.2疾病和损伤----------------------------------------------------------------------22 7.3个人清洁-------------------------------------------------------------------------23 7.4个人习惯-------------------------------------------------------------------------23 7.5来访者----------------------------------------------------------------------------23第八节－食品运输--------------------------------------------------------------------24 8.1基本要求-------------------------------------------------------------------------24 8.2具体要求-------------------------------------------------------------------------24 8.3使用和维护----------------------------------------------------------------------25第九节－产品信息及对消费者知情权--------------------------------------------26 9.1批号鉴别-------------------------------------------------------------------------26 9.2产品信息-------------------------------------------------------------------------27 9.3标签------------------------------------------------------------------------------27 9.4对消费者的教育----------------------------------------------------------------27第十节－培训--------------------------------------------------------------------------27 10.1知情权和责任-----------------------------------------------------------------27 10.2培训计划-----------------------------------------------------------------------27 10.3指导和监督--------------------------------------------------------------------28 10.4培训内容的更新--------------------------------------------------------------282基本文本食品法典引言人们有权要求所食用的食品是安全和适于食用的。