说明文阅读专题
2024年中考语文真题分类汇编——学生版——专题11 说明文阅读

2024年中考语文真题分类汇编——学生版——专题11 说明文阅读(2024·天津·中考真题)阅读《大风车原来是这样发电》一文,完成下面小题。
大风车原来是这样发电胡帆陈海伦①“大风车吱呀吱哟哟地转……”细心的朋友可能会发现,近些年来,山川田野间、荒漠戈壁滩、蔚蓝海面上一座座风力发电机组拔地而起。
它们在装扮风景的同时,也在源源不断地为人们提供能源。
②人类在很早以前就开始利用风能、建设“风车”了。
公元前2世纪的波兰,人们就建有碾米的风车磨坊;元明时期,中国建有风力水车,用来灌溉农田。
现代风车的雏形,则来源于1890年丹麦提出的风力发电计划,给风磨安装了发电机。
工业革命期间,蒸汽机的出现,让风力发电机的发展遇冷。
直到20世纪下半叶,化石能源告急,生态环境恶化,风力发电再次引起了人们的重视。
③风力发电机的工作原理就是利用风力带动风轮旋转,把风的动能转变为风轮轴的机械能,发电机在风轮轴的带动下旋转发电。
它和纸风车结构相似,由风轮、机舱、塔筒组成。
但是,纸风车为了更漂亮可以折出很多个叶片,而风机的风轮一般..为3个叶片,因为这样便于平衡,性价比更高。
④对于风力发电来说,风速达到2.5~3m/s(微风拂面)就可发电。
风越大,风轮转得越快,发的电能也越多。
但是当风速达到25~30m/s(狂风大作)时风机就会停止工作,进入“防御姿态”。
因为这个时候....的风可以拔起树木,摧毁房屋,如果风机继续工作就会损坏发电机组。
⑤随着风力发电的发展,风机的叶轮直径也逐渐增大,近15年间,叶轮直径已经从70m增大到250m。
目前..我国陆上风电机组叶轮直径处于200m水平,其扫风面积超过32000m2,相当于4.5个标准足球场。
⑥从远处看,人们可能会觉得风机的叶片转得很慢。
但事实上,由于机舱齿轮的加速作用,风机叶片的尖部线速度有时和高铁运行速度不相上下。
不同功率、不同类型的风机转一圈产生的电量也不同,有的可发1.4度电,相当于一个普通家庭一晚上空调用电量;而有的可产生5.8度电,能供一个普通家庭用一天。
【语文】说明文阅读专题训练练习题20篇及解析

【语文】说明文阅读专题训练练习题20篇及解析一、中考语文说明文阅读专题训练1.阅读下文,回答问题。
被误解的食品添加剂①说到食品添加剂,估计很多人会敬而远之,一些人对食品添加剂还存有根深蒂固的误解。
那么,我们对食品添加剂必须退避三舍吗?②事实上,食品添加剂只是众多添加剂中的一种。
添加剂还包括:饲料添加剂、药品添加剂、塑料添加剂、涂料添加剂、油墨添加剂、汽油添加剂等。
三聚氰胺是添加剂,但它是水泥添加剂,在水泥里面作为高效减水剂;也是塑料添加剂,在塑料里面作为阻燃剂;还可以作为涂料添加剂,在涂料里面作为甲醛吸收剂。
但是,三聚氰胺不是食品添加剂。
苏丹红、三聚氰胺、瘦肉精、吊白块在食品中都是非法添加物。
所以,正确认识食品添加剂,严厉打击食品非法添加行为,对维护食品安全是非常重要的。
③也许有人会好奇,为何一定要使用食品添加剂呢?其实,对于现代生活来说,食品添加剂不但重要而且必要。
因为,如果没有它们,我们的生活反倒会更加危险。
④目前全世界范围内,因食用致病微生物污染的食品引发疾病,是食品安全头号问题,所以如果不使用防腐剂和保鲜剂等食品添加剂的话,肉制品、烘烤食品、方便食品、水果,甚至酱油和醋等食物或调味品就很容易被致病微生物污染,从而危害人体健康。
而那些号称不添加防腐剂的食品,事实上更容易在开封后受到污染和变质,且无污染和无添加往往是商家为了迎合消费者心理而造出的噱头而已。
⑤有些人不喜欢使用食品添加剂的食物往往是带有一种传统的情结。
但食品添加剂并非现代食品工业的产物,而是和人类文明历史一样的悠久。
如油、盐、酱、醋以及点豆腐用的卤水,炸油条用的明矾和小苏打,都是食品添加剂,食品添加剂早就已经成为我们饮食中不可或缺的一部分。
⑥食品添加剂作为现代食品工业的重要组成部分,按规定使用对人体是无害的,且可以改善食品的品质和色、香、味,以及防腐、保鲜。
正是因为有了食品添加剂的发展,才有大量的方便食品供应,才给人们的生活带来极大的便利。
专题——说明文阅读

说明文专题 真题回顾(近三年泸州中考题)
(2022年) 1.国家速滑馆的独特魅力体现在哪四个方面?请根据材料一简要概 括。(4分) 2.材料一中划线句主要用了什么说明方法?有何作用?(3分) 3.根据材料二,请分条概括二氧化碳跨临界直冷制冰的四个步骤, 每条不超过15字。(3分)
说明文专题 真题回顾(近三年泸州中考题)
说明文专题 解题技巧
2. 分类别:运用了分类别的说明方法,把……分成了……类, 条理清晰地说明了……的特点。如:
茅以昇的《中国石拱桥》在介绍新中国成立后我国石拱桥的发 展时,就分“独拱石桥”和“双曲拱桥”两类一一加以说明。
3. 列数字:运用了列数字的说明方法,列举了……数字,具体 准确具体地说明了……的特点。如:
茅以昇的《中国石拱桥》中“江东桥修建于700多年前,有的石 梁一块就有200来吨重,究竟是怎样安装上去的,至今还不完全知 道”。
运用列数字的说明方法,列举了“200来吨”,具体准确地说明 了石梁的重量,凸显了我国古代劳动人民的智慧。
说明文专题 解题技巧
4. 作比较:运用了作比较的说明方法,把……和……作比较, 突出强调地说明了……的特点。如:
说明文专题
说明文阅读
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聚焦泸州中考真题
目
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中考真题精讲精练
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聚焦泸州中考真题
说明文专题 真题回顾(近三年泸州中考题)
(2021年) 1、请根据材料一中划线句的内容,为"天问一号"下定义。要求:内容 完整,逻辑严密,不超过60字。(3分) 2.材料二的说明对象及其特点是什么?第④段为何要提及美国、俄罗斯 和欧空局?请简要回答。(4分) 3.下列句中加点词可否删去?请简述理由。(3分) 其实俄罗斯从苏联时代就开始探测火星了,前后差不多有20次,不过可 惜的是一次都没有完全成功过。
【语文】说明文阅读专题训练题20套(带答案)及解析

【语文】说明文阅读专题训练题20套(带答案)及解析一、中考语文说明文阅读专题训练1.阅读下文,完成小题。
怎样才算认识一朵花(有删改)闫晗①近两年,博物学突然火起来,选带着各色识图软件,不知道花的名手不要紧,手机拍下一张照片,上传至软件,立即就合由现其学名,时代在进步,技术带来诸多使利。
可怎样才算真的认识一来花呢?②现在是个流行二手“知识胶囊”的时代,有人替你读书,替你思考,把简单粗暴的结果告诉你。
读了某篇书评,你就以为了解了整本书;听了几分钟电影解析,就有了与人聊天的谈资;别人的观点很新奇,你现被投喂得心满意足。
可是,你真的承它们建立连接,拥有它们了吗?(A)③植物和人一样,你记使一个人的名字就算了解他了吗?哪怕是生活在周围的熟人,有些也不过是点头之交。
他们的个性、喜好、热气腾腾的生活或是完解和苏且,我们都一无所知,有的只是相适时无关紧要的一句末破。
(B)④那些写植物写得好的文章,大都掺杂着人生体验和领悟,作者与那些花草有一些私人的故事,吴于童年、故乡、城市、风土人情,甚至友情和爱情。
这样才算认识和了解它们,跟它们拥有了一段与众不同的关系。
写美食的文章也一样,通过一种食物,我们想看到的往往是金、温暖、慰籍和自己的人生。
(C)⑤大数据带给我们很多信息,众多人的爱好、品位在商家那里有了判断,你被大多数人代表和选择了。
小学生都可以用大数据分析苏轼了,看上去根新潮。
可没有人能代替你的感受,个人的记忆博物馆是无法故平地、被量化的。
(D)⑥就像你与那些植物的关联,你与身边一个义一个人交换过的能量、拥有的故事、经历过的陪伴一样。
有无限的细节和微妙的感受,藏在某个地方。
可能表达不出来,但是你知道,它们真实存在着,而且无比重奏。
(1)结合第②段内容说说你对“二手‘知识胶囊’”的理解。
(2)根据要求答题。
①文章第①段有什么作用?②以下材料放在哪一处最合适?(填字母)为什么?材料:那些电影被剥离了配乐、光影的魔术,只第下一个同举的故事框架;那些名著的细节、人物对白你看不到,只有别人的印象和评价,而缺乏自己感性的、直观的经验。
专题05 阅读理解(说明文)15篇(山东专用)

冲刺2024年中考英语必考题型终极预测(山东专用)专题05 阅读理解(说明文)15篇(2023·山东济宁·统考二模)“I’ll finish my homework before playing video games.”“Your dress looks beautiful.”“I won’t spend all the money on snacks.”All lies! Most of us have told a lie at one time or another. However, scientists found that lying can harm your brain (大脑). It may stop you from doing other important tasks.When you tell the truth, your brain doesn’t have to do any extra (额外的) work. But lying takes much more work.Imagine you’re late to class. The teacher asks why and you decide to lie. So you say: “I picked up a book from the library.” Your teacher asks, “The book I assigned (布置) last time?” Then you must decide how to answer the question. If you say yes, the teacher might ask to see the book. So you might say: “No.” Now you have to think of a book title. You need to make sure it’s a book the library actually has. See? When you lie, your brain works a lot more to keep the lie from falling apart.You just gave your brain a lot of extra work. An area called the prefrontal cortex (前额皮质) does the work. It’s the part in charge of short memory. That area also takes care of planning, problem-solving and self-control.Using too much brainpower to lie means there’s less available for other things-like solve math problems. Lying is even harder for young people. The prefrontal cortex is not fully developed until age 25. So when young people are busy with lying, they’ll have a harder time doing other things, like making study plans or eating a healthy diet. So think twice before lying next time!1.What did the scientists find out about telling lies?A.It happens quite often.B.Most students have done it.C.It is bad for people’s brains.D.It’s an important way to protect oneself.2.What happens to your brain when you lie?A.It works more slowly.B.It has to do some extra work.C.It often says yes to others.D.It becomes better at answering questions.3.According to the story, why is it harder for people under 25 to tell lies?A.Because they are not clever enough.B.Because they have too much brainpower.C.Because they don’t have fully grown brains.D.Because they are still learning how to talk to other people.4.What is the best title of the passage?A.More lies, more work B.Lies make us healthyC.Lies grow with age D.Lies are difficult(2023·山东泰安·泰安一中校考二模)A bat and a ball cost $1.10 in total. The bat costs l.00 more than the ball. How much does the ball cost?If you answered 10 cents, you are not alone—most people give the same answer(the answer is wrong). It’s an example of how we often depend on intuitive responses(直觉反应)—answers we feel are true. People give answers that “pop into their mind,” says cognitive scientist Steven Sloman. We don’t spend much time “reflecting and checking whether the answer…is right or wrong.”The bat and ball question helps explain why we often believe in fake(虚假的)news. It is part of human nature to believe, says Sloman. But “the trick with fake news is to know to verify”—in other words, to stop and check what you know.In one experiment, Sloman and a colleague invented a discovery called helium rain. They told a group of volunteers about it, but they did not fully explain what it was. They then asked the volunteers to rate(评等级)their own understanding of helium rain. Most volunteers rated themselves 1 out of 7, meaning they didn’t understand it.The researchers then told another group of volunteers about the discovery. This time, they said the scientists could full y explain how it works. The volunteers gave an average answer of 2. The scientists’ confidence gave the volunteers an increased sense of their own understanding of it, Sloman says.According to Sloman, studies show that knowledge spreads like a contagion(接触传染). This idea can be seen in many fields, including politics(政治). “If everyone around you is saying they understand why a politician is dishonest,” Sloman Bays, “then you are going to start thinking that you understand, too.”So, in a world where misleading information is common, is there a way to protect ourselves? “I don’t think it’s possible to train persons to check everything that they encounter(遇到),” Sloman admitted. “It is just too human to believe what you are told.”However, training people to care about fact-checking is important, he argued, especially in online communities.Think of the headlines and stories that are shared on your social media feed every day. Probably these fit in with your own worldview—but perhaps not all of them are true.“We should check things and not just take them at face value,” Sloman said, “Make sure if it is true before you believe.”5.The writer uses the example of the bat and ball question to show that ________.A.people often forget skills that they have learned at schoolB.there is often more than one possible answer to a questionC.many people give quick responses without thinking carefullyD.people sometimes are too careless to get the right answers6.How much does the ball cost?A.5 cent.B.10 cent.C.15 cent.D.20 cent.7.More volunteers said they could understand helium rain after ________.A.some of the volunteers explained it to themB.Sloman and his colleague showed them how it worksC.they heard that scientists could explain it confidentlyD.they examined the conclusion carefully by themselves8.What does the writer probably agree?A.It is important to do an experiment based on scientific research.B.The second group of volunteers are more confident than the first.C.People can be cheated easily because of too much fake news.D.People should be trained to check before they believe something.(2023·山东泰安·泰安一中校考二模)If you are joining in chat room conversations, or writing e-mails with net pals(网友), you are one of the millions who write in a special, short form of English.Throughout the world, every night children and their elders are “talking” online—many of them are talking at the same time.It’s fast: trying talking to six people once. It’s easy: three or four words per exchange. It takes cleverness and quick fingers.And it requires very simple language. There’s neither time nor space for explanations. Why waste valuable timetelling six friends you have to leave for a moment to take care of your little brother when BRB(=be right back)will do?Want to enter a conversation? Just type PMFJI(=pardon me for jumping in).Interested in whom you’re talking to? Type A/S/L, the common request(要求)to know your pal’s age, sex(性别)and location(地点). You may get 15/M/NY as a reply from your pal.If something makes you laugh, say you’re OTF(=on the floor), or LOL(=laughing out loud), or join the two into ROTFL(=rolling on the floor laughing).And when it’s time to get back to work or go to bed, you type GTG(=got to go)or TTYL(=talk to you later).People want to write as fast as possible, and they want to get their ideas across as quickly as they can. Capital (大写字母)letters are left in the dust, except when expressing feelings, as it takes more time to hold down the “shift” key and use capitals. Punctuation(标点)is going too.9.The sentence “There’s neither time nor space for explanations” means ________.A.people should use words properlyB.people should communicate in a funny wayC.people online can express themselves in a simple wayD.people should know what time it is when they are talking10.If you get 17/F/NY as an answer to your A/S/L, it means ________.A.you are talking to 17 girls who are from New YorkB.you are talking to a girl who is 17 and lives in New YorkC.the people you are talking to is a 17-foot tall New York girlD.the people on the other end is 17 from New York and he is fine11.Which of the following is a way to save online time?A.People only use the mouse instead of the keyboard.B.Many people draw pictures instead of typing letters.C.People never use the “shift” key as it takes more time.D.People seldom use capital letters or punctuation marks.(2023·山东德州·统考三模)Many of us don’t pay much attention to the importance of eye care. It is said that if you take care of your body, then you can surely be healthy. That is why our eyes should be given a lot of care. Natural eye care should be put in a number one place.There are several causes leading to poor eyesight like not enough food, genes (基因) and aging (老化). Televisions, computers and reading are also the causes of having poor eyesight. If you work in front of the computer, it is best to take a break every once in a while. Something dirty can cause redness and they will make you feel uncomfortable. It is bad for your eyes, too. If this happens, the best way is to clean your eyes by using cold water. You must also try your best to protect your eyes from harmful things. For example, sunglasses are not just for fashion but they can also serve as a great way to protect your eyesight from ultraviolet rays.Eating healthy foods will do good to your eyesight. Remember that vitamins A, C and E are good for eyes. Try to eat food groups that have these vitamins. And you should do eye exercises because exercise protects your eyesight, too. If a person exercises regularly(定期地) and eats the right kind of food, his eyes will stay in good condition for a long time.All above are natural ways of eye care that help us keep healthy eyes. Being happy all the time can be helpful to a person’s eyesight, too. In a word, eye care is very important, no matter how old a person is.12.________ is the most important way to protect our eyes.A.Natural eye care B.Taking medicineC.Seeing the doctor D.Being happy all the time13.All the following causes can lead to bad eyesight except ________.A.age B.height C.reading D.computers14.. What should you do if you have to work in front of the computer?A.Eat healthy foods.B.Clean the eyes by using cold water.C.Wear a pair of sunglasses.D.Have a rest after working for a while.A.沙尘B.闪电C.紫外线D.超声波16.Which is the best title of the passage?A.Ways of Eye Care B.Ways of Eye ExercisesC.Ways of Being Happy D.Ways of Being Healthy(2023·山东泰安·统考二模)The red beans grow in southern land;How many loads(枝条)in spring the trees?Collect them till full is your hand;They would recall sweet memories.Love is a popular theme in Chinese poems. What symbols do you think best stand for love? The heart, rose or chocolate? This time we are going to look at a classic Chinese poem, Love Seeds. It was written by Tang Dynasty poet Wang Wei who had a different understanding of the symbol of love.In the first two lines, the poet expresses his feelings of missing his friend, who lives in southern China, by describing the growth of red beans in spring. In classic Chinese poems, poets prefer to express feelings in an indirect or symbolic way. When describing the natural environment or showing some symbols, Chinese poets always mean more than what’s described on the surface.In Chinese culture, red beans are seen as “love seeds”, which have a strong cultural meaning. Because they are often hard, come in a heart shape, and can be stored for a long time, those beans have long been used as a symbol of love and loyalty(忠诚)between lovers.In the last two lines, the poet wishes his faraway friend to collect as many red beans as possible, as the beans will bring back his friend’s memories to the poet.Instead of showing love to others by directly saying “I miss you” or using flowery language, this short poem can make readers feel deep love.17.What’s the Chinese title of the poem Love Seeds?A.《相思》B.《梅花》C.《赋别》D.《春晓》18.In classic Chinese poems, poets express feelings in _______ ways.A.direct B.straight C.symbolic D.short19.How many features(特点)of the red beans are mentioned by the writer?A.One.B.Two.C.Three.D.Four.20.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A.Wang Wei is a great poet from Song Dynasty.B.Wang Wei lived in southern China when writing this poem.C.Wang Wei thinks red beans are seen as “love seeds” because of their color.D.Wang Wei thinks red beans will bring back his friend’s memories to him.(2023·山东聊城·统考三模)Since humans sent the first satellite (卫星) to space in the 1950s, scientists have been studying an important topic: how to grow food in space if humans will one day live there.A recent experiment at the Tiangong space station makes a big step forward. Chinese astronauts have successfully grown rice seedlings (幼苗) during the Shenzhou XIV mission. “The rice seedlings are growing very well,” said Zheng Huiqiong, a researcher from the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Since the rice experiment began on July 29, the seedlings of the tall shoot rice variety (高杆水稻品种) have reached a height of 30 centimeters. The seedlings of the short shoot rice variety have grown to 5 centimeters, China Daily reported on Aug 30.While there have been other rice experiments in space, this one is the first of its kind to produce the complete life cycle of a plant—it begins with a seed and ends with a mature (成熟) plant producing new seeds.Such food-growing experiments are not just for astronauts. They can also solve food problems on Earth. By sending seeds to space, we can create mutated (突变的) seeds, thanks to microgravity (微重力), lack of air and cosmic rays (宇宙射线). The seeds can then produce yields (产量) on Earth.According to Yao Tong, an engineer from Hainan Aerospace Engineering Breeding Research Center, 30 percent of strawberries sold in Beijing are “space strawberries”, which are as big as eggs. The center has also produced “space tomatoes” with yields increased by 30 percent, and “space bananas” with a growth shortened from 13 months to 9 months.21.How high did the tall shoot rice variety grow for the first month?A.5cm.B.25cm.C.30cm.D.35cm.22.The underlined word “forward” in Paragraph 2 probably means “________” in Chinese.A.向前B.向后C.向左D.向右23.How does the current (现在) rice experiment differ from other experiments?A.It goes through a complete life cycle.B.Its seedlings are growing very well.C.It uses completely new rice varieties.D.Its seedlings have successfully come up.24.Why do we grow food in space?a. To feed astronauts.b. To study microgravity.c. To increase yields on Earth.d. To research on cosmic rays.A.a b B.b c C.b d D.a c25.What is the main idea of the last paragraph?A.People are afraid of food.B.Space planting is benefiting us.C.People will never run out of food.D.Space planting has disadvantages.(2023·山东济宁·济宁学院附属中学校考二模)In the eyes of many foreigners, Chinese are the best hosts and the worst guests in the world. They’re not really bad guests, but because the guest-host relationship in China is much different from in some western countries, it appears they are not nice guests. And western host sometimes look rude (粗鲁的) in the eyes of Chinese guests.In China, guests are almost like gods. Whenever I enter a Chinese person’s home, there is always fruit on the table for me, and someone is quick to bring me a cup of tea or water. In the west, generally the guest is not a god. Acting according to the host’s way of doing things is usual behavior for a guest.My wife’s mother, a very kind elderly Chinese lady, doesn’t smoke. When I see some of her guests smoking in her house, as a non-smoker, I feel unhappy. Usually I want to stop them directly, but I must realize that in China, to be a good host, she must not do that. In most North American homes, if you are a guest, and the hosts are not smokers, you should not smoke in their house. At the very least, you could ask. “Is it OK if I smoke?” But, don’t be surprised if they say “No, you can’t smoke.” In our culture, if you smoke in their home, you are a bad guest, but if they do not allow you to smoke in their house, they are not a rude host.Guests in China also have special habits. Some western people may not adapt to these habits very soon. Thankfully my wife is Chinese, so whenever we visit a Chinese family she tells me to buy them a gift. However, giving a gift to a host is not always necessary in my country. So, if you invite international guests to your house, don’t be too surprised if they don’t bring you a gift.In China, you probably won’t need to change the guest-host relationship very much because you will probably only be the host, and Chinese are naturally very good hosts. If western hosts invite you to their house, try not to be too surprised if their style of treating you is not what you have expected.26.When a western guest visits a Chinese family, he often ________.A.buys some fruit B.wants some gifts C.feels like a god D.takes a cup of tea27.If the writer’s guests want to smoke in his house, what will he probably say?A.It’s OK if you smoke here.B.Sorry, you can’t smoke here.C.Let’s smoke together.D.Smoking is a bad habit.28.What is the meaning of the underlined phrase “adapt to” in the passage?A.think back to B.keep close to C.look forward to D.get used to29.What is the main idea of this passage?A.Foreigners should learn from Chinese.B.People should understand cultural differences.C.Western hosts are always nice to guests.D.Hosts must do things in the guests’ way.(2023·山东日照·校考一模)Superfast Writing Robot Tech company has made a powerful robot that can write novels.Type in “A cat wants to go to space” and ask the robot to write a bedtime story. Just one second later, you’ll get the story of Max, who clawed his way past many difficulties to sing among the stars.This robot writer is real. It’s called ChatGPT. US company OpenAI developed it to generate (生成) human-like texts. It can translate languages, talk with people and write songs, poems and even jokes. It’s one of the most powerful AI of its kind, with the complete writing range (范围) of a real person!People around the world have tried ChatGPT and posted their results on social media. Some used it to write history papers, some asked it to take notes of presentations, and some even got advice on how to interact (互动) with people at a party, reported The Atlantic.The power of ChatGPT lies in its speed and understanding of difficult matters. We may spend hours researching, understanding and writing an article on the theory of evolution. But ChatGPT can produce a well-written one in seconds. Another good thing about it is that if you ask dark, harmful questions, such as how to make weapons (武器), it will not give you an answer. ChatGPT comes along at a time when AI is becoming increasingly able to do creative tasks. The materials they create are difficult to distinguish (区分) from those made by humans. This causes many ethical (道德的) issues, such as the issue of copyright (版权) and the real meaning of art. Since the system is largely trained using words from the internet, it can also pick up on the Internet’s biases and stereotypes (刻板印象) about certain groups. These are all the things that depend on humans to solve.30.The writer uses “the story of the cat” as an example to ________.A.show what creative work ChatGPT can doB.introduce a cat that wants to go to spaceC.introduce a series of bedtime booksD.show how many stories ChatGPT can create31.ChatGPT can do the following things except ________.A.making up human-like texts B.singing songs to peopleC.writing songs,poems and even jokes D.producing a good article in seconds32.The underlined word “biases” in Para.5 means “________”.A.印象B.傲慢C.意见D.偏见33.Which is RIGHT according to the passage?A.US company OpenAI developed ChatGPT to generate animal-like texts.B.Nobody asked ChatGPT for help about how to interact with people at a party.C.ChatGPT can spend seconds writing a good article about the theory of evolution.D.ChatGPT is so perfect that there is nothing wrong with it.34.The last paragraph is mainly about ________.A.how people will feel about writing in the futureB.what problems AI writing can causeC.the reasons why people dislike AI writingD.human efforts in developing AI writing(2023·山东泰安·统考一模)Have you ever imagined going inside of a video game? That dream may soon become real. It’s called the “metaverse(元字宙)”.The metaverse is a shared virtual(虚拟的)3D world. The word is made up of “meta”, which means beyond, and “verse” which refers to “universe”. The word first appeared in a science fiction book called Snow Crash in 1992. In this story, people wear virtual reality(VR)headsets to see and join the metaverse.Now, what happens in the book is becoming a reality. Wearing a VR headset, you can meet other people wherever they are. You also can work and play with them. It will feel real because the technology can simulate(模拟)our senses: vision, hearing, touch and even smell.“The metaverse is about creating another reality, another world, which is as rich as the real world. So, what can you do inside the metaverse? Your location will no longer matter, ” says VOA News. It means that in the metaverse, people will be connected at all times. You can meet friends from other countries and go on a virtual beach vacationtogether. You can go to the beach on the moon, or anywhere else you can imagine. Can’t find a friend to play basketball? Jump into the metaverse and find some friends to play with or go to a concert!Cathy Hackl, an expert in metaverse technology, said her son’s first concert was inside a video game. “Although it happened in a video game, it didn’t make it less real for him, ” she said.Perhaps the metaverse will change our idea of what is real.35.Paragraph 2 mainly tells us ________.A.how to join the metaverseB.what happened in the book Snow CrashC.where the word “metaverse” comes fromD.when the book Snow Crash came out36.The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 3 refers to ________.A.VR headsets B.other people C.our senses D.video games37.What is Cathy Hackl’s attitude toward the metaverse? ________A.The technology still needs to be developed.B.It is not good for kids to join the metaverse.C.The metaverse will hardly change our lives.D.The metaverse is a different kind of reality.38.Which can be the best title for this passage? ________A.A Virtual 3 D Movie B.Metaverse Is HappeningC.Metaverse in the Books D.Snow Crash(2023·山东泰安·统考一模)Two teams of scientists in Denmark and in the United Kingdom came up with the same question at about theTesting for eDNA isn’t a new idea, but most of the time, scientists look for eDNA in water. Neither team knew that the other group was working on a similar experiment. One collected samples from different locations at Denmark’s Copenhagen Zoo, and the other did at Hamerton Zoo Park in the UK. The scientists used slightly different methods to collect their samples. But basically, both teams used vacuums(真空吸尘器)and fans to collect tiny bits of DNA.In the laboratory, comparing their samples with examples of DNA from different animals, the scientists were able to identify many different animals at the zoos.The scientists chose to test in zoos because they had rare animals not naturally found in the area. Each team only discovered about the other experiment after they had written a paper about their own results. The two decided to combine(合并)their results and publish a paper together.Both teams are excited about the ways this new method could be used in the wild. The researchers believe the method could help scientists a lot. Scientists have been looking for better ways to track endangered animals without interfering(干扰)with them. If researchers know where animals live, they can do a better job of protecting them. The next step is to figure out how to take this method into nature.39.What can we learn about “eDNA” from the passage?A.It’s only floating in the air.B.It’s created by some researchers.C.It isn’t found in the water.D.It’s left in the environment.40.What is the RIGHT order for scientists to do the experiment?a.Collect very tiny bits of DNA from the air.b.Tell what kinds of plants and animals are in the zoos.c.Enter Denmark’s Copenhagen Zoo with vacuums and fans.pare the samples with others in the laboratory.A.a-b-d-c B.d-b-c-a C.c-a-d-b D.b-a-c-d41.Which of the following is TRUE about the two teams of scientists?A.They used quite different methods.B.They knew exactly what they were doing at first.C.They competed against each other.D.They worked together to publish a paper.42.What’s the purpose of writing the last paragraph?A.To advise scientists to use new ways to do the experiment.B.To tell us the work of both teams is meaningful.C.To mention that the method of both teams isn’t perfect.D.To call people to protect endangered animals.(2023·山东日照·校考二模)The sun is so important that it makes life on our planet possible. But how does the sun do that? It’s the sun’s energy.Energy from the sun is called solar energy(太阳能). It comes in the form of light or heat. People have used solar energy for thousands of years. The sun’s energy can be used to heat water and even food. If you own a magnifying glass, your parents have probably warned you not to leave it in the sun. Solar energy can actually make the magnifying glass burn objects underneath it causing a fire. This type of energy from the sun is called solar thermal (热的)energy.We can also turn the sun’s light into electricity. This is done with solar panels(板). Solar panels are made up of a material called silicon(硅). The silicon is heated and formed into very thin wafers(晶片). When the sunlight hits the solar panel, the electrons in the silicon move and flow through wires(电线). Using this technology, we can run a calculator and even power cars.But what happens on cloudy days? The electrons in the silicon will stop moving, which means the electricity can’t flow. But this doesn’t mean that solar energy can only be used on sunny days. People can use the batteries(电池)which are attached to(附着于)solar panels to store the electricity. So the stored electricity can be used to power cars at night or on cloudy days.Did you know that solar energy is not as expensive as it used to be? In fact, in the last few years, solar panels have become much more affordable for people to use. Since the sun gives off more energy in one second than peoplehave used, imagine what we could do if we used the sun’s energy to power our planet.43.What is the energy from the sun?A.Solar energy.B.Wind energy.C.Magnifying glass. D.Batteries.44.What does the third paragraph mainly tell us?A.How to use solar thermal energy.B.How to turn sunlight into electricity with solar panels.C.How to store electricity with batteries.D.How to power our planet.45.What can we use to power cars at night according to the 4th paragraph?A.Thin wafers.B.The moonlight.C.The stored electricity.D.Solar thermal energy.46.Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?A.Solar panels are made up of silicon.B.Solar energy can be used for heating food.C.People have used solar energy for thousands of years.D.It costs more to use solar energy than before.(2023·山东日照·校考二模)Think about what is happening in many families: Kids come home, jump onto the sofa, get lost in the world of the TV screen and become couch potatoes. Now, a new law is making parents take responsibility for family education to help shape their children’s future.Called the Law on Family Education Promotion(《家庭教育促进法》), it is the first of its kind in China and came into effect on January 1st, 2022. It encourages parents and guardians to educate their children properly.The law stops parents and guardians from placing too much pressure on their children. Parents and guardians should allow children enough time to study, rest, play and exercise, and make sure they don’t become addicted(上瘾的)to the Internet. They should treat all children, whether boys or girls, healthy or disabled, the same way and should never use violence(暴力)towards children.For children of migrant workers in rural areas, they may be left alone while their parents go to work in cities. The law asks local governments to keep a close eye on such families, and help the parents get jobs locally so that they can be more responsible for their children’s education.。
专题04说明文阅读之结构与段落作用(精准练习)-原卷版

【阅读】说明文阅读之段落作用一、说明文的结构1.总分式。
这种结构形式大概有三种情形:①总分式;②分总式;③总分总式。
总分式结构常见于逻辑顺序中从概括到具体或从整体到部分的说明文。
2.递进式。
各层之间的关系由浅入深、由表及里、由现象到本质,后文在前文的基础上进一步说明。
递进式结构多用于从现象到本质的事理性说明文。
3.承接式。
各层之间按照事物发展的过程、时间、因果、条件等关系安排层次,前后互相承接。
连贯式结构多见于时间顺序的说明文。
4.并列式。
文章各部分的内容没有主次之分、轻重之别,是平行式的结构。
并列式结构多用于采用空间顺序的说明文。
二、说明文语段作用1.首段的作用:结构上:①引出下文对说明对象(或说明内容、说明对象的……特征)的介绍;②呼应文章标题;③总领全文。
内容上:①引用故事传说、个人经历、日常生活中的现象、生动的比喻、名人名言等引出说明对象,介绍说明对象的……特征;②开篇点题,直接点明说明对象(或说明内容、说明对象的……特征)。
表达效果上:①激发读者的阅读兴趣;②运用说明方法,增强说明文的生动性、文学性(或故事性、趣味性)。
2.文中段的作用:结构上:①起承上启下的过渡作用;②引出下文……的内容;③总结(承接)上文……的内容。
内容上:通过……的说明方法,说明了……表达效果上:设置悬念3.尾段的作用:结构上:①收束(总结)全文;②呼应标题或开头,使结构更严谨。
内容上:①补充交代说明内容或说明对象的……特征;②表达愿望,提出愿景。
表达效果上:启发读者的科学兴趣,引起读者对说明对象(说明内容)的关注。
4.引用故事或传说的作用:①吸引读者,增强文章的生动性和可读性,使文章避免呆板;②增加了文章的神秘色彩;③使文章内容更加详实。
★考点一说明文结构层次【题型一】分析文本结构,划分文章层次。
【解题思路】1.按说明顺序来划分。
2.按说明对象来划分。
3.按结构划分。
从总分式、递进式、并列式、承接式等入手。
4.抓联系纽带。
专题08说明文阅读(原卷版)-三年(2020-2022)中考真题语文分项汇编

专题08 说明类文本阅读(原卷版)【江苏省常州市2021年中考语文试题】阅读说明文,完成下面小题。
植物工厂石东乔冯锋①随着人口的持续增长、土地资源的枯竭,极端气候事件的频发,传统农业的发展到了“瓶颈期”。
②因此,科学家们设想利用先进的种植技术,把农业向上延伸。
这源于植物生长的原理——万物生长靠太阳,植物利用太阳光进行光合作用,把空气中的二氧化碳和水转变成葡萄糖、淀粉等有机物,这样就可以长高、长大,直到开花结果。
利用这个原理,在适宜条件下,给植物足够的光和必需的营养,就可以把庄稼“种”到空中去,把高楼大厦变成一座座农场,用车间生产的办法来生产粮食和瓜果等。
③这种植物工厂是农业发展的高级阶段,被看成农业产业化领域的“潜力股”。
研究发现,只要对生长环境进行调控,通过改变光照、调整“光配方”、改善营养液成分等,就可实现对植物生长周期和生长状态的调控。
比如,生菜在农田里栽培需要30~40天才能收获,但是在植物工厂仅需20天左右。
在植物工厂里,只要有足够的光照和营养,水果、蔬菜乃至粮食就可以“长了一茬又一茬”,几乎不受外界的天气、光照和土壤环境的影响。
④植物工厂需要多种先进设施,如对环境进行精确控制、反馈的计算机和传感器等。
然后,根据不同的植物来设置温度,湿度、光照、二氧化碳浓度等,高精度地实时测量植物的生长和生理状态,生成数据并反馈至控制系统,对环境进行动态调节。
研究发现,光质影响植物光合作用和光信号调节,在植物生长中起重要作用,不同的植物对光质具有偏好性。
比如,优化红光或远红光的比例,可以提高三色堇的开花数量和质量;而要想长出肥厚的绿色生菜,就需要多用蓝光和红光。
⑤没有土壤,植物“吃”什么?和田野生产不同,植物工厂要求洁净的栽培空间,甚至需要无菌培养室。
在这种条件下,就要用营养液来“饲喂”植物。
植物工厂采用循环流动的营养液来为植物提供营养。
萝卜青菜,各有所爱,不同的植物也有不同的“口味”和“取食偏好”。
【语文】说明文阅读专题训练题20套(带答案)

【语文】说明文阅读专题训练题20套(带答案)一、中考语文说明文阅读专题训练1.阅读下文,完成下列小题。
鳖鱼是海洋系统的“整容师”①鳖鱼是海洋中的庞然大物,也是食肉类的凶猛鱼类,号称“海中狼”。
可是,最近它被贴上了“整容师”的标签,因为它可以改变海洋中很多鱼的眼睛和尾鳍的尺寸。
听到这些,你是否感到十分惊讶呢?②原来,在海洋系统中,许多小鱼都有着较大的眼睛和有力的尾鳍,帮助它们及时发现并快速躲避鲨鱼的攻击和吞食。
尤其在鲨鱼出没捕食的低光环镜下更加如此:一定尺寸的尾鳍可以保证鱼类突然加速游动,以此来远离鲨鱼的追捕。
但是,在2018年1月,西澳大利亚大学等研究机构人员的最新研究发现,近年来由于人类对鲨鱼的大量捕杀,导致多种鲨鱼濒临灭绝。
鲨鱼数量的减少,使得其他鱼类的生存得到了暂时的和平安稳,导致它们的形态也正在发生明显的改变,如:眼睛变小,尾鳍变小。
因此,鲨鱼就成了海洋系统里的“整容师”。
③研究人员对澳大利亚西北海域罗利沙洲和斯科特礁两个珊瑚礁系统中7种不同的鱼类专门进行了对比分析。
这两个珊瑚礁有着相似的自然环境,但不同的是,罗利沙洲禁止捕鱼,鲨鱼数量比较稳定,而斯科特礁允许对鲨鱼进行商业捕捞,且已经持续了一百多年。
研究人员分别在两个珊瑚礁海域进行了采样捕捞,并测量出了所捕捞鱼的体长、体宽、眼部和尾鳍大小。
结果发现,与罗沙洲的鱼类相比,斯科特礁同种鱼类的眼睛尺寸小46%,尾尺寸小4%。
④研究人员解释说,人类捕捞鲨鱼使其数量减少,会造成一系列生态后果,小鱼的眼睛及尾鳍尺寸等发生变化仅仅是一个方面,其实,鲨鱼数量的减少还在悄悄地影响着其他海洋生态系统。
⑤首先,鲨鱼数量的大幅度减少,那些体弱多病,基因突变导致畸形的鱼,就不会及时被消灭,进化过程中的优胜劣汰也不能更好地延续下去。
那些没有被吃掉的弱鱼,病鱼就会一直繁殖下去,直到基因退化,这不利于种群的健康发展,对整个海洋生物多样性,优化性将是一个致命打击。
⑥其次,鲨鱼数量的大幅度减少,将使海洋生态环境无法正常维持,水质环境会进一步恶化。
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概念
说明文是以说明为主要表达方 式,介绍客观事物,解说事理,给 人以知识的一种文体。
知识性、科学性。
分类
《苏州园林》、《中国石拱桥》、《故 宫博物院》、《桥之美》
介绍事物的形状、构造、类别、 特点、功能等; (事物说明文) 解释事物的含义、原理、关系、 演变等。 (事理说明文)
《大自然的语言》、《奇妙的克 隆》、《恐龙无处不在》、《被压 扁的沙子》
1)文章的题目即明确特征
如《美丽的薰衣草》 《气流功能充满奇妙》
2)从文中开头的关键句提取事物的特征。
如《中国石拱桥》开头部分写道:"这种 桥不但形式优美,而且结构坚固,能几 十年几百年甚至上千年雄跨在江河之上, 发挥交通作用。“ 这句交代了中国石拱桥形式优美、结构 坚固的特征。
把握说明对象及其特征
归纳方法:
抓住显著语言标志 把握文章段落层次
辨别说明方法
常见说明方法: 举例子 打比方 列图表 列数字 作比较 作诠释 分类别 下定义
1、太和殿俗称金銮殿,高28米,面积2380多平方米, 是故宫最大的殿堂。 2、裂片中央有突起部分,有的尖锐如刺…… 3、在建筑技术上,有好多创造,在起重吊装方面更有 意想不到的办法。如福建漳州的江东桥…… 4、按屏的建造材料及其装饰的华丽程度,分为金屏、 银屏、锦屏、画屏…… 5、苏州园林与北京的园林不同,极少使用彩绘。梁和 柱子以及门窗栏杆大多漆广漆。
2.表示估计和猜测的词语的表达作用。
或许,即使人类不努力登上月球,包括信息技术在 内的各种高科技也会得到发展,但发展速度要比现 在慢很多。(删去“或许”似乎并不影响句子的表 达,文章为什么还要这么说呢?)
下面这段文字运用了哪些说明方法?
赵州桥非常雄伟,全长50.82米,两端宽 9.6米,中部略窄,宽9米。„„唐朝的张嘉贞说 它是“制造奇特,人不知其所以为”。这座桥的 特点是:(一)全桥只有一个大拱„„(二)大 拱的两肩上,各有两个小拱。这个创造性的设计, 不但节约了石料,减轻了桥身的重量,而且„„ (三)大拱由二十八道拱圈拼成„„(四)全桥 结构匀称,和四周景色配合得十分和谐„„唐朝 的张鷟说,远望这座桥就像“初云出月,长虹饮 涧”。
6、人是能制造工具并使用工具进行劳动的高等动物。
方法 :注意语言标志
★ 举例子:例如、比如、据说…… ★ 列数据:数词(与年代区别) ★ 分类别:一类(种)……一类(种)…… ★ 作比较:也、相对于、较…… ★ 下定义:是、叫…… (判断句) ★ 打比方: 像、如、仿佛…… ★ 列图表:表格、插图……
列数字 作引用 打比方 分类别
分析说明方法的作 用
说明事物特征
方法运用:
1、苏州园林栽种和修剪树木也着眼在画意…… 有几个园里有古老的藤萝,盘曲嶙峋的枝干就是 一幅好画,开花的时候满眼的珠光宝气…… 2、风沙的进攻主要有两种方式。一种可以称为“游 击战”……一种可以称为“阵地战”,就是风推 动沙丘,缓缓前进。 3、桥是一条板凳,板凳的腿是“桥墩” ,下面的 “脚”就是“基础” ,板凳的板就是“桥梁” 。 4、 ……我们还可以开辟远洋渔业,发展深海渔业。 例如南极的鳞虾,每年的产量高达50亿吨,我们 只要捕获其中的1亿—1.5亿吨,就比当今全世界一 年的捕鱼量多出1倍以上.
结构
1.总分式:事物说明文多用总分式, 其“分”的部分又常按并列方式安排。
2.递进式:事理说明文多用递进式结 构,一层一层地剖析事理。
一、说明对象与分类
事物说明文:如《苏州园林》
事理说明文:如《落日的幻觉》 一般题目即说明对象.
二、把握说明对象的特征
1、文章的题目即明确特征 2、从文中开头的语句找出事物的特征。 3、从文中概括、提炼出事物的特征。 4、结合文题,抓中心句。
(一般→ 个别)
(结果→原因; 主要—次要)
(概括→ 具体)
5、介绍三人:东坡(中) →鲁直(左) → (空间顺序) 佛印(右) 6、右边、往上、眼前、左右两边、左边、外面、 屋顶上…… ;往……走去、出了、来到、一进 (空间顺序) 去、出了、路过、从……爬上去,走近、 从……
判断下面两段文字采用哪种说明顺序。 (一)大殿正中是一个约两迷高的朱漆方台,上面安放 着金漆雕龙宝座,背后是雕龙屏。方台两旁有6根高大的 蟠龙金柱,每根大柱上盘绕着矫健的金龙。仰望殿顶, 中央藻井有一条巨大的雕金蟠龙。从龙口里垂下一颗银 白色大圆珠,周围环绕着6颗小珠,龙头、宝珠正对着下 面的宝座。 空间顺序 (二)早在3000多年前,我国就有了文字。这些文字是 刻在乌龟壳和扁平的兽骨上的,所以叫做甲骨文。 正式的书籍,是在两千多年前春秋战国时代出现的。 起先,人们把文字写在竹片或木片上,这些木片或竹片 叫做简或牍。 春秋末年,还出现了写在绸子上面的书。这种书叫 做帛书。
二是要注意分析表示估计和猜测的词语 的表达作用。
三是要注意表程度、范围的副词和数词 的使用。
1.分析限制性词语 在具体语境中的表达作用
现在,世界各大医院都设有重症监护病房,这 是航天科技最重要的应用之一。(句中“之一” 删去后,会影响表达的意思吗?请结合文句简 要说明。) 答:不能删去,/ “之一”表示其中的一个,/ 说明“重症监护病房”,只是航天科技在现代 医学中的一项应用,航天科技在现代医学中还 有其他的应用。/如果删去,就表明航天科技 在现代医学中只有这一项应用,与原意不符。 /体现了说明文语言的准确性。
考察方式: 考察对说明方法的掌握主要有两个方向:①会 判断(这段文字使用了哪些说明方法?请从文中举 例) ②会分析其作用(运用这种说明方法有什么 作用?)
回答模式:
“这段文字运用了(说明方法),(准确的/具 体的/生动的/清楚)的说明了(说明对象)的 特点。”
三、说明文语言的准确性
一是要注意分析限制性词语的表达作用;
举例子:使文章更具体、更有说服
力,更好的说明了事物____特征
分类别:使文章说明的条理十分清楚 (条理清晰)。 打比方:形象生动的说明了……事物特 征。增强文章的趣味性。 列数字:更科学、准确、具体的说明 了……的……特点。 作诠释:能通俗地介绍或解说事物或事 理的性质与特点。
三.归纳说明方法
6、人是能制造工具并使用工具进行劳动的高等动物。
1、太和殿俗称金銮殿,高28米,面积2380多平方米, 是故宫最大的殿堂。 2、裂片中央有突起部分,有的尖锐如刺…… 3、在建筑技术上,有好多创造,在起重吊装方面更有 意想不到的办法。如福建漳州的江东桥…… 4、按屏的建造材料及其装饰的华丽程度,分为金屏、 银屏、锦屏、画屏…… 5、苏州园林与北京的园林不同,极少使用彩绘。梁和 柱子以及门窗栏杆大多漆广漆。
归纳答题方法
体现关键词 举例子:具体真切(具体形象) 列数字:科学准确具体 分类别:条理清晰 打比方:形象生动(通俗形象) 作比较:突出强调 下定义:科学准确简明 列图表:直观形象
说 明 事 物 特 征
说明方法的作用
作比较:使被说明的事物特点突出。 (答题要结合内容)突出了……(寻找 比较点) (地位、影响、成因、结构 等)。 下定义:能够科学地、准确而简明地揭 示说明对象的本质特点(内涵),使说 明更加严密。 列图表:能够直观地形象地说明比较抽 象、复杂的事理,给人以清晰明了的认 识,便于比较和记忆、理解。 摹状貌:使说明的对象更形象、更生动, 使文章更具有可读性。
判断下面两段文字采用哪种说明顺序。
(一)大殿正中是一个约两迷高的朱漆方台,上面安放 着金漆雕龙宝座,背后是雕龙屏。方台两旁有6根高大的 蟠龙金柱,每根大柱上盘绕着矫健的金龙。仰望殿顶, 中央藻井有一条巨大的雕金蟠龙。从龙口里垂下一颗银 白色大圆珠,周围环绕着6颗小珠,龙头、宝珠正对着下 面的宝座。 空间顺序 (表示方位和立足点变化的词语) (二)早在3000多年前,我国就有了文字。这些文字是 刻在乌龟壳和扁平的兽骨上的,所以叫做甲骨文。 正式的书籍,是在两千多年前春秋战国时代出现的。 起先,人们把文字写在竹片或木片上,这些木片或竹片 叫做简或牍。 春秋末年,还出现了写在绸子上面的书。这种书叫 (表示时间的词语) 做帛书。
龙卷风是底层大气中最强的小尺度涡旋系统, 具有奇特的外形和巨大的威力。它从雷雨云的底部 向地面垂下一个弯曲的云柱,上大下小,远远看去, 如同象鼻在空中游动。由于强烈的吸力和旋风, “象鼻”所到之处,地面上的沙石、碎片、尘土和 包括人在内的其他各种物件,都会被抛到半空,飞 舞飘移。在水面上则吸起高大的水柱,四周浪花飞 旋。几分钟后,一切有恢复了平静,留下的是一场 灾难:树拔车翻、墙断屋破、人畜伤亡。强龙卷风 的破坏力是非常大的。1925年3月18日美国出现一个 罕见的强龙卷风,行程360公里,沿途造成689人死 亡,1980人受伤。
列数字 作引用 打比方 分类别
下面这段文字运用了哪些说明方法?
赵州桥非常雄伟,全长50.82米,两端宽 9.6米,中部略窄,宽9米。„„唐朝的张嘉贞说 它是“制造奇特,人不知其所以为”。这座桥的 特点是:(一)全桥只有一个大拱„„(二)大 拱的两肩上,各有两个小拱。这个创造性的设计, 不但节约了石料,减轻了桥身的重量,而且„„ (三)大拱由二十八道拱圈拼成„„(四)全桥 结构匀称,和四周景色配合得十分和谐„„唐朝 的张鷟说,远望这座桥就像“初云出月,长虹饮 涧”。
判断下面两段文字采用哪种说明顺序。
(一)大殿正中是一个约两迷高的朱漆方台,上面安放 着金漆雕龙宝座,背后是雕龙屏。方台两旁有6根高大的 蟠龙金柱,每根大柱上盘绕着矫健的金龙。仰望殿顶, 中央藻井有一条巨大的雕金蟠龙。从龙口里垂下一颗银 白色大圆珠,周围环绕着6颗小珠,龙头、宝珠正对着下 面的宝座。 空间顺序 (表示方位和立足点变化的词语) (二)早在3000多年前,我国就有了文字。这些文字是 刻在乌龟壳和扁平的兽骨上的,所以叫做甲骨文。 正式的书籍,是在两千多年前春秋战国时代出现的。 起先,人们把文字写在竹片或木片上,这些木片或竹片 叫做简或牍。 春秋末年,还出现了写在绸子上面的书。这种书叫 做帛书。