研究生基础英语期末考试样卷

研究生基础英语期末考试样卷Graduate English Examination(基础综合英语期末考试时间为2小时30分钟)Part I Listening Comprehension (35 points)Section A: Gap-fillingDirections:Please fill in the gaps with the exact words you hear. Write down your answers on the Answer Sheet. The report will be broadcast TWICE.American Mosaic has been broadcasting a series of reports for foreign students who want to attend college in the United States. This is the _____1_____ program in this series.We hope these reports helped students think about their _____2_____ and provided ways to reach them.We explained the kinds of colleges and universities in the United States, how to get information about them and how to ____3______ for admission. We discussed admissions tests and how to prepare for them. We reported about the high cost of attending an American university and told about possible places to seek __________4 __________. We talked about the legal documents that are needed before a student can travel to the United States to attend college. We also discussed the ____5______ of using the computer to take classes at an American college without leaving home.In other programs, we told about some American colleges that are not so well known. Landmark College, for example, teaches students with __________6 __________. Johnson and Wales University offers __________7 __________. We also provided information about _____8_____ colleges and the Masters of Business Administration degree.We would like to thank everyone who wrote to us asking questions that were used in this series. They helped us explain subjects we had not considered. For example, we explained about the need for student __________9 __________. We discussed dormitory life. And we told the difference between an American college and a university.All these reports can be found on the computer by going to the Special English web site. The address is _____10_______. We hope you will continue to listen to American Mosaic for reports about American life and other information about American colleges. In about two years, we will broadcast this series again to provide new information. By then, another group of students will be looking for information about attending college in the United States.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear a passage twice. Then you should give brief answers to the questions printed on the examination paper. Be sure to writeyour answers on the Answer sheet.11. Where did most people live fifty years ago and how many people live in citiesnow?12. Why do many experts worry about the process of urbanization?13. What report did the environmental research group release last week?14. What are unplanned settlements?15. According to Molly O’Meara Sheehan, what should policymakers do?16. Why did Freetown, Sierra Leone establish farming withincity limits?17. Why is the bus system created by engineers in Bogota successful?18. What are the reasons forcing people to move out of rural areas?19. What are the two issues that have existed side by side according toOlav Kjorven?Section CDirections: In this section you will hear two passages. Each passage will be read twice. After each passage there will be some questions or unfinishedstatements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letteron the Answer Sheet.Questions for passage one of section C20.Who agrees that foods from healthy cloned animals are safe?A．U.S. Center for Food SafetyB．A news conferenceC．U.S. Agriculture DepartmentD．B ruce Knight21.According to the FDA assessment, meat and milk from cattle, swine andgoat clones _________________________.A. are different from traditionally-bred animalsB. are as safe as food from traditionally-bred animalsC.pose safety concernD.are better than ordinary animals22.Which of the following is true about meat or milk from cloned sheep?A. The FDA has proved the safety of products from cloned sheep.B. Meat and milk from cloned sheep are harmful.C. The FDA is not sure if meat or milk from cloned sheep is safe.D. There are not enough cloned sheep for research.23.According to the FDA, labeling is only required ____________________.A. for products that pose a safety threatB. when people want to know what they are buyingC. for the cloned animal productsD. for meat and milk from cloned sheep24.Reaction from consumer and animal welfare groups has been mainly__________.A.affirmativeB.inconclusiveC.activeD.negative25. According to the center for Food Safety, ________________________.A. the FDA should apologize for having made the announcementB. the FDA’s risk assessment relies on complete and correct researchC. the FDA’s risk assessment was based on studie s that are supplied bycloning companies.D. the FDA did an adequate job before making the announcement26. Who have come to the same conclusion about the safety of cloned animalproducts?A. Regulators in the European Food Safety Authority.B. Regulators in New Zealand.C. Regulators in the European Union.D. Both B and C27. The FDA says clones will mainly be used ________________________.A. for their meat and milkB. to improve the quality of the herdC. for scientific purposesD. to produce safe foodQuestions for passage two of section C28. Which of the following factors doesn’t top the list of heart attack risks?A. bad habitsB. fatty diets C . stress D. smoking29. Most of what we know about the causes of heart disease comes fromstudies among people ___________________________.A.in developing countries, mainly old aged white men.B.in western countries, mainly middle aged white women.C.in western countries, mainly middle aged white men.D.in industrial nations, mainly old aged white men30. _______________ account for 90 percent of heart attacks internationally.A. No simply measured risk factorsB. The same factorsC. Three risk factorsD. Nine simply measured risk factors31. Dr. Anand says ______________ is responsible for __________ of heart attacks.A. weight gain ……one fifthB. emotional stress …… one fi fthC. smoking …… one fourthD. high blood pressure …… one sixth32. What is Dr. Anand’s description of the relationship between stress andhaving heart attack?A.DependentB.AdverseC.IndependentD.Unpredictable33. _______________ seems to be responsible for only one percent of heart attackrisk.A. High blood pressureB. Genetic inheritanceC. Poor dietD. Diabetes34. What can help protect against heart disease?A. Regular physical exercise.B. Consumption of fruits and vegetables.C. Moderate amounts of alcohol.D. All of the above.35. Which of the following statements is true according tothe report?A. Countries like India and Japan will experience an epidemic of heart disease.B. Death rates have decreased dramatically in low and middle income nations.C. There is a decline in heart disease in industrial countries in the past few decades.D. The studies can not help governments make prevention policies to curb theepidemic.Part II Reading Comprehension (20 points)Directions: There are Three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C or D. Decide on the best choice，and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage One[1] Rubbish may be universal, but it is little studied and poorly understood. Nobody knows how much of it the world generates or what it does with it. In many rich countries, and most poor ones, only the patchiest of records are kept. That may be understandable: by definition, waste is something its owner no longer wants or takes much interest in.[2] Ignorance spawns scares, such as the fuss surrounding New York’s infamous garbage barge, which in 1987 sailed the Atlantic for six months in search of a place to dump its load, giving many Americans the false impression that their country’s landfills had run out of space. It also makes it hard to draw up sensible policies: just think of the endless debate about whether recycling is the only way to save the planet—or an expensivewaste of time.[3] Rubbish can cause all sorts of problems. It often stinks, attracts vermin and creates eyesores. More seriously, it can release harmful chemicals into the soil and water when dumped, or into the air when burned. It is the source of almost 4% of the world’s greenhouse gases, mostly in the form of methane from rotting food—and that does not include all the methane generated by animal slurry and other farm waste. And then there are some really nasty forms of industrial waste, such as spent nuclear fuel, for which no universally accepted disposal methods have thus far been developed.[4] Yet many also see waste as an opportunity. Getting rid of it all has become a huge global business. Rich countries spend some $120 billion a year disposing of their municipal waste alone and another $150 billion on industrial waste, according to CyclOpe, a French research institute. The amount of waste that countries produce tends to grow in tandem with their economies, andespecially with the rate of urbanization. So, waste firms see a rich future in places such as China, India and Brazil, which at present spend only about $5 billion a year collecting and treating their municipal waste.[5] Waste also presents an opportunity in a grander sense: asa potential resource. Much of it is already burned to generate energy. Clever new technologies to turn it into fertiliser or chemicals or fuel are being developed all the time. Visionaries see a future in which things like household rubbish and pig slurry will provide the fuel for cars and homes, doing away with the need for dirty fossil fuels. Others imagine a world without waste, with rubbish being routinely recycled. As Bruce Parker, the headof the National Solid Wastes Management Association (NSWMA), an American industry group, puts it, “Why fish bodies out of the river when you can stop them jumping off the bridge?”[6] Until last summer such views were spreading quickly. Entrepreneurs were queuing up to scour rubbish for anything that could be recycled. There was even talk of mining old landfills to extract steel and aluminium cans. And waste that could not be recycled should at least be used to generate energy, the evangelists argued. A brave new wasteless world seemed nigh.[7] But since then plummeting prices for virgin paper, plastic and fuels, and hence also for the waste that substitutes for them, have put an end to such visions. Many of the recycling firms that had argued rubbish was on the way out now say that unless they are given financial help, they themselves will disappear.[8] Subsidies are a bad idea. Governments have a role to play in the business of waste management, but it is a regulatory and supervisory one. They should oblige people who create waste to clean up after themselves and ideally ensure that the price of any product reflects the cost of disposing of it safely. That would help to signal which items are hardest to get rid of, giving consumers an incentive to buy goods that create less waste in the first place.[9] That may sound simple enough, but governments seldom get the rules right. In poorer countries they often have no rules at all, or if they have them they fail to enforce them. In rich countries they are often inconsistent: too strict about some sorts of waste and worryingly lax about others. They are also prone to imposing arbitrary targets and taxes. California, for example, wants to recycle all its trash not because it necessarily makes environmental or econ omic sense but because the goal of “zero waste” sounds politically attractive. Britain, meanwhile, hasstarted taxing landfills so heavily that local officials, desperate to find an alternative, are investing in all manner of unproven waste-processing technologies.[10] As for recycling, it is useless to urge people to salvage stuff for which there are no buyers. If firms are passing up easy opportunities to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions by re-using waste, then governments have set the price of emissions too low. They would do better to deal with that problem directly than to try to regulate away the repercussions. At the very least, governments should make sure there are markets for the materials they want collected. (844 words)36.Which of the following is True according to the first two paragraphs?A.The author thinks it is a good idea to dump the garbage in the Atlantic.B.The United States’ landfills have already run out of space.C.People are scared of not knowing where to dump the garbage.D.What the New York garbage barge did in 1987 is notorious.37.Almost 4% of the world’s greenhouse gases comes from ___________.a)animal slurryb)farm wastec)municipal wasted)industrial waste38.We can infer from paragraph [4] that _______________________.a)coll ecting and treating rubbish stimulates a country’s economyb)the higher the rate of urbanization, the less waste thecountry producesc)the poorer a country is, the more rubbish it producesd)China, India and Brazil will probably spend more money disposing of their municipalwaste39.According to paragraphs [5] and [6], ___________________________.a)Bruce Parker thinks that waste should be routinely recycledb) a large amount of steel and aluminium cans have been extracted from old landfillsc)we no longer need dirty fossil fuels to provide fuel for cars and homesd)waste is a potential natural resource40.The word “plummeting” in paragraph [7] most probably means ______________.a)disappointingb)dropping downc)rocketingd)unexpected41.In the author’s view, governments ___________________________.a)should give the recycling firms financial help as soon as possibleb)should encourage people to buy goods that produce less wastec)should inflict severe punishment on those who create wasted)should only care about politically attractive issues42.From the passage we can conclude that _____________________.A. cooperation between governments is essential to waste managementB. the problem of waste is worse than everC. governments’ policies on treating waste remain largely incoherentD. governments should tax landfills heavily and invest in waste-processing technologiesPassage TwoThere were strangers on our beach yesterday, for the first time in a month. A new footprint on our sand is nearly as rare as in Robinson Crusoe. We are at the very edge of the Atlantic; half a mile out in front of us is a coral reef （珊瑚礁）, and then nothing but 3000 miles of ocean to West Africa. It is a wild and lonely beach, with the same surf beating on it as when Columbus came by. And yet the beach is polluted.Oil tankers over the horizon have fouled it more than legions of picnickers could. The oil comes ashore in floating patches that stain the coral black and gray. It has blighted the rock crabs and the crayfish and has coated the delicate whorls of the conch shells with black goo（黏质物质）. And it has congealed（凝结）upon itself, littering the beach with globes of tar that resemble the cannonballs of a deserted battlefield. The islanders, as they go beachcombing for the treasures the sea has washed up for centuries, now wear old shoes to protect their feet from the oil that washes up too.You have to try to get away from pollution to realize how bad it really is. We have known for the last few years how bad our cities are. Now there is no longer an escape. If there is oil on this island far out in the Atlantic, there is oil on nearly every other island.It is still early here. The air is still clear over the island, but it won’t be when they build the airstrip they are talking about. The water out over the reef is still blue and green, but it is dirtier than it was a few years ago. And if the land is not despoiled, it is only because there are not yet enough people here to despoil it. There will be. And so for the moment on this island we are witnesses to the beginning, as it were, of the pollution of our environment.Until the pollution of our deserted beach, it seemed simple to blame everything on the “population explosion.”If the population of this island, for example, could be stabilized at a couple of hundred, there would be very little problem with the environment in this secluded（与世隔绝的）area. There would be no pollution of the environment if there were not too many people using it, and so if we concentrate on winning the war against overpopulation, we can save the earth for mankind.But the oil on the beach belies this too-easy assumption. Those tankers are not out there because too many Chinese and Indians are being born every minute. They are not even out there because there are too many Americans and Europeans. They are delivering their oil, and cleaning their tanks at see and sending the residue up onto the beaches of the Atlantic and Pacific, in order to fuel the technology of mankind --- and the factories and the power plants, the vehicles and the engines that have enabled mankind to survive on his planet are now spoiling the planet for life.The fishermen on this island are perfectly right in preferring the outboard motor to the sail. Their livelihood is involved, and the motor, for all its fouling smell, has helped increase the fisherman’s catch so that he can now afford to dispense withthe far more obnoxious（讨厌的）outdoor privy. But the danger of technology is in its escalation, and there has already been a small amount of escalation here. You can see the motor oil slicks around the town dock. Electric generators can be heard over the sound of the surf. And while there are only about two dozen automobiles for the ten miles of road, already there is a wrecked jeep rusting in the harbor waters where is was dumped and abandoned. The escalation of technological pollution is coming herejust as surely as it came to the mainland cities that are now shrouded（笼罩）by fly ash.If the oil is killing the life along the coral heads, what must it not be doing to the phytoplankton（浮游植物群落）at sea which provide 70% of the oxygen we breathe? The lesson of our fouled beach is that we may not even have realized how late it is already. Mankind, because of his technology, may require far more space per person on this globe than we had ever thought, but it is more than a matter of a certain number of square yards per person. There is instead a delicate balance of nature in which many square miles of ocean and vegetation and clean air are needed to sustain only a relatively few human beings. We may find, as soon as the end of this century, that the final despoliation of our environment has been signaled not by starvation but by people choking to death. The technology --- the machine --- will then indeed have had its ultimate, mindless, all-unintended triumph over man, by destroying the atmosphere he lives in just as surely as you can pinch off a diver’s breathing tube.Sitting on a lonely but spoiled beach, it is hard to imagine but possible to believe.(868 words)43. Which of the following is the best summary of this essay?A.Pollution has reached even the remotest areas of the globe and will only worsen.B.The solution to pollution problems lies in controlling population growth.C.Outboard motors are the major culprits（元凶）in the pollution of our ocean.D.We can solve pollution problems only when we stop all oil production.44. Before the pollution on the beach, the main environmental problems of the island were being caused by __________.A.overpopulationB. factoriesC. wood stovesD. commercial fishing45. The word “despoliation” as used here means _____________.A.destructionB. definitionC. desperationD. destination46.The pollution in our oceans may be causing phytoplankton to _________.A.increase to a dangerous levelB. be eaten by fish in place of their usual foodC. gradually be destroyedD. poison important species of fish47.The tone expressed throughout this essay is one of ________.A.panic and confusionB. gloom and despairC. enthusiasm and hopeD. humor and lightheartednessPassage ThreeSometimes when you take a common drug, you may have a side effect. That is, the drug may cause some effect other than its intended one. When these side effects occur, they are called adverse reactions. Whenever you have an adverse reaction, you should stop taking the drug right away. Ask you pharmacist whether he can suggest a drug that will relieve the symptoms but that will not cause the adverse reaction. If an adverse reaction to a drug is serious, consult your doctor for advice at once.Drugs that are safe in the dosage stated on the label may be very dangerous in large doses. For example, aspirin is seldom thought of as dangerous, but there are many reports of accidental poisoning of young children who swallow too many for their young bodies to handle. In adults, excessive use of some pain-killing drugs may cause severe kidney damage. Some drugs for relief of stomach upsets, when taken in excess, can cause an upset in the body’s secretion of enzymes,perhaps causing serious digestive problems. You should never use any over-the-counter drug on a regular, continued basis, or in large quantities, except on your doctor’s advice. You could be suffering from a serious illness that needs a doctor’s care.Each drug you take not only acts on the body but may also alter the effect of any other drug you are taking. Sometimes this can cause dangerous or even fatal reactions. For example, aspirin increases the blood-thinning effect of drugs given to patientswith heart disease. Therefore, a patient who has been taking such a drug may risk hemorrhage（大出血）if he uses aspirin whenever he gets a headache. Before using several drugs together you should ask your doctor and follow his advice. Your pharmacist can tell you whether certain drugs can safely be taken together.Alcohol may increase the effect of a drug. Sleeping pills and antihistamines（抗组胺药）are two types of drugs that combine with alcohol to produce drowsiness. When taking any drug, you should ask your doctor whether drinking alcohol could be dangerous in combination with the medicine.Experts believe there is a relationship between adult abuse of legitimate medicines and the drug culture that has swept our country. You can do your share to reduce the chances that your children will become part of the drug culture by treating all medicines with respect. Always let your children know that medicines and drugs should not be used carelessly.(409 words)48.Adverse reactions to drugs sometimes are called ________.A.side effectsB. overdosesC. withdrawal symptomsD. risks49.When aspirin is used with heart medication, it can __________.A.clot bloodB. thin blood.C. thicken bloodD. damage muscle50.The author implies that alcohol _________.A.can intensify the effects of a drugB. can make a drug uselessC. can cause a person to turn to drugsD. can damage the pancreas（胰腺）51.The author advises parents ________.A.to avoid taking drugs in front of childrenB.to teach their children about drugsC.to throw away old medicinesD.to prevent their children from strenuous exercises after taking drugs52.We can conclude that ________.A.drugs should be bought by prescription onlyB.people react differently to drugsC.aspirin is not considered a drugD.it is not a problem to take large quantities of over-the-counter drugsPart III Translation (25 points)Directions:Please translate into Chinese the following paragraphs from the texts learned in this semester.1.The Information Marketplace will make of us urban villagers—half urban sophisticated,roaming the virtual globe, and half villager, spending more time at home and tending to family, friends, and the routines of the neighborhood. If our psyches tilt toward the crowded urban info-city, we will become more jaded, more oriented toward the self, and more indifferent, fickle, and casual in our relationships with others, as well as less tightly connected to our families and friends.2.Perhaps the most difficult thing to accept in our profession permanent criticism directed atour work. It is the background of our daily activity—and it is as necessary for us as is the plane to the carpenter. In the technological and scientific community, everyone criticizes everyone, continuously and sometimes sharply, irrespective of age or status./doc/4e3766898.html,plicating things further, the traits a culture values most are not fixed. If cloning hadexisted a few centuries ago, men with strong backs and women with broad pelvises would have been the first ones society would have wanted to reproduce. During the industrial age, however, brainpower began to count for more than muscle power.4.Entrepreneurs are sometimes suspicious of venture capitalists for two other reasons. Thefirst is that they have, for richer or poorer, married a meddlesome outsider. Once a venture firm has taken a stake, it usually sticks around either until it has made the money it wants or until the company fails. Either way, it is deeply involved for five years or more. During that time it will often demand management changes and may even sack the founder for the greater good of the firm.5.We need only consult Aldous Huxley’s prophetic novel Brave New World for a likelyanswer to these questions. There we encounter a society dedicated to homogeneity and stability, administered by means of instant gratifications, and peopled by creatures of human shape but of stunted humanity that makes it all possible. They do not read, write, think, love or govern themselves. Creativity and curiosity, reason and passion exist only in a rudimentary andmutilated form. In short, they are not men at all.Part IV Writing (20 points)Directions:Is it possible to replace dialects with Putonghua in the future? Is it necessary to protect dialects from being restricted?What is your opinion on the issue? Give reasons for your answer.You should write at least 200 words.You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your argument with examples and relevant evidence.。