英语毕业论文范文

英语毕业论文范文1 毕业设计(论文)首行居中，小二号字，粗体Introduction 论文正文段落，首行缩进4个字母，TimesNew Roman字体，小四号，1.25倍行距空一行Although literary translation as an activity is as old as anycultural activity that man has known, literary translation as an academic discipline is of recent origin. It is generally believed that it began with James Holmes, who made the founding statement in his paper entitled “The Name and Nature of Translation Studies” which he presented in 1972 at the Third International Congress of Applied Linguistics in Copenhagen. (James Holmes, 1972:55)Literary translation plays an indispensable and irreplaceable rolein communication across language and cultures. As far as its basic definition is concerned, the major task of literary translation is to turn the cultural content in one language into another, so whether it is faithful or not largely depends on the degrees of the translator’s grasp of the two languages and the subtle difference of the cultural content expressed in the languages. Thus literary translation will inevitably encounter the problem of culture and its representations.To deal with this problem, theorists have come up with two kinds of approaches that have aroused heated debates. This thesis sets out to study the two strategies on literary translation across the linguisticand cultural differences: one is domestication and the other is foreignization.Domestication refers to target-language-culture-oriented translation in which expressions acceptable in target language culture are exploited in order to make the translated texts intelligible and suitable for the target text readers. Foreignization issource-language-culture-oriented translation, which strives to preserve as much as possible the original flavor in order to retain the foreignness of the source language culture.There exist conflicting opinions on the choosing of these twoliterary translation strategies in western and Chinese translation field. In western countries, Goethe brings upththese two literary translation strategies first. The same idea is held by the 19-centurylinguists such as Humboldt, Schlegel, Schleiermacher. Theyconsidered each language immeasurable in its own individuality. Lawrence Venuti coined two terms domesticating translation and foreignizing translation on describes the two different translation strategies.The terms may be new to the Chinese, but the concepts they carryhave been at least for a century at the heart of most translation controversies. Lu Xun once said that “beforetranslating, the translator has to make a decision: either to adapt the original text or to retain as much as possible the foreign flavor of the original text”. (Luo Xinzhang, 1984:315) On thestthreshold of the 21 century, application of these theories to studying domestication and12 毕业设计(论文)foreignization becomes popular and stimulates another round of dispute over the two strategies. The new round of discussion begins to shift its focus from which strategy is better to which one should be the dominant strategy in the current literary translation in China. For example, Sun Zhili call for the dominance of foreignization while Cai Ping etc., call for dominance of domestication.Since literary translation is where the dispute of domestication and foreignization most often arises, this study will mainly focus on the choice of strategies in literary translation while touching upon the translation of other subject matters. This study, with its tentative characteristic, is not intended to give a final answer to this controversy but rather to provide some implications for the handling of the two strategies in actual practice and the further study of them.23 毕业设计(论文)首行居中，小二号字，粗体，章的标号后不加点，以下各章1 Literary Translation Studies 均另起一页。

空一行Literary translation, traditionally denigrated as a second-rate or second-hand activity, is being seen as a unique form of creativity and an act of research. So in this thesis, if we want to discuss theliterary translation strategies, we should well know what literary translation is and what the differences between literary translation and non-literary translation are.二级标题与正文首字对齐，上下各空一行，小三号字，粗体1.1 Definition of Literary TranslationMao Dun says, “Literary translation is to reproduce in another language the artisticimages of the original work so that the reader of the translation may be inspired, moved and aesthetically entertained in the same way as he would in reading the original” (Luo Xinzhang, 1984:511). As the name implies, literary translation is the translation of literature or other artistic texts such as film scripts, dramatic texts or music lyrics, as opposed to the translation of explanatory prose such as information pamphlets, technical manuals, records, scientific papers, legal documents and the like. This is not mean to be an exhaustive definition, and of course, there will be always be borderline cases where it could be difficult to draw a clear line between literary translation and other kinds of translation, but for the purpose of this paper, this definition will suffice.1.2 The Debate over Literary Translation and Non-literaryTranslationTranslation can be roughly divided into literary translation andnon-literary translation. This is not an adequate division, but it serves the purpose of the present study. The division is obviously based on text types, for translation is generally believed to be a text-oriented event. Many theorists have divided texts according to subject matter, and some others prefer to divide them according to the functions of the language.34 毕业设计(论文)当新节或小节位于一页的最后一行时，串到下一页.1.2.1 Difference in artistic natureLiterature is a kind of art, or the art of language, to be specific; so literary translation is also the art of language. In a literary text, artistic values are generated by linguistic forms, which convey the author’s vision, tone and attitude; which embody the mingling or shifting of points of view; which add to the affective or emotive force of the message’ which contribute to characterization and make fictional reality function more effectively in the thematic unity. Generally speaking, the task of literary translation is to tender logical images or artistic images of actual life involved in the original from one language to another.Literary translation is more a bilingual art than a bilingual craft. According to A.S. Push kin, the aim of literary translation is toreproduce an artistic work. (Bassnatt, M.Suan, 1991:14) The translator must first understand the content and style of the original thoroughly and profoundly, and then creatively and accurately reproduce it in the target language. Some scholars even consider literary translation part of the study of comparative literature. The primary difference between literary translation and other forms of translation is the question of artistic merit. While the form and the register are important even in non-literary translation, e.g. the accepted high register and specific form characteristic of scientific discourse may be required in anarticle for a professional journal, literary style and artistic merit are not usually important considerations.1.2.2 Difference in target readersDifferent texts are meant for different readers, so are different translations. “The target audience for which a translation is made almost always constitutes a major factor in determining the translation procedures and the level of language to be employed” (Nida, 2001:102). It is beyond all doubt that language should match its readers. Non-literary translations are, as a rule, made for experts in a particular field, i.e. for a rather homogeneous group of readers who want to inform themselves about new developments and results in science and technology. What they demand of a translation in their field is the information conveyed by the language rather than the language proper. Besides, they are normally captive. That’s why some non-literary papers and books are poorly translated.Literary translations, however, are not intended for a particular target group. They have a much larger readership, ranging from common readers to literature critics or translation scholars. In effect, anyone with enough reading knowledge is a prospective reader, who is free to choose and buy what is not only intelligible but appreciated because of its stylistic features, the need for more adequate translating is obvious. It often defeats a literary translator to45 毕业设计(论文)satisfy readers with different tastes and at different levels. Hence literary translation is a more demanding job.56 毕业设计(论文)另起一页，首行居中，小二号字，粗体2 Linguistic and Cultural Differences in LiteraryTranslationLinguistic and cultural differences are the key terms in the discussion of literary translation. To discuss the two translation strategies, a translator needs, first of all, to have a correct understanding of linguistic and cultural differences.2.1 Language and Culture67 毕业设计(论文)另起一页，首行居中，小二号字，粗体Conclusion空一行Since culture influences language and language in turn reflects culture, the transmission of linguistic and cultural differences in literary translation is an obligatory task. The transfer of cultural elements is made possible on the basis of mutual intelligibility between people in different cultures. However, confronted with two strikingly different language-culture systems like English and Chinese, the translator is expected to translate by narrowing the cultural gaps. He has to bear in mind the translator's dual role as a bilinguist and a biculturalist and the cultural functions of literary translation. It is a significant task for the translator to introduce the source cultural elements, that is, the culture specific words, expressions and some special rhetoric devices unique to the source language system. At the same time, it is also the translator's task to ensure that his translation is intelligible and acceptable to the reader. To fulfill the goals proposed above, the translator has to find a balance between the approaches of foreignization and domestication.78 毕业设计(论文)另起一页，首行居中，小二号字，粗体Bibliography空一行[1] Bassnett, M.Suan. Translation Studies [M]. London and New York: Rout ledge, 1991.[2] James Holmes. The Name and Nature of Translation Studies [M]. Copenhagen: The ThirdInternational Congress of Applied Linguistic, 1972.[3] New mark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign LanguagePress, 2001.[4] New mark, Peter. About Translation [M]. Cleve don: Multilingual Matters Press, 1991. [5] New mark, Peter. Approaches to Translation, Oxford: Special Reference to Principles andProcedures Involved in Bible Translating [M], Lei den: E .J.Brill, 1981. [12] 成昭伟.试论翻译中的文化因素及其处理[D].湖南:湖南师范大学硕士学位论文，1999.[17] 蒋学军.论英语幽默寓言的翻译[J].南华大学学报，2001. [18] 金惠康.跨文化交际翻译续篇[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司，1997. [19] 黎照.鲁迅、梁实秋论战实录[M].华龄出版社，1997.[20] 刘宓庆.当代翻译理论[M].北京:中国对外出版公司，1999. [21] 罗新璋.翻译论集[M].商务印书馆，1984.[22] 孙致礼.“中国的文学翻译:从归化趋向异化”[J]，中国翻译，2002.[23] 谭载喜.新编奈达翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司，1999. [24] 王佐良.翻译:思考与试笔[M].外语教学与研究出版社，1989.89 毕业设计(论文)另起一页，首行居中，小二号字，粗体Acknowledgements空一行In the completion of this thesis, I am extremely grateful to my supervisor, Professor Wang Xiaoli, for her instruction and enlightenment concerning stylistics and other fields, valuable suggestion during the period in which this thesis was being written, generosity in spending his revising this thesis meticulously, and her encouragement as well.And from the bottom of my heart, I wish to thank all those who directly or indirectly contributed to this thesis by giving me their encourage, advice and practical help.内部资料，请勿外传～910 毕业设计(论文)1011 毕业设计(论文)11。