国际商务 英文
国际商务谈判(英文)chapter5 Offer of international business negotiation[精]
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• 5.3.3 Should you make the first offer? • Yes, if you wish to take the initiative and
set the tone of the discussions. In numerous studies sellers making a first offer have been found to achieve higher negotiated prices than buyers making first offers. Making the first offer anchored the negotiation in the favour of the sellers.
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• 5.2.3 Forms of offer • (1)Oral offer • (2)Written offer • (3)Combination oral and written offer
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5.3Strategies for making offers
• 5.3.1Getting your first offer ready • For every negotiation you plan to enter, your
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Thanks!
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• 5.2.2 The basic conditions of an offer • (1)The offer shallபைடு நூலகம்be made to one or more
specific persons • (2) Contents of the offer shall be
sufficiently definite • (3) Time of validity or duration of offer
国际商务英语(英文版)
International Business English国际商务英语Lesson 1 International Business第一课国际商务*International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export, such as business between Hong Kong and Taiwan.*International business involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business. The following are some major differences between the two.1). The countries involved often have different legal systems, and one or more parties will have to adjust themselves to operate in compliance with the foreign law.2). Different counties usually use different currencies and the parties concerned will have to decide which currency to use and do everything necessary as regards conversion etc. Uncertainties and even risks are often involved in the use of a foreign currency.3).Cultural differences including language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behaviour etc. often constitute challenges and even traps for people engaged in international business.4). Countries vary in natural and economic conditions and may have different policies towards foreign trade and investment, making international business more complex than domestic business.*With the development of economic globalisation, few people or companies can completely stay away from international business. Some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.*International business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. This form of trade is also referred to as visible trade. Later a different kind of trade in the form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. gradually became more and more important. This type of trade is called invisible trade. Today, the contribution of service industries of the developed countries constitutes over 60% of their gross domestic products and account for an increasing proportion of world trade. *Another important form of international business is supplying capital by residents of one country to another, known as international investments. Such investments can be classified into two categories. The first kindof investments, foreign direct investments or FDI for short is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country.*The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates, while the country where the headquarters of the investor is located is called the home country. The second kind of investment, portfolio investment, refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling. Such financial assets may be stocks, bonds or certificates of deposit.Stocks are also called capital stocks or bonds. Bonds are papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest. The maturity period of a bond is at least one year, often longer, for example five, or even ten years. Certificates of deposit generally involve large amounts, say 25 thousand US dollars *Besides trade and investment, international licensing and franchising are sometimes taken as a means of entering a foreign market. In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. Such intellectual property may be trademarks, brand names, patents, copyrights or technology. Firms choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to start business, and can simply receive income in the form of royaltyBesides, they can benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership or management. The use of licensing is particularly encouraged by high customs duty and non-tariff barriers on the part of the host country. However it is not advisable to use licensing in countries with weak intellectual property protection since the licensor may have difficulty in enforcing licensing agreement.*Franchising can be regarded as a special form of licensing. Under franchising, a firm, called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty. In comparison with the relation between the licenser and the licensee, the franchiser has more control over and provides more support for the franchisee.*The franchiser can develop internationally and gain access to useful information about the local market with little risk and cost, and the franchisee can easily get into a business with established products or services. Franchising is fairly popular especially in hotel and restaurant business.*Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project.*Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume. Sometimes bonusesbased on profitability or sales growth are also specified in management contracts.Government policies often have a lot to do with management contracts. When a government forbids foreign ownership in certain industries it considers to be of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation, management contracts may be a practical choice enabling a foreign company to operate in the industry without owning the assets*By contract manufacturing, a firm can concentrate on their strongest part in the value chain, e.g. marketing, while contracting with foreign companies for the manufacture of their products. Such firms can reduce the amount of their resources devoted to manufacture and benefit from location advantages from production in host countries. However, loss of control over the production process may give rise to problems in respect of quality and time of delivery.*For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion. Such projects are often large and complex and take a long period to complete. Payment for a turnkey project may be made at fixed total price or on a cost plus basis. The latter way of payment shifts the burden of possible additional cost over the original budget onto the purchaser *BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project where B stands for Build, O for operate and T for transfer. For a BOT project, a firm operate a facility for a period of time after building it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company. Making profit from operating the project for a period is the major difference between BOT and the common turnkey project. Needless to say, the contractor has to bear the financial and other risks that may occur in the period of operation.*Some Words and Expressionscustoms area 关税区in compliance with 遵从，遵照conversion n.货币兑换visible trade 有形贸易resale n.转售invisible trade 无形贸易gross domestic product 国内生产总值for short 缩写为account for 占……比例headquarters n.总部trap n.陷阱，圈套portfolio investment 证券投资stocks n.股票bonds n.债券maturity n.（票据等）到期，到期日certificate of deposit 大额存单other than 而不是licensing n.许可经营franchising n.特许经营n.商标advisable adj.可行的，适当的patent n.专利royalty n.专利使用费，许可使用费，版税copyright n.版权licensor n.给予许可的人licensee n.接受许可的人franchiser n.给予特许的人franchisee n.接受特许的人logo n.标识，标记management contract 管理合同expertise n.专门知识bonus n.红利，奖金，津贴flat adj.一律的，无变动的contract manufacturing 承包生产value chain 价值链turnkey project 交钥匙工程BOT(Build, Operate, Transfer）建设，经营，移交Stand for 表示，代表variant n.变形，变体Lesson twoIncome Level and the World Market第二课收入水平和世界市场This lesson discusses the relation between the income level and the market potential, and the features of high income, middle income and low income markets.Special analyses are made on Triad, i.e. the markets of North America,European Union and Japan, as well as other markets that are closely related with China.The first two paragraphs mainly deal with GNP and GDP, two important concepts usedto indicate the total size of an economy. GDP, Gross Domestic Product, stresses the place of production while GNP, Gross National Product, on the ownership of production factors.GDP is used by most countries now where as GNP was more popular before the 1990s. The actual figures of a country’s GNP and GDP are, however, quite similar in most cases and we can use whichever figure that is available.TEXT:In assessing the potential of a market, people often look at its income level since it provides clues about the purchasing power of its residents. The concepts national income and national product have roughly the same value and can be used interchangeably if our interest is in their sum total which is measured as the market value of the total output of goods and services of an economy in a given period, usually a year. The differenceis only in their emphasis. The former stresses the income generated by turning out the products while the latter, the value of the product s themselves. Gross National Product, GNP, and Gross Domestic Product, GDP, are two important concepts used to indicate a country’s total income. GNP refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy. This term was used by most governments before the 1990s国民生产总值(GNP)是最重要的宏观经济指标,它是指一个国家地区的国民经济在一定时期（一般1年）内以货币表现的全部最终产品（含货物和服务）价值的总和。
国际商务英语作文
国际商务英语作文英文回答：Introduction:In the sprawling tapestry of global trade, language serves as an indispensable thread, connecting businesses across borders and fostering economic prosperity. For those navigating the complexities of international commerce, mastering business English assumes paramount importance, unlocking a world of opportunities and forging enduring partnerships.Importance of Business English:Business English transcends mere linguistic proficiency; it is the lingua franca of the global marketplace, enabling professionals to communicate effectively, negotiate contracts, and establish lasting business relationships. Ina competitive business landscape, fluency in business English empowers individuals to represent their companies with confidence, project a professional image, and participate actively in global conversations.Benefits of Proficiency:Mastering business English offers a multitude of benefits, including:- Enhanced communication skills, enabling seamless exchanges with international clients and partners - Increased cultural understanding, fostering harmonious working relationships and avoiding misunderstandings - Improved career prospects, as businesses seek individuals with global competencies and the ability to operate effectively in diverse environments- Competitive advantage in the global marketplace, where effective communication is essential for successChallenges and Opportunities:Embarking on the journey of mastering business English is not without its challenges. Language barriers, cultural nuances, and unfamiliar business practices can present hurdles. However, these challenges also present opportunities for growth, personal development, and cross-cultural exchange. By embracing these obstacles and immersing oneself in global business environments, individuals can emerge as highly skilled professionals with a profound understanding of international commerce.Strategies for Improvement:Numerous strategies can be employed to improve business English proficiency, including:- Formal language classes with a focus on business communication and terminology- Immersive experiences in international business environments, such as internships or study abroad programs - Active participation in virtual or in-person networking events that connect individuals with global professionals- Reading business publications, attending industry conferences, and engaging in online forums dedicated to business EnglishConclusion:In the dynamic and ever-evolving world of international commerce, the significance of business English cannot be overstated. By investing in their business English skills, professionals empower themselves to navigate global markets with confidence, build enduring relationships, and unlock the gateway to success in the global business arena. Mastering business English is an investment in personal growth, professional advancement, and the future of international trade.中文回答：引言：在国际贸易的广阔图景中，语言是必不可少的纽带，连接着跨越国界的企业并促进经济繁荣。
国际商务英文版
Legal System
The legal system of a country refers to the rules, or laws, that regulate behavior along with the processes by which the laws are enforced and through which redress for grievances is obtained. A country’s laws regulate business practice, define the manner in which business transactions are to be executed, and set down the rights and obligations of those involved in business transactions.
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Legal System
—— Different Legal System
Common law: common law system is based on tradition, precedent, and custom. Tradition refers to a country’s legal history, precedent to cases that have come before the courts in the past, custom to the ways in which laws are applied in specific situations. Common law system has a degree of flexibility. Judges have the power to interpret the law. It is now found in most of Great Britain’s former colonies. 4fferences in Contract Law
国际商务 英文作文
国际商务英文作文1. International business is a dynamic and ever-changing field that requires adaptability and flexibility. It involves the exchange of goods, services, and information across national borders. This can be done through various methods such as importing, exporting, licensing, franchising, and direct investment.2. In international business, cultural differences playa significant role. Understanding cultural nuances and customs is crucial for successful business interactions. It is important to be aware of different communication styles, negotiation tactics, and business etiquette in different countries. This can help build trust and establish strong relationships with international partners.3. Another important aspect of international businessis market research. Before entering a foreign market, it is essential to conduct thorough research to understand the target market, competition, and consumer preferences. Thiscan help identify potential opportunities and challenges, and develop effective marketing strategies to penetrate the market.4. International business also involves managing international supply chains. This includes sourcing raw materials, manufacturing products, and distributing them to customers worldwide. Supply chain management requires efficient coordination and collaboration with suppliers, manufacturers, logistics providers, and retailers across different countries.5. In international business, legal and regulatory compliance is crucial. Each country has its own set of laws and regulations governing business activities. It is important to understand and comply with these laws to avoid legal issues and maintain a good reputation. This includes understanding international trade laws, intellectual property rights, and tax regulations.6. Technology plays a vital role in international business. Advances in technology have made it easier tocommunicate, collaborate, and conduct business across borders. E-commerce platforms, online payment systems, and virtual meetings have made international business more accessible and efficient.7. International business also involves managingforeign exchange risks. Fluctuations in exchange rates can impact the profitability of international transactions. It is important to monitor exchange rates, hedge currency risks, and develop strategies to mitigate potential losses.8. Finally, ethical considerations are important in international business. Companies should adhere to ethical standards and respect human rights, labor rights, and environmental regulations in all countries they operate in. This includes ensuring fair labor practices, responsible sourcing, and sustainable business practices.In conclusion, international business is a complex and diverse field that requires a deep understanding ofcultural differences, market research, supply chain management, legal compliance, technology, foreign exchangerisks, and ethical considerations. Successful international businesses are those that can adapt to the ever-changing global landscape and effectively navigate the challenges and opportunities that arise.。
国际商务热点英文
国际商务热点英文
随着全球化和跨国贸易的不断发展，国际商务领域涌现出了许多热点话题。
以下是一些值得关注的国际商务热点英文：
1. E-commerce: 电子商务
2. Cross-border trade: 跨境贸易
3. Intellectual property protection: 知识产权保护
4. Sustainable development: 可持续发展
5. Trade war: 贸易战
6. Global value chains: 全球价值链
7. Foreign direct investment: 外商直接投资
8. Tariffs and trade barriers: 关税和贸易壁垒
9. International trade agreements: 国际贸易协定
10. Emerging markets: 新兴市场
这些热点话题在国际商务领域都具有重要的影响力，关注它们的发展动态有助于更好地了解国际商务的趋势和未来发展方向。
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国际商务专业词汇(中英文对照)
1.全球化世界贸易组织:(World Trade Organization)国际货币基金组织:(International Monetary Fund)《关税及贸易总协定》:(General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)世界银行:(World Bank)国际贸易:(international trade)对外直接投资:(foreign direct investment)对外直接投资存量:(stock of foreign direct investment)外国企业:(multinational enterprise)国际企业:(international business)2.政治经济中的国家差异政治经济:(political economy)政治体制:(political system)集体主义:(collectivism)社会主义者:(socialists)共产主义者:(communists)社会民主主义者:(social democrats)私有化:(privatization)个人主义:(individualism)民主:(democracy)极权:(totalitarianism)市场经济:(maeket economy)计划经济:(command economy)法律体系:(legal system)普通法:(common law)大陆法:(civil law system)宗教法:(theocratic law system)合同法:(contract law)财产权:(property rights)私下行为:(private action)公共行为:(public action)《反海外腐败法》:(Foreign Corrupt Practices Act)知识产权:(intellectual property)专利:(patent)版权:(copyrights)商标:(trademarks)产品安全法:(product safety laws)产品责任:(product liability)3.政治经济和经济发展人均国民收入:(gross national income)购买力平价:(purchasing power parity)人文发展指数:(Human Development Index)创新:(innovation)创业者:(entrepreneurs)放松管制:(deregulation)第一进入者优势:(first-mover advantages)后进者优势:(late-mover disadvantages)政治风险:(political risk)经济风险:(economic risk)4.文化差异跨文化知识能力:(cross-cultural literacy)价值观:(values)准则:(norms)社会:(society)社会习惯:(folkways)道德准则:(ethics)社会结构:(social structure)群体:(group)社会阶层:(social strata)社会流动性:(social mobility)等级制度:(caste system)阶级制度:(class system)阶级意识:(class consciousness)宗教:(religion)伦理体系:(ethical systems)关系:(relationship)联系:(connection)权利距离:(power distance)个人主义:(individualism versus)集体主义:(collectivism)不确定性规避:(uncertainty avoidance)男性主义和女性主义:(masculinity versus femininity)儒家动力:(confucian dynamism)种族中心主义:(ethnocentrism)5.国际商务伦理商业伦理:(business ethics)伦理策略:(ethics strategy)社会责任:(socisl responsibility)伦理困境:(ethical dilemmas)组织文化:(organizayion cultural)文化相对论:(cultural relativism)道德论者:(righteous moralist)非道德论者:(native immoralist)实用主义伦理:(utilitarian approaches)权利理论:(rights theories)公正分配:(just distribution)无知之幕:(veil of ignorance)道德公约:(code of ethics)利益相关者:(stakeholders)6.国际贸易理论自由贸易:(free trade)新贸易理论:(nwe trade theory)重商主义:(mercantilism)零和博弈:(zero-sum game)绝对优势:(absolute advantage)规模报酬率:(constant returns to specialization)要素禀赋:(factor endowments)规模经济:(economies of scale)国际收支账户:(balance-of-payments accounts)经常账户:(current account)经常账户赤字盈余:(current account deficit surplus)资本账户:(capital account)金融账户:(financial account)7.国际贸易中的政治经济自由贸易:(free trade)关税:(tariff)从量税:(specific tariffs)从价税:(ad valorem tariffs)补贴:(subsidy)进口配额:(import quota)关税配额:(tariff rate quota)自愿出口限制:(voluntary export restraint)配额租金:(quota rent)国产化规定:(local content requirement)行政管理贸易政策:(administrative trade policies)倾销:(dumping)反倾销政策:(antidumping policies)抵消性关税:(counter vailing duties)幼稚工业论:(infant industry argument)战略贸易政策:(strategic trade policy)8.国际直接投资新设投资:(greenfield invsetment)流量:(flow of FDI)存量:(stock of FDI)对外直接投资:(outflows of FDI)外来直接投资:(inflows of FDI)固定资本形成总额:(gross fixed capital formation)折中理论:(eclectic paradigm)出口:(exporting)技术授权:(licensing)内部化理论:(internalization theory)不完善理论:(market imperfections approach)寡头垄断行业:(oligopoly)多点竞争:(multipoint competition)区位优势:(location-specific advantages)外部性:(externalities)国际收支账户:(balance-of-payments accounts)经常项目:(current account)离岸生产:(offshore production)9.区域经济一体化区域经济一体化:(regional economic integration)自由贸易区:(free trade area)关税同盟:(customs union)共同市场:(common market)经济联盟:(economic union)政治联盟:(political union)贸易创造:(trade creation)贸易转移:(trade diversion)执行董事会:(executive board)监管董事会:(governing council)最优货币区:(optional currency area)10.外汇市场外汇市场:(foreign exchange market)汇率:(exchange rate)外汇风险:(foreign exchange risk)外汇投机:(currency speculation)套息交易:(carry trade)即期汇率:(spot exchange rate)远期外汇:(forward exchange)远期汇率:(forward exchange rate)掉期:(currency swap)套汇:(arbitrage)载体货币:(vehicle currency)一价定律:(law of one price)效率市场:(efficient market)应用材料:(applied materials)费雪效应:(Fisher effect)跟风效应:(bandwagon effect)效率市场:(efficient market)无效市场:(inefficient market)自由兑换:(freely convertible)对外可兑换:(externally convertible)不可兑换:(nonconvertible)资本外逃:(capital flight)对等贸易:(counter trade)交易风险:(transaction exposure)折算风险:(translation exposure)经济风险:(economic exposure)提前策略:(lead strategy)错后策略:(lag strategy)11.国际货币体系国际货币体系:(international monetary system)浮动汇率:(floating exchange rate)盯住汇率:(pegged exchange rate)管理浮动:(dirty float)固定汇率:(fixed exchange rate)金本位制度:(gold standard)黄金平价:(gold par value)贸易收支平衡:(balance-of-trade equilibrium)管理浮动制度:(managed-float system)货币局制度:(currency board)货币危机:(currency crisis)银行危机:(banking crisis)外债危机:(foreign debt crisis)裙带资本主义:(crony capitalism)道德风险:(moral hazard)12.全球资本市场共享方差:(shared variance)对冲基金:(hedge funds)游资:(hot money)耐心货币:(patient money)外国债券:(foreign bonds)13.国际企业的战略战略:(strategy)盈利能力:(profitability)投资资本收益率:(ROIC)利润增长:(profit growth)价值创造:(value creation)运营:(operations)核心竞争力:(core competence)区位经济:(location economies)全球网络:(global web)经验曲线:(experience curve)学习效应:(learning effects)规模经济:(economies of scale)普遍需要:(universal needs)全球标准化战略:(global standardization strategy)本土化战略:(localization strategy)跨国战略:(transnational strategy)国际战略:(international strategy)14.国际企业的组织组织构架:(organizational architecture)组织结构:(organizational structure)控制系统:(control systems)奖励:(incentives)流程:(processes)组织文化:(organizational culture)垂直差异化:(vertical differentiation)水平差异化:(horizontal differentiation)建立整合机构:(integrating mechanisms)国际分部:(intermational division)世界范围的地区结构:(worldwide area structure)世界范围的产品分部:(worldwide product division structure)全球矩阵结构:(global matrix structure)知识网络:(knowledge network)个人控制:(personal control)行政组织结构:(bureaucratic control)产出控制:(output control)文化控制:(cultural control)绩效模糊:(performance ambiguity)15.进入战略和战略联盟战略联盟:(strategic alliance)私营部门债务:(private-sector debt)进入时机:(timing of entry)先入者优势:(first-mover advantages)开拓成本:(pioneering costs)交钥匙工程:(turnkey project)技术授权协议:(licensing agreement)技术授权协议:(cross-licensing agreement)特许经营:(franchising)合资企业:(joint venture)全资子公司:(wholly owned subsidiary)16.出口、进口和对等贸易出口管理公司:(export management company)信用证:(letter of credit)汇票:(draft)即期汇票:(sight draft)远期汇票:(time draft)提单:(bill of lading)进出口银行:(Export-Import-Bank)对等贸易:(counter trade)易货贸易:(barter)互购:(counter purchase)抵销:(offset)转手贸易:(switch trading)回购:(buy back)从价关税:(ad valorem tariff)委托代销:(consignment)禁运:(embargo)全球配额:(global quota)无形贸易壁垒:(invisible barriers to trade)信用证:(letter of credit)重商主义:(mercantilism)201条款:(section 201)17.全球生产、外包与物流生产:(production)物流:(cogistics)全面质量管理:(total quality management)六西格玛:(six sigma)最小效率规模:(minimum efficient scale)柔性制造技术:(flexible manufacturing technology)精益生产:(lean production)大规模定制:(mass customization)柔性机器单元:(flexible machine cells)价值重量:(value-to-weight)全球学习:(global learning)来源决策:(make-or-buy decisions)专业化资产:(specialized asset)动态能力:(dynamic capabilities)即时存货:(just-in-time)电子数据交换:(electronic data inferchange) 18.全球营销与开发营销组合:(marketing)市场细分:(market segmentation)集中零售体系:(concentrated retail system)分散零售体系:(fragmented retail system)渠道长度:(channel length)独占性的分销渠道:(exclusive distribution channel)渠道质量:(channel quality)源效应:(source effects)原产国效应:(country of orign effects)噪声:(noisy)推策略:(push strategy)拉策略:(pull strategy)需求价格弹性:(price elasticity of demand)富有弹性:(elastic)缺乏弹性:(inelastic)策略性定价:(strategic pricing)掠夺性定价:(predatory pricing)多点定价:(multipoint pricing)经验曲线定价:(experience curve pricing) 19.全球人力资源管理人力资源管理:(human resource management)外派经理:(expatriate manager)人员配备政策:(staffing policy)企业文化:(corporate culture)外派人员:(expatriates)内派人员:(inpatriates)外派失败:(expatriate failure)自我倾向:(self-orientation)他人倾向:(others-orientation)感知能力:(perceptual ability)文化刚性:(cultural thoughness)20.国际企业会计和财务会计准则:(accounting standards)审计准则:(auditing standards)内部远期汇率:(internal forward rate)货币管理:(money management)交易成本:(transaction costs)双边净额:(bilateral netting)多边净额:(multilateral)税收抵免:(tax credit)税收条款:(tax treaty)延期准则:(deferral principle)避税港:(tax havens)特许权使用费:(royalties)转移价格:(transfer price)弗罗廷贷款:(fronting loan)。
广东商学院各院及其专业(中英文翻译)1
广东商学院各院及其专业（中英文翻译）(GUANG DONG UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS STUDIES)一、工商管理学院:The College of Business Administration1、物流管理：Logistics Management2、人力资源：Human Resources3、市场营销专业：Marketing Program4、工商管理专业：Business Administration Program二、会计学院： the College of Accounting1、审计学：Auditing2、会计学专业：Accounting Professional3、财务管理专业： Financial Management Major4、审计学（注册会计师）Auditing（Certified Public Accountant (CPA)）三、财税学院：the College of Taxation1、财政学：Public Finance2、税务：Financial Affairs3、资产评估专业：MSc Property Appraisal and Management四、公共管理学院：School of Public Administration1、行政管理专业：General Administration Program2、劳动与社会保障：Labor and Social Security3、文化产业管理： Culture Industry Management4、公共事业管理（城市管理）：City Management五、金融学院：College of Finance1、金融学：Finance2、国际金融：International Finance3、金融工程：Financial Engineering4、保险：Insurance5、投资学：Investment Principles六、经济贸易与统计学院：the College of Economic and Statistics1、经济学：Economics2、国际经济与贸易：International Economics And Trade3、统计学：Statistics4、国际商务：International Business七、法学院：The College of Law1、法学（国际法）：The International Law2、法学（民商法）：Civil and Commercial Law3、法学：Science of Law4、治安学：Science of Public Order八、旅游学院：College of Tourism1、酒店管理：Hotel Management2、旅游管理：Tourism Management3、会展经济与管理：Exhibition Economy and Management九、资源与环境学院：College of Resource and Environment1、土地资源管理：Land Resources Management2、资源环境与城乡规划管理：Resources-Environment and Urban-Rural Planning Management3、房地产经营管理：Administration and Management of Real Estate十、外国语学院：College of Foreign Language1、英语（国际商务管理）：International Business Management2、英语（国际商务翻译）：International Business English Translation3、日语（国际商务管理）：nternational Business Management十一、人文与传播学院： College of Humanities and Communications1、汉语言文学：Chinese Language and Literature2、新闻学：Advocacy Journalism3、新闻学（编辑出版方向）News Editing4、社会工作：Social work5、社会学：Sociology6、播音与主持艺术：Techniques of Broadcasting and Anchoring7、广播电视编导：Radio and Television Editing and Directing十二、艺术学院：Academy of Fine Arts1、广告学（广告策划与经营管理方向）：Advertisement2、艺术设计（广告设计方向）：Art and Design（Advertising Design）3、艺术设计（玩具与游戏设计方向）：Art and Design4、艺术设计（商业空间设计方向）：Commercial Space Design5、艺术设计（展示设计）：Display Design6、动画专业：Science of Animated Cartoon Program十三、信息学院：College of Information1、信息管理与信息系统：Information Management and Information System2、计算机科学与技术：Computer Science and Technology3、电子商务：Electronic Commerce4、软件工程：Software Engineering十四、数学与计算科学学院：Collegeof Mathematics and Computer Science1、信息与计算科学：Information and Computing Science2、数学与应用数学：Mathematics and Applied Mathematics十五、人文与传播学院：College of Humanities and Communications1、应用心理学： Applied Psychology2、商务文秘：Business secretary3、对外汉语：Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language。
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© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
5-
• Prevailed in 1500 - 1800 - Export more to “strangers” than we import to amass treasure, expand kingdom - Zero-sum vs positive-sum game view of trade • Government intervenes to achieve a surplus in exports - King, exporters, domestic producers: happy - Subjects: unhappy because domestic goods stay expensive and of limited variety • Today neo-mercantilists = protectionists: some segments of society shielded short term
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Global Business Today, 4/e © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
5-6
New Trade Theory
• Global Strategic Rivalry
- Firms gain competitive advantage trough: intellectual property, R&D, economies of scale and scope, experience
• National Competitive Advantage (Porter, 1990)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Global Business Today, 4/e
© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
5-5
The New Trade Theory
• As output expands with specialization, an industry’s ability to realize economies of scale increases and unit costs decrease • Because of scale economies, world demand supports only a few firms in such industries (e.g., commercial aircraft, automobiles) • Countries that had an early entrant to such an industry have an advantage: - Fist-mover advantage - Barrier to entry
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Global Business Today, 4/e
© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Global Business Today, 4/e © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
5-4
Classical Trade Theories
• Mercantilism (pre-16th century) - Takes an us-versus-them view of trade - Other country’s gain is our country’s loss • Free Trade theories - Absolute Advantage (Adam Smith, 1776) - Comparative Advantage (David Ricardo, 1817) - Specialization of production and free flow of goods benefit all trading partners’ economies • Free Trade refined - Factor-proportions (Heckscher-Ohlin, 1919) - International product life cycle (Ray Vernon, 1966)
Chapter 5
International Trade Theory
5-3
International Trade Theory
• What is international trade? - Exchange of raw materials and manufactured goods (and services) across national borders • Classical trade theories: - explain national economy conditions--country advantages--that enable such exchange to happen • New trade theories: - explain links among natural country advantages, government action, and industry characteristics that enable such exchange to happen • Implications for International Business