物理专业英语课件
动力工程及工程热物理专业英语课件
Engineering thermophysists contribute to the development of advanced energy conversion technologies like thermal power plants and heat engines, as well as energy storage systems such as thermal energy storage
Combustion and Pollution Control
• Combustion Fundamentals: The courseware should cover the fundamentals of combustion, including chemical reactions, flame stability, and combustion efficiency Students should learn about different types of communicators and how to design them for optimal performance
02
Professional Fundamentals
Fundamentals of Thermodynamics
01
Laws of Thermodynamics: The courseware should cover the three laws of thermodynamics, which are the foundation of power engineering and engineering thermophysics These laws explain the relationship between heat and work, and they govern the behavior of energy in all systems
物理学专业英语讲义
Physics in EnglishThe scientist does not study nature because it is useful;he studies it because he delights in it,and he delights in it because it is beautiful.If nature were not beautiful,it would not be worth knowing,and if nature were not worth knowing,life would not be worth living."------ Henri PoincareDepartment of PhysicsSchool of scienceXian Technological University 2012.9Chapter 1 What is Physics?Physics is natural science studying nature's LawsPhysics was called natural philosophy and fundamental science.The history of physicsThe history of physics encompasses two broad time periods in which classical physics and modern physics developed. Classical physics developed between 1600 and 1900. It embraces the general areas of physics known as mechanics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism, culminating in relativity. Modern physics began developing between about 1890 and 1930, when it was realized that classical physics could not account for the newly discovered behavior of nature at the atomic and molecular level. Modern physics includes the theory of relativity as well as quantum mechanics and most of the subsequent new physics discovered and developed during the 20th century.Classical physicsClassical physics includes the traditional branches and topics that were recognized and well-developed before the beginning of the 20th century—classical mechanics, optics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism. Classical mechanics is concerned with bodies acted on by forces and bodies in motion and may be divided into statics (study of the forces on a body or bodies at rest), kinematics (study of motion without regard to its causes), and dynamics (study of motion and the forces that affect it); Acoustics, the study of sound, is often considered a branch of mechanics because sound is due to the motions of the particles of air or other medium through which sound waves can travel and thus can be explained in terms of the laws of mechanics. Among the important modern branches of acoustics is ultrasonics, the study of sound waves of very high frequency beyond the range of human hearing. Optics, the study of light, is concerned not only with visible light but also with infrared and ultraviolet radiation, which exhibit all of the phenomena of visible light except visibility, e.g., reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction, dispersion, and polarization of light. Heat is a form of energy, the internal energy possessed by the particles of which a substance is composed; thermodynamics deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy. Electricity and magnetism have been studied as a single branch of physics since the intimate connection between them was discovered in the early 19th century; an electric current gives rise to a magnetic field and a changing magnetic field induces an electric current. Electrostatics deals with electric charges at rest, electrodynamics with moving charges, and magnetostatics with magnetic poles at restThe Emergence of Classical PhysicsClassical mechanics has its roots in the work of Johannes Kepler, who, between 1600 and 1619, became the first person to describe quantitatively and accurately the elliptic paths of the planets around the Sun.The problem of the shape of the planetary orbits was not easy to solve, because all historical observations of the planets were made from the Earth, itself a moving planet. Although a crude heliocentric(Sun-centered) model of the solar system using circular orbits was proposed by the Greek astronomer Aristarchus in the third century B.C. and resurrected by Copernicus in 1542,the planetary positions predicted by Copernicus were not as accurate as those found using Ptolemy's complicated geocentric (Earth-centered} model of the second century A.D.The pure Copernican model was inaccurate because Copernicus refused to abandon the flawed concept of early Greek thought that the natural path of a moving "perfect" celestial object, such as a planet, had to be in the shape of the "perfect" geometrical figure---a circle---with the planet moving at constant speed. a scientist living at the time of Copernicus would have been forced to reject the Copernican theory with its circular planetary orbits, since they did not account for the observed motions of the planets as accurately as the existing, but more complicated, geocentric theory of Ptolemy.The change from the accurate but complex Ptolemaic geocentric model of the solar system to the accurate and simple heliocentric model of Kepler illustrates the characteristics of a good theory. With Kepler's work, accuracy and simplicity blossomed simultaneously from the heliocentric hypothesis. Kepler's model and mathematical methods began the development of physics as we know it. His work was a watershed of quantitative thought and a new worldview.Observation of nature and experimental results typically precede the general theories that account for them. The extensive observations of the planets by Tycho Brahe just prior to 1600 provided Kepler with the data he needed to model the solar system accurately and precisely。
物理学专业英语A6
A6 Waves and rays
• Our eyes experience different wavelengths as different colours. These range from red (0.000 7 mm) down to violet (0.000 4 mm). As light waves are so short, they are not noticeably diffracted by everyday objects.
A6 Waves and rays
• Diffraction Waves bend round the edges of a narrow gap. This is called diffraction. It is significant if the gap size is about a wavelength. Wider gaps cause less diffraction. • Interference If two identical sets of waves overlap, they may either reinforce or cancel each other, depending on whether they are in phase ('in step') or out of phase.
A6 Waves and rays
NEW WORDS Page.16 NEW WORDS Page.17
A6 Waves and rays
• Types of wave motion • Waves transfer energy from one place to another. Where ever there is wave motion, there must be: • a source of oscillation, • a material or field which can transmit oscillation. • Wave motion can be demonstrated using a 'slinky' spring, as shown below. The moving waves are called progressive waves. There are two mais
物理学专业英语(2)2009
7 six-inch timbers , two 7-man crews,
fifteen 25-watt lamps
4. Estimateຫໍສະໝຸດ numerals spelled in English
The company has enough timber to operate for forty years.
（四）“more” 1. more than 1000,000 people 2. in excess of 2,000 square miles 4. upward of 800 water pumps 5. the hat cost over $5 6. 2 miles and more 7. 2 miles or more (五) “less” 1. below 876 2. less than 3,000 3. under 22 ms
Increased or decreased by… 1. A is by 2 longer than B. A=B+2 2. The prime cost decreased by 60%. A=(1-60%)B 3. The strength of the current is stepped down by sixth. double= 2 times(twice) , triple= 3 times , quadruple =4 times A=(1-1/6)B=5/6B
the exists re for all
p q p impliesq / if p, thenq p q p if and onlyif q /p is equivalent to q
ab a :b 90
大学物理学专业英语2
Electric charges and fields
Electric force:
F
Q1 (+)
Q2 (+)
F
r Charges attract or repel each other with an electric force. If point charges Q1 and Q2 are distance r apart, and F is the force on each, then according to Coulomb’s law: Q1Q2 F 2 r This is an example of an inverse square law. If r doubles, then force F drops to one quarter, and so on. With a suitable constant, the above proportion can be turned into an equation: kQ1Q2 The unit of charge for Q1 and Q2 is the coulomb (C). F r2
The capacitance C of a capacitor is defined as follows:
E r
Electric potential
Q Electric potential V q P Work done W
∞
Charge Q causes an electric field. A small charge q has been moved through this field, from an infinite distance (where the electric force is zero), to point P. The electric potential V (at point P) is defined as follows:
物理学专业英语仲海洋版9.2节
物理学专业英语仲海洋版9.2节Unit ThreeLESSON 99.1 物理学专业英语中的长句分析（一）总的来说，专业英语文献中的句子长度呈现两种趋向: 长难句多，短的简单句也多。
一个句子长达一百来个单词，构成一个完整的段落的现象屡见不鲜。
物理学专业英语用于表达科学理论、原理、规律、概述,以及各事物之间错综复杂的关系，而复杂的科学思维是无法使用简单句来表达的。
为了表示严谨、精确的含义，语法结构复杂的长句有较多的应用，而这种严谨周密、层次分明、重点突出的语言手段也就成了专业英语文体又一重要特征。
长句由基本句型扩展而成，其方式有增加修饰成分如定语、状语的，有用各种短语如介词、分词、动名词或不定式短语充当句子成分的，也可能是通过关联词将两个或两个以上的句子组合成复合句。
从句子结构来看，英语中句子可分简单句，并列复合句和主从复合句。
英语利用形态变化、词序和虚词三大语法手段可构成包孕许多修饰成分或从句的长句，句中各部分顺序灵活多样。
通常英语句中的表态部分（如判断和结论）在先，而叙事部分（如事实和描写）在后，汉语则正好相反；英语句中先短后长，“头轻脚重”，而汉语也正好相反；英语借助形态变化和连接手段而将句中成分灵活排列，汉语则常按时间和逻辑顺序由先到后、由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到结论这样排列。
在专业英语的学习中，长句的分析是一个非常重要的基础，无论是专业文献阅读、翻译还是严谨精确地写作，都要从长句分析开始。
长句分析既重要也有些难度。
然而，无论多长的句子、多么复杂的结构，它们都是由一些基本的成分组成的。
只要弄清英语原文的句法结构，找出整个句子的中心内容，理解各层意思，然后分析各层意思之间的逻辑关系，再按汉语的特点和方式表达就可以理解或译出原文了。
9.1.1 长句结构的分析抓住主干，添枝加叶。
所谓抓住主干，就是在理解长句时首先要找到主语、谓语这两个主要成分。
添枝加叶，就是在主语、谓语这两个主要成分的基础上，逐个加上各种修饰语，包括定语、状语、补语、非谓语动词结构、各种从句等。
物理学专业英语
7、省略句
The first treatment would require a minimum of 48 hours, while the second treatment would require only 26 hours. 第一次处理最少需要48小时，而第二次处理只需要26 小时。
11
Dynamics is the study of forces and their effects on the motions of bodies. The cause of acceleration is a force exerted by some external agent or environment. The fundamental properties of force and the relationship between force and acceleration are given by Newton’s three laws of motion. The first of these laws describes the natural state of motion of a free body on which no external forces are acting, whereas the other two laws deal with the behavior of bodies under the influence of force.
3
1. Contents 2. Exams
Classroom participation :50% ; Final exam : 50%
3. Suggestions for You
物理化学专业英语
物理化学专业英语电泳electrophoresis丁达尔效应Dyndall effect定容摩尔热容molar heat capacity under constant volume定容温度计Constant voIume thermometer定压摩尔热容molar heat capacity under constant pressure定压温度计constant pressure thermometer定域子系统localized particle system动力学方程kinetic equations动力学控制kinetics control独立子系统independent particle system对比摩尔体积reduced mole volume对比体积reduced volume对比温度reduced temperature对比压力reduced pressure对称数symmetry number对行反应reversible reactions对应状态原理principle of corresponding state多方过程polytropic process多分子层吸附理论adsorption theory of multi-molecular layers 二级反应second order reaction二级相变second order phase change法拉第常数faraday constant法拉第定律Faraday’s law反电动势back E.M.F.反渗透reverse osmosis反应分子数molecularity反应级数reaction orders反应进度extent of reaction反应热heat of reaction反应速率rate of reaction反应速率常数constant of reaction rate范德华常数van der Waals constant范德华方程van der Waals equation范德华力van der Waals force范德华气体van der Waals gases范特霍夫方程van’t Hoff equation范特霍夫规则van’t Hoff rule范特霍夫渗透压公式van’t Hoff equation of osmotic pressure 非基元反应non-elementary reactions非体积功non-volume work非依时计量学反应time independent stoichiometric reactions 菲克扩散第一定律Fick’s first law of diffusion沸点boiling point沸点升高elevation of boiling point费米－狄拉克统计Fermi-Dirac statistics分布distribution分布数distribution numbers分解电压decomposition voltage分配定律distribution law分散系统disperse system分散相dispersion phase分体积partial volume分体积定律partial volume law分压partial pressure分压定律partial pressure law分子反应力学mechanics of molecular reactions分子间力intermolecular force分子蒸馏molecular distillation封闭系统closed system附加压力excess pressure弗罗因德利希吸附经验式Freundlich empirical formula of adsorption负极negative pole负吸附negative adsorption复合反应composite reaction盖·吕萨克定律Gay-Lussac law盖斯定律Hess law甘汞电极calomel electrode感胶离子序lyotropic series杠杆规则lever rule高分子溶液macromolecular solution高会溶点upper consolute point隔离法the isolation method格罗塞斯－德雷珀定律Grotthus-Draoer’s law隔离系统isolated system根均方速率root-mean-square speed功work功函work content共轭溶液conjugate solution共沸温度azeotropic temperature构型熵configurational entropy孤立系统isolated system固溶胶solid sol固态混合物solid solution固相线solid phase line光反应photoreaction光化学第二定律the second law of actinochemistry光化学第一定律the first law of actinochemistry 光敏反应photosensitized reactions光谱熵spectrum entropy广度性质extensive property广延量extensive quantity广延性质extensive property规定熵stipulated entropy过饱和溶液oversaturated solution过饱和蒸气oversaturated vapor过程process过渡状态理论transition state theory过冷水super-cooled water过冷液体overcooled liquid过热液体overheated liquid亥姆霍兹函数Helmholtz function亥姆霍兹函数判据Helmholtz function criterion 亥姆霍兹自由能Helmholtz free energy亥氏函数Helmholtz function焓enthalpy亨利常数Henry constant亨利定律Henry law恒沸混合物constant boiling mixture恒容摩尔热容molar heat capacity at constant volume恒容热heat at constant volume恒外压constant external pressure恒压摩尔热容molar heat capacity at constant pressure恒压热heat at constant pressure化学动力学chemical kinetics化学反应计量式stoichiometric equation of chemical reaction化学反应计量系数stoichiometric coefficient of chemical reaction 化学反应进度extent of chemical reaction化学亲合势chemical affinity化学热力学chemical thermodynamics化学势chemical potential化学势判据chemical potential criterion化学吸附chemisorptions环境environment环境熵变entropy change in environment挥发度volatility混合熵entropy of mixing混合物mixture活度activity活化控制activation control活化络合物理论activated complex theory活化能activation energy霍根-华森图Hougen-Watson Chart基态能级energy level at ground state基希霍夫公式Kirchhoff formula基元反应elementary reactions积分溶解热integration heat of dissolution吉布斯－杜亥姆方程Gibbs-Duhem equation吉布斯－亥姆霍兹方程Gibbs-Helmhotz equation 吉布斯函数Gibbs function吉布斯函数判据Gibbs function criterion吉布斯吸附公式Gibbs adsorption formula吉布斯自由能Gibbs free energy吉氏函数Gibbs function极化电极电势polarization potential of electrode 极化曲线polarization curves极化作用polarization极限摩尔电导率limiting molar conductivity几率因子steric factor计量式stoichiometric equation计量系数stoichiometric coefficient价数规则rule of valence简并度degeneracy键焓bond enthalpy胶冻broth jelly胶核colloidal nucleus胶凝作用demulsification胶束micelle胶体colloid胶体分散系统dispersion system of colloid胶体化学collochemistry胶体粒子colloidal particles胶团micelle焦耳Joule焦耳-汤姆生实验Joule-Thomson experiment焦耳-汤姆生系数Joule-Thomson coefficient焦耳-汤姆生效应Joule-Thomson effect焦耳定律Joule`s law接触电势contact potential接触角contact angle节流过程throttling process节流膨胀throttling expansion节流膨胀系数coefficient of throttling expansion 结线tie line结晶热heat of crystallization解离化学吸附dissociation chemical adsorption界面interfaces界面张力surface tension浸湿immersion wetting浸湿功immersion wetting work精馏rectify聚（合）电解质polyelectrolyte友情提示：方案范本是经验性极强的领域，本范文无法思考和涵盖全面，供参考!最好找专业人士起草或审核后使用。
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FRAME OF REFERENCE
The fact that if we choose different body as the reference to describe the same motion of a given object, the indications will be different, is called the relativity of the description and measurement of the motion, The particular body that serves as a reference chosen by the observer is defined as the frame of reference. It is usually pictured by means of a coordinate system, consisting three mutually perpendicular axes -X, -Y and Z-axes, and relative to it the position, velocity, acceleration and orbit of the moving object can be quantitatively specified. Particle is an ideal model used to simplify an object and to describe its motion. We can represent an object as a particle if every part of it moves in exactly the same way so that we can regard it as a mass point with no size and no shape. Translational motion -- the change of the position of the particle as a function of time will give a complete description of the motion for the given object.
Its three component equations are written by the following scalar functions
专业英语
English in physics
课程的性质和任务： 掌握与物理学基本内容相关的专业英语词汇、英文 书刊常用术语、增强学生阅读和翻译专业文献的能 力，具备基本的专业英语写作技能,为后续专业课 程及深造，奠定必要的学习基础 . 教材：1、physics in english 主编:李淑侠 出 版 社： 哈尔滨工业大学出版社 2、自编讲义
The Theory of Relativity
Part One Mechanics
Chapter Biblioteka Kinematics—Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Kinematics is the study of the geometry of motion: it deals with the mathematical description of motion in terms of position, velocity, and acceleration. Kinematics serves as a prelude to dynamics, which studies force as the cause of changes in motion.
r xi yj zk
POSITION VECTOR AND DISPLACEMENT: The position of a particle in space is a vector given by
in a rectangular coordinate system. The position vector as a function of time can determine the location of a particle at any given time. It is called position function and given by
Table of Contents
1 、 Introduction
2 、THE PHYSICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF MECHANICS 3、Thermodynamics 4 、Optics 5、 Electromagnetism 6、Modern Physics Quantum Physics and Wave Mechanics