Temporal discrimination and the indifference interval. Implications for a model of the
英语声学和语音学英文版
Ph.D. thesis Rob van Son (1993) “Spectro-temporal features of vowel segments” see also Speech Comm. 13, 135-148 (Pols & vSon) 850-words text, read at normal and fast rate hand segmentation of 7 most freq. V + schwa formant tracks via 16 points per segm. or 5 Legendre polynomials influence of rate, V-dur., context, sent. acc. evidence for duration-controlled undershoot?
July 1st, 2002
*
Contour modeling
allows modeling of specific phenomena pitch accentuation (vs. vowel onset) reduction, centralization, undershoot allows generation of stimuli for perc. expts. phoneme identification in extending context 2-alternatives forced choice identif. of continua discrimination, RT allows statistics on large speech corpora TIMIT, CGN, IFA-corpus, Switchboard
Overview
大气光通信中大气湍流影响抑制技术研究进展
第 30 卷第 6 期 2 0 09年6月
兵 工 学 报 A CT A AR MA M EN T ARI I
Vol. 30 N o. 6 Jun. 2009
大气光通信中大气湍流影响抑制技术研究进展
陈纯毅 , 杨华民, 姜会林, 冯欣, 王辉
( 长春理工大学 光电测控与光信息传输技术教育部重点实验室, 吉林 长春 130022)
无限制地增大 , 但其计算结果只在 R2 l < 013 范围内 有效 , 通常将此范围称为弱湍 流区。 Ryt ov 方差计 算结果虽然只适用于弱湍流区, 但是却作为湍流强 弱的某种标志而大量地出现在各种文献之中 , 而且
2 在弱湍流区 , 有 R2 I U Rl . 对于强湍流区中闪烁指数
的求解 , 分别有 Andrew s - Prokhorov 和 Churnside 渐 [ 6] 进分析模型 , 这两种渐进分析模型都建立在 Ryt ov 方差基础之上, 二者都考虑了闪烁饱和问题。最近, Andrew s 等 [ 2 ] 又在大尺度起伏调制小尺度起伏思想 的基础上 , 提出了适用于从弱至强湍流区的闪烁指 数计算模型
Abstract: At mospheric t urbulence causes t he increases of bit - error - rat e ( BER) in atmospheric opt ical communicat ion links. Mit igat ion technolog ies of turbulence eff ect s can be used to improve the perf or mance and enhance t he data - rate and communication distance of opt ical communicat ion. T he lat est mechanism researches of t urbulence eff ects on opt ical communicat ion were brief ly summarized, and t he v arious influences of turbulences on that w ere described, such as int ensit y scintillat ion, beam w ander, ang le - of arrival f luctuat ion, phase f luct uat ion, beam spreading , etc. T he development of m it igat ion technologies of turbulence eff ect s w as summarized. Based on diff erent principles, various m it igat ion technologies were described in det ail, such as large apert ure receiver, diversity, part ially - coherent beam propag at ion, temporal domain processing & t hreshold opt imizat ion, adapt ive opt ics, et c. Focusing on their principles and im pact s, various m it ig at ion technologies w ere analyzed and discussed. L astly, the fut ure research directions w ere g iven. Key words: communication; opt ical communicat ion; large apert ure; diversit y; part ially coherent beam; tem poral domain processing; adapt ive opt ics
agoodmanishardtofind读后感
Analyze “A Good Man Is Hard To Find”----------------- IndifferenceThe fiction “A Good Man Is Hard To Find” tragic story. The family planned to go to Florida on holiday, but after knowing The Misfit headed toward Florida, the grandmother insisted on going to east Tennessee. On the way, the grandmother wanted to go to a plantation where she often visited in the young. Therefore she persuaded other family members to drive to there. Unfortunately, they had an accident because of the dirt road. They requested three people who passed by in there to help them. However the grandmother recognized them, and these people just were The Misfit. Finally the family members were killed by The Misfit. After reading this, the tragedy that the family members were killed can let you recall the title of the fiction. Maybe you can ask that why these good people could meet the bad people? However, my understanding is not like this. In my opinion,nearly all the people in the fiction cannot be considered as good man. They were hypocritical and selfish, and they only paid attention to their own right and feeling. T he title reflects a fact that a world that a good people is hard to find is filled with indifference. Certainly, in a selfish and hypocritical world, a good man is hard to find. Thus, I think that the topic of the fiction reflects indifference. Next, I will discuss the indifference in the story.Family’ indifferenceThe grandmother seemed to believe in God, and she also liked a devout Christian. However, in my opinion, she was good at disguise because she was hypocritical, vainglorious, and selfish. In the beginning of the story, the grandmother tried topersuade her son Bailey not to take a holiday in Florida, and she only wanted to visit some of her connections in east Tennessee. She said: “I wouldn’t take my children in any direction with a criminal like that aloose in it” (paragraph1) because the person called The Misfit headed toward Florida. She used the reason only to satisfy her individual purpose. Thus, this showed that she was selfish. However, “Bailey didn’t look up from his reading” (paragraph2). This showed that Bailey did not respect and love his mother. The relationship between them was indifferent, and they lacked communicate with each other. She was not successful able to persuade her son, and she tried to seek help form Bailey’s wife. But, “The children’s mother didn’t seem to hear her” (paragraph3). The tw o children, John Wesley and June Star did not respect their grandmother, and they satirized the grandmother: “If you don’t want to go to Florida, why dontcha stay at home?” (Paragraph 3). On the way to east Tennessee, the grandmother only wanted to go to a plantation where she often visited in the young. Therefore she persuaded other family members to drive to there even if she ignored a fact that the dirt road was hard to drive. I think the description shows that the grandmother is extreme shellfish. When they had an accident, the two children could not care for their relative’s safety. On the opposition, they were extreme disappointed because nobody was killed. Y ou know, they face with their relative. Reading to this, the scene makes me very surprise. I think that these details can highlight the relationship among the family members is extreme not harmonious, and these plots also reflect the indifference.Thus, from my perspective, the relationship among the family members wasextreme indifferent. Faced with The Misfit fellow, the grandmother only considered her own safe: “Y ou wouldn’t shoot a lady, would you?” (Paragraph 86). She did not consider her children’s safety, and she complimented The Misfit people again and again. This showed that the grandmother was selfish. In my opinion, the family lacks love and communication, which led to the indifference.When the family members had an accident, the grandmother said: “I believe I have injured an organ.” (Paragraph69). But nobody responded to her. However, as the oldest member in the family, the grandmother’s safe ty was not cared for by her children. This plot also shows that the family members are indifferent and selfish. When the grandmother recognized The Misfit, “Bailey turned his head sharply and sa id something to his mother that shocked even the children.” (Paragraph84).“The old lady began to cry and The Misfit reddened” (Paragraph84). Obviously, Bailey’s attitude was very rude and indifferent. In my opinion, Bailey’s action was not accidental, and it was formed by family environment. From the description, we cannot image the degree of indifference in the family, and The Misfit also reddens about it.Bailey was the grandmother’s son. He did not care for anything happened around him, and anything in his eye were not important. On the way, he still drove the vehicle, and the family members nearly had not any communication. Even if after the accident, except anger Bailey had not any words. When his mother tried to persuade him to drive to east Tennessee, he even if ignored his mother. From Bailey’s characteristic, it also reflects a fact that in the indifferent society, the relationship among family members is also indifferent.In my opinion, the author described the indifference in the family, and the problem cannot only existed in a particular family. The family may stand for the temporal society. This may be a social problem, and next I will discuss this aspect.Social indifferenceIn the fiction, the problem of indifference also present in a widely aspect that is society. Social indifference makes people and people lack the communication and emotion. Few people can consider other people’s right and feeling, and nearly all people live in their own world.When the grandmother saw a black boy who did not have any britches on, she laughed at him: “Little niggers in the country don’t have things like we do.” (Paragraph 20). From my perspective, the grandmother did not consider his feeling, and she did not realize the pain in black people. This also reflected discrimination and indifference.The conversation between the grandmother and Red Sammy also showed indifference: “People are certainly not nice like they used to be.” (Paragraph35). It seemed that they both expressed a fact that good man was not to find. However, their conversation lacked emotion, and is not sincere. This also shows that the problem of indifference still exist in society.In the paragraph 117, The Misfit also said that he was treated unjustly. From his words, the words are filled with sincerity, it is convincing. This makes me to think that his evil may be promoted by the unfairness and indifference in the society. Just the indifference, he became a wicked man. In my opinion, this plot also recall the title“A Good Man Is Hard To Find”.In a word, an indifferent feeling can be found in the fiction, and I conclude that the indifference could lead to the fiction’s tragedy. In the fiction, indifference exists in the family and society. Besides, when indifference is developed in a certain level, it can cause some serious problems. Throughout the fiction, all the contents recall the title tightly. Therefore, I think that people should build a harmonious relationship rather than an indifferent relationship. Maybe this is the fiction’s topic, and this may be what the author want to tell us.。
MULTIPLE INVARIANCE SPATIO-TEMPORAL SPECTRAL ESTIMATION
In recent years, a number of high resolution eigenstructure based methods have been developed for the 2D narrow-band source location problem, many of which are based on variants of the ESPRIT algorithm. The ESPRIT family of methods have some well-known desirable features that motivates their popularity; they do not require array calibration, they are search free and are fairly robust against array imperfections. ESPRIT can be applied in frequency-DOA estimation either as a 1D method in a separated approach [1]–[4], to yield separate estimates of the frequencies and DOAs, or as a 2D method on the full problem [5],[6]. In the former case one needs a pairing procedure to find the correct frequencyDOA pairs, and one must also by some means ascertain that the pairing problem has a unique solution. The latter can be achieved e.g. with the marked subspace device [3],[4]. Methods for the full 2D problem, such as the recently developed 2D unitary ESPRIT [6], avoid this obstacle but the price paid is a higher numerical cost. Typically, 2D methods require eigendecompositions on systems of at least the size
头发花白的英语
In the realm of human appearance, hair color holds a distinctive position, serving as an outward expression of individuality, health, and age. Among the myriad hues that grace our heads, silver hair, often associated with advancing years, carries a unique symbolism that transcends mere aesthetics. This essay delves into the multifaceted significance of hair turning gray or white, examining its biological, cultural, social, psychological, and even philosophical implications. By casting light on these diverse perspectives, we gain a deeper understanding of the profound impact that silver hair has on individuals and society at large.**Biological Aspects: A Natural Progression**The transition from one's natural hair color to silver is an inevitable biological process, primarily driven by the aging of melanocytes, the specialized cells responsible for producing pigments called melanin. Melanin gives hair its characteristic color, ranging from deep black to vibrant blonde. With time, melanocyte activity diminishes, leading to reduced pigment production and the eventual emergence of gray or white hairs. Genetic factors play a significant role in determining the onset and rate of graying, with some individuals experiencing premature graying due to inherited predispositions or medical conditions such as vitiligo, thyroid disorders, or vitamin B12 deficiency.While the physiological changes underlying graying hair are well understood, ongoing research continues to uncover novel insights. For instance, recent studies have linked oxidative stress, inflammation, and the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in hair follicles to the depletion of melanocytes, further elucidating the complex interplay between aging and hair pigmentation. These findings not only contribute to our knowledge of the biology of graying but also hold promise for future interventions aimed at delaying or reversing this process.**Cultural and Historical Perspectives: A Mark of Wisdom and Experience** Throughout history and across cultures, silver hair has been imbued withrich symbolic meanings. In many societies, it is seen as a badge of honor, symbolizing wisdom, experience, and maturity earned through years of living. Ancient Greek mythology, for example, associates white hair with the goddess Athena, who embodies wisdom and strategic thinking. Similarly, in various indigenous cultures, elders with silver hair are revered for their accumulated knowledge and their role as custodians of tradition.This positive cultural connotation has persisted into modern times, with silver-haired individuals often perceived as possessing a certain gravitas and authority. In professional settings, their seasoned appearance may be advantageous, conveying competence, stability, and trustworthiness. However, this perception is not universal; in youth-centric cultures or industries, silver hair might be viewed as a sign of declining vitality or relevance, highlighting the tension between societal admiration for age and the pervasive pressure to maintain a youthful appearance.**Social and Psychological Implications: Identity, Self-Perception, and Stigma**For individuals experiencing hair graying, the transformation can have profound psychological and social consequences. On one hand, embracing silver hair can be a powerful act of self-acceptance and personal growth, signaling a shift in priorities from external appearances to inner qualities. It can serve as a tangible reminder of life experiences, resilience, and the acquisition of life skills, fostering a sense of pride and confidence.On the other hand, societal attitudes towards aging and the premium placed on youthfulness can lead to feelings of insecurity, anxiety, and even discrimination for those with silver hair. The phenomenon of "ageism" –prejudice or discrimination based on age – can manifest in various ways, from workplace biases to limited representation in media and advertising. This can pressure individuals to conceal their silver strands through dyeing, highlighting the complex relationship between personal identity, societal expectations, and self-presentation.Moreover, the decision to embrace or resist silver hair can be deeply personal and emotionally charged. It may involve navigating shifting perceptions of beauty, negotiating generational dynamics within families, or redefining one's sense of self in the face of changing physical attributes. In this context, the choice to go gray becomes not just a cosmetic preference but a statement about self-worth, authenticity, and the acceptance of the natural aging process.**Philosophical Reflections: Timeless Beauty and the Human Condition** From a philosophical standpoint, silver hair serves as a poignant reminder of the fleeting nature of time and the inevitability of change. It embodies the concept of "memento mori," a Latin phrase meaning "remember you must die," which encourages reflection on mortality and the impermanence of life. The gradual graying of hair can prompt individuals to contemplate their legacy, reassess their values, and find meaning in their remaining years.Furthermore, the paradoxical allure of silver hair lies in its ability to simultaneously convey beauty and decay, youthfulness and age, vitality and fragility. It challenges conventional notions of attractiveness, inviting us to broaden our aesthetic sensibilities and appreciate the unique charm of each stage of life. In doing so, it fosters a more inclusive and nuanced understanding of beauty that transcends temporal boundaries.**Conclusion: Embracing the Silver Narrative**In conclusion, the significance of silver hair extends far beyond its biological underpinnings, encompassing cultural symbolism, social dynamics, psychological implications, and philosophical reflections. As a visual manifestation of the passage of time, it serves as a catalyst for personal introspection, societal discourse, and the reevaluation of our attitudes towards aging.While societal pressures and ageist biases may persist, the growing movement of individuals embracing their silver locks signals a shift towards celebrating the beauty and value of all ages. By acknowledging the multidimensional significance of silver hair, we can foster a more inclusive, empathetic, andage-positive culture that respects and appreciates the diverse tapestry of human experience. Ultimately, the journey from vibrant hues to shimmering silver is not merely a change in color, but a profound narrative of life, wisdom, and the timeless essence of humanity.。
案例翻译
The Loewen Group and the United States of America,On June 26, 2003 an ICSID Tribunal rendered a decision dismissingclaims made against the United States by a Canadian corporation, the Loewen Group. The underlying litigation occurred in Mississippi statecourts over contract disputes between Loewen and a Mississippi competitor in the funeral home and insurance industry. Loewen's NAFTAclaim against the United States stems from the outcome of that litigation - Loewen lost a $500 million verdict and was compelled to post a 125%bond before it could appeal. Loewen's sought relief under NAFTA claiming that (1) the trial court violated Article 1102 by discriminatingagainst Loewen as a foreign investor, (2) the discrimination resulted in a “inexplicably large” verdict, (3) the trial court violated Article 1105 by failing to offer Loewen “full protection and security” as a result of the irregularities in the trial procedure, and (4) the trial court violated Article1105 by rendering such an excessive verdict. The ICSID Tribunal'sdecision to dismiss Loewen's claims hinged on two important aspects of Loewen's conduct. First, Loewen had failed to exhaust local remedies. The tribunal found that Loewen could have posted the bound and sought an appeal, filed for bankruptcy protection, or filed a writ of certiorari with the United States Supreme Court to stay the Mississippi proceedings. The Because Loewen did not avail itself of all local legal remedies, it was not, according to the tribunal, able to show a violation of customary international law. Second, the ICSID Tribunal also found that it lacked jurisdiction under NAFTA to ultimately decide Loewen's claims against the United States because the parties lacked the international diversity as required by Chapter 11. Because Loewen's real party in interest was an American citizen, it could not maintain a NAFTA claim against the United States.In its conclusion, however, the ICSID Tribunal admonished the conduct of the Mississippi court system, and recognized that Loewen was treated unfairly.Banro Resources v. Democratic Republic of CongoBanro Resources, a Canadian corporation, and the Democratic Republicof the Congo (DRC) were parties to a Mining Convention which provided for the formation of a local project company, SAKIMA, in which BanroResources held 99 per cent of the shares. The Mining Convention included a dispute resolution clause providing for arbitration under theWashington Convention for any dispute arising between Congo, on the one hand, and Banro and SAKIMA, on the other hand. Soon after thecreation of SAKIMA, Congo declared the Convention null and void and seized the offices of the project company. Canada filed an official proteston behalf of its national. A few days later, Banro Resources transferred 93% of SAKIMA's shares to Banro American, a wholly owned U.S. subsidiary whose sole purpose consisted in “holding Banro Resources‟ interest” in SAKIMA's predecessor company “to qualify for political risk insurance through OPIC.” Nine days later, Banro Amer ican filed a requestfor ICSID arbitration.The Tribunal examined jurisdiction over Banro American under the firstprong of Article 25(2)(b) of the Washington Convention by adopting two alternative approaches. Under the first approach, the tribunal rejected jurisdiction, finding that the claimant Banro American was not a party to the arbitration clause; and the right to arbitration under the Washington Convention could not have been transferred to it with the shares from Banro Resources, which was a national of a non-contracting State. Under the second approach, the tribunal pierced the corporate veil to reveal the Canadian parent company as the true Claimant. Under that approach, the tribunal also lacked jurisdiction, because the requirement that the claimant had to be a national of a Contracting State was not being met. Having concluded that under both approaches it lacked jurisdiction, the tribunal further digressed into a lengthy examination of the fact that Banro Resources, the Canadian parent, had sought diplomatic protection, whereas its wholly-owned subsidiary, Banro American had filed a claim before ICSID. Detecting what was, in its view, a possible abuse of the ICSID system, which excludes in Article 27 diplomatic protection of a Contracting State, the tribunal remarked that it could not allow a corporation to “play on the fact that one of the companies of the groupdoes not have the nationality of a Contracting State party to the Convention, and can therefore benefit from diplomatic protection by itshome State, while another subsidiary of the group possesses the nationality of a Contracting State to the Convention and therefore has standing before an ICSID tribunal.”Tecnicas Medioambientales TECMED S.A. v. MexicoThis thoroughly reasoned award decided a dispute arising out of the failure of Mexican authorities to renew the license of a waste site held by TECMED‟s local Mexican subsidiary. As a preliminary matter, the tribunal examined Mexico‟s objections to the tribunal‟s jurisdiction andthe admissibility of the claims ratione temporis. After examining the specific language of the BIT, the tribunal concluded that any breaches occurring before the entry unto force of the BIT were excluded from its jurisdiction. However, the consideration of any acts or omissions that occurred prior to the entry into force, but that in some form contributed to a treaty breach after the entry into force did not fall outside of the tribunal‟s jurisdiction (para. 68). The tribunal further held that temporal limitations to the jurisdiction, as well as to the admissibility of claims were not covered by the most-favored nation clause included in the BIT. The tribunal then held that the Mexican authorities‟ refusal to renew the license and the effects this refusal had on the utility of Claimant‟s investment constituted an expropriation in breach of the BIT. The conduct of the Mexican authorities also resulted in a breach of the “fair and equitable” treatment provision, because it frustrated the fair expectations on which the investment was based, and failed to establish clear guidelines which would have allowed the investor to adjust its acts so as to obtain a renewal of the license. The tribunal rejected the Claimant‟s argument that Mexico also breached the “full protection and security” clause, as well as other guarantees under the BIT, holding that Claimant failed to prove that the Mexican authorities incited social protests against the waste site or failed to take prompt action to contain those protests.In calculating the damages resulting from the BIT breaches, the tribunalrejected the DCF methodology proposed by Claimant as too speculative, because of the short duration of the operation of the project which resulted in a lack of objective data. Instead, the tribunal determined the damages on the basis of the market value of the assets at the time of the expropriation, derived from an auction sale, including goodwill. It also awarded interest at 6% p.a., compounded annually from the date of the taking until the date of the effective payment.Compañía de Aguas del Aconquija S.A.& Vivendi Universal v Republicof ArgentinaICSID Ad Hoc Committee Partially Annuls Award. An ICSID Ad Hoc Committee has partially annulled an ICSID tribunal decision that had dismissed claims on the merits because an Argentine provincial court had exclusive jurisdiction to interpret the relevant concession agreement. The Ad Hoc Committee held that the tribunal …manifestly exceeded its powers‟ by not examining the merits of the claim under the Argentine-French bilateral investment treaty. An ICSID tribunal having jurisdiction under a BIT in respect of a claim based on substantive provisions of that BIT cannot dismiss the claim on the ground that it should have been dealt with by a national court.Wena Hotels Limited v Arab Republic of EgyptThe dispute arose out of agreements concluded between Wena Hotels, Limited, a U.K. company, and Egyptian Hotels Company (“EHC”), a State-owned Egyptian company, to develop and manage two hotels in Luxor and Cairo. Soon after the signature of those agreement, serious disagreements about the parties‟ respective agreements arose. On April 1, 1991, EHC repossessed both hotels and evicted Claimant. In January 1992, Egypt's Chief Prosecutor ruled that the seizure was illegal. The hotels were then restored to Wena with all fixtures and furniture having been removed. Two days before the Cairo hotel was returned to Wena, the Ministry of tourism withdrew its operating license because of alleged fire safety violations. Wena was ultimately evicted from the Cairo hotel in1995, while the Luxor Hotel was placed in judicial receivership in 1997. Egypt refused to compensate Wena for the losses it had experienced. The dispute was brought under the Agreement for the Promotion and Protection of Investments between Egypt and the United Kingdom (“Egypt –U.K. BIT”).The Tribunal held that Egypt violated its obligation under Article 2(2) of the Egypt –U.K. BIT to accord Wena's investment “fair and equitable treatment” and “full protection and security.” Although it was unclear whether Egyptian officials other than officials of EHC directly participated in the April 1, 1991, seizures, the Tribunal found that Egypt had been aware of EHC's intentions to seize the hotels and failed to take actions to prevent EHC from doing so. Once the seizures had occurred, both the police and the Ministry of Tourism took no immediate action to restore the hotels promptly to Wena's control. Finally, Egypt never imposed substantial sanctions on EHC or its senior officials, suggesting Egypt's approval of EHC's actions. The Tribunal further held that Egypt …s actions constituted an expropriation without “prompt, adequate and effective compensation” in violation of Article 5 of the Egypt – U.K. BIT, because Egypt ha d deprived Wena of its “fundamental rights ofownership” by allowing EHC “forcibly to seize the hotels, to possess them illegally for nearly a year, and to return the hotels stripped of much of their furniture and fixtures.” The Tribunal also rejected Egyp t's argument that Wena's claims were time barred observing inter alia that municipal statutes of limitations were not binding before an international tribunal.Ruling on damages, the Tribunal rejected Wena's claim for lost profits as too speculative, relying on the holding in Metalclad that “where the enterprise has not operated for a sufficiently long time to establish a performance record or where it has failed to make a profit, future profits cannot be used to determine going concern or fair market value.” The Tribunal found that Wena had operated the Luxor hotel for less than eighteen months and not even completed its renovations on the Nile hotel before they were seized and there was some question whether Wena had sufficient finances to fund its renovation and operation of the hotels. Hence, the Tribunal held that the market value of the investment was “best arrived at, in this case, by reference to Wena's actual investments in the two hotels. The Tribunal awarded compound interest observing that“an awa rd of compound (as opposed to simple) interest is generally appropriate in most modern, commercial arbitrations.”Alex Genin v. EstoniaICSID Tribunal Rejects Claim Against Estonia. An ICSID claim was brought by American investment entities against Estonia pursuant to a United States-Estonian bilateral investment treaty. The ICSID Tribunal first held that it had jurisdiction under the BIT as the purchase of an Estonian bank was an …investment‟ within the meaning of the BIT and domestic proceedings in Estonia did not divest the tribunal of jurisdiction. On the merits, the tribunal held that there was no indication that Estonia violated the BIT's …fair and equitable treatment‟ clause, which it defined as an international minimum standard that prohibited willful neglect of duty, an insufficiency of action falling below international standards, or subjective bad faith.SGS Société Générale de Surveillance S.A. v. Islamic Republic ofPakistanTribunal Has Jurisdiction of BIT Claims but Not Breach of Contract Claims On August 6, 2003 an ICSID Tribunal held that it has jurisdiction to decide over a company's claims arising under the Swiss-Pakistan Bilateral Investment Treaty, but not over claims arising under a contract of the two parties, unless those claims amount to breaches of the substantive standards of the BIT. The Tribunal found that pursuant to an interpretation of the Swiss-Pakistan BIT, its jurisdiction was exclusive and not shared with the arbitration tribunal constituted under the contract. However, the ICSID tribunal lacked jurisdiction over claims based on the contract, which did not amount to breaches of the substantive standards of the BIT. The tribunal therefore also denied Pakistan's request to stay the ICSID arbitration pending a resolution of the Pakistani arbitration.CMS Gas Transmission Company v. The Republic of ArgentinaCMS, a United States company, brought the dispute against Argentina on the basis of the Argentina –United States Bilateral Investment Treaty,alleging that a number of measures taken by Argentina as a result of a major economic and financial crisis had an adverse impact on itsinvestment in a local gas utility company resulting in violations of the BIT. Argentina filed a number of objections to the tribunal‟s jurisdiction and the admissibility of CMS‟s claims, all of which were rejected by thetribunal.The tribunal affirmed its jurisdiction, holding that CMS had made aprima facie showing that the economic measures taken by Argentina had adversely affected CMS‟ investment.As a shareholder in a local utility company, CMS was entitled under the Washington Convention to bring claims independently from the local company. The fact that CMS was only a minority shareholder in the local utility company was not an obstacle to bringing a claim, given the broad scope of the term “investment” both under Article 25 of the Washington Convention and the Argentina –U.S. BIT. The tribunal also rejected Argentina‟s arguments that CMS should have submitted to the local jurisdiction of Argentine courts, holding that CMS‟s rights under the BIT were distinguishable from the rights of the local company under a license agreement, to which CMS was not a party, and constituted a separate cause of action. Hence, the dispute settlement provisions under the license agreement between the local company and Argentina could not be a bar to the tribunal‟s jurisdiction over a dispute between CMS and Argentina. In addition, the BIT‟s “fork-in-the-road” provision had not been triggered, because CMS had never submitted to local courts.Dismissing further objections by Argentina, the tribunal held, inter alia, that Article 42 of the Washington Convention concerning the applicable law did not apply to jurisdictional determinations; that certain claims relating to events that had occurred after the filing of the Request of Arbitration were admissible as “incidental or additional claims” pursuant to Note B to Arbitration Rule 40, because they arose out of the subject-matter of the dispute, namely the alleged loss by CMS of its investment in the local gas utility company; and that the progress of negotiations between Argentina and various public utilities companies was irrelevant, as those were res inter alios acta.Salini Costruttori S.p.A. and Italstrade S.p.A. v. Kingdom of Morocco Construction Contract Constituted an Investment and was Subject to Arbitration On July 23, 2001 an ICSID Tribunal held that a construction contract constituted an investment both under the BIT and Article 25 of the Washington Convention. The BIT defined investments very broadly to include rights of an economic nature, such as those created under the construction contract. It observed that the provision in Article 1 of the BIT defining investments referred merely to the validity of the investment, but not to its characterization as an investment under domestic law. It also found the claimants had not waived their right to choose ICSID as a forum for dispute settlement, they had agreed in the construction contract to the jurisdiction of domestic courts only because they had no choice but to accept the jurisdiction of the local courts when concluding the contracts. Hence, the dispute settlement clause in the construction contract did not constitute a choice of forum as provided under Article 8 of the BIT. Finally, the tribunal held that it retained jurisdiction in relation to breaches of contract …that would constitute, at the same time, a violation of the Bilateral Treaty by the State,‟ but excluded …claims that are based solely on a breach of contract.‟SGS Societe Generale de Surveillance, S.A.v. Republic of thePhilippinesTribunal Determines if Breach of Contract Claim can be Brought Under BIT: On January 29, 2004 an ICSID Tribunal considered whether SGS could bring what were essentially claims for non-fulfillment of a contract under the Switzerland-Philippines BIT. It first considered the BIT's umbrella clause and concluded that it renders failures to observe contractual commitments with regard to specific investments into breaches of the B IT. It held that the term …disputes with respect to investments‟ as used in the jurisdictional clause of the Switzerland-Philippines BIT, is not limited to the legal classification of the claim. It hence concluded that in principle SGS was entitled to refer a contractual dispute to ICSID arbitration. However, the tribunal gave effect to the dispute settlement clause in the contract, by which the parties had agreed to refer all disputes exclusively to Philippine courts, holding that the BIT did not purport to override such clauses. The tribunalobserved that a claim arising out of the contract would be inadmissible until the domestic court had clarified the scope or extent of Philippinesobligation to pay. The tribunal did not dismiss the claim, but instead stayed the proceedings until the amount due under the contract wasdetermined.Azurix Corp. v. Argentine RepublicAzurix, a US investor, indirectly owned Azurix Buenos Aires (ABA),which concluded a concession agreement with the Province of Buenos Aires providing water and sewerage services in the province. Azurixalleged that Argentina had breached various obligations owed to Azurix under the 1991 Argentina-United States BIT in respect to Azurix's investment in ABA.Argentina's first objection to the Tribunal's jurisdiction was that the parties to the concession agreement had agreed to submit all disputes to the courts of La Plata and had expressly waived “any other forum or jurisdiction that may correspond due to any reason.” Argentinamaintained that the waiver language precluded claims under the dispute mechanisms contained in the Argentina-U.S. BIT. Relying on the Vivendi annulment decision and Lanco v. Argentina, the tribunal distinguished Azurix's BIT claims from any claims arising under the concession agreement. The waiver language referred only to the latter and was thus irrelevant. Argentina's second objection to jurisdiction was that the dispute had already been submitted to the courts of Argentina under the BIT's fork-in-the-road provision. The tribunal also rejected this objection, confirming what is rapidly becoming well-established arbitral jurisprudence, namely that the clause is triggered only where the parties and the cause of action are identical. Since the cause of action for the contract claims was different than that for the BIT claims, recourse to the local courts for breach of contract as opposed to breach of the BIT did not prevent submission of the BIT claims to arbitration. The tribunal also distinguished the investor from the local project company; the latter's use of local courts could not trigger the “fork in the road” provision against the investor, because the two were different entities.Argentina raised a further objection, alleging that Azurix lacked jus standi to bring a claim against Argentina. In support, it relied on the holding in Barcelona Traction that shareholders in a local project company lack thejus standi to file an indirect claim. Consistent with the holdings by other tribunals, the tribunal rejected that argument on the basis of the wording of Article 25 of the Washington Convention and of Article I of the Argentina-U.S. BIT.Autopista Concesionada de Venezuela C.A. v. Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuelaICSID Tribunal Holds V enezuela Breached Concession Agreement: On September 23, 2003 an ICSID tribunal held that V enezuela had breached the Concession Agreement with Aucoven, in which Aucoven agreed to operate and maintain a highway linking Caracas with its international airport while V enezuela's obligations under the Agreement were mainly related to the financing of the investments. The Tribunal rejected V enezuela's contention that force majeure in the form of actual and feared future public unrest had excused its performance. The tribunal further held that V enezuela had breached the Concession Agreement by failing to grant a guarantee to a potential lender, by failing to pay Aucoven the minimum guaranteed income and by initiating proceedings before the V enezuelan Supreme Court to seek a declaration of termination of the Concession Agreement, although it had agreed in the Concession Agreement to submit all disputes concerning, inter alia, its termination exclusively to ICSID arbitration. The tribunal also rejected V enezuela's argument that the Concession Agreement was still in force, and instead held that Aucoven had validly terminated the Agreement on June 13, 2000.。
Temporal and spatial variations of the particle size distribution of PAHs and their dry deposition f
Temporal and spatial variations of the particle size distribution of PAHs and their dry depositiont al., 1984), which can be deposited in the respiratory tract, hence increasing the potential health effects. In this work, measurements of the size distributions between 0.1 and 100 mm in diameter and dry deposition fluxes of particulate PAHs at four sites, Korea in February and May 2000 were reported. The objective of this study is to understand the characteristics of temporal and spatial variations of the particle size distribution of PAHs and their dry deposition fluxes in Korea.
*Corresponding author. Tel.: +822-3277-2832; fax: +8223277-3275. E-mail address: yong@ewha.ac.kr (Y.P. Kim). 1 Present address: Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Korea.
大学英语阅读教程答案
Lesson 1A.Reading Comprehension Check1.C2.C3.B4.B 7.B5.(1)relationships (2)to (3)love(4)to (5)be (6)loved (7)individual (8)serving (9)others 6.(1)athletic (2)ability (3)sexual(4)conquest (5)economic(6)success (7)comparison(8)competition (9)communityLesson 2A.Reading Comprehension Check1.B2.A 4.C 6.A 8.B3.(1)hormones (2)pressure (3)a (4)short (5)fuse (6)emotions (7)intensely 5.(1)self-control (2)self-awareness (3)aware(4)of(5)deal (6)with 7.(1)lasting (2)hurt (3)yourself(4)someone(5)else(6)irritable(7)grumpy (8)moodLesson 3A.Reading Comprehension CheckI1.C2.B3.C4.A5.C6.B7.B8.C II9.M 10.A 11.I 12.F 13.E 14.K 15.D 16.B 17.G 18.L B.Crossword Puzzle1.forward2.impression3.dunk4.tournament5.guard6.bump7.trophy8.tower9.rebound10.sprainLesson4A.Reading Comprehension Check1.B2.C3.C 5.C 6.A 7.C4.(1)reading (2)writing (3)arithmetic(4)scratching (5)surrounded (6)byLesson 5A.Reading Comprehension Check 1.B 2.A 3.A 4.B 6.C 7.B 5.(1)constructive (2)unrelenting (3)transformed (4)perspective(5)altogether (6)realizationKey Key to Exercisesto Exercises 大学英语阅读教程2（南方版）（第二版）阅读大学英语教程2（南方版）（）（第二版））Lesson6A.Reading Comprehension CheckI1.B2.A3.B4.A5.C6.A7.B8.BII9.H10.L11.J12.N13.O14.M15.I16.F17.C18.AB.Crossword Puzzle1.trivial2.visualization3.persistence4.nurture5.meditation6.wallow7.affirmation8.incorporate9.aspiration10.gratitude11.agonizingLesson7A.Reading Comprehension Check1.C2.B3.(1)independence(2)alienation(3)revolutionize(4)domain(5)retreat(6)amusement(7)terminally(8)utterly/profoundly/terminally4.(1)associate(2)pursuits(3)conjures(4)healing(5)breather(6)restorer(7)adjust/regulate(8)fortitude5.A6.B7.A8.ALesson8A.Reading Comprehension Check1.C2.C3.(1)survive(2)fresh(3)open/unconditioned(4)inquiring(5)universally(6)inhibit(7)enhance(8)constant(9)human4.(1)prestige(2)net-worth(3)independence(4)security(5)conditioned(6)pursue(7)productive5.C6.A7.A8.BLesson9A.Reading Comprehension CheckI1.C2.B3.C4.C5.A6.B7.B8.CII9.B10.D11.F12.I13.H14.O15.G16.E17.C18.AB.Crossword Puzzle1.beneath2.spear3.bite4.throne5.knight6.doze7.fade8.slither9.stain10.glory11.battlefield12.enchanted13.shield14.crash15.nightfallLesson10A.Reading Reading Comprehension Check1.C2.A3.A4.B5.C6.C7.B8.CLesson11A.Reading Comprehension Check1.B2.B3.(1)served(2)verbal war(3)verbal assaults(4)hearts(5)mind(6)really(7)human(8)mouth4.(1)monologue(2)consumes(3)paradigm(4)patronizing(5)showpiece(6)monistic(7)abused5.A6.C7.C8.BLesson12A.Reading Comprehension CheckI1.C2.A3.C4.B5.C6.A7.B8.CII9.D10.K11.G12.I13.M14.F15.H16.E17.B18.NB.Crossword Puzzle1.nominate2.charge3.virtuous4.blackmail5.suspicion6.anonymous7.amaze8.recede9.falsehood10.vergeLesson13A.Reading Comprehension Check1.B2.C3.A4.C5.C6.C7.A8.CLesson14A.Reading Comprehension Check1.C2.A3.B4.A5.C6.C7.A8.ALesson15A.Reading Comprehension Check1.A2.B3.B4.C5.B6.C7.C8.BLesson16A.Reading Comprehension Check1.C2.A5.A6.B7.B8.C3.(1)commitment(2)earnestness(3)spoils(4)characterizes(5)artificial(6)separated(7)out there(8)temporal(9)accentuates(10)mistaken4.(1)Competitive(2)mirror/model(3)afford(4)impartial(5)oversees(6)presence(7)stimulates(8)uncompromisingB.Reading StrategiesTopic sentence:Play distinguishes itself clearly from real life through the presence of rules and the judge.Major details: 1.The possibilities are more limited and therefore more clearly arranged.2.The uncompromising effort to justice is further accentuated.Signal words:further,another difference from the real worldMinor details: 1.Experiments with a larger chessboard and atonal music led to nothing.2.Justice under simplified conditions of rules is so essential for a play.Lesson17A.Reading Comprehension Check1.A2.A5.B6.C7.C8.C3.(1)balance(2)fill(3)Competencies(4)notion(5)implicit(6)about(7)summing4.(1)ongoing(2)collective(3)assumes(4)operating(5)sources(6)putativeLesson18A.Reading Comprehension CheckI1.A2.C3.B4.A5.C6.B7.B8.AII9.B10.I11.F12.N13.K14.D15.G16.C17.M18.O阅读大学英语教程2（南方版）（）（第二版））B.Crossword Puzzle1.discrimination2.counselor3.vaccine4.definitely5.destiny6.debate7.circumstance8.guarantee9.tease10.bully Lesson19A.Reading Comprehension Check1.B2.C3.C4.B5.C6.B7.CB.Reading StrategiesExercises1.B2.A3.B4.C5.ALesson20A.Reading Comprehension Check1.A2.B3.A4.C5.B6.A7.C8.BLesson21A.Reading Comprehension CheckI1.B2.C3.A4.B5.A6.C7.C8.AII9.C10.F11.I12.A13.L14.E15.B16.G17.O18.MB.Crossword Puzzle1.migration2.rural3.species4.scant5.storage6.panel7.famine8.curb9.urban10.extractLesson22A.Reading Comprehension Check1.A2.C5.C6.B7.C8.B3.(1)bonding(2)irritating(3)took over(4)courtship(5)dissipated(6)disillusioned(7)flawed4.(1)strengths(2)erased(3)drifting apart(4)separation(5)overrides(6)grief(7)surviveLesson23A.Reading Comprehension Check1.C2.B3.B4.A5.C6.A7.C8.BLesson24A.Reading Comprehension CheckI1.A2.B3.B4.C5.A6.C7.A8.AII9.G10.D11.M12.A13.J14.N15C16.H17.K18.OB.Crossword Puzzle1.barren2.utility3.overwhelming4.curb5.invoke6.innate7.scarce8.kin9.thorny10.novel。
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Thinking about time perception View project
WholeNo. 576, 1963 General and Applied
TEMPORAL DISCRIMINATION AND THE INDIFFERENCE INTERVAL :
IMPLICATIONS FOR A MODEL OF THE "INTERNAL CLOCK'' 1
MICHEL TREISMAN Insti.tute ol Erleri.mental Psychology, Uniuersity ol Oxford Temporal discrimination was investigatedby the mettrodsof production, reproduction, constant stimuli, single stimuli, and estimation. The Weber function was found to give a good frt to the relation between AT and T1 evidencewas obtained ttrat a dip in the Weber function at a short interval is not an essential feature of time estimation but may be due to the developmentof rhythmic modes of responseor other factors. Productions or reproductions of intervals tend to lengthen duriug the courseof a session at a rate proportionately greater for short intervals; but estimates tend to shorten. A model for the "internal cloclJ'is described, based on a pacemaker,counter, store, and comparator with functional relations tending to reduce error, and it is shown to provide explanations for the Weber function, the indifferenceinterval, overestimation of short and underestimationof long intervals,the featuresof "lengthening,"assimilation, and other findings.
Article in Psychological monographs · February 1963
DOI: 10.1037/h0093864 · Source: PubMed
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1 author: Michel Treiistory of research on f\nsnrrn the estimation of time, some of the lrl oldest problems in this field, such as the applicability of Weber's law to the difference threshold function or the causation of the "indifference intervalr" are still unsolved. This is unfortunate since an accurate knowledge of the input-output relations shown by subjects estimating time is essential for the development of a satisfactory model of the underlying time keeping mechanisms. The experiments described in this monograph attempt to clarify some of the features of time estimation; a model is then developed and the predictions it makes are compared with the experimental data. Does Weber's law apply to the temporal difference threshold function? Glass (see Woodrow, 1930) examined intervals of .zl--15.4 seconds and found that it did, but most later investigators have disagreed with him. In a number of casesthe Weber fraction has been found to have a minimal value at some short interval: Mach obtained a minimum of. 5/o at .375 secondl Vierordt obtained a minimum of. 3/o between 1 and 1.5 seconds (Boring, 19a2); and Woodrow (1930) obtaineda mini
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Temporal discrimination and the indifference interval. Implications for a model of the "internal clock"