中英文名词解释汇总
常用术语中英文词典
常用术语中英文词典Raw materials:alumina 铝土bauxite 铝矿土log 大圆棒billet 小圆棒（铝棒）butt 废料（挤压切头）Magnesium 镁Silicon 硅Iron 铁Copper 铜Manganese 锰Chromium 铬extruability 可挤压性strength-to-weight ratio 强度重量比quenching 淬火conductivity 可导电性，导电率Equipment: 设备：log conveyor 大圆棒运输机log furnace 大圆棒加热炉billet furnace 铝棒加热炉solvus tempreture 溶线温度solidus tempreture 固线温度log shear 圆棒剪billet transveyor 铝棒运输机press loader 挤压机托料架机械手ram 挤压杆dummy block 压饼（挤压垫）container 盛锭筒container liner 盛锭筒内衬（内套）runout table 输出台front platen 前板main cylinder 主缸Die: 模具：die ring 模套die 模具backer 模垫bolster 前垫shim (sub-bolster) 后垫feeder 导流板pocket(cavity of feeder) 袋式平模hollow die 空心模semi-hollow die 半空心模solid die 平模aperture (pocket) 孔隙die cap 下模（母模）mandrel 上模（公模）porthole 孔式分流模pancake 园盘式模bridge 桥式模spider 蜘蛛模horse shoe 马蹄形止口tool carrier 模座die bearing 工作带relief 空刀die oven 模具加热炉radiant oven 辐射炉infrared oven 红处线炉lead-out table 导出台quench box 淬火槽standing-wave cooling 过水槽冷却mist cooling 水雾冷却air cooling 风冷web 桥port 进料孔puller 牵引机transfer belts 传送台cooling belt 冷却带（台）stretcher 拉直机（调直机）tail head 固定端power head 活动端clamps 夹头crossover belts （拉直机）传送带staging and saw: 锯切工作台和锯staging area 锯切工作台saw 锯batching belt 配置传送带saw gauge 锯切定尺台supervisory control system(SCS) 监视控制系统programmable logic controller(PLC) 可编过程控制器aging oven 时效炉Processtemperature rise 挤压时的上升温度exit temperature 出口温度tearing 扯裂container wall 挤压筒筒壁shear zoneexit temp. measurement 出口温度测量temp. stick 测温笔thermocouple temp. probe 热电偶探测针pyrometer 高温计atomic structure 原子结构quench rate 淬火率precipitate 沉淀Magnesium Silicide crystals 硅化镁晶体intersperse(dispersion) 分散preserve 保持temper 状态critical quench rate 临界淬火率temper designations 状态定义recovery 成品率aluminum oxide 氧化铝scrap 费料productivity measurement 生产效率的评估press efficiency 挤压机效率weight per person-hour 单位时间人均成品率internal scrap produced 费品率rejected and returned material ratio 退货率production and maintenance downtime 停机时间OEE (overall equipment effectiveness) 整个设备效率quality rate 可销售产品率performance rate 实际出品率availability rate 挤压机利用率Quality 质量defects 缺陷vernier(calipers) 千分尺feeler gauge 塞尺go-no-go gauges 专用测型仪protractor 角规square 矩尺，丁字尺Webster hardness tester 韦氏硬度钳back end condition 挤压尾部条件blister 气泡，沙眼bow 弯曲broken die 模具损坏saw burr 锯毛刺chatter 振痕corrosion-pitting 腐蚀点corrosion water stain 水迹die line 模痕faltness deviation 不平（不平淬火，拉伸过分，模具错误）hook 侧面弯曲inclusion 因模具内售杂质而型材含杂质kink 因搬运造成的严重变形lamination 迭层（因铸锭有裂痕，或模具含杂质）flow line 模痕carbon mark 石墨痕handling mark 碰伤roll mark 滚动痕stop mark 断痕stretcher jam mark 拉抻机夹痕traffic mark 碰伤orange peel 桔皮pickup 粘铝。
中文专业名词或术语大全
中文专业名词或术语大全English Answer:Literary Terms.Allegory: A story with a deeper meaning than its surface level.Anaphora: Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive lines or clauses.Characterization: The development of characters in a story.Climax: The turning point in a story.Conflict: The struggle between opposing forces in a story.Denouement: The resolution of a story.Epigraph: A short quotation at the beginning of a work that provides insight into its theme or meaning.Exposition: The introduction of characters, setting, and background information in a story.Falling Action: The events that follow the climax and lead to the resolution.Figurative Language: Language that uses figures of speech, such as metaphors, similes, and personification.Flashback: A scene in a story that interrupts the chronological order to show an event that happened in the past.Foreshadowing: Hints or clues about events that will happen later in the story.Imagery: The use of vivid language to create a mental picture in the reader's mind.Irony: A contrast between what is expected and what actually happens.Metaphor: A comparison between two things that are not literally alike, but share some common qualities.Motif: A recurring element or theme in a story.Narrator: The person who tells the story.Plot: The sequence of events in a story.Point of View: The perspective from which a story is told.Resolution: The outcome of the conflict in a story.Rising Action: The events that lead up to the climaxin a story.Setting: The time and place in which a story occurs.Simile: A comparison between two things that are literally alike, using the words "like" or "as"Symbolism: The use of symbols to represent abstract ideas or concepts.Theme: The central idea or message of a story.Grammatical Terms.Adjective: A word that describes a noun or pronoun.Adverb: A word that modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb.Conjunction: A word that connects words, phrases, or clauses.Determiner: A word that comes before a noun to specify its quantity or identity.Interjection: A word or phrase that expresses strong emotion.Noun: A word that names a person, place, thing, or idea.Preposition: A word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence.Pronoun: A word that takes the place of a noun.Verb: A word that describes an action, occurrence, or state of being.Literary Genres.Biography: A written account of a person's life.Drama: A work of literature that is intended to be performed on stage.Essay: A written work that expresses the author'sthoughts and ideas on a particular topic.Fiction: A story that is invented rather than based on real events.Memoir: A written account of a person's own life.Novel: A long work of fiction that tells a story.Poem: A work of literature that uses language in a creative and expressive way.Short Story: A brief work of fiction that tells a complete story.Other Literary Terms.Author: The person who writes a work of literature.Character: A person, animal, or other being in a work of literature.Epilogue: A concluding section of a work of literature that provides additional information or commentary.Genre: A category of literature that shares certain characteristics.Protagonist: The main character in a work of literature.Reader: A person who reads a work of literature.Text: The written or printed words of a work of literature.中文回答：文学术语。
英语翻译基础--英汉互译名词解释
英语翻译基础--英汉互译名词解释英语翻译基础--英汉互译名词解释1、国际组织类已经考过的：apec，国际货币基金组织，G20，世界银行，世贸组织，EU，WTO，关税总协定，安理会常任理事国，CDED,IAEA,ASEM,UNICEF,ASEAN,OECD,APEC，前苏联可能要考的：联合国、联合国大会/联大、联合国安全理事会、欧盟、东盟、阿盟、非盟、20国集团、亚太经合组织、北约、上合组织、金砖四国、八国集团首脑会议、经合组织、关税及贸易组织、石油输出国组织/欧佩克、国际奥委会、国际足球联合会、国际原子能机构、核供应国集团、禁止化学武器组织、国际能源机构、博鳌亚洲论坛、英联邦、独联体、欧洲委员会、世界卫生组织、世界知识产权组织、世界旅游组织、联合国粮食及农业组织、联合国教科文组织、联合国儿童基金会、国际劳工组织、国际标准化组织、国际红十字会、亚太空间合作组织、欧洲货币联盟、国际复兴开发银行/世界银行、亚洲开发银行、非洲开发银行、欧洲中央银行、欧洲复兴发展银行、美洲开发银行/泛美开发银行、伊斯兰开发银行、不结盟运动、巴黎俱乐部、南方中心、阿拉伯各国议会联盟、拉丁美洲议会、海湾合作委员会、联合国工业发展组织、联合国开发计划署、联合国环境署、世界动物卫生组织、世界穆斯林大会、世界气象组织、世界和平理事会、国际金融公司、国际海事组织、国际民用航空组织、国际开发协会、国际商会、国际贸易中心、国际捕鲸委员会、阿拉伯石油输出国组织、太平洋岛国论坛、SCO、UNSC、OECD、OIE、OPEC、FAO、UNESCO、UNCF、UNIDO、UNDP、UNEP、UNCDF、UNCTAD、WHO、WMO、GATT、WIPO、WPC、ILO、IMF、IOC、IPC、ISO、ICC、IAEA、NATO、OPEC、EEC、NAM、UNCITRAL、UNDP、UNEP、UNIDO、WB、WCO、WEC、WFC、WFP、WTO、EMU （European Monetary Union）、PLO(PalestineLiberationOrganization)巴勒斯坦解放组织、EFTA/欧洲自由贸易联盟2、中国政府机关名词已经考过的：全国人民代表大会，政协，npc、可能要考的：主席团、常务委员会、办公厅、秘书处、中央军事委员会、最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、国务院、外交部、国防部、国家发展计划委员会、教育部、科学技术部、国家科学技术工业委员会、国家安全部、监察部、民政部、司法部、财政部、人事部、劳动和社会保障部、国土资源部、建设部、铁路部、交通部、信息产业部、水利部、农业部、对外贸易经济合作部、文化部、卫生部、国家计划生育委员会、中国人民银行、国家审计署、国务院办公厅、国务院研究室、新闻办公室、海关总署、国家税务总局、国家环境保护总局、中国民用航空总局、caac、国家广播电影电视总局、国家体育总局、国家统计局、国家工商行政管理局、新闻出版署、国家版权局、国家林业局、国家质量技术监督局、国家药品监督管理局、国家知识产权局、国家旅游局、新华通讯社、中国科学院、中国社会科学院、中国工程院、中国地震局、中国气象局、中国证券监督管理委员会、国家轻工业局、国家纺织工业局、国家海洋局、国家测绘局、国家外汇管理局、国家出入境检验检疫局、中国共产党中央委员会、中央政治局、CPPCC、中央政治局常务委员会、中央书记处、中央军事委员会、中央办公厅、中央组织部、中央宣传部、中央统一战线部、中央对外联络部、中央政策研究室、中央党校、中央翻译局、中央档案馆、中国人民政治协商会议、中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会、中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会常务委员会、中国共产党、中国国民党革命委员会(民革)、中国民主同盟(民盟)、中国民主建国会(民建)、中国民主促进会(民进)、九三学社3、美国《时代》周刊评出年度热词已经考过的：defacto，Neet，unfriend，somebody'scupoftea，givethefloorto，thein-thing，infortainment，可能要考的：Vuvuzela/呜呜祖拉、TopKill/JunkShot/StaticKill/T opHat顶部封杀/垃圾弹/静态封杀/盖帽法、深水地平线/DeepwaterHorizon、Bedbugs/臭虫、Eyjafjallajokull/冰岛火山、Austerity/节衣缩食/欧洲紧缩政策、AnchorBabies/定锚婴儿、MamaGrizzlies/棕熊妈妈军团、ReleasetheKraken/释放海妖、Double-dip/二次探底、Bungabunga/强行侵犯俘虏/意大利总理贝卢斯科尼举办的性派对、海地地震、维基解密、援救智利矿工、巴基斯坦特大洪灾、朝鲜半岛局势、也门/反恐战争新前线、基地组织、主权债务/sovereigndebt、实体经4、科技发明类已经考过的：HDTV，CPU，显示器，小排量汽车可能要考的：Semiconductor/半导体、5、近年重大疾病类已经考过的：CBS，TheGuardian，FIT，新华社、CCTV可能要考的：CBC、BBC、ABC、CNN、AP/Associated Press、美联社、路透社、全国广播公司(NBC )、哥伦比亚广播公司(CBS)、美国广播公司(ABC)、美国有线电视新闻网（CNN）、福克斯新闻频道(FOX NEWS)、日本广播协会（NHK）、半岛电视台（Al Jazeera)、加拿大广播公司（CBC）、澳大利亚广播公司（ABC）、东京广播公司（TBS）、韩国kbs电视台（KBS）、家庭影院频道(HBO)、[V]音乐台（channelv）、探索频道（discovery）、美国音乐电视频道(MTV)、NPR（National Public Radio）美国全国公共电台、7、美国之音常用新闻词汇已经考过的：commuter/乘车上班族、lipsynching/假唱、入境签证，Commuter，爵士摇滚，可能要考的：intangibleculturalheritage/非物质文化遗产、holdoff/保持距离、barrage/接连发问sound-detectiongear:声音探测器spam:垃圾邮件hideout:藏身点snap:仓促的coupplotter:政变策划者stemcell:干细胞playup:大肆渲染graffiti:涂鸦feverpitch:高度兴奋,狂热overstaff:人员过多peacesaboteur:和平破坏者comatose:昏迷的crackdown:取缔，制裁down-to-earth:实际的切实的BallisticMissileTest：弹道导弹试验Ordeal：严峻的考验Kidnapper：拐子、绑匪AtomicNucleus：原子核ConfidenceVote：信任票Denuclearization：非核化Blast：爆炸，冲击波GreenBeltMovement：绿带运动Argumentative：爱争论的Cram：塞满、拥挤SnapPoll：即席调查Premature：过早的，仓促的Paralyzed：瘫痪的LiftAnEmbargo：解除禁运Barbecuestoppage:中止；中断abstention:弃权clinicaltrial:临床试验ChrysanthemumThrone：天皇王位VaccinateBlockbusterMascotSleasyCULLOutofwhackhotwords:fie ldworkriotRedtape：繁文缛节ColdfrontAbduct：诱拐，绑架Preemptive：先发制人的Footage：电影胶片Incumbent：现任者，在职者MilitaryChief：军事最高统帅StateVisit：国事访问PermanentMember：常任理事国Relevance：意义，实用性UraniumEnrichment：铀浓缩PowerPlant：发电站Evacuate：撤退、疏散Bayard：骑士，勇武异常者launchpad:发射台Constituency：选区，选民atadiscountTabloidAchilles'heelPostmodernComeout （ofthecloset）Reggae Rap music Platonic Punk Blackball Coat tail Lame duck Independent counsel Preset Orbit：预定轨道Milestone：里程碑，转折点BallisticMissile：弹道导弹HeartBbypassSurgery：心脏搭桥手术Wail：大哭Denunciation：谴责、指责Holeup：藏匿StepDown：辞职，下台Benchmark：基准点，衡量标准BeakedWhale:突吻鲸，喙鲸Procurement:采购Handset:手机Stake:股份Portal:门户网站Showcase:展示Sedan:小轿车StrategicPetroleumReserve:战略石油储备BackT ax:退缴税CrudeOutput:原油生产LogOn:进入系统LagBehind:落在后面TeamUp:合作，协作AudienceRating:收视率PlayDown:对……不太重视FloorTrader:场内交易人APackageOfProposals:一揽子建议OperatingMargin:营运利润率Hedge-Fund:对冲基金Shortfall:不足、差额、赤字Anti-Trust:反托拉斯FullSwing:达到活动的ClawBack:夺回，费力收回BalanceSheet:资产负债表Inventory:货存、库存量MutualFund:共同基金LoanGuarante:借款保函ClassAction:集体诉讼Antidumping：反倾销Confetti:五彩纸屑FederalReserve:美国联邦储备系统Ink：签署（合同、文件等）HSBC:汇丰银行HotMoney:国际套利资本Scooter：速克达、踏板车、单脚滑行车InARow：一个接一个NetWorth：资本净值ABM=anti-ballisticmissile反弹道导弹abortivecoupattempt未遂政变absenttrial（absentvoting缺席审判（缺席投票absolutemajority绝对多数abstainfromvoting弃权abuseofpowerforpersonalgain以权谋私academia学术界academiccareer学历，学业academician院士AcademyAward奥斯卡金像奖academysciences科学院accreditedjournalist特派记者acquit （beacquitted宣告无罪（无罪释放actingpresident代总统activecapital流动资本activesubstance放射性物adversetradebalance逆差advisorybody顾问团after-saleservice售后服务aircrash飞机失事album专辑alliedpowers同盟国all-outban全面禁止all-roundtitle全能冠军alumnus（复数:alumni）校友amendment修正案，附加条款amicablerelations 友好关系amnesty特赦anarchy无政府状态animalyear本命年anti-corruption反腐败anti-robberybell防盗铃apartheid种族隔离appropriateauthorities有关当局arch-foe 主要的劲敌armedintervention武装干涉arm-twisting施加压力arson放火，纵火assemblyhall会议厅assemblyline生产流水线assemblyman议员，装配工assistantsecretary（美）助理部长assistantsecretaryofstate （美）助理国务卿attaché专员，（外交使团的）随员audiencerating收视率audiophile音乐发烧友authoritativeinformation官方消息authoritativesource权威人士autonomousregion（prefecture自治区（州axispower轴心国bachelormother未婚母亲backgroundbriefing吹风会，背景情况介绍会bacteria细菌bail 保释，保释金ballot选票，投票bankbook银行存折bankfailure银行倒闭barcode条形码bargainprice廉价beresponsibleforone'sownprofitandloss自负盈亏behonestinperformingone'sofficialduties廉洁奉公beeperBP 机behind-the-scenemaneuvering幕后操纵benefitconcert义演音乐会bestsupportingactressaward最佳女配角bidupprice哄抬物价biggun有势力的人，名人biglie大骗局bistro夜总会blackbox测谎器blackmarketprice 黑市价blanketballot全面选举blast爆炸blindalley死胡同blockade封锁bloodlesscoup不流血政变BlueBerets 蓝盔部队bluffdiplomacy恫吓外交bombard轰炸，炮击boom（经济）繁荣，兴旺borrower债方botanicalgarden 植物园bottleup抑制bottomout走出低谷boxofficereturns票房收入boxofficesmash卖座率高的演出boycott 联合抵制braindrain人才流失braingain人才引进braintrust智囊团brawndrain劳工外流read-and-butterletter 感谢信bribery行贿bubbleeconomy泡沫经济bureaucracy官僚主义bureaucrat官倒cabinetlineup内阁阵容cabinetre-shuffle内阁改组cablecar缆车cable-staybridge斜拉桥cadre干部cafeteria自助餐厅calamity灾难campaignagainstporns 扫黄运动candidateforexam考生cargohandlingcapacity货物吞吐量carnival狂欢节casualty遇难者，伤亡人员catchphrase口头禅，口号ceasefire停火ceilingprice最高限价celebrity知名人士cellularphone移动电话，大哥大censurevote不信任投票census人口普查ceremonialusherette迎宾小姐chamberconcert室内音乐会charity慈善组织charteredplane包机chinahand中国通China'sactualconditions 中国国情ChinesedescendantinAmerica 美籍华裔cholesterol胆固醇civilservant公务员civilian平民classroomboycott罢课climbout经济复苏closingaddress闭幕辞cloverleafintersection立交桥comfortably-offlevel小康水平complainsbox意见箱computernik电脑迷condo（minium）商品房condolence 慰问，吊唁conductedtour团体旅游confiscate没收，充公conscienceforum道德法庭conscript征兵，入伍conservativeparty保守党constructionofacleangovernment廉政建设conveniencefood方便食品corruptionreportingcenter举报中心countdown倒计时countymagistrate县长crammingsystem填鸭式教学法crashprogram应急计划criminallaw刑法crudeoil原油culturalundertakings文化事业curfew宵禁curriculumvitae履历表curtaincall谢幕dailynecessities日用品dailyturnover日成交量dan （围棋的）段deadlock 僵局deathtoll死亡人数，死亡率defendant 被告deli（catessen）熟食dictatorship独裁disaster-hitarea灾区discjockeyDJdissolve解散divisionchief处长，科长doctorialtutor 博士生导师doormoney入场费dove主和派，鸽派duet二重唱Duma（俄）杜马，俄罗斯议会dux学习标兵，学习尖子economicsanction经济制裁economictake-off经济腾飞ElNino厄尔尼诺现象electricpower电力eliminate淘汰embargo禁运enrouteto 在……途中enlistedman现役军人epidemic流行病exclusiveinterview独家采访expo（sition）博览会face-to-facetalk 会晤fairplaytrophy风格奖familyplanning计划生育fleamarket跳蚤市场flyingsquad飞虎队frame-up诬陷，假案frontpage头条frontrowseat首席记者fullhouse满座gear…totheinternationalconventions 把…与国际接轨grasswidow （widower留守女士（留守男士guestofhonor贵宾guestteam （hometeam客队（主队hawk主战派heroin海洛因highlightsandsidelights要闻与花絮his-and-herswatches情侣表hitparade 流行歌曲排行榜hitproduct拳头产品hit-and-runner肇事后逃走者HongKongcompatriot香港同胞honorguard 仪仗队hostage人质housingreform住房改革hypermedia多媒体ideology 意识形态idlemoney闲散资金inanotherrelateddevelopment另据报道incumbentmayor现任市长info-highway信息高速公路in-servicetraining在职训练inspector-general总监interimgovernment过渡政府invitationmeet邀请赛judo柔leadingactor男主角lease租约，租期manofmark名人，要人manuscript原稿，脚本marriagelines结婚证书masterkey万能钥匙medium媒体，媒介mercykilling安乐死moped助力车Moslem穆斯林multimedia多媒体musiccafe音乐茶座nationalanthem国歌negativevote反对票nestegg私房钱newsagency通讯社newsbriefing新闻发布会newsconference记者招待会newsflash短讯，快讯nominee候选人notions小商品nullandvoid无效的off-hourhobby业余爱好off-the-jobtraining脱产培训onstandby待命on-the-jobtraining在职培训on-the-spotbroadcasting现场直播opinionpoll民意测验overpass（人行）天桥overseasstudent留学生overture序曲overwhelmingmajority压倒性多数palmphone大哥大parliament国会passerby过路人pay-to-the-driverbus无人售票车peacefulco-existence和平共处peace-keepingforce维和部队peakviewingtime 黄金时间pedestrian行人pensioninsurance养老保险Pentagon五角大楼perk外快PM=primeminister首相，总理politburo政治局poorbox济贫箱pope教皇poseforagroupphoto 集体合影留念poverty-strickenarea贫困地区powerfailure断电，停电premiere首映，初次公演pressbriefing新闻发布会presscorps记者团pressspokesman新闻发言人prize-awardingceremony颁奖仪式professionalescort"三陪"服务profiteer投机倒把者protocol草案，协议puberty青春期publicservant公务员questionnaire调查表quick-frozenfood速冻食品quizgame智力竞赛racialdiscrimination种族歧视rapport默契reciprocalvisits互访recital独唱会，独奏会red-carpetwelcome隆重欢迎red-hotnews 最新消息red-letterday大喜之日redundant下岗人员re-employment再就业rep=representative代表ripoff宰客senate参议院tenureofoffice任职期theotherman （woman第三者topnews 头条新闻tornado龙卷风tourdeforce代表作townshipenterprises 乡镇企业townshiphead乡长traffictie-up交通瘫痪truce停火，休战trustee董事two-daydayoffs双休日tycoon巨富umpire裁判V.D.=venerealdisease性病vaccine疫苗vehicle-freepromenade步行街votedown否决well-offlevel 小康水平well-to-dolevel小康水平Who'sWho名人录workingcouple双职工8、国际贸易类已经考过的：installment plan，chenck and balance，boned good，优惠合同，购货合同，报关，贸易顺差，售后服务，安检，POD，L（C，bonded warehouse,转基因食品,可能要考的：9、金融危机相关词汇已经考过的：IPR,Sub-prime Mortgage Crisis,Free Trade Agreement,稳健的货币政策,可能要考的：10、大陆对台政策类已经考过的：CEPA,可能要考的：一国两制、11、中国航天事业类已经考过的：载人航天计划，载人飞船可能要考的：12、美国机构类已经考过的：NASA，USNE，美国联邦储备银行，奥巴马、奥斯卡奖、花旗银行，Arbor Day，可能要考的：ANSI（美国国家标准学会、美利坚合众国、USDA、ACM、USNA、NSC、USMA、AMA、ABA （American Bar Association美国律师协会、ECMA（European Computer Manufacturers Association欧洲计算机制造商协会、IDC （International Data Corporation国际数据公司、NAS（National Academy of Sciences国家科学院、AAA（American Automobile Association美国汽车协会、ABA（American Bankers Association 美国银行家协会、ARC（American Red Cross美国红十字会、IATA （International Air Transport Association国际航空运输协会DA （Department of the Army (美国)陆军部、OSS（Office ofStrategic Services战略情报局、NMD/国家导弹防御系统、13、全球著名快递公司已经考过的：EMS、14、全球航空公司已经考过的：BA（British Airways英国航空公司可能要考的：CAB（Civil Aeronautics Board民航局、AAL （American Airlines美国航空公司、AA（American Airlines 美国美洲航空、15、全球著名企业已经考过的：可能要考的：HP（Hewlett-Packard惠普公司、GM（General Motors美国通用汽车公司、16、各国缩写已经考过的：可能要考的：CAN加拿大SP西班牙IR伊朗PE（Peru秘鲁IRE （Ireland爱尔兰AR（Argentina阿根廷JP（Japan 日本、SFO（San Francisco三藩市、16、各国央行及全球著名银行已经考过的：中国工商银行，可能要考的：ECB（European Central Bank欧洲中央银行、17、全球证交所已经考过的：NSDAQ、创业板,可能要考的：ASE美国证券交易所、SEX（(Singapore Stock Exchange)新加坡证券交易所、SSE(上海证券交易所)、ASX澳大利亚证券交易所Australian Stock Exchange、纳斯达克，道.琼斯,香港恒生,东京证券交易所，18、全球运动协会缩写已经考过的：NBA可能要考的：AHL（American Hockey League）美国曲棍球联盟、MLB（Major League Baseball）美国全国棒球协会和盟国棒球协会、NBA（美国）国家篮球协会、NHL（National Hockey League）全国曲棍球联盟、WWF（World Wrestling Federation）世界摔角联盟、CBA、19、中国特色的词汇已经考过的：中国特色的社会主义市场经济,外向型经济，政企分开，恶性循环，自负盈亏，扫黄打非,西部大开发,高度自治,中小企业，打造知名品牌，晚婚晚育，可能要考的：20、百科全书已经考过的：Encyclopedia Britannica, binary opposition,可能要考的：21、古代巨著已经考过的：《论语》《红楼梦》《红楼梦》《毛泽东语录》《论语》《钦定圣经》、可能要考的：水浒、三国、西游记、一千零一夜、天方夜谈、道德经、TAO，孔子、孟子、22、军事外交类已经考过的：外交庇护,战略伙伴关系，Special Safeguard Mechanism,可能要考的：23、节能减排、气候大会已经考过的：节能，温室气体排放可能要考的：24、中国网络热词已经考过的：选秀,囧，绿坝，SOHO、可能要考的：25、中国成语可能要考的：26、中国自然灾害已经考过的：地震，可能要考的：27、中国名盛古迹已经考过的：颐和园，天坛、兵马俑，可能要考的：28、翻译专业述语已经考过的：音译、对等翻译、direct Translation，MTI，Simultaneous Interpretion，会议传译，应用语言学，可能要考的：29、节日已经考过的：老人节，Arbor Day，可能要考的：30、中国特色的评选已经考过的：中国十佳宜居城市可能要考的：31、科技类已经考过的：the king of kings, Dubbling，文本对等，可能要考的：。
(精品英国文学名词解释大全(整理版)
英国文学名词解释大全(整理版)名词解释1.Epic(史诗)（appeared in the the Anglo-Saxon Period ）It is a narrative of heroic action, often with a principal hero, usually mythical in its content, grand in its style, offering inspiration and ennoblement within a particular culture or national tradition.A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full of magnificence.Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people, are also called epic.E.g. Beowulf （ the pagan（异教徒），secular(非宗教的) poetry）Iliad 《伊利亚特》，Odyssey《奥德赛》 Paradise Lost 《失乐园》，The Divine Comedy《神曲》2.Romance （传奇）(Anglo-Norman feudal England)•Romance is any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.•Originally, the term referred to a medieval (中世纪) tale dealing with the love and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including supernatural happenings.Form: long composition, in verse, in proseContent: description of life and adventures of a noble heroCharacter: a knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons; often described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments(骑士比武), or fighting for his lord in battles; devoted to the church and the king•Romance lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.•It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.•It contains perilous (dangerous) adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.•It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.①The Romance Cycles/Groups/DivisionsThree Groups●matters of Britain Adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table （亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士）●matters of France Emperor Charlemagne and his peers●matters of Rome Alexander the Great and the attacks of TroyLe Morte D’Arthur （亚瑟王之死）②Class Nature (阶级性) of the RomanceLoyalty to king and lord was the theme of the romances, as loyalty was the corner-stone（the most important part基石）of feudal morality.The romances were composed not for the common but for the noble, of the noble, and by the poets patronized（supported 庇护,保护） by the noble.3. Alliteration（押头韵）: a repeated initial(开头的) consonant(协调,一致) to successive(连续的) words.e.g. 1.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise. 2.Sing a songof southern singer4. Understatement（低调陈述）（for ironical humor）not troublesome: very welcomeneed not praise: a right to condemn5. Chronicle《编年史》（a monument of Old English prose）6. Ballads （民谣）（The most important department of English folk literature ）①Definition:A ballad is a narrative poem that tells a story, and is usually meant to be sung or recited in musical form.An important stream of the Medieval folk literature②Features of English Ballads1. The ballads are in various English and Scottish dialects.2. They were created collectively and revised when handed down from mouth to mouth.3. They are mainly the literature of the peasants, and give an outlook of the English common people in feudal society.③Stylistic （风格上） Features of the Ballads1. Composed in couplets （相连并押韵的两行诗,对句） or in quatrains （四行诗） known as the ballad stanza （民谣诗节）, rhyming abab or abcb, with the first and third lines carrying 4 accented syllables （重读音节） and the second and fourth carrying 3.2. Simple, plain language or dialect （方言，土语） of the common people with colloquial （口语的，会话的）, vivid and, sometimes, idiomatic （符合当地语言习惯的） expressions4. Using a high proportion of dialogue with a romantic or tragic dimension （方面） to achieve dramatic effect.④Subjects of English Ballads1. struggle of young lovers2. conflict between love and wealth3. cruelty of jealousy4. criticism of the civil war5. matters of class struggle7. Heroic couplet （英雄双韵体）（introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer）Definition:the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and five stresses, in rhyming pairs.英雄诗体/英雄双韵体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。
(完整版)英美文学名词解释最全版
01. Humanism(人文主义)1>Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.02. Renaissance(文艺复兴)1>The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌)1>Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life.04. Classicism(古典主义)Classicism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动)1>Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in France and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education.5>famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan Swift. etc.06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)1>In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.2>this tendency is known as neoclassicism. The Neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones.3> they believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.07. The Graveyard School(墓地派诗歌)1>The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life. Past and present ,with death and graveyard as themes.2>Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy written in a country churchyard is its most representative work.08. Romanticism(浪漫主义)1>In the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called romanticism came to Europe and then to England.2>It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead, romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.3>In the history of literature. Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and experience. 4> The English romantic period is an age of poetry which prevailed in England from 1798 to 1837. The major romantic poets include Wordsworth, Byron and Shelley.09. Byronic Hero(拜伦式英雄)1>Byronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.2> with immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic Hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society. And would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.3> Byron’s chief contribution to English literature is his creation of the “Byronic Hero”10. Critical Realism(批判现实主义)1>Critical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.2> It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues.3> Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.4> Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.11. Aestheticism（美学主义）1>The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement--- “art for art’s sake” was set forth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier, the first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Pater.2> aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life.3> According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art’s sake, can it be immortal. They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues, such as politics and morality, and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style.4> This is one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality’s sake, or art for money’s sake.美学运动的基本原则”为艺术而艺术”最初由法国诗人西奥费尔.高缔尔提出,英国运用该美学理论的第一人是沃尔特.佩特.美学主义崇尚艺术高于生活,认为生活应模仿艺术,而不是艺术模仿生活.在美学主义看来,所有的艺术创作都是绝对主观而非客观的产物.艺术不应受任何功利的影响,只有当艺术为艺术而创作时,艺术才能成为不朽之作.他们还认为艺术不应只关注一些热点话题如政治和道德问题,艺术应着力于以华丽的风格张扬美.这是对维多利亚工业发展时期物质崇拜的一种回应,也是向艺术为道德或为金钱而服务的维多利亚传统的挑战.12.The Victorian period(维多利亚时期)1>In this period, the novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to criticism of the society and the defense of the mass.2> although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry with the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship and Utilitarianism, and the widespread misery, poverty and injustice.3>their truthful picture of people’s life and bitter and strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems and in the actual improvement of the society.4> Charles Dickens is the leading figure of the Victorian period.13. Modernism(现代主义)1>Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement , which begin in the late 19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century.2> modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical case.3> the term pertains to all the creative arts. Especially poetry, fiction, drama, painting, music and architecture.4> in England from early in the 20th century and during the 1920s and 1930s, in America from shortly before the first world war and on during the inter-war period, modernist tendencies were at their most active and fruitful.5>as far as literature is concerned, Modernism reveals a breaking away from established rules, traditions and conventions. fresh ways of looki ng at man’s position and function in the universe and many experiments in form and style. It is particularly concerned with language and how to use it and with writing itself.14. Stream of consciousness(意识流)(or interior monologue)In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes. Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduction in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow, tracing as they do a character’s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings. Famous writers to employ this technique in the English language include James Joyce and William Faulkner.学术界认为意识流是一种通过直接描述人物思维过程来寻求个人视角的文学写作技巧。
英国文学名词解释大全（整理版）
英国文学名词解释大全（整理版）1，alliteration 2，kenning 3，caesura 4,romance 5,chivalery 6,quatrain 7,meter:rhyme 8,heroic couplet 9iambic pentameter 10,bob and wheel 11,realism 12,idealism 13,renaissiance 14,blank verse 15,sonnet 16,comedy 17,tragedy 18,humanism 19,cavalier poets 20,metaphysical poets 21,metaphysical conceit1. Epic(史诗)（appeared in the Anglo-Saxon Period ）Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full of magnificence.Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people are also called epic.E.g. Beowulf （the pagan（异教徒），secular(非宗教的) poetry）Iliad 《伊利亚特》，Odyssey《奥德赛》Paradise Lost 《失乐园》.1.Romance （传奇）(Anglo-Norman feudal England)Romance is any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.Originally, the term referred to a medieval (中世纪) tale dealing with the love and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including supernatural happenings.Form:long composition, in verse, in proseContent:description of life and adventures of a noble hero Character:a knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons; often described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments(骑士比武), or fighting for his lord in battles; devoted to the church and the king ?Romance lacksgeneral resemblance to truth or reality.It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.It contains perilous (dangerous) adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.3. Alliteration（押头韵）: a repeated initial(开头的) consonant(协调,一致) to successive(连续的) words.4. Heroic couplet （英雄双韵体）（introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer）Definition:the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and five stresses, in rhyming pairs.英雄诗体/英雄双韵体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。
语言学 术语翻译及术语解释
术语翻译及术语解释汇总术语翻译1.Design features of language（语言的甄别特征）Arbitrariness（任意性），Duality（二层性/二重性），Creativity（创造性/原创性），Displacement（移位性），Cultural transmission（文化传播），Interchangeability（可互换性）2. Functions of languagereferential 指称功能 poetic 诗学功能 emotive情感功能conative 劝慰功能 phatic寒暄功能 metalingual function 元语言功能ideational function概念功能 interpersonal function人际功能textual function语篇/文本功能 Informative（信息/告知功能），Performative Function（施为功能）， Emotive Function（情感功能），Phatic communion（寒暄交谈）， Recreational Function（娱乐功能），3. Phonetics(语音学)， Phonology（音系/音位学）; Morphology（形态学）， Syntax（句法学）;Semantics（语义学）， Pragmatics（语用学）Articulatory phonetics发音语音学 Acoustic phonetics声学语音学Auditory phonetics听觉语音学 Psycholinguistics心理语言学Sociolinguistics社会语言学 Anthropological linguistics人类语言学Computational linguistics计算语言学 Applied linguistics应用语言学Neurolinguistics神经语言学4. Descriptive vs. prescriptive描写式和规定式Synchronic vs. diachronic共时和历时 Langue vs. parole语言和言语Competence vs. performance语言能力和语言行为5. Vocal tract 声道(resonating cavities共鸣腔)， pharynx咽腔, oral cavity口腔 and nasal cavity鼻腔.其它的一些发音器官：lungs肺, windpipe（trachea）气管, vocal folds声带,larynx喉, epiglottis会厌，次声门, pharynx咽, uvula小舌, hard palate硬腭, soft palate软腭, alveolar ridge齿龈6.Consonants and vowels（辅音和元音）A. Manners of articulation发音方式B. Places of articulation发音位置7. Stop (or plosive)爆破音 Fricative摩擦音 Approximant近似音Lateral (approximant)边音 Affricates塞擦音, trill颤音 and tap 闪音Bilabial双唇音 Labiodental唇齿音 Dental齿音 Alveolar齿龈音Postal veolar后齿龈音 Retroflex卷舌音 Palatal硬腭音Velar软腭音 Uvular小舌音, pharyngeal咽音 glottal声门音monophthong vowel: 单元音 diphthongs双元音 triphthongs三元音Lax vowels短元音 Tensed vowels长元音8.Coarticulation and phonetic transcription协同发音和标音anticipatory coarticulation先期协同发音 perseverative coarticulation后滞协同发音.broad transcription宽式标音 narrow transcription严式标音9. minimal pairs最小对立体 Phoneme音位phonemic transcriptions音位转写 phonetic transcriptions语音转写phones音子 allophones音位变体 complementary distribution互补分布phonetic similarity发音近似性 Free variation自由变体assimilation同化 regressive assimilation逆同化progressive assimilation顺同化phonological rule 音系规则 Epenthesis增音 binary 二分的Distinctive features区别特征Endocentric and Exocentric Constructions向心结构和离心结构subordinate and coordinate从属和并列Conceptual meaning概念意义Associative meaning:联想意义Connotative meaning内涵意义 Social meaning社会意义Affective meaning情感意义 Reflected meaning反射意义Collocative meaning搭配意义 Thematic meaning主位意义denotation: 外延意义 connotation: 内涵The referential theory:指称理论Semantic triangle语义三角Sense and reference：涵义和指称Synonymy同义关系 Antonymy反义关系 Hyponymy上下义关系Polysemy一词多义关系 Homonymy 同音/形异意关系Dialectal synonyms 地域同义词 Stylistic synonyms风格同义词Collocational synonyms搭配同义词gradable antonymy 等级反义关系 cover term覆盖项Marked vs. unmarked terms标记项和非标记项complementary antonymy 互补反义关系 converse antonymy 逆向反义关系homophones: 同音异义词 homographs : 同形异义词complete homonyms semantic components语义部分术语解释1. Design feature的定义：the defining（最典型的，起决定作用的）properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.2. Synchronic共时：It refers to the description of a language at somepoint of time in history.3. Diachronic历时：It studies the development or history of language.In other words, it refers to the description of a language as it changes through time .4. prescriptive规定式：A kind of linguistic study aims to lay downrules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language.5. descriptive描写式: A kind of linguistic study aims to describe andanalyze the language people actually use.6. Arbitrariness（任意性）:By saying that “language is arbitrary”, wemean that there is no logical connection between meaning and sound.7. Duality（二层性/二重性）:it means that language is a system,which consists of two levels of structures, at the lower level there is the structure of sounds; at the higher level there is the structure of meaning.8. Displacement（移位性）: it means that language can be used tocommunicate about things that are not present in our immediate communicational context.9. competence语言能力:it refers to an ideal speaker’s knowledge ofthe underlying system of rules in a language.10. Performance语言行为: it refers to the actual use of the language bya speaker in a real communicational context.11. Langue语言: it refers to the speaker’s understanding and knowledgeof the language that he speaks.12. Parole言语: it is the actual speaking of language by an individualspeaker.13. Cultural transmission（文化传播）:It refers to the fact that thedetails of the linguistic system must be learned anew（重新，再）by each speaker. Language is not transmitted biologically from generation to generation.14. Phatic communion（寒暄交谈）:it refers to ritual exchanges,exchanges that have little meaning but help to maintain our relationships with other people.15. Phonetics(语音学): it is the study of the characteristics of speechsounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.16. Vowels元音：the sounds in the production of which no articulatorscome very close together and the air-stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction.17. Consonants辅音：The sounds in the production of which there is anobstruction of the air-stream at some point of the vocal tract.18. Phonology: it is the study of the sound systems of languages and it isconcerned with the linguistic patterning of sounds in human languages. And it studies the way in which speakers of a language systematically use a selection of these sounds in order to express meaning.19. Phoneme音位: the smallest unit of sound in a language which candistinguish two words.20. Allophone音位变体: it refers to the different forms of a phoneme.21. Assimilation: it is a process by which one sound takes on some or allthe characteristics of a neighboring sound.22. Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous oroverlapping articulations are involved.23. complementary distribution互补分布:when two sounds neveroccur in the same environment, they are in complementary distribution.24. Free variation自由变体: if two sounds occurring in the sameenvironment do not contrast, that is, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in free variation.25. Distinctive features区别特征： A phonetic feature whichdistinguishes one phonological unit, especially one phoneme, from another.26. minimal pairs最小对立体----- which can be defined as pairs ofwords which differ from each other by only one sound.27. vowel glides滑音: The vowels involving movement from one soundto another are called vowel glides.28. Epenthesis增音：it means a process of inserting a sound afteranother sound.29. Substitution relation: it refers to the relation specifically between anindividual unit and others that can replace it in a given sequence. 30. Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionallyequivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre, or head, of the whole.31. Exocentric construction: a group of syntactically related wordswhere none of them is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole, that is, there is no definable center or head inside the group 32. Reference: it is the relationship between words and the objects,actions or properties that the words stand for. It deals with the extra-linguistic relationships between words and expressions and the world they describe.(具体的物质性的东西)33. Synonymy ：It refers to the sameness sense relations betweenwords.34. Componential analysis ：Componential analysis defines themeaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components语义部分.35. Sense: it refers to the complex system of relationships that holdbetween linguistic elements themselves, it is concerned only with intra-linguistic relations.（概念性的东西）36. Semantics：semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units,words and sentences in particular.37. Homonymy: the phenomenon that words having different meaningshave the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.38. Antonymy：It refers to the oppositeness sense relations betweenwords.39. Hyponymy上下义关系：Hyponymy indicates sense inclusiveness.The upper term in this sense relation is called superordinate上义词, and the lower terms,hyponyms下义词, members of the same class are called co-hyponyms.。
医学遗传学名词解释中英文
第二章基因1.反向重复序列：两个顺序相同的互补拷贝在同一 DNA链上呈反向排列构成。
2.基因：是编码RNA或一条多肽链所必需的全部核酸序列(通常指DNA序列)。
包括编码序列、两侧的侧翼序列及插入序列。
3.割裂基因(断裂基因)：基因的编码序列在DNA上不是连续的，而是被不编码的序列隔开。
4.多基因家族(multigene famly)由一个祖先基因经过重复和变异所形成的一组基因。
5.假基因(pseudogene)在多基因家族中，某些成员在进化过程中获得一个或多个突变而丧失了产生蛋白产物的能力，这类基因称为假基因。
如：wZ、Wa、w06.突变(mutation):包括基因突变和染色体畸变7.基因突变(gene mutation):是指DNA分子中的核昔酸顺序发生改变，使遗传密码编码产生相应的改变，导致组成蛋白质的氨基酸发生变化，以致引起表型的改变。
8.自发突变或自然突变(spontaneous mutation):在没有人工特设的诱变条件下，由外界环境的自然作用或生物体内的生理和生化变化而发生的突变。
突变频率很低。
9.诱发突变(induced mutation):人工运用物理、化学或生物的方法所诱导的突变。
突变频率大大提高。
10.生殖细胞突变(germinal mutation)和体细胞突变(somatic mutation) 突变体(mutant)：携带突变Gene的细胞或个体。
野生型(Wild type):未突变Gene的细胞或个体。
11.突变的分子基础碱基替换(base substitution)移码突变(frameshift mutation)动态突变(dynamic mutation)12.碱基替换(base substitution) 一种碱基被另一种碱基替换，又叫点突变(pointmutation)。
有两种形式：转换(transition)： DNA分子中一个嘌吟被另一个嘌吟替代或一个嘧啶被另一个嘧啶所替代。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
生物化学上册中英文名词解释汇总第一章：糖类1. 糖(Saccharide):糖是多羟醛或多羟酮及其缩聚物和某些衍生物的总称。
2. 单糖(monosaccharide)：也称简单糖，不能被水解成更小分子的糖类，是多羟醛或多羟酮。
常见的单糖有葡萄糖(Glucose )、果糖(Fructose )、半乳糖(galactose )。
3. 寡糖(oligosaccharide ):又称低聚糖，是由2〜20个单糖通过糖苷键连接而成的糖类物质。
可分为二糖、三糖、四糖、五糖等。
4. 二糖(disaccharide ):又称双糖，是最简单的寡糖，由2个分子单糖缩合而成。
常见的二糖有蔗糖(sucrose )、乳糖(lactose )、麦芽糖( maltose )。
5. 多糖(polysaccharide )：由多分子单糖或单糖的衍生物聚合而成。
6. 同多糖(homopolysaccharide )由同一种单糖聚合而成，如淀粉( starch )、糖原(glycogen )、纤维素(cellulose )。
7. 杂多糖(heteropolysaccharide )有不同种单糖或单糖衍生物聚合而成，如透明质酸( hyaluronicacid,HA )、肝素(heparin,Hp )等。
8. 糖胺聚糖(glycosaminoglycan,GAG )又称粘多糖，氨基多糖和酸性多糖。
是动植物特别是高等动物的结缔组织中的一类结构多糖。
例如透明质酸.硫酸软骨素.硫酸角质素等。
9. 蛋白聚糖(proteoglycan )：由一条或多条糖胺聚糖和一个核心蛋白共价连接而成，糖含量可超过95%主要存在于软骨、腱等结缔组织，构成细胞间质。
由于糖胺聚糖有密集的负电荷，在组织中可吸收大量的水而赋予粘性和弹性，具有稳定、支持和保护细胞的作用。
10. 糖蛋白(glycoprotein):短链寡糖与蛋白质以共价键连接而形成的复合物，其总体性质更接近蛋白质。
糖蛋白的寡糖链参与分子识别和细胞识别。
11. 糖脂(glycolipid )12. 脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide )第二章脂质1. 脂质：lipid 是一类低溶于水而高溶于非极性溶剂的生物有机分子。
2. 储存脂质(storage lipid )、结构脂质(structure lipid )、活性脂质(active lipid )3. 单纯脂质(simple lipid 、、复合脂质(compound lipid )、衍生脂质(derived lipid )4. 脂肪(真脂(fat、、脂肪酸(fatty acid,FA )5. 必需脂酸(essential FA 亚油酸、亚麻酸、花生四烯酸等多不饱和脂酸是人体不可缺乏的营养素，不能自身合成，需从食物获取。
6. 磷脂酰胆碱 (phosphatidyl Choline，PC)也称卵磷脂(lecithin )可降低胆固醇，增加高密度脂蛋白的作用，防止降低动脉硬化。
7. 胆碱(Choline )、胆固醇(cholesterol )8. 脂蛋白(lipoprotein 、脂质与蛋白质以非共价键结合而成的复合物a. 乳糜微粒(chylomicron、主要功能是从小肠转运三酰甘油、胆固醇以及其他脂质到血浆和其他组织。
b. 极低密度脂蛋白(very low density lipoprotein ，VLDL)主要功能是从肝脏运载内源性三酰甘油和胆固醇至各个靶组织。
c. 中间密度脂蛋白(intermediate density lipoprotein ，IDL) 一部分被肝脏直接吸收，一部分转化为LDL.d. 低密度脂蛋白(low density lipoprotein ，LDL)把胆固醇从肝脏运送到全身组织，过量时则其携带的胆固醇便积存在动脉上引起动脉硬化。
e. 高密度脂蛋白(high density lipoprotein ，HDI)会将胆固醇从周边组织输送到肝脏代谢第三章：蛋白质1. 单纯蛋白质(simple proein ):许多蛋白质仅有氨基酸组成，不含其它化学成分。
2. 缀合蛋白质(conjugated protein ):许多其它蛋白质含有除氨基酸外的各种化学成分作为其结构的一部分。
3. 辅基(prosthetic group )配体(ligand ):许多其它蛋白质含有除氨基酸外的各种化学成分作为其结构的一部分，这些非蛋白质部分，称为辅基。
4. 纤维状蛋白质(fibrous protein )、球状蛋白质(globular protein )、膜蛋白质(membraneprotein )5. 单体蛋白质(monomeric protein ):有一条多肽链构成的蛋白质。
6. 寡聚蛋白质(oligomeric protein ) 多聚蛋白质(multimeric protein ):由两条或多条多肽链构成的蛋白质。
7. 亚基或亚单位(subunit )：寡聚蛋白质中的多肽链。
8. 二硫键(disulfide bond):在蛋白质或多肽分子中连接氨基酸残基的共价键，除肽键外，较常见的一个是两个半胱氨酸残基的侧链之间形成的化学键。
9. 多肽(polypeptide ) /寡肽(oligopeptide ):通常把含有几个至十几个氨基酸残基的肽链统称为寡肽，更长的肽链成为多肽。
10. 氨基酸残基(aminoacid residue ):肽链中的氨基酸因为参加肽键的形成已经不是原来完整的分子，故称为氨基酸残基。
11. 蛋白质(protein )、肽(或肽链)(peptide chain )、肽基肽单位(petpide group )12. 蛋白质的一级结构(primary structure):多肽链中氨基酸的排列顺序，包括二硫键的位置称为蛋白质的一级结构。
13. Hydrogen bond:氢键14. hydrophobic interation: 疏水作用(熵效应)15. a -helix: a -螺旋16. B -pleated sheet: p -折叠17. p -turn: p -转角18. random coil :无规卷曲19. Primary structure: 一级结构肽链中氨基酸的排列顺序，包括二硫键的位置称为蛋白质的一级结构secondary structure: 二级结构蛋白质主链折叠产生的由氢键维系的有规则的构象。
20. super secondary structure:超二级结构由若干相邻的二级结构元件组合在一起，彼此相互作用，形成种类不多的、有规则的二级结构组合，在多种蛋白质中充当三级结构的构件。
21. teriary structure: 三级结构指由二级结构元件构建成的总三维结构，包括一级结构中相距远的肽段之间的几何相互关系和侧链在三维空间中彼此间的相互关系。
22. quaternary structure: 四级结构指寡聚蛋白质中亚基缔合形成聚集体的方式。
23. Stucture domain:结构域多肽链在二级结构或超二级结构的基础上形成三级结构的局部折叠区，它是相对独立的紧密球状实体。
24. homomultimeric protein :同多聚蛋白质，由单一类型的亚基组成25. heteromultimeric protein :杂多聚蛋白质，由几种不同类型亚基组成26. allosteric effect :别构效应，多亚基蛋白质一般具有多个结合部位，结合在蛋白质分子的特定部位上的配体对该分子的其他部位所产生的影响(如改变亲和力或催化能力)27. allosteric protein :别构蛋白质，具有别构效应的蛋白质28. allosteric site :别构部位，除活性部位外还有别的配体(如效应物或调节物)的结合部位29. 同源蛋白质(Homologous protein ):在不同生物体中，行使相同或相似功能的蛋白质，具有明显系列同源的蛋白质也称同源蛋白质。
30. 趋异突变(divergent mutation ):导致蛋白质一级结构改变，使蛋白质被淘汰或者形成新的蛋白质。
31. 中性突变 (neutral mutation ):中性突变是指这种突变对生物体的生存既没有好处，也没有害处，也就是说，对生物的生殖力和生活力，即适合度没有影响，因而自然选择对它们不起作用。
32. 分子病(molecular disease ):基因突变引起的某个功能蛋白的一个或几个氨基酸残基发生了遗传性替代从而导致整个分子的三维结构发生改变，功能部分或全部丧失，由此引起的疾病称分子病。
33. 血红蛋白(hemoglobin)=球蛋白(globin )+ 血红素(heme)34. 蛋白质前体(precursor protein )：生物刚合成的无活性的蛋白质，也称为蛋白原或前蛋白质。
35. 血红蛋白的别构效应(变构效应) (allosteric effect ):指亚基的蛋白质分子由于一个亚基构象的改变而引起其余亚基以至整个分子构象，性质和功能发生变化。
36. 效应物effector37. 血红蛋白Hb、肌红蛋白Mb ;紧张态T态(tense state) 、松弛态R(relaxed state) ;波耳效应(Bohr effect )、2,3-二磷酸甘油酸2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (DPG) 。
38. Dialysis(透析):利用蛋白质分子不能通过半透膜的性质，使蛋白质和其它小分子物质如无机盐、单糖等分开的方法。
39. ultafiltration (超滤)：利用压力或离心机，强行使水和其它小分子溶质通过半透膜，而蛋白质被截留在膜上，以达到浓缩和脱盐的目的。
40. Density gradient (密度梯度)：蛋白质质量和密度大的颗粒沉降的快，进而形成密度梯度。
41. Salting out( 盐析):很多蛋白质可以从水溶液中沉淀出来。
42. Electrophoresis (电泳)：不处于等电状态的蛋白质分子，将向着与其电性相反的电极运动。
43. Isoelectric focusing (等电聚焦)：一种高分辨率的蛋白质分离技术。
44. Chromatofocusing(聚焦层析)：根据蛋白质的等电点差异分离蛋白质混合物的柱层析方法。
45. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography( 疏水作用层析)：根据蛋白质表面的疏水性差别发展起来的一种纯化技术。
46. Affinity chromatography( 亲和层析)：利用蛋白质分子对其配体分子特有的识别能力，建立起来的有效纯化方法。
47. Denaturation 蛋白质的变性蛋白质在某些物理或化学因素的作用下，其特定的的空间构象被破坏，也即有序的空间结构变成无序的空间结构，从而导致其理化性质发生改变和生物学活性的丧失称为蛋白质的变性作用(denaturation )。