21世纪工程硕士研究生英语综合教程(2)translation
Unit5 _TranslationA. 1. Workers of the world全世界的劳动者，拿出你们占卜用的水晶球来预测未来吧。
正如最近几十年工作场所发生了诸如妇女的涌入、计算机的出现、工会的衰落、服务业的兴起等翻天覆地的变化一样，未来几十年将会发生同样引人注目的巨变。
经济学家们认为，试图对几十年后的工作做出精确的预测是愚蠢的行为，因为最大的变化可能将来源于我们只有在梦中才能想象得到的新技术。
“想预测技术，你可实在是遇到大麻烦了。
”关于工作的过去与未来的《新摩登时代》一书的作者戴维·比尔斯说。
不过未来也并不是完全深不可测。
人口学家可以告诉我们许多有关未来十年或十五年以后劳动力的构成状况。
而描绘其它的变化则需要一边从当前趋势中做出推断，一边希望自己别被推断结果所难堪。
2. Even the knowledge workers即便是知识工作者——这些将要在新经济时代兴旺发达的高学历、高收入专业人员——也面临着一些巨大的变化。
二十世纪九十年代初的大裁员以后，似乎每个下岗的管理人员都不得不自称为顾问，以免承认自己永久失业。
但是专家坦言，供雇用的自由职业人才将成为正常现象，而非例外情况。
人力资源研究院进行的一个科研项目发现，在被调查的大型公司中，仅有61%预计十年后它们四分之三以上的职工将由全职、常规人员构成，而目前具有这种人员配置的公司所占比例高达84%。
尽管这听上去令人恐慌，但是沃顿商学院的马克·尤西姆教授说，那些与他共事的正处在职业生涯中期的管理人员已经心平气和地接受了频繁更换雇佣者和工作任务、而不是在同一个公司从低级职位一步步做到高级职位的观念。
当然，他们也别无选择。
According to the Watts Wacker,斯坦福研究所的未来学家瓦茨·韦克认为，下世纪的供雇用人才趋势是向中世纪的行业公会制度的回归。
过去，手艺人走乡串镇用自己的手艺为各种客户服务。
将来，许多知识工作者将在家里通过使用先进的信息手段远距离到自己的多个办公室上班。
B.1.在新经济时代，中学毕业文凭是不够的。
大多数工作除在职培训以外，还需要大学学位或研究生学位。
In the New Economy, a high-school diploma does not suffice.Most jobs require a college degree or graduate on the top of on-the-job training.2.By extrapolating from the research findings, futurists predict that freelance talent will not decli ne over the next decade - if anything, it will grow.3. It’s no secret that the current unemployment rate remains high. In the wake of the downsizing of many factories, there is an influx of laid-off workers into the job market.4.The advent of the Internet has brought immense changes to the workplace. The most dramatic one is that many highly educated professionals now telecommute to their offices.5. 随着人们期望With longer life span, health care workers will thrive in years to come.6. 汽车修理工Auto mechanics are now classified as the technician class, rather than blue-collar workers of yore .7.正如新技术Just as technological innovations have replaced many low-skill low-pay jobs, fierce overseas competition is vaporizing many well-paid positions in the information technology industry.8.尽管服务业Despite the boom in the service sector, it has become the norm that personal service workers w ork long workweek but only with low pay and benefits.9. 一些经济学家Some economists scoff at the school of thought that computers will take the place of human beings and thus free them up for nonprofit work.10.在信息时代The key to success in the information age is to keep learning lest you should fail to keep up with t echnological developmentUnit 4_TranslationA. many of the fired workers许多被解雇的员工及他们的支持者们都抨击说裁员没有必要，且处理不当，因为这同迈克尔.戴尔所创建的公司相悖。
戴尔的企业文化具有强烈的精英管理的色彩，企业期望员工做能使公司成功的任何事情。
其回报是：丰厚的一揽子股权利益。
这使很多三十几岁的技术工人变成了百万富翁，或者用奥斯汀人的叫法，叫戴尔富翁。
戴尔则说，公司在裁员上做得并不轻松。
他告诉《时代周刊》说，“作为公司领导，裁员是最难、最令人痛苦的决定之一。
”他坦白说，裁员就是承认由于过度招聘员工，“我们出问题了。
”如果说教训，他说，那就是“当事情升温到一定程度时，我们应该打住。
”公司坚持说他们已努力尽可能地对裁员工作做得富有人情味。
戴尔对被解雇的员工提前发放了年度奖金，还发放给了他们两个月的工资补偿和两个月的保险。
同时，戴尔还为他们支付就业咨询方面的费用。
B.1. 这些著名的集团公司都纷纷裁员，说明新一轮的经济衰退即将到来。
The famous corporate companies are all downsizing, which signals that a new round of economic recession is at hand.2.被解雇的戴尔公司In theory, the fired Dell workers should land on their feet because they have highly marketable sk ills, and should not worry about finding a new job.3.他去年没被那所He is always speaking badly of that university owing to his refusal by it last year. In other words, he is just expressing sour grapes.4.虽然他已经离开Although he has left the company for many years, he still stays in touch with the boss there. 5. 杰克和苏珊The news of Jack and Susan’s marriage breakup came as a complete shock to us. They had appear ed to be the happiest couple before the public.6. 避免被解雇Some people say one of the ways to avoid being laid off is to avoid positions in such departments as human resources, accounting, and administration, etc. These departments do not generate rev enue, and are unrelated to product development.7. 学校要求The school requires that those who are about to graduate should hand in their library cards and s tudent’s identity cards before they leave the school.8. 成名After becoming famous, the writer has been busy with all kinds of social activities, and his writing career has been put on hold.9. 在职学习的压力Owing to the pressure from studying as a part-time student, he finally decided to ask his boss to cut back on his workload.10. 对于工作面试You must be fully prepared for the job interview, otherwise you will screw the whole thing up owi ng to your nervousness.Unit3_TranslationA：1. but 但是不论你是买入还是卖出，在过去的20年里，世界经济的大部分已日益融合。
外国直接投资增长速度是国内总投资的三倍。
从1980至1995年间，全球贸易额急剧上升。
1995年世界出口总值估计为51亿美元，而1980年仅为20亿美元。
21世纪研究生英语综合教程2课文翻译 西交大版
第1课为内疚正名有了内疚感心里大可不必难受。
的确，内疚感会像超重的行李，如果不取掉，会让我们步履艰难。
然而内疚感也可以成为给我们提供动力的引擎。
的确，内疚感有惩罚自我的性质，然而内疚感也可以使我们保持教养。
不久前我写过一篇有关内疚感和工作母亲这对有趣组合的文章。
这个问题下面还会讲到。
后来有人寄给我一个礼品咖啡杯，杯子上写着："我要为大斋节的到来而放弃内疚。
"读到这行字我不禁咯咯笑起来。
然而我又想到这个斋节持续的时间太长了。
在过去这十年或更久的一段时间里，通过出书而非实际诊查给人治疗的心理医生很受欢迎，他们忙不迭地告诉大家，说什么我好，你好，大家做什么都没关系。
心理学家的大多数著作都给内疚感冠以恶名--甚至就是一大堆恶名。
它是清教，犹太教或者天主教的遗物，而传给我们这些糟粕的就是我们的父母，文化或者宗教。
他们说，要想真正活得自在，遇事就不能内疚，无论是发财、发迹、出人头地，或是虐待母亲、薄情寡义，还是迟到、吸烟、有婚外情。
其实以前就有个比较流行的看法，认为要爱自己就得先消灭内疚感。
我们周围的人过去十年大部分时间一直想把内疚感抛在脑后，而不去探究内疚的含意，不去从中悟出些什么。
在人们成功地消灭了内疚感之后，让其复活的时机也成熟了。
虽然嘴上说着我好你好大家好，但不少人心里都明白其实自己并非一直都好，别人也是如此。
再说了，有很多人不断清除自己的内疚感，在自恋式的堕落泥沼中越陷越深，我们是不愿与之为伍的。
究其最深层最彻底的含意，内疚感是我们心中一个渴望被捕获的罪犯。
做错了事就产生这种可怕的、揪肠扯肚的感觉。
这正如麦克白夫人满脑子想的那个别人看不到的血点一样......而且我们还不敢四处张望。
没有内疚就等于没有良知。
感觉不到内疚的人给他人造成痛苦后心情照样不错，结果他们就心安理得地接着给别人制造痛苦。
我们什么不要都可以，唯独不能不要良知。
弗洛伊德曾说过："上帝在分配良知方面做的即不公平也不认真，大多数人生来良知就不算多，或者就干脆少的不值一提。
21世纪研究生英语综合教程课后翻译
综合教程1第一单元Because of the sizable colonial trades with many overseas areas，the gold and silver coins of all the important commercial countries of Europe and their dependencies in the Western Hemisphere were freely exchanged throughout the eastern seaboard. More important than English coins，which could not be legally exported from Britain to the colonies，were the sliver coins of the Spanish mint. These were struck in Mexico City and Lima and introduced into the Spanish colonies. Spanish dollars were so common in the colonies that the coin was eventually adopted as the monetary unit of the United States．Although Massachusetts first attempted to mint coins of low bullion content as early as 1652, the colonies eventually turned to paper to increase their meager and undependable money supply。
The promissory notes of well—known individuals and bills of exchange drawn on English merchants readily exchanged hands for several months．In addition，treasures of the various colonies began to issue promissory notes in advance of tax collection and issue written orders to town officers requiring the payments of obligations from local stores，like other negotiable instruments，these pieces of paper were exchanged on endorsement as money．由于殖民地与许多海外地区的大量贸易，所有欧洲的重要商业国及其在西半球的附属国的金银铸币在北美东海岸都可以自由交易。
21世纪大学英语应用型综合教程2U2译文
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2.小鸟在保护区的草场上轻快地飞过，作 为世界上最大的陆地动物家园，这里有 着不同寻常的宁静。
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Unit 2: Text A
3. The sanctuary was started in 1995 by
Carol Buckley and Scott Blaise. The two former
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6. 芭克雷证实说，正如我们在《国家地理》 杂志和探索频道看到的那样，大象彼此之 间十分友善。因为芭克雷接触的大象都遭 受过忽视和虐待，她目睹了大象之间同病 相怜的情感，这些情景令她难忘，其中还 包括下面这个不同寻常的故事。
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9. 多年前，当詹妮还是头小象时就与雪莉相识了 ，她们同在一个马戏团卖力地演出。尽管她们 仅仅相处了几个星期，但在分开之前雪莉已承 担起了詹妮代理妈妈的重任。但那是23年前的 事了，她们还会记得吗?
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Unit 2: Text A
10. Jenny knew right away who Shirley was. Soon Hohenwald was rocking as the two greeted each other with trumpeting and celebratory bumping.
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8.自由是件美好的东西，詹妮渴望拥有它。她因腿 伤被单独关在一个院子里一天，但事实证明那对 她来说是一种压力。于是她被放到象群中，就在 那时她与一位“故人”不期而遇。
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21世纪大学英语综合教程2课文翻译
Unit 1 Text A选择健康饮食，不论有机与否自联邦政府六年半前认证“有机”食品以来，美国人以极大地热情接受了这一概念。
有机食品的销售额至少翻了一倍，国内四分之三的杂货店都在出售有机食品。
2007年10月的哈里斯民意调查发现，大约30%的美国人至少偶尔会购买有机食品，而且绝大多数人认为它更安全、更有力于环境，也更健康。
菲尔·霍华德是密歇根州立大学研究社区、食物和农业方面的助理教授，他谈到：“人们相信有机食物一定对人更有利。
”最近我在美国和加拿大宣传新书的途中也发现了这个问题。
当我对着一群热衷饮食健康的观众讲如何健康饮食时，无论我多么小心翼翼地避免使用“有机”这个词，还是不可避免地有人问：“如果我买不起有机食物怎么办？”有机食物似乎已经成了治愈一切疾病的神奇妙方。
每当人们想到吃有机食物，他们会认为自己吃得好，吃的健康，吃的合理，甚至吃的道德。
但吃“有机”食物并不能保证如此。
事实上，大多数美国人的饮食方式是如此糟糕---我们身体摄取的热量7%来自于软饮料，超过我们从蔬菜中所摄取的；卡里路摄入的最重要来源是“甜食”；国内有三分之一的成年人目前存在过度肥胖问题---以致于有机食物问题成为次要问题。
并非它不重要，而是它不是美国人饮食中的首要问题。
“吃得好，”《食物无罪》的作者迈克尔·波伦说，“意味着避免摄入‘可食用的类似食品的物质’，并坚持提高从蔬菜中获取真正营养成分的原则。
”（平均每个美国人每天消费近两磅的动物产品。
）有足够的证据证明，只要对饮食习惯做一个简单的改变，即从以食用肉类食品和高度加工食品为主转为以植物产品或可能被称为“真正的食物”这样的食品为主，就可以增进人类健康，改善居住环境。
这样的饮食变化使美国人得以减少用于生产食物的土地、水和化学品的使用量，同时也降低由于不健康的饮食而引发的与生活方式有关的疾病的发病率，降低由于大规模生产肉类产品所排放的温室气体量。
“政府的有机规划，”农业部发言人琼·谢佛说，“是为了推广有机食物的认证标准。
硕士英语综合教程2课后翻译
硕士英语综合教程2课后翻译UNIT 11.探索的魔力会激励我们年轻人去学习数学、科学以及工程学，并为我们培养出新一代的改革者和开拓者。
The fascination generated by further exploration will inspire our young people to study math, and science, and engineering and create a new generation of innovators and pioneers.2.一回到英国，他就利用媒体的高知名度，作为进入政坛的踏板。
Uponreturning to England, he employed the favorable media attention as a launching pad for his foray into politics.3.由于业务的自然增长，你将会时时处于忙碌的状态，并且必须能够接受倒班，包括在夜间和周末上班。
Owing to the nature of every growing business，you will need to be on the go constantly，and also be on the go prepared to work shift work，including nights and weekends.4.在澳大利亚，汽油价格也出现下降。
不过，由于澳元兑美元走软，所以澳大利亚汽油降价幅度有限。
In Australia, gasoline prices have retreated, although falls have been limited because of the weakness of the Australian dollar against its American counterpart.5.亚洲经济出现了积极的态势，一些国家已经克服金融危机的影响并且恢复发展，亚洲再次成为全球经济增长的焦点。
21世纪大学英语应用型综合教程2U2译文精选文档
Loving Memor：y ElephantReunion
By Andy Simmons
When two abused elephants are reunited after 23 years,their joy is trumpetedthroughoutthecolony.
4. At the sanctuary,the 19Africanand Asian elephantsin residenceare allowedto exist as they would in the wild. “Wecreateda system where dominancedoes not exist at all,”says Buckley.“Wgeivethemtheoptionto sayno.”
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2.小鸟在保护区的草场上轻快地飞过，作 为世界上最大的陆地动物家园，这里有 着不同寻常的宁静。
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3. The sanctuarywas started in 1995 by CarolBuckleyand ScottBlaise. Thetwo former elephanttrainers had seen enoughabuse and neglectat circusesand zoosto inspirethemto createa sanctuarywhereelephantscould live out their lives. The sanctuarywould offer what Buckley considersthe three necessitiesfor a happyelephant:freedomfrom dominance, room to wanderandlots of otherelephants.
21世纪研究生英语综合教程2课后练习题含答案
21世纪研究生英语综合教程2课后练习题含答案课后练习题1.根据文章内容和所学知识，回答以下问题：（1）What is cognitive psychology？（2分）（2）List three cognitive processes.（3分）（3）What is metacognitive awareness?（2分）（4）What do we know about the functional distinction between the cerebral hemispheres？（3分）2.请阅读下面的短文，并回答问题。
Reading is one of the most important skills that a student can develop. In fact, it is not just students who need to develop this skill. It is essential for everyone. Research has shown that reading helps develop vocabulary, improve comprehension and enhance imagination. Reading helps to expand your knowledge and broaden your horizons.But how can you become a better reader? Here are some tips:(1)Start with something easy. If you are a novice reader,beginning with material that is too challen ging won’t be fun andmay discourage you.(2)Read at a comfortable pace. If you try to read toofast and miss important detls, you will end up having to go backand re-read the material.(3)Focus on comprehension, not just speed. Reallyunderstanding what you are reading is much more important than just finishing quickly.(4)Take breaks. Reading can be tiring, so give yourself abreak every now and then.(5)Practice reading in different settings. You may findthat you read better in one location or environment than another. （1）What is the importance of developing reading skills?（2分）（2）What are the benefits of reading?（2分）（3）What are some tips for becoming a better reader?（6分）答案1.（1）Cognitive psychology is the study of mental processessuch as。
《工程硕士研究生英语综合教程》第二版王慧莉课后练习英译中
《工程硕士研究生英语综合教程》第二版王慧莉课后练习英译中In the October issue of the journal Pediatrics,for instance,researchers at Stanford University released findings from an ongoing study of students at an upper-middle income high school in the San Francisco area.One written survey found that the large majority of students were members of at least one social networking site—81%of them on MySpace. They also found that89%of those students had cellphones,most of them with text and Web surfing capabilities.They are more wired than ever—but they’re also getting warier.Increasingly,they’ve had to deal with online bullies,who are posting anything from unflattering photos to online threats.Privacy issues also are hitting home,most recently when students discovered that personal updates on their Facebook pages were being automatically forwarded to contacts they didn’t necessarily want to have the information.Facebook was forced to let users turn off the data stream after they rebelled.例如，在10月的儿科学期刊上，斯坦福大学的研究人员发布了一项关于旧金山地区中中高收入高中学生的研究结果。
《工程硕士研究生英语综合教程》第二版 王慧莉 课后练习中译英
Unit21:一些学生意识到在网上结交的朋友仅仅能算认识而已,于是,他们就拔掉了自己电脑的电源插座. Some student pulled the plug after realizing that a lot of the online friends they accumulated were really just acquaintances.2:这个教授一直提倡面对面交流,但是他并不反对技术的使用.他认为学生们应该知道使用技术的最适合的时间,地点和原因,所有他已经开始对学生进行限制,严禁他们在课堂上网.This professor is long an advocate of face-to-face communication,although he is no anti-technology.he believes that students should know when,where and for what purpose technology is most appropriate,so he has begun setting his own limits,banning students from surfing the Internet during lectures.3:有些人认为网络上的一切并没有他们当初想象的那么好,所有他们觉得简单的面对面交流可能会更好;另一些人则认为不见面的网络交流可成为日常交流的一个很好的补充手段,因为他们比不使用网络的人有着更大,更紧密的社交圈.Some people hole that nothing on the Internet is as great as they thought,so they wonder if simple face-to-face communication might work better.others regard faceless communication as a supplement to everyday interactions,as they have a larger network of close and significant contacts than non-Internet-users.4:有时,当人们害怕面对面,害怕被拒绝时,短信是一种快捷简便的解决问题的方法.我们可以通过短信取消晚上的约会,这样就可以不用解释;我们也可以通过短信来约别人出来,这样就不会像打电话或面对面亲耳听到别人说”不”时的尴尬.Sometimes,when people have a fear of confrontation and rejection,text messaging is an easy and quick way out.we can cancel a night out with a text message to avoid having to explain.we can also ask for dates via text to escape the humiliation of hearing a“no”on the phone or in person.Unit31:找一份普通的白领工作已经变得极为深奥微妙,充满迂回曲折和错综复杂的问题,让不止一个人来解释资讯总是一件好事.A typical white-collar job search has become so sophisticated,with so many twists and turns and overlapping issues,that it’s nice to have more than one person interpreting that data.2:你从公司内部的一个朋友那里听说,招聘经理是极为古怪的那种人,而且,在你那次灰心丧气的求职经历不久,那位无能的经理就被解雇了.即便如此你的自我心理分析仍然是值得的.选择负责任,尽你所能去改进方法永远都不会是多此一举.You’ve learned from a friend inside the company that the hiring manager was one of those flaky types,and that the shiftless manager was fired soon after your frustrating experience.your self-analysis would still be worthwhile.Choosing responsibility,choosing to improve what you can about your approach,is never wasted effort.3:如果你在整个职业生涯中一直坚持学习和提高,将会怎样?如果你化解每一次令人心灰意冷,不成功的求职面试以提高你在某一个主要方面的熟练程度,将会怎样?如果你下决心将每一次被冒犯和忽略的经理转化为颇具价值的学习过程,又将会怎样?what if you keep improving,and learning,all through your business career?what if you left every frustrating or unsuccessful job interview resolved to improve your proficiency in one key area?what if you resolved that every affront and slur would translate into valuable learning for you?4:你今天下定决心为你的求职负责任,让求职求职过程中的每一步都成为自我提高的机会.you resolved today to take total responsibility for your job search,and make every step in it a chance for personal improvement.Unit61:电子商务可能被定义为“交易双方利用电子手段,前非实际的交流和接触,来进行互动的任何一种商业交易形式one possible definition of electronic commerce would be:"any form of business transaction in which the parties interact electronically rather than by physical exchanges or direct physical contact.2:现代商业的特点是供应能力目益增长,全球竞争日益严峻和客户要求日益苛刻。
21世纪研究生英语综合教程2答案最新完整版
Ⅰ. Background information (3)Ⅱ. Language points (4)Ⅲ. Key to the exercises (6)Unit 2 (10)Ⅰ. Background information (10)Ⅱ. Language points (12)Ⅲ. Key to the exercises (15)Unit 3 (19)Ⅰ. Background information (19)Ⅱ. Language points (20)Ⅲ. Key to the exercises (22)unit 4 (26)Ⅰ. Background information (26)Ⅱ. Language points (32)Ⅲ. Key to the exercises (33)Unit 5 (36)Ⅰ. Background information (36)Ⅱ. Language points (39)Ⅲ. Key to the exercises (41)Unit 6 (44)Ⅰ. Background information (44)Ⅱ. Language points (50)Ⅲ. Reference materials (51)Ⅲ. Key to the exercises (54)Unit 7 (59)Ⅰ. Background information (59)Ⅱ. Language points (60)Ⅲ. Key to the exercises (61)Unit 8 (63)Ⅰ. Background information (63)Ⅱ. Language points (67)Ⅲ. Key to the exercises (68)Unit 9 (71)Ⅰ. Background information (71)Ⅱ. Language points (74)Ⅲ. Key to the exercises (75)Unit 10 (78)Ⅰ. Language points (78)Ⅱ. Key to the exercises (79)Unit 11 (83)Ⅰ. Background information (83)Ⅱ. Language points (85)Ⅲ. Key to the exercises (87)I. Background information (91)Ⅱ. Language points (91)Ⅲ. Key to the exercises (94)Unit 1Text A Putting in a Good Word for GuiltⅠ. Background information1．Ellen Goodman A syndicated columnist whose writing appears in over four hundred newspapers, Ellen Goodman began her working career in 1963. Goodman began newspaper writing at the Detroit Free Press, where she worked as a general reporter and news feature writer on the city desk.In 1980, Goodman was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Distinguished Commentary. Goodman‟s work has won many other awards, including the American Society of Newspaper Editors Distinguished Writing Award in 1980. She received the Hubert H. Humphrey Civil Rights Award from the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights in 1988. In 1993, at its Seventh Annual Exceptional Merit Media Award Ceremony, the National Women‟s Political Caucus gave her the President‟s Award. In 1994, the Women‟s Research & Education Institute presented her with their American Woman Award.2．Freud Freud may justly be called the most influential intellectual legislator of his age. His creation of psychoanalysis was at once a theory of the human psyche, a therapy for the relief of its ills, and an optic for the interpretation of culture and society. Despite repeated criticisms, attempted refutations, and qualifications of Freud‟s work, its spell remained powerful well after his death and in fields far removed from psychology as it is narrowly defined. If, as the American sociologist Philip Rieff once contended, “psychological man” replaced such earlier notions as political, religious, or economic man as the 20th century‟s dominant self image, it is in no small measure due to the power of Freud‟s vision and the seeming inexhaustibility of the intel lectual legacy he left behind.3．Karl Menninger (1893 1990) founder of the Menninger Foundation for Psychiatric Education and Research. As director of education of the foundation, besides training other theapists, he wrote many works, among which are The Human Mind (1930), Man Against Himself (1938), and Whatever Became Of Sin? (1973)4．Reverend TillotsonJohn Tillotson (1630 1694), chaplain to Charles Ⅱand a prominant preacher of his age. He supported the Revolution of 1688 and was apointed Archbishop of Canterbury in 1691.5．David Riesman American sociologist and author most noted for The Lonely Crowd: A Study of the Changing American Character (with Reuel Denney and Nathan Glazer, 1950), a work dealing primarily with the social character of the urban middle class. “The lonely crowd” became a catchphrase denoting modern urban society in which the individual feels alienated. Also entering common speech were the labels he applied to two of the three character types that he identified in the book: “inner directed” and “other directed.”Ac cording to Riesman‟s theory, in preindustrial societies having a high potential for population growth (e.g., medieval Europe), the typical individual is “tradition directed,” his personal valuesbeing determined by the traditions of a highly structured society or by power relations within its major divisions, such as classes, professions, castes, or clans. These values are characteristically passed intact from one generation to another. When the population is growing but has not reached the stage of crowding (e.g., western Europe from the Renaissance to the early 20th century), the “inner directed” individual predominates. His personal values are determined early by his immediate family, are not necessarily related to any wider social forces, and are also likely to remain unchanged. In heavily industrialized societies, where the population is dense and perhaps beginning to decline, the “other directed” individual emerges. His life is in large part shaped by “peer groups” of persons whom he resembles in age, s ocial class, or otherwise, and he adjusts his values to conform to those of his group in a constant process of change.Ⅱ. Language points1. Feeling guilty is nothing to feel guilty about. (para.1) You don‟t have to be consciously uncomfortable if you have the sense of guilt.2. Yes, guilt can be the excess baggage that keeps us paralyzed unless we dump it. (para.1)Sure, guilt can be the over loaded burden that tortures us if we don‟t get rid of it.paralyze v. to make unable to move or acte.g. The child was paralyzed by fear when the thunder came.打雷的时候，这孩子被吓得不能动弹。