英国雅思培训机构的写作指南——Giving Examples
英国雅思培训机构的写作指南——Referring to Literature
Referring to LiteratureOne important characteristic of academic writing is that all the sources of information that the writer has used need to be indicated, not just as a bibliography or list of references, but also in or alongside the text. In some cases the source will be the main subject of the sentence, in others the sources may be mentioned parenthetically (in brackets) or via a notation system (eg. footnotes). The more common verbs and verb phrases used in academic writing for referring to sources are given below. Note that different referencing systems are used in different disciplines. In the examples, the Harvard in-text referencing system has been used. Also note that the "author as subject" style is less common in the sciences."Ideally, your review should be evaluative and critical of the studies which have a particular bearing on your own. For example, you may think a particular study did not investigate some necessary aspect of the area, or that the authors failed to notice some problem with their results." General descriptions of the relevant literature:A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies ......There is a large volume of published studies describing the role of ……The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with ......The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how ...... During the past 30 years much more information has become available on ......In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of literature on .......A large and growing body of literature has investigated ......General reference to previous research/scholarly activity (usually more than one author) Many historians have argued that ...... (eg. Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994) Numerous studies have attempted to explain ..... (for example, Smith , 1996; Kelly, 1998; Johnson, 2002)Recent evidence suggests that ....... (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001)Recently, in vitro studies have shown that T.thermophylus EFTu can ...... (Patel et al., 1997; Jones et al., 1998).Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) have shown that ......Several attempts have been made to ....... (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001)Several studies have revealed that it is not just X that acts on ...... (Smith, 1996; Jones ....... Several biographies of Harris have been published. Smith presents an ........ account, whilst Jones .....Several studies investigating X have been carried out on ......Data from several sources have identified the increased morbidity and mortality associated with obesityPrevious studies have reported ...... (Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1992).Previous research findings into X have been inconsistent and contradictory (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999, ......A number of studies have found that ...... (Smith , 2003; Jones, 2004).Twenty cohort study analyses have examined the relationship between .......At least 152 case-control studies worldwide have examined the relationship between...... Other studies have considered the relationship ......The relationship between X and Y has been widely investigated (Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987, ....... The causes of X have been widely investigated (Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994). The geology of X has been addressed in several smallscale investigations and .......Xs have been identified as major contributing factors for the decline of many species (1).X has also been shown to reverse the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids inmurine-induced arthritis (11).It has been suggested that levels of X are independent of the size of the Y (Smith et al., 1995) It has conclusively been shown that X and Y increase Z (Smith et al., 1999; Jones, 2001 ......It has been demonstrated that a high intake of X results in damage to ...... (Smith, 1998; ...... Reference to current state of knowledgeA relationship exists between an individual's working memory and their ability to ...... (Jones et al.,1998).GM varieties of maize are able to cross-pollinate with non-GM varieties (Smith, 1998; Jones, 1999).There is an unambiguous relationship between spending on education and economic development (Rao, 1998).X is one of the most intense reactions following CHD (Lane, 2003).MIF has been found to oppose the anti-infammatory actions of X on Y (Alourfi, 2004). Reference to single investigations in the past: researcher(s) as sentence subjectSmith (1999)found that as levels of literacy and education of the population rise ............. showed that reducing X to 190oC decreased ...... (see figure 2) . demonstrated that when the maximum temperature is exceeded .......Jones et al. (2001)investigated the differential impact of formal and non-formal education on ...... analysed the data from 72 countries and concluded that .......reviewed the literature from the period and found little evidence for this claim. interviewed 250 undergraduate students using semi-structured questionnaires. studied the effects of Cytochrome P450 on unprotected nerve cells. performed a similar series of experiments in the 1960s to show that ...... carried out a number of investigations into the ......conducted a series of trials in which he mixed X with different quantities of .... measured both components of the ......labelled these subsets as .......examined the flow of international students ...... ......identified parents of disabled children as .....used a survey to assess the various .......Wang et al. (2004) have recently developed a methodology for the selective introduction of ...... Reference to single investigations or publications in the past: time frame prominentIn 1975, Smith et al. published a paper in which they described .....In 1990 Patel et al. demonstrated that replacement of H2O with heavy water led to ......Thirty years later, Smith (1974) reported three cases of Candida Albicans which .......In the 1950s Gunnar Myrdal pointed to some of the ways in which …………… (Myrdal, 1957)In 1981, Smith and co workers demonstrated that X induced in vitro resistance to .......In 1990, El-Guerrouj et al. reported a new and convenient synthetic procedure to obtain ......In 1984 Jones et al. made several amino acid esters of X and evaluated them as water-soluble pro-drugs.Reference to single publication: no time frameSmith has written the most complete synthesis to date of ......Reference to single investigations in the past: investigation prominentPreliminary work on X was undertaken by AbdulKarim (1992).The first systematic study of X was reported by Patel et al. in 1986.The study of the structural behavior of X was first carried out by Rao et al. (1986)......Analysis of the genes involved in X was first carried out by Smith et al (1983).A recent study by Smith and Jones (2001) involved ......A longitiudinal study of X by Smith (2002) reports that ......A small scale study by Smith (2002) reaches different conclusions, finding no increase in ...... Smith's cross-country analysis (2002) showed that ......Smith's comparative study (2002) found that ......Detailed examination of X by Smith and Patel (1961) showed that ......In another major study, Zhao (1974) found that just over half of the ......In a radomised controlled study of X, Smith (2004) reported that ......In a large longitudinal study, Boucahy et al. 2004) investigated the incidence of X in Y. Reference to single investigations in the past: research topic as subjectClassical conditioning was first demonstrated experimentally by Pavlov (Smith, 2002). In his seminal study ......The electronic spectroscopy of X was first studied by Smith and Douglas 1 in 1970The acid-catalyzed condensation reaction between X and Y was first reported by Baeyer in 1872 X formed the central focus of a study by Smith (2002) in which the author found ......X was originally isolated from Y in a soil sample from ...... (Wang et al., 1952).The way in which the X gene is regulated was studied extensively by Ho and colleagues (Ho et al. 1995 and 1998).To determine the effects of X, Zhao et al (2005) compared ......Reference to what other writers do in their text (author as subject)Smith (2003) identifies poor food, bad housing, inadequate hygiene and large families as the major causes of ......Rao (2003) lists three reasons why the English language has become so dominant. These are: ...... Smith (2003) traces the development of Japanese history and philosophy during the 19th century. Jones(2003) provides in-depth analysis of the work of Aristotle showing its relevance to contemporary times.Smith (2003) draws our attention to distinctive categories of motivational beliefs often observed in .......Smith (2003) defines evidence based medicine as the conscious, explicit and judicious use of ..... Rao (2003) highlights the need to break the link between economic growth and transport growth ......Smith (2003) discusses the challenges and strategies for facilitating and promoting ......Toh (2003) mentions the special situation of Singapore as an example of .....Smith (2003) questions whether mainstream schools are the best environment for ......Smith (2003) considers whether countries work well on cross-border issues such as ......Smith (2003) uses examples of these various techniques as evidence that ......In her major study,In her seminal article,In her classic critique of ......,In her case study of ......,In her review of ......,In her analysis of ......,In her introduction to ......,'Smith (2004) identifies five characteristics of .......Some analysts (eg Carnoy, 2002) have attempted to draw fine distinctions between ........Other authors ( see Harbison, 2003; Kaplan, 2004) question the usefulness of such an approach. Reference to other writers' ideas (author as subject)According to Smith (2003), preventative medicine is far more cost effective, and therefore better adapted to the developing world.Smith (2003)points outarguesmaintainsclaimsconcludessuggeststhatpreventative medicine is far more cost effective, and thbetter adapted to the developing worldSmith (2003)argues foroffersproposessuggestsan explanatory theory for each typeof irrational belief.This view is supported by Jones (2000) who writes ......Smith argues that her data support O'Brien's (1988) view that ......As Smith reminds us, ..............Elsewhere, Smith has argued that ......Some ways of introducing quotationsIn the final part of the Theses, Marx writes: "Philosophers have hitherto only interpreted the world in various ways; the point ......."Sachs concludes: "The idea of development stands today like a ruin in the intellectuallandscape…" (Sachs, 1992a: 156).As Smith argues: "In the past, the purpose of education was to ......" (Smith , 2000:150). As Carnoy (2004: 215) states: "there are many good reasons to be sceptical".。
英国雅思培训机构的写作指南——writing Definitions
Writing DefinitionsIn academic work students are often expected to give definitions of key words and phrases inorder to demonstrate to their tutors that they understand these terms clearly. Academic writersgenerally, however, define terms so that their readers understand exactly what is meant whencertain key terms are used. When important words are not clearly understood misinterpretationmay result. In fact, many disagreements (academic, legal, diplomatic, personal) arise as a result ofdifferent interpretations of the same term. In academic writing, teachers and their students oftenhave to explore these differing interpretations before moving on to study a topic.Introductory phrases:It is necessary here to clarify exactly what is meant by .....This shows a need to be explicit about exactly what is meant by the word X.X is a term frequently used in the literature, but to date there is no consensus about ......Simple three-part definitionsA university is an institution where knowledge is "produced" and passed on to oSocial Economics may be broadly defined as the branch ofeconomics[which is] concerned with the measurement, causesconsequences of social problems.Research may be defined as a systematic process which consists of three elements or components: (1) question, problem, or hypothesis, (2) data, and (3) a and interpretation of data.General meanings / application of meanings:The term X has come to be used to refer to ......The term X is generally understood to mean ......The term X has been applied to situations where students ......In broad biological terms, X can be defined as any stimulus that is .......The broad use of the term X is sometimes equated with ......The term disease refers to a biological event characterised by .......In the literature, the term tends to be used to refer to ......X can be defined as ...... It encompasses ......The term X is a relatively new name for a Y, commonly referred to...….X can be loosely described as a correlation.Indicating difficulties in defining a term:In the field of language teaching, various definitions of fluency are found.Fluency is a commonly used notion in language learning and yet it is a concept difficult to define precisely.A generally accepted definition of fluency is lacking.Smith (2001) identified four abilities that might be subsumed under the term fluency: a) .....The term poststructuralism embodies a multitude of concepts which ......Although differences of opinion still exist, there appears to be some agreement that X refersto ......Specifying terms that are used in an essay/thesis:In this essay the term overseas student will be used in its broadest sense to refer to all students who ......Throughout this thesis, the term education is used to refer to informal systems as well as formal systems.While a variety of definitions of the term X have been suggested, this paper will use the definition first suggested by Smith (1968) who saw it as .......In this paper, the term that will be used to describe this phenomenon is XIn this dissertation the terms X and Y are used interchangeably to mean ......Referring to people's definitions (author prominent):Smith (1954) was apparently the first to use the term ......Chomsky writes that a grammar is a 'device of some sort for producing the .....' (1957, p.11). According to a definition provided by Smith (2001:23), fluency is 'the maximally ......The term "fluency" is used by Smith (2001) to refer to ......Smith (2001) uses the term "fluency" to refer to ......For Smith (2001), fluency means/refers to .......Macro-stabilisation policy is defined by Smith (2003: 119) as "......................"Aristotle defines the imagination as "the movement which results upon an actual sensation." The term "matter" is used by Aristotle in four overlapping senses. First, it is the underlying ....... Secondly, it is the potential which ......Smith et al. (2002) have provided a new definition of health: "health is a state of being with physical, cultural, psychological ....."In 1987, sports psychologist John Smith popularized the term X to describe ......Referring to people's definitions (author non-prominent):Validity is the degree to which an assessment process or device measures what it is intended to measure (Smith et al., 1986)。
英国雅思培训机构的写作指南——Describing Cause and Effects
There is some evidence that X may affect Y.
Describing Causes and Effects
A great deal of academic work involves understanding and suggesting solutions to problems. At postgraduate level, particularly in applied fields, students search out problems to study. In fact, one could say that problems are the food for a significant proportion of academic activity. However, solutions cannot be suggested unless the problem is fully analysed, and this involves a thorough understanding of the causes. Some of the language that you may find useful for explaining causes and effects is listed below:
Therefore,
Consequently,
Because of this,
As a result (of this),
when they grow up, it will probably be difficult for them to find work.
英语考试作文-雅思(IELTS)考试之―写作部分的技巧
英语考试作文雅思(IELTS)考试之―写作部分的技巧Skills for IELTS Writing Module You need to spend 2-3 minutes working out exactly what you are going to do. You should pay attention to the following points: Study the question carefully. Most Task 1 writing involves writing a report which describes some information given. You may wish to note the instructions with a high-lighting pen.Think carefully about the topic. Outline some pertinent points.Ensure that your ideas are arranged logically.When writing a Task 1 report, include:introductory sentencegeneral trend sentencebody paragraphs (1-3)concluding sentence (optional)Introductory sentenceThe introductory sentence explains what you aredescribing, for example:‘The table compares the population growth and interstate migration in each Australian state for 12 months to the end of 1994.’‘The graph shows the growth of computers in Australia between 1975 and 1995.’‘The pie chart represents the proportion of gases contained in natural gas.’Body paragraphsWhen discussing the date presented in the task, identify significant trends and give examples that relate directly to the given information to support your statements. If you are explaining a process or an object and how it works, you need to group your information so that it follows a definite logical order.Remember that the use of verbs expressed in the present passive voice is often appropriate when giving a description of a process or procedure, for example:‘Coffee beans are pulped to remove their casing. They are then soaked in water, rinsed thoroughly and dried. After the beans are sorted, they are roasted in a kiln and blended. Next, they are packed and dispatched to shops andsupermarkets.’Concluding sentence (optional)A simple concluding statement could include any of the following, where relevant:significant commentsa potential solutionan overall summary of the ideasfuture implications.EditingMake sure that you have followed the instructions carefully. Be sure that you have written what you intended and that no important ideas are missing.In the last few minutes, check for obvious errors, such as spelling or grammatical errors.。
【写作】雅思写作第一节课课堂讲义
【关键字】写作Unit 1 雅思IELTS 考试写作简介雅思考试写作部分在听力和阅读后进行，由两部分组成，TASK1和TASK2。
要求考生在60分钟内完成两篇文章的写作。
普通培训类和学术类考生在写作的考试内容上有一些区别。
两类写作TASK2题目类型基本相同，考试的结构和要求也大体相同，要求在40分钟完成250字左右的议论文。
类似英美国家学校里任课教师布置的课堂讨论作文。
一般要求考生根据自己的知识和经验就一个现象阐明自己的态度和见解，或就一个观点发表自己赞同或反对的观点。
学术类写作TASK 1（ACADEMIC TRAINING MODULE）要求考生对题目中给出的各类图表加以观察和分析，并根据已知的图表和资料写一篇很多于150字的小短文。
考得较多的有曲线图、柱状图、饼状图、表格、饼图等。
也有可能考到两种不同种类的图。
另外，流程图和示意图也偶尔考到。
时间20分钟。
普通培训类写作TASK1（GENERAL TRAINING MODULE）则要求考生就某个假设的场景写一封信. 到目前为止，出现较多的书信种类有投诉信、请求信、建议信、寻找失物信、邀请信等。
20分钟内完成150个字的文章。
总之，就题目的难度而言，GENERAL TRAINING MODULE 普通类写作比ACADEMIC TRAINING MODULE学术类写作稍微简单一些。
评分标准The examiner reads your answer and awards band score of between 1(did not answer the question) and 9 (native speaker-like ) according to these criteria:• 1.Task Response (i.e. how fully and appropriately the candidate has answered all parts of the task; the extent to which the candidate's ideas are relevant, developed andsupported; the extent to which the candidate's position is clear and effective) • 2.Coherence and Cohesion (i.e. how well the information and ideas are organized and presented i.e. paragraphing; how well the information is linked)• 3.Lexical Resource (i.e. the range of vocabulary used, how accurately it is used and how appropriate it is for the task)• 4.Grammatical Range and Accuracy (i.e. the range of structures used, how accurately they are used and how appropriate they are for the task)The band scores are then added together divided by 3 and rounded to determine your band score for this task.Writing Overall Band = 1 / 3* Task1 + 2 / 3*Task2For example: Task1 =6Task2 =7Overall Band = 1 / 3* 6 + 2 / 3*7= 6.5Unit 2 曲线图1.描述上升的单词increase rise grow go up词汇升级：creep up ≤10 edge up 10 ease up 20boom 30 surge 45 soar 60 swell 70 escalate 80 rocket 902．描述下降的单词decrease drop decline fall go down词汇升级：creep down ≤10 edge down 10 ease down 20ebb 30 subside 45 slump 60 collapse 70 plunge 80 plummet 903．描述波动的单词fluctuate --- fluctuation go up and down rise and fall例：Sales of Computers 1995There was a slight growth in the sales of computers from Jan to Feb. However, they increased dramatically to a peak in the next month. After that, there was a downward trend in sales between Mar and Aug, which leveled off by the end of Dec.Task 1每部分的结构:例题分析example 1WRITING TASK 1You should spend about 20 minutes on this taskThe graph below shows the number of passengers in a London underground station at different times of the day.Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.You should write at least 150 words.Number of passengers at a London underground stationThe line graph illustrates the fluctuation in the number of people at a London underground station over the course of a day.开头段三种万能方法：①改单词②换句型③加信息The busiest time of the day is in the morning. There is a sharp increase between 06:00 and 08:00, with 400 people using the station at 8 o'clock. After this the numbers drop quickly to less than 200 at 10 o'clock. Between 11 am and 2 pm the number rises, with a plateau of just under 300 people using the station.In the afternoon, numbers decline, with less than 100 using the station at 4 pm. There is then a rapid rise to a peak of 380 at 6 pm.After 7 pm, numbers fall significantly, with only a slight increase again at 8pm, tailing off after 9 pm.Overall, the graph shows that the station is most crowded in the early morning (around 08:00) and early evening (around 18:00) periods.例题分析2:Sample 2WRITING TASK 1---“例2”You should spend about 20 minutes on this taskThe graph below shows the annual amount of fish caught in North America from 1972 to 2000. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.You should write at least 150 words.line graph with two linesThe graph reveals changes in fish catches for the US and Canada over the last 30 years. Between 1975 and 1981, US fish catches averaged between 2.5 and 2.75 million tons per year, while Canadian landings fluctuatedbetwee n 600,000 and 900,000 tons. …In 1981, however, there was a significant increase in fish caught in the US, and this rise continued and peaked at 5.6 million tons in 1991. During the same period, Canada's catch went up from 1 million tons to 1.6 million tons, a growth of over 50%.From 1991 onwards, a sudden decline in fish catching was reported in both countries. US figures plummeted to 4 million tons in 2001, a drop of 28%, and Canadian catches plunged to 0.5 million tons, a decrease of 66%. In the following four years, US catches remained stable at 4 million tons, while Canadian catches rose and fell around the 0.5 million tons mark.In general, fish catches have declined drastically in both the US and Canada since the early 1990s. Although Canadian production was much lower, it echoed US figures, declining or increasing at the same rate.习题③You should spend about 20 minutes on this taskThe graph below shows the consumption of fish and some different kinds of meat in a European country between 1979 and 2004.Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.You should write at least 150 words.The line chart illustrates changes in the amounts of beef, lamb, chicken and fish consumed in a particular European country between 1979 and 2004.In 1979 beef was by far the most popular of these foods, with about 225 grams consumed per person per week. Lamb and chicken were eaten in similar quantities (around 150 grams), while much less fish was consumed (just over 50 grams)However, during this 25-year period the consumption of beef and lamb fell dramatically to approximately 100 grams and 55 grams respectively. The consumption of fish also declined, but much less significantly to just below 50 grams, so although it remained the least popular food, consumption levels were the most stable.The consumption of chicken, on the other hand, showed an upward trend, overtaking that of lamb in 1980 and that of beef in 1989. By 2004 it had soared to almost 250 grams per person per week. Overall, the graph shows how the consumption of chicken increased dramatically while the popularity of these other foods decreased over the period.此文档是由网络收集并进行重新排版整理.word可编辑版本！。
英语-雅思G类写作书信部分(培训班资料)
如何写一封关于索取信息的信？普通培训类TASK 1部分和学术类的TASK 1部分的评分标准基本一致，对字数要求也相同。
所不同的是普通培训类TASK 1部分要求考生写一封信。
考生在写作过程中要分清信的类型，如抱怨信，感谢信，道歉信，求职信等。
要注意信的格式和结构，要开门见山，直截了当，又要注意文字规范和礼貌。
时态要准确，避免用词重复，要展示出写复杂句子的能力, 这是高分的前提。
至于如何索取信息信的基本格式，请参阅我曾写过的一篇例文如下：题目：You are interested in history and intend to major in it, but you are told computer science will make it easier for you to find a job. Write to the college, asking for their recommendation.正文：Dear Sir,I am writing to seek your advice regarding which subject I should choose as my major, history or computer science.I am studying in the last year in high school now. Next year, I hope that I will be able to enroll in your college. I began to take a special interest in history when I was a primary school student. I can still remember the historical stories my teachers told in class, so I was wondering if I should continue to study history in your college. However, several days ago, one of my friends told me that computer science is more popular nowadays. As a matter of fact, many jobs need IT skills.I was advised that it is more important to find a job than merely to satisfy personal interest. Therefore, it is now very hard for me to decide which subject I should choose. Must I give up my favorite subject and take employment need as a priority?I would be more than grateful to you if you could tell me your advice about this. Your early reply would be highly appreciated.Yours faithfully,Wang Rutao雅思普通培训类TASK 1的抱怨信应如何构思并举例说明。
雅思考官教你的4大写作提分点
雅思考官教你的4大写作提分点雅思考官教你的4大写作提分点Answer all parts of the question这一点很多老师在我们的公开课中都有强调，可惜很多宝宝们还是花费大量的精力在词汇句式的堆砌上。
忽略这一点的重要性。
Task Response是四项评分标准中最容易提高的一项，考官明确说明，如果你的文章没有回答全部问题，你的TR这一项的分数不会高于5。
Timing and Blocking怎样在20分钟与40分钟中完成一篇结构充实的小大作文?考官教我们做做数学题你可以计算一下你要分几段，每一段几句话，每句话大致多少单词，从而完成两篇150字以及250字的文章。
A topic sentence for each paragraphMake sure that each paragraph has a topic sentence!!!这一点相信所有的雅思写作老师都强调过，但是我们在批改作文的时候还是发现很多宝宝忽视了这一点的重要性。
这个中心句要直接明了，不要太模糊，让考官读完就是到你这段要讲什么。
一个中心句加三个展开论述句，这是考官给的结构建议。
Use synonymous and paraphrase高频词的同义词替换是写作词汇部分提分的重要技巧。
不要重复用相同的词，同义词的使用会向考官展现你词汇运用的range。
这里考官强调注意一下替换词的“性质”。
想表达positive的词义就用positive的词去替换，反之用negative。
学姐给大家举个例子，表示“影响”的词，effect多用作积极意思，而impair多用作消极层面的影响。
替换influence 的时候要选对性质。
如果你的词汇量没有那么大，那就学会掌握paraphrase的技巧，用一句话去解释你想说的词，顺便还能用个从句或者分词结构增加一下句子多样性。
最后考官强调，想在写作中拿高分，你一定要知道考官的expectation是什么。
凤凰国际英语雅思写作6举例法写段落
举例法是通过提供实例来扩展段落的一种方法。 这是一种常用的而且易于为初学者掌握的段落展 开法。它用具体的事例来阐述主题句中的支配思 想，展开支配思想中所概括的尚未展开的内涵， 用实例来支持主题句中的观点，从而使其得到较 为充分和完整的表达。
Useful Words
for example for instance such as take the case of Take X as a typical example
In order to prevent non-smokers from being affected, measures must be taken to reduce the chances of smoking. A lot of work can be done concerning this. For example, in some public places, such as in theatres, cinemas, smoking should be forbidden. Even on the train or plane people should not allowed to smoke. Doctors, teachers, government leaders should take the lead not to smoke. Above all, the harmfulness and dangers caused by smoking should be made known to all through newspapers, broadcast, or TV programs. Also, the growing of tobacco and the production of cigarettes should not be encouraged. Only in this way can we effectively reduce the chances of smoking.
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Giving Examples
Writers may give specific examples as evidence to support their general claims or arguments. Examples can also be used to help the reader or listener understand unfamiliar or difficult concepts, and they tend to be easier to remember. For this reason, they are often used in teaching. Finally, students may be required to give examples in their work to demonstrate that they have understood a complex problem or concept.
Many paragraphs in academic writing show development from general statements to specific details or examples. In most paragraphs, therefore, examples usually come after a more general statement, as in the short extract below.
Many words can often acquire a more narrow meaning over time, or may come to be chiefly used in one special sense. A classic example of this practice is the word doctor. There were doctors (i.e., learned men) in theology, law, and many other fields beside medicine, but nowadays when we send for the doctor we mean a member of only one profession.
Examples as the main information in a sentence:
For example / instance, the word doctor used to mean a learned man.
For example, Smith and Jones (2004) conducted a series of semi-structured interviews in ......
By way of illustration, Smith (2003) shows how the data for .....
A classic / well-known example of this is .......
An example of this is the study carried out by Smith (2004) in which .......
X is a good example / illustration of .......
X illustrates this point / shows this point clearly.
This can be illustrated briefly by .......
Young people begin smoking for a variety of reasons. They may, for example, be influenced by their peers, or they may see their parents as role models.
The evidence of X can be clearly seen in the case of..…
Another example of what is meant by X is ......
Diseases that can result at least in part from stress include arthritis, asthma, migrane, headaches and ulcers.
Examples as additional information in a sentence
Young people begin smoking for a variety of reasons, such as pressure from peers and the role model of parents.
Pavlov found that if some other stimulus, for example the ringing of a bell, preceded the food, the dog would start salivating.
In Paris, Gassendi kept in close contact with many other prominent scholars such as Kepler, Galileo, Hobbes, and Descartes.
The prices of resources, such as copper, iron ore, oil, coal and aluminium, have declined in real terms over the past 20 years.
Many diseases can result at least in part from stress, including: arthritis, asthma, migrane, headaches and ulcers.。