英语写作2(argumentation)
高级英语写作2argumentation
Inductive Argumentation
归纳论证
从个别事例中推导出一般结论的推理过程。
特点
基于观察、经验和证据，逐步推导结论。
例子
通过观察一组数据，发现某种趋势，从而得 出结论。
Interpretation
解释论证
对某个观点、文本或事件进行深入分析和解释，以证 明其合理性的推理过程。
特点
需要深入挖掘信息，理解背景和语境，提供全面解释。
I will seek opportunities to write and receive feedback on argumentative essays, focusing on areas where I need the most improvement.
01
introduction
Theme Introduction
Theme
Argumentation in Advanced English Writing
Description
This course focuses on the art of persuasive writing, including the structure, logic, and language of argumentation.
要点二
Key Concepts
Important concepts such as the use of logical fallacies and the development of counterarguments were thoroughly explained and discussed.
Building Argumentation Structure
argumentation英语作文范文
The Power of Argumentation in EnglishEssaysIn the realm of academic writing, the art of argumentation holds a pivotal position. It is not merely a technique to persuade others but a means to explore ideas, critically analyze them, and present a well-reasoned stance. The essence of argumentation lies in the careful balancingof claims, evidence, and logic to arrive at a convincing conclusion. This balancing act is particularly crucial in English essays, where the language itself often poses challenges due to its nuances and subtleties.The foundation of any argumentative essay is a clear, focused claim that the writer intends to defend. This claim should be stated explicitly in the introduction, settingthe tone for the entire essay. From there, the writer must build a robust framework by providing evidence thatsupports the claim. This evidence could be statistical data, quotes from experts, or anecdotal experiences thatillustrate the point. However, it is crucial to ensure that the evidence is relevant, credible, and sufficient to strengthen the argument.The art of argumentation in English essays alsoinvolves the careful manipulation of language. The writer must choose their words carefully, using precise vocabulary that conveys the intended meaning without ambiguity. Additionally, sentence structure and paragraph organization play a crucial role in maintaining the flow of the argument. Effective transition words and phrases help readers follow the thread of the argument, while well-structured paragraphs ensure that the essay remains focused and coherent.Moreover, argumentative essays require a certain degree of objectivity. The writer must present both sides of the argument fairly, acknowledging opposing viewpoints and addressing them with logic and evidence. This balanced approach not only enhances the credibility of the argument but also encourages critical thinking among readers.In conclusion, the power of argumentation in English essays lies in its ability to persuade, explore, andanalyze ideas in a clear, coherent, and objective manner.By mastering the art of argumentation, writers can convey their thoughts effectively, engage readers deeply, andcontribute to the larger discourse within their field of study.**中文翻译：****英语议论文中的论证力量**在学术写作领域，论证的艺术占据着核心地位。
英语四级作文专有名词
Argumentation是英语四级作文中常见的一种文体，通常要求考生根据所给的观点或现象，进行分析、辩证，提出自己的看法。在写这种作文时，考生需要有较强的逻辑思维能力，能清晰地陈述自己的观点，并能用恰当的论据和例子加以支持。
二、Narration（记叙文）
Narration是另一种常见的英语四级作文文体。这种文体要求考生根据所给的事件或故事情节，进行叙述。在叙述过程中，考生需要注意时间和事件的先后顺序，逻辑要清晰，并且要尽量生动详实地描绘事件的发展过程，让读者有身临其境的感觉。
五、Thesis statement（论文声明）
在英语四级作文中，论文声明是一个非常重要的概念。它要求考生在写作的最开始部分，对自己的立场或观点进行简要的表述。论文声明通常体现了考生在整篇文章中要表达的核心思想，因此要求考生在明确自己立场的同时，要简洁明了地表达出来。
六、Supporting evidence（论据）
在议论文中，论据是支持观点的重要依据。考生需要通过丰富的知识储备和逻辑思维，能够提供有力的论据来支持自己的观点，使文章更加有说服力。
七、Conclusion（结论）
在英语四级作文中，结论部分是整篇文章的收尾部分，也是表明作者观点的最终归宿。结论需要简洁明了地总结全文的核心内容，对全文进行概括，让读者对文章的主题有一个清晰的印象。
三、Description（描写文）
Description文体要求考生根据所给的人、物、地点等信息，进行描写。这种文体要求考生通过形象、生动的语言描绘出所给对象的形象和特征，让读者对所描写的对象有清晰而生动的印象。
四、Exposition（说明文）
Exposition文体要求考生对所给的问题或现象进行说明，通常需要考生能够分析问题或现象的原因、影响等内容，并能够用简练、明了的语言进行阐述。
自考“英语写作”精讲复习（2）
（三）写作类型——记叙⽂，描写⽂ 英语写作类型（Types of Writing）主要有四种：记叙⽂（Narration），描写⽂（Description），说明⽂（Exposition）和议论⽂（Argumentation）。
记叙⽂和描写⽂在考试中出现的频率很低，⼏乎不作直接考察，我们只是简单⼀带⽽过。
记叙⽂就是讲故事，⽽且往往是让⼈在听完或读完故事后有所思考，这就是记叙⽂的写作⽬的（可能是隐含的也可能是外显的）。
讲故事要先交待清楚故事的语境即时间，地点和⼈物，然后依据时间顺序展开情节（这⾥说得是最常见的顺叙，当然还有倒叙，插叙等），讲故事时要注意叙事的⾓度（第⼀⼈称还是第三⼈称），故事的跌宕起伏（起端，发展，⾼潮和结局）。
描写⽂，简单的说就是⽤语⾔⽂字的笔来绘画，画⼀副⼈物肖像，画⼀副地点画，画⼀副静物画，画⼀副场景画等。
⽤画笔作画，最重要的是颜⾊的淡妆浓抹，描写靠的是⽂字的⼒量，例如形容词，副词的使⽤等。
但是⽆论如何画，都要给⼈留下⼀个深刻的印象，这⼀印象就是描写⽂的写作⽬的。
因此，同学们在写描写⽂时要围绕着这⼀印象（中⼼）来组织写作。
虽然说记叙⽂和说明⽂两种⽂体在英语写作考试中不直接考察，但是它们的作⽤不容忽视，它们可以被⼴泛地应⽤在说明⽂、议论⽂的引⾔段和举例中，能增加说明⽂和议论⽂的可读性，趣味性。
（四）写作类型——说明⽂ 说明⽂（Exposition）是为了解释或阐述某⼀问题，某⼀过程或是关系的写作类型。
其⽬的是通过解释，使⼈明⽩某件事情，明⽩如何去做⼀件事情，或是明⽩⼀件事情的原因，及其引发的后果等。
1.总体结构 说明⽂有⽐较明确的⾏⽂模式，初学者应该对此加以熟悉，才能写好说明⽂。
⼤致来讲，说明⽂分为三个部分，五个段落（可适当增加⼀两个段落）。
⼀个引⾔段，三个主体段，⼀个结论段。
可参见下图： 2. 引⾔段（Introduction） 这⼀段落的主要⽬的有两个：引⼊讨论的话题（topic），并缩⼩讨论范围，提出论点。
argumentation英语写作议论文
The support – ideas and information intended to convince readers that the claimபைடு நூலகம்is sound or believable. The three common types of support are reasons, evidence and emotional appeal.
Should Euthanasia (安乐死) Be Legalized? A
Overall Structure of an Argumentation
① Introduction: Issue; Background information; Definition of terms.
② Claim: Thesis statement. ③ Body: Reasons and evidence; Emotional appeals;
Purpose of Argumentation
To convince. Make the reader agree with its point of view
and support it, to persuade him to change his mind or
behavior, and to approve a policy or a course of action
What it aims at
Getting readers to understand the point of view
argumentation议论文高职应用英语写作
议论文（Argumentation)是一种写作者就某个话题，某个问题，或某个事件发表自己 的看法，进行议论，分析，说明和论证，阐明自己的观点和主张的文体。议论文通过充分 的论证，影响读者的认知活动，说服读者就收作者的观点。社论，评论，书评，杂文对于 议论文的范畴。
论据是为论点服务的，是用来说明观点的事实或理论材料，在文章中起支持和 证明论点的作用。所以论据要典型真实，充分有力，针对性强，要与论点有本质的 内在联系。如果论据不真实，不充分，不能紧扣论点，就讲不清道理，没有说服力。
论证就是用一定的推理方法，用论据来证明论点的
过程。论证要求论据充分，合情合理，使论据与论点之 间具有内在的逻辑关系。论点与论据游击联系起来，构
一篇完整的议论文应包含论点，论据和论证。因此，鲜明的论点，确凿的证据， 严密的论证是议论文的三个基本要素。论点是作者对讨论问题所持的简介和主张。 中心论点是议论文的基本观点，它是全文的主旨和核心，在文章中起主导作用。分 论点是说明中心论点的论据，是为论证中心论点服务的。议论文的论点应该是正确，
鲜明并具有现实意义的。
a.Advertisement give up-to-date information about products.
b.If there was no advertising, consumers would only know about goods in their local shop. c.Advertising helps to sell to a bigger market. Therefore, as more goods are sold they are cheaper. d.Advertisements provide revenue for news-papers, etc. Against a.Advertisements do not give information, but they try to persuade us to buy. b.They create a demand for goods that are not really needed.
英语写作资料：argumentation sample3 Drilling__ For Oil
Drilling For Oil: To Be Or Not To Be?The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge（保护所）is home to grizzlies（灰熊）, caribou（北美驯鹿）, moose驼鹿, foxes, polar bears, wolves, and birds who migrate as the weather changes. Influential business people in the oil business consider the refuge as the ideal site for the “environmentally sensitive searching” of oil. Ecologists生态学者have their reservations regarding this thought.The officials of main Government body of USA and oil-industry’s influential leaders and others believe that Americans will exploit from the oil that lies under the snow-filled surface of the refuge. According to their view, the oil will help scale down soaring fuel prices and reduce the import to meet our need for oil.I believe the cost of such drilling is too high. I agree with environmentalists who fear that drilling will disturb the migration of more than130,000 caribou. Each spring, the caribou travel 400 miles to give birth on the coastal plain. In this area of the refuge, there are fewer predators食肉动物. In addition, experts say that the oil in the area adds up to less than a six-month supply. Is such a small amount of oil worth the risk drilling poses to these animals?Americans are the largest consumers of oil. Instead of drilling for oil, we should decrease our need for foreign oil simply by using less. We must all work together to cut back on the oil we use in order to conserve the wildlife of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.。
双边观点英语作文的建议
双边观点英语作文的建议雅思写作有两类大作文，report和argumentation两种，前者主要是分析某个问题，提出解决方案，而后者则是对于某个具有争议性的问题或者观点进行利弊分析。
而针对于argumentation，即辩论型作文，作文的结构可以分为单边支持型和双边讨论型这两种。
而回看各种雅思考官范文和一些范文，大多数都是选择双边讨论的形式，这主要是因为英人的思维比较缜密，他们看待问题比较客观公正，所以比较倾向于考生对于问题的全面分析和理解。
那么怎么去写好双边讨论式呢？来看一下argumentation有哪几种类型：1To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion？针对这一问题，很多中国考生只是单纯的从同意或者不同意这两个比较单一的角度去分析问题，实际上，这个写作题目并不只是个单项选择，考生应该从正反两方面多角度去分析的。
比如有些问题，完全可以从自己个人角度和社会角度来进行利弊的分析，从两方面讨论，既能计划证阐述内容比较客观公正，又能避免比较片面的看法，一举两得。
2Discuss both these views and give your own opinions。
从题目要求我们可以知道，这道题目自然是两个观点都要进行分析的。
需要考生们通过两方面论点的讨论，终给出自己的观点，观点可以是偏向任意一个view，也可以选择站在中立的立场上，只要言之成理即可。
这类题目在argumentation中出现的频率比较高。
3To what extent do the benefits outweigh the drawbacks？（主要是利弊的分析）这题目，考生除了要给出一个&ldquo；利大于弊&rdquo；或者&ldquo；弊大于利&rdquo；的结论外，还要对有利和不利的一面都进行阐述分析，后得出一个比较客观的答案，这才比较符合题目的要求。
高级英语写作2_Argumentation汇编
m
inference
Support
Support
rather than it tells you a structure,it teaches you a way to think：well-knit（严谨）
1、it's so cold
to condemn smoking. However, although I feel that
smoking can be harmful, I do not think it should be
banned.
Claim
First, smoking undoubtedly helps many people
outside,let's have
hot pot for dinner
ok?
3、because it 's
better to eat spicy
food in cold
weather！
4、ok,let's go!
2、why do we have to eat hot pot ?
最后，他们 在一起了！
So,Noland thinks its naannies need to know how to handle these high-risk situations.
2. Chain argument
A chain argument contains more than one layers of argument.The support of the first layer becomes the claim of the second layer,which needs further support,as shown in the following:
作文范文之英语专业四级作文
英语专业四级作文【篇一：1992---2014年英语专业四级作文真题题目总结】历年专四作文题（一）illustration2012the dragon boat festival (端午节) is one of the important national festivals in china. write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: the dragon boat festival first, you should tell what you know about the festival.second, you should describe how you and other people usually observe the festival.1996every college student would agree that life in college is not the same as it was in the middle school. now, you have been asked by the student’s union to write a passage entitled:the main difference between my college life and my middle school lifeyou are to write in three parts.in the first part, state clearly what your view is.in the second part, support your view with appropriate reasons.in the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.nowadays people are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of health. and they have different ways to stay healthy. for example, some exercise every day; others try to keep a balanced diet. what do you think is the best way to stay healthy?the best way to stay healthy2003people in modern society live under a lot of pressure, from education, career, or family. so it is important for them to keep a good mood under whatever circumstances. write a composition of about 150 words on the following topic:the importance of keeping a good mood1993my idea of becoming a teacher in the future1992my view on reading extensivelydecember 5th is international volunteers day. since 1985, when the united nations announced the special day, tens of millions of people around the world have volunteered to help those in need. china now has4.5 million registered volunteers who have provided more than 4.5 billions hours of wolunteer work. what can you gain from volunteering?write on answer sheet two a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:the benefits of volunteering1995nowadays it has become fashionable for college students to take a part-time job in their spare time. discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this trend.1998it is now generally accepted that vehicles (cars, trucks, etc.) are a major source of air pollution in cities. your are to suggest only one way to solve the problem.one way to solve the problem1999we see advertisements on television everyday. some people think that tv advertising brings as benefits, but others don’t think so. what is your opinion?a major advantage/disadvantage of advertising on television2001travel has become part of our life. and more and more of us have come to know the significance of travel through our own experience: travel broadens the mindyou are to write in three parts.in the first part, state clearly what your view is.in the second part, support your view with appropriate reasons.in the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.（二） argumentation1997some of your classmates think that more pressure from academic studies is not beneficial to students. you either agree or disagree with them:more pressure from academic studies does (does not) good to us you are to write in three parts.in the first part, state specifically what your view is.in the second part, support your view with one or two reasons. in the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.2004nowadays young people tend to phone more often than write to each other. so, some say that phones will kill letter writing. what is your opinion? write a composition of about 150 words on the following topic:will phones kill letter writing【篇二：英语专业四级note写作】2012专四note预测10：refusalwrite on answer sheet three a note of about 50-60words based on the following situation:your foreign friend, jimmy, want you to be his chinese tutor. but you are so busy with your study that you cannot help him. write him a note, declining him and explaining why.marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. 范文april 12, 2010 dear jimmy,thanks a lot for trusting me and asking me to be your chinese tutor! but as you know, i am a senior student and must finish all courses and papers this term. i am so busy with my courses and papers that i cannot help you. i am sorry for that! i can recommend you a good chinese tutor if you need.yours,lily2012专四note预测9：buying a giftwrite on answer sheet three a note of about 50-60words based on the following situation:jenny, your classmate, is thinking of buying a gift to her mother for mothers day, and you would like to recommend a good book to her. write a note, telling her about the book and explain why you think its a suitable gift.marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.范文april 12, 2010 dear jenny,i heard that you were thinking of buying a gift to your mother for the coming mothers day, and i would like to recommend a good book to you. letters to mum is a book in which 100 sons and daughters letters to their mothers are collected. these letters are so moving that i believe your mother will like to read them very much.yours,mary2012专四note预测8：complaintwrite on answer sheet three a note of about 50-60words based on the following situation:you need to have your dorm light repaired, and you told the dorm keeper several times. but nobody comes to repair the light for you by now,write a note to school administrate office to complain for that. marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.范文april 12, 2010 dear sirs of school administrate office,i am sorry that i have some complaint to make. my dorm light has gone wrong since last monday, and i have told the dorm keeper several times. however, nobody has come to repair the light by now. its so inconvenient that i have to study in my classmates dorm every night. wouldyou please arrange some one to repair the light for me?yours,john2012专四note预测7：ask for helpwrite on answer sheet three a note of about 50-60words based on the following situation:you just failed in you final exam of english and must take a makeup exam a week later. you know that your classmate mary is good at english.write her a note to ask for help.marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.范文april12, 2010 dear mary,i am so sorry to tell you that i just failed in my final english exam. what a shame it is! next week i must take a makeupexam, but i am afraid that i cannot make it. i know you do well in english and have got a high score in the final exam. would you please give me some help? yours,lily2012专四note预测6：congratulationswrite on answer sheet three a note of about 50-60words based on the following situation:you just heard that your friend danny has gained admittance to tsinghua university as a graduate student. write a note to him, offering him your sincere congratulations.marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.范文april 12, 2010 dear danny,i just heard that you had gained admittance to tsinghua university as a graduate student. how happy i am to hear that! i know that its your dream to go to tsinghua university for further study. you are always studying so hard that i believe your dream will come true one day. congratulations to you!yours,joan2012专四note预测5：thanks your friendwrite on answer sheet three a note of about 50-60words based on the following situation:last saturday you went to mikes home as a houseguest. he and his family gave you a warm welcome and made delicious food for you. write him a note to thank him and his family. marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.范文april 12, 2010 dear mike,what a happy day i have had last saturday in your home! you and your family were mostkind to me and gave me such warm welcomes. the food made by your mother was so delicious that i can hardly forget it. thank you so much for having invited me! and please remember me to your family!yours,ann2012专四note预测4：invite someonewrite on answer sheet three a note of about 50-60words based on the following situation:you have heard that there will be afancy ball next week on the campus, which you are very interested in. write a note to ask your friend mike, one of the organizers of the ball, for the details of the ball.marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.范文april12, 2010 dear mike,i have heard that there will be a fancy ball next week on the campus, and that you are one of the organizers. i am really interested in the fancy ball and want to attend it very much. would you please tell me the time and place of the ball? and do i need an invitation to attend the ball?yours,joan2012专四note预测3：comfort a friendwrite on answer sheet three a note of about 50-60words based on the following situation:your friend, ann, just lost her grandmother, and is feeling very sad about it. write a note to comfort her.marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.范文april12, 2010 dear ann,i am really sorry to hear that your grandmother has passed away. i know your feeling because 2 years ago i lost my grandfather, and i was very sad at that time. please pull yourself together and try to be strong. your grandmother knew you loved her very much and that will be enough. she will rest in peace.yours,joan2012专四note预测2：selling bikewrite on answer sheet three a note of about 50-60words based on the following situation:marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.范文april 12, 2010 dear jim,i have heard that you wish to sell your bike. at the moment i just need a bike by which i can go to do my part-time job on the weekend. would you please tell me what color your bike is and how well it works? and is it possible that i buy it at the cost of 50 yuan?yours,mary2012专四note预测1：advise a placewrite on answer sheet three a note of about 50-60words based on the following situation:one of your foreign friends ann plans to go sightseeing in china. you have just come back from a place which you think she might enjoy. write a note to advise her to go to this place.marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.范文april 09, 2010 dear ann,i heard that you are planning to go sightseeing in china, and i want to recommend you a good place. i just came back from lijiang, which has beautiful landscape, kind people and interesting custom. two ethnic minorities are living there, so you can buy many goods made by them and in the riverside bars you can watch shows given by them. you will have a lot of fun there.yours,lily【篇三：英语专业四级考试写作常用模板】1. the most effective means to solve this problem isthat ______________. in that case,4. on the whole, it is high time that we recognized the significance of ______________.5. as a result, we should take some effective methods to______________.6. judging by the figures, we can draw a conclusion that______________.7. in a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ______________. only in this way can______________ in the future.8. in my opinion, we should place much emphasis on the importance of ______________.9. but ______________ and ______________ have their own advantages. for example,______________, while ______________. comparing those two, however, i prefer to ______________.10. in my opinion, ______________ is just ascommon as ______________. if ______________, it may be very useful. whatever ______________, the key point lies in______________.11. are their opinions correct? to my mind, the first idea seems ______________. as for the second idea,______________.12. as a popular saying goes, ______________. in my opinion what really counts is not______________, but ______________. i believer that as long as ______________, we will______________. so i am for the opinion that ______________.13. in my opinion, both sides are partly right. when we______________, we should take intoconsideration all aspects of the problems, and then make the right decision.14. personally, i believe that ______________. consequently, i’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because______________.enough to show our disapproval and criticism when confronted with ______________.16. people are coming to realize the importance of______________. they have begun to try their best to______________. we believe that ______________.17. all in all, we cannot live without______________ . but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with problems that would arise.19. with the development of society,______________. so it’s urgent and necessary to______________. if every member is willing tocontribute himself to the society, it will be better and better.20. it is difficult to say whether ______________ is good or not in general as it depends very much on the situation of______________. however, from a personal point of view i find ______________.21. it is essential that effective actions should be taken to end the situation.22. it is no doubt that special attention must be paid to the problem of ______________.23. but both ______________ and______________ have disadvantages. for example,______________. which to choose,______________ or ______________? careful consideration is necessary before you make your own choice.24. from what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that ______________.25. we must search for a quick action, because the present situation of ______________ is grievous, if allowed to proceed, will certainly lead to ______________.26. no doubt, if we ignore the problem, there is every chance that ______________ will be put in danger.27. we need to take a second look at the matter from a wider standpoi nt, otherwise, we won’t ______________.28. it is high time that ______________. here are some of the measures that might be takenimmediately. 29. in conclusion, we should know about the problem of ______________, and object to ______________. only in this way ______________.30. although it is affected by many factors, still there39. however, this graph may not predict the entire situation in the future. i believe ______________.40. from the graph it is evident that ______________.41. from all the reasons above, we know that great changes had taken place in ______________. and i believe that______________.42. taking into account all of these factors, we may are certain ways that can make the situation better. the most import is______________. another way is ______________. still another one is ______________.31. many solutions are offered here, all of them make some sense, but none is adequate enough. the problem should be studied in depth.32. no easy method can be at hand to solve the problem of______________. but the common recognition of theimportance of ______________ might be the first step on the right way.33. it is clear, therefore, that the task of ______________ demands great attention.34. we may have a long way to go before we reach the final goal. but once we are on the way, the chance to reach it is greater.35. but for me, i would rather think of the matter in an optimistic way. because i believe ______________.36. we all know the story of ______________. this lesson tells us that ______________, we should ______________.37. my own point of view is that ______________ is a normal behavior in our society. there is no doubt that ______________. as an old saying goes, ______________.38. if we can’t take useful means, we may notcontrol this trend, and some undesirable result may come out unexpectedly, so what we should do is reach the conclusion that ______________.43. for the reasons given above, i strongly recommend that______________.44. given the factors i have just outlined, i believe that______________.45. therefore, it is not difficult to draw the conclusion that______________.46. recognizing the fact that ______________ should lead us to conclude that ______________.47. in short, i support the statement that it is better to______________ because ______________.48. after pondering this question on many occasions, i have finally reached the conclusion that______________ is something i truly want to do and it is worthwhile.49. my point of view in ______________ largely results from the fact that ______________.50. now after close examination, it is not difficult to draw the conclusion that ______________.51. from what has been discussed above, you can get your preference. personally, i think ______________ has more advantages.52. on the one hand, it has helped china ______________. on the other hand, it hasincreased china’s ______________, and at the same time, made great contributions to our national development.53. in my opinion, to solve this problem there might be two ways. one way to tackle this question is ______________. another way that is worth adopting is ______________.54. as far as i am concerned, i trust the advantages mentioned above exceed the disadvantages.55. for me, ______________ is a glory and it is the 四、there is no denying that + s + v ...（不可否认的...）例句：there is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.五、it is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ （全世界都知道...）例句：it is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.most important thing i have to take into feasible consideration.56. as regards me, i tend to pick ______________, for______________. what’s more, ______________.57. if i were given a choice between______________ and ______________, i would certainly prefer ______________. for me, ______________.一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) 例句：helen is the most beautiful girl that i have ever seen.海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。
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Thesis sentence: comes at the end of introduction.
In this essay, I will outline the arguments for and against sex education in schools. This essay looks at ideas in favour of and against early marriage. This essay will discuss the benefits of having universal free health care. I am going to analyse the effects of drugs on the individual, the family, and society. Beating children brutalizes parents, damages the parent-child relationship, and is completely unnecessary. (be strong!)
Words to use in the thesis sentence analyze, look at, examine, discuss, outline, consider, describe
II. Body （分析问题/本论）
Layout of an essay: 3773: a four paragraph essay 35553: a five paragraph essay
Intro 2 What can one individual do to protect the environment? Very little, it may seem, especially compared to the power of governments and huge industrial companies. However, working together with dozens, hundreds, or millions of other people, we can influence and change policies which are destroying our environment. This essay will discuss ways in which individuals can take responsibility for their world.
without a major, life-altering catastrophe.
Are cash incentives a good way to motivate employees?
Some companies give their employees bonuses or cash awards for excellent work, in addition to salary. Do you think this is a good idea?)
Intro 2 Many people argue that cash incentives are an unfair means of motivating employees. Others love the simple, practical, down-toearth gift of money for a job well done. I feel that while there are some circumstances where money is the best recognition for extra work, there are other times it is inappropriate.
Organization: major stages I. Introduction (提出问题/引论)
•Identification of issue
•Background to issue •Thesis statement
2012 Doomsday?
Introduction
Since the turn of the new century, a theory has emerged concerning the end of the world, or at least the end of life as we know it. This new theory centers around the year 2012, a date that many claim has mysterious origins in ancient manuscripts from many different cultures. The most noted characteristic of this date is that it appears to mark the end of the Mayan calendar. But there is no evidence to suggest that the Maya saw any great relevance to this date. In fact, none of the claims surrounding a 2012 doomsday event hold up to scientific inquiry. The year 2012 will pass
Please note down what methods/strategies are used to persuade others to believe you.
Argumentation
Definition
To argue is to persuade your audience to agree with your opinion or position by presenting logical reasoning and solid evidence. A good argument appeals to reason so it relies on logic more than other kinds of writings do.
Argumentation
Focus: Organization pattern Language feature
Warm-up activity
You and your friend are discussing what you are going to do together during this coming summer vacation. Your friend prefers to work in a big company to earn some money. You Prefer to do some voluntary work for society. You try to persuade each other by giving various reasons.
Protecting the Environment: Who is Responsible?
Intro 1 Today we live in a global consumer society. People across the world purchase, use, and dispose of a huge variety of products which make our lives easier and more comfortable. However, the result of this is massive damage to our environment. This essay will examine how authorities and individuals need to work together to protect our resources and our planet.
Intro 1 Money makes the world go round, and nowhere is this more true than in the workplace. Employers know that money is one of the best motivators. However, are bonuses or cash awards always the best way to reward employees? In this essay, I will look at some of the arguments for cash as a reward.
Purposes of argumentation --to convince
--to defend
--to attack
&
Essential elements of argumentation
Ø The issue—a controversy, a problem, or an idea about which people disagree and hold different points of view Ø The claim—the point of view the writer tries to prove about the issue, usually the writer’s view on the issue Ø The support—ideas and information intended to convince readers that the claim is sound or believable. The three common types of support are reasons, evidence, and emotional appeal. Ø The refutation, which recognizes/acknowledges and argues against opposing viewpoints