医学文献中英文对照
医院常用中英文对照
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365编号外国文献的中英文对照版
diabetes neuropathies: update on definitions,diagnostic criteria,estimation of severity,and treatments糖尿病神经病变：更新的定义，诊断标准，估计的严重程度，与治疗Tesfaye S,Boulton A J.Dyck P J,et al.内容概要，博尔顿一·戴克磷，等。
AbstractPreceding the joint meeting of the 19th annual Diabetic Neuropathy Study Group of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (NEURODIAB) and the 8th International Symposium on Diabetic Neuropathy in Toronto, Canada, 13–18 October 2009, expert panels were convened to provide updates on classification, definitions, diagnostic criteria, and treatments of diabetic peripheral neuropathies (DPNs), autonomic neuropathy, painful DPNs, and structural alterations in DPNs.前联席会议第十九年糖尿病神经病变研究组欧洲糖尿病研究协会（neurodiab）和第八届国际糖尿病神经病变在多伦多，加拿大，–13 18 2009年十月，专家小组召开了提供更新的定义，分类，诊断标准，治疗糖尿病周围神经病变（标准草案），自主神经病变，痛苦的标准草案，和结构改变的标准草案。
卓顶精文2019医学文献翻译(中英对照)
Currentusageofthree-dimensionalcomputedtomographyan giographyforthediagnosisandtreatmentofrupturedcereb ralaneurysmsKenichiAmagasakiMD,NobuyasuTakeuchiMD,TakashiSatoMD,Toshiyu kiKakizawaMD,TsuneoShimizuMDKantoNeurosurgicalHospital,Kuma gaya,Saitama,JapanSummaryOurpreviousstudysuggestedthat3D-CTangiographycou ldreplacedigitalsubtraction(DS)angiographyinmostcasesofrupt uredcerebralaneurysms,especiallyintheanteriorcirculation.Th isstudyreviewedourfurtherexperience.Onehundredandfiftypatie ntswithrupturedcerebralaneurysmsweretreatedbetweenNovember1 998andMarch20XX.Only3D-CTangiographywasusedforthepreoperati vework-upstudyinpatientswithanteriorcirculationaneurysms,un lesstheattendingneurosurgeonsagreedthatDSangiographywasrequ ired.Both3D-CTangiographyandDSangiographywereperformedinpati entswithposteriorcirculationaneurysms,exceptforrecentcasest hatwerepossiblytreatedwith3D-CTangiographyalone.Onehundreds ixteen(84%)of138patientswithrupturedanteriorcirculationaneu rysmsunderwentsurgicaltreatment,butadditionalDSangiographyw asrequiredin22cases(16%).Onlytworecentpatientsweretreatedsu rgicallywith3D-CTangiographyalonein12patientswithposteriorc irculationaneurysms.Mostpatientswithrupturedanteriorcircula tionaneurysmscouldbetreatedsuccessfullyafter3D-CTangiograph yalone.However,additionalDSangiographyisstillnecessaryinaty picalcases.3D-CTangiographymaybelimitedtocomplementaryusein patientswithrupturedposteriorcirculationaneurysms.a20XXElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.Keywords:3D-CTangiography,cerebralaneurysm,subarachnoidhaem orrhage,surgeryINTRODUCTIONRecently,three-dimensionalcomputedtomography(3D-CT)angiogra phyhasbecomeoneofthemajortoolsfortheidentificationofcerebra laneurysmsbecauseitisfaster,lessinvasive,andmoreconvenientt hancerebralangiography.1–7Patientswithrupturedaneurysmscouldbetreatedunderdiagnosesb asedononly3D-CTangiography.5;63D-CTangiographyhassomelimita tionsforthepreoperativework-upforrupturedcerebralaneurysms,soadditionaldigitalsubtraction(DS)angiographyisstillnecessa ry,especiallyforaneurysmsintheposteriorcirculation.8Ourprev iousstudysuggestedthat3D-CTangiographycouldreplaceDSangiogr aphyinmostpatientswithrupturedcerebralaneurysmsintheanterio rcirculation.1Thisstudyreviewedourexperienceoftreatingruptu redcerebralaneurysmsintheanteriorandposteriorcirculationsba sedon3D-CTangiographyin150consecutivepatientstoassessthecur rentusageof3D-CTangiography.METHODSANDMATERIALPatientpopulationWetreated150patients,60menand90womenagedfrom23to80years(mea n57.5years),withrupturedcerebralaneurysmidentifiedby3D-CTan giographybetweenNovember1998andMarch20XX. Managementofcases Thepresenceofnontraumaticsubarachnoidhaemorrhage(SAH)wascon firmedbyCTorlumbarpuncturefindingsofxanthochromiccerebrospi nalfluid.3D-CTangiographywasperformedroutinelyinallpatients .DSangiographywasperformedinpatientswithanteriorcirculation aneurysmsonlyifadditionalinformationwasconsiderednecessaryf ollowingaconsensusinterpretationoftheinitialCTand3D-CTangio graphybyfourneurosurgeons.Patientswithrupturedaneurysmsinth eposteriorcirculationunderwentboth3D-CTangiographyandDSangi ographyexceptfortworecentpatientswithtypicalvertebralartery posteriorinferiorcerebellarartery(VA-PICA)aneurysm. Typicalsaccularaneurysmsweretreatedbyclippingsurgery. Fusiformanddissectinganeurysmsweretreatedbyproximalocclusio nbyeithersurgeryorendovasculartreatmentwithorwithoutbypasss urgery.Regrowthofbleedinganeurysmswastreatedbyeithersurgery orendovasculartreatment.Postoperatively,allpatientsweremana gedwithaggressivepreventionandtreatmentofvasospasmincluding intra-arterialinfusionofpapaverineortransluminalangioplasty .3D-CTangiographyacquisitionandpostprocessingCTangiographywa sperformedwithaspiralCTscanner(CT-W3000AD;Hitachi,Ibaraki,J apan).Acquisitionusedastandardtechniquestartingattheforamen magnum,withinjectionof130mlofnonioniccontrastmaterial(Omnip aque;DaiichiPharmaceutical,Tokyo,Japan).Thesourceimagesofea chscanweretransferredtoanoff-linecomputerworkstation(VIPstation;TeijinSystemTechnology,Japan).Bothvolume-renderedimage sandmaximumintensityprojectionimagesofthecerebralarterieswe reconstructed.Theanteriorcirculationandposteriorcirculation wereevaluatedseparatelyonthevolume-renderedimages,afteragen eralsuperiorviewwasobtained.Theanteriorcirculationwasevalua tedbyfirstobservingtheanteriorcommunicatingartery(ACoA)byro tatingtheview,andtheneachsideofthecarotidsystembyrotatingth eimagewitheditingoutofthecontralateralcarotidartery.Thepost eriorcirculationwasalsoevaluatedbyrotatingtheimagebutwithou teditingoutofanyvessel.Onceapossiblerupturesitewasfound,the viewwaszoomedandcloselyrotatedwiththeothervesselseditedout. Theaneurysmsizewasmeasuredon3D-CTangiographyasthelargerofth elengthofthedomeorthewidthoftheneck.Manipulationwasperforme dbythescannertechnician,withaneurosurgeontoprovideeditingas sistance.DSangiographyacquisitionStandardselectivethree-orfour-vesselDSangiogramswithfrontal ,lateral,andobliqueprojectionswereobtained.The3D-CTangiogra mwasalwaysavailableasaguideforpossibleadditionalDSangiograp hyprojections.AneurysmsizewasmeasuredwithDSangiographywhent hequalityof3D-CTangiographywasinadequate.Allpatientsexcepte lderlypatientsorpatientsinsevereconditionunderwentDSangiogr aphypostoperatively.Gradingofpatients Theclinicalconditionsofthepatientsatadmissionwereclassified accordingtotheHuntandKosnikgrade.9Clinicaloutcomewasdetermi nedat3monthsaccordingtotheGlasgowOutcomeScale.10RESULTSTheaneurysmlocationsandsizesareshowninTable1.Onehundredsixt een(84%)of138casesofaneurysmsintheanteriorcirculationweretr eatedafteronly3D-CTangiography,and22cases(16%)requiredaddit ionalDSangiography.Tenof12casesofaneurysmsintheposteriorcir culationrequiredboth3D-CTangiographyandDSangiography,buttwo recentcasesoftypicalVA-PICAaneurysmwereclippedafteronly3D-C Tangiography(Fig.1).Thefirst10ofthe22casesintheanteriorcirc ulation,whichrequiredadditionalDSangiographyweredescribedpr eviously,1sothemostrecent12patientsarelistedinTable2.Theserecentcasesincludedsomeatypicalaneurysms.Cases6and8hadafusif ormaneurysmoftheinternalcarotidartery(ICA).AdditionalDSangi ographywasperformedtoobtainhaemodynamicinformation.ICAtrapp ingwithsuperficialtemporalartery-middlecerebralarteryanasto mosiswasperformedinCase6becausetheatheroscleroticarteriesfa iledtodemonstratetheballoonocclusiontest(Fig.2).ICAocclusio nbyendovasculartreatmentwasperformedinCase8becausethepatien tcouldtoleratetheballoonocclusiontest.Cases4,9,and10suffere dregrowthofbleedinganeurysmsafterclippingsurgery.Clipartifa ctspreventedevaluationoftherupturedsiteaswellasidentificati onofdenovoaneurysmsinthesecases(Fig.3).Surgicalclippingwasp erformedinCases4and10andendovasculartreatmentinCase9.Case11 hadanACoAaneurysmassociatedwithanarteriovenousmalformation( AVM)(Fig.4).DSangiographywasperformedtoevaluatetheAVM.Case1 2hadalargeICA-posteriorcommunicatingartery(PCoA)aneurysm,an dadditionalDSangiographywasperformedbecausethePCoAcouldnotb edetectedby3D-CTangiography(Fig.5).Cases1,2,3,5,and7present edwithsmallaneurysms,andDSangiographywasperformedtoexcludeo therlesionsaswellastoobtaininformationabouttheproximalICAfo rpatientswithsupraclinoidtypeaneurysms.Table1Distributionandsizeofcerebralaneurysmsin150consecutiv epatientsSiteNo.ofpatientsAnteriorcirculation 138ICA(supraclinoid) 3ICAbifurcation 1ICA-OphA 3ICA-PCoA 39(1)ICAfusiform 2ACoA 50DistalACA 4MCA 36(1) Posteriorcirculation 12PCA 1BAtip 3BA-SCA 1BAtrunk 1(1)VA-PICA 3VAdissecting 3(1)Size(mm)<5 42P5to<12 99P12 9 Numberinparenthesesindicatespatientswhounderwentendovascula rtreatment.OphA,ophthalmicartery;ACA,anteriorcerebralartery;MCA,middle cerebralartery;PCA,posteriorcerebralartery;BA,basilarartery ;SCA,superiorcerebellarartery.Table2Twelvepatientswithrupturedanteriorcirculationaneurysm swhounderwentadditionalDSangiographyCaseNo. Location Size(mm)1 lt.ICA-PCoA 3.12 ACoA 2.23 lt.ICAsupraclinoid 1.64 lt.ICA-PCoA 7.85 lt.ICAsupraclinoid 2.46 lt.ICA(fusiform) 11.87 lt.ICA-PCoA 3.28 rt.ICA(fusiform) 18.89 lt.MCA 9.610 lt.ICA-PCoA 10.511 ACoA 10.112 lt.ICA-PCoA 18.2 Thesurgicalfindingscorrelatedwellwiththe3D-CTangiographyorD Sangiography.Table3showstheconditiononadmissionandoutcomeat 3monthsaftersurgery.Somepatientswithgoodgradesonadmissiondi edofseverespasm,acutebrainswelling,orpoorgeneralcondition,b uttheseoutcomeswerenotrelatedtothepreoperativeradiologicali nformation.DISCUSSION Thepresentstudyofrupturedaneurysmsinbothanteriorandposterio rcirculationsfoundthattheindicationsforadditionalDSangiogra phyintheanteriorcirculationaresimilartothatfoundpreviously, butweexperiencedsomenewatypicalcases.Treatmentoffusiformane urysmsdependsonthehaemodynamicinformation,whichcouldonlybeo。
中英文医学论文参考文献范例
中英文医学论文参考文献一、中英文医学论文期刊参考文献[1].中英文医学科研论文摘要的比较研究.《辽宁医学院学报：社会科学版》.2011年4期.严美娟.[2].中英文医学科研论文前言的比较研究.《辽宁医学院学报（社会科学版）》.2009年1期.严美娟.[3].地震灾难医学救援临床研究论文的循证评估：近5年中英文论文的系统评价.《四川医学》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.2014年6期.孙明伟.曾俊.蔡斌.江华.王文渊.胡卫建.[4].高校医学术语的语音课件制作与应用.《中国科教创新导刊》.2010年8期.刘长林.[5].如何写好中英文医学论文.《中华创伤杂志》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2005年2期.宋双明.[6].关于《中华预防医学杂志》刊出论文中英文缩写的公告.《中华预防医学杂志》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2016年2期.[7].铜绿假单胞菌的耐药机制的文献计量分析.《中国临床药理学杂志》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2014年1期.邸秀珍.梁蓓蓓.李悦.赵静.王睿.王瑾.[9].医学期刊论文中英文题目及结构式摘要的编辑修改.《中国科技期刊研究》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.被南京大学《核心期刊目录》收录CSSCI.2011年5期.范华泉.冷怀明.[10].中英文医学论文标题的对比及其翻译.《山西职工医学院学报》.2005年2期.袁良平.二、中英文医学论文参考文献学位论文类[1].中英文医学期刊论文英语摘要的对比研究.作者：邵菊芳.外国语言学及应用语言学浙江大学2010（学位年度）[2].中英文医学文献摘要中的英语名词化对比研究.作者：周建.语言学杭州师范学院杭州师范大学2013（学位年度）[3].侧脑室外引流联合腰大池引流治疗脑室出血的Meta分析.作者：郭剑.外科学山西医科大学2015（学位年度）[4].妊娠梅毒诊治对先天梅毒发病率影响的MetA分析.作者：续言凤.临床医学;皮肤性病学中国医科大学2013（学位年度）[5].文本病历信息抽取方法研究.被引次数：6作者：李莹.生物医学工程浙江大学生物医学工程与仪器科学学院浙江大学2009（学位年度）[6].基于语料库的医学研究论文英语摘要的对比分析.被引次数：1作者：赵旎.外国语言学及应用语言学武汉科技大学2011（学位年度）[7].中英文专业教材前言中的语类分析与对比——基于对其语步和语类结构潜势的分析.作者：刘梦琳.英语语言文学山东大学2015（学位年度）[8].针灸治疗溃疡性结肠炎RCT文章的规范表述要素研究.被引次数：2 作者：刘朝.针灸推拿学中国中医科学院中国中医研究院2013（学位年度）[9].质子泵抑制剂加两种抗生素治疗儿童幽门螺杆菌相关性胃十二指肠疾病疗效的Meta分析.作者：冯利鹤.儿科学中国医科大学2011（学位年度）[10].埋线疗法治疗原发性痛经的Meta分析.作者：黄昳菁.中医学广州中医药大学2015（学位年度）三、中英文医学论文专著参考文献[1]医学期刊中英文姓名的著录及中英文转换.王冰，2003第三届中国科技期刊青年编辑学术研讨会[2]采用中英文信息合参法阅读和审校医学期刊.姚昌绶.彭萌.韦怡.胡肃平.王伯祥，20052005全国中西医结合期刊读者·作者·编者学术交流会[3]基于聚合关系的中英文词表概念映射方法及实证.邓盼盼.常春.李晓瑛，20142014年第五届全国知识组织与知识链接学术交流会[4]高影响力医学期刊中英文参考文献著录差错分析.朱红梅.张大志.任红，2011第九届全国医药卫生期刊编辑出版学术会议[5]重视直肠血管名称混乱带来的误解.傅传刚，20102010中国结直肠肛门外科学术年会暨第十四届中日大肠肛门病学术会/第二十届上海长海国际肛肠外科周[6]英文摘要中机构英文译名存在问题及其调查分析.张俊彦.张永.吴一迁.林琳.黄文华.张毅.曹金盛，2008第五届长三角科技期刊发展论坛暨2008'上海科技期刊国际研讨会[7]医学院校学生专业英语翻译技能的培训.林生趣.张书旭，2008第18届世界翻译大会[8]孕期吸烟与先天性腹裂胎儿关系的Meta分析.王来.耿慧霞.蒋建平，20102010第五届环境与职业医学国际学术研讨会[9]世界中医学核心课程教材《中医诊断学》编写的思考.李灿东，2013第三届世界中医药教育大会。
医学文献翻译(中英对照)
The clinical and cost-effectiveness of Pharmalgen®for the treatment of bee and wasp venom allergy1 TITLE OF PROJECTThe clinical and cost effectiveness of Pharmalgen®for the treatment of bee and wasp venom allergy2 TAR TEAMLiverpool Reviews and Implementation Group (LR i G), University of Liverpool Correspondence to:Rumona Dickson, MsDirector, LR i GUniversity of LiverpoolRoom 2.12WhelanBuildingThe QuadrangleBrownlow HillLiverpoolL69 3GBTel: +44 (0) 151 794 5682Fax: +44 (0)151 794 5585Email: R.DicksonFor details of expertise within the TAR team, see section 7.3 PLAIN ENGLISH SUMMARYAllergic reactions to bee and wasp venom may occur in venom-sensitive patients immediately following a sting, and can vary in severity, with initially mild symptoms sometimes progressing to critical conditions within seconds. The most severe systemic allergic reactions (generalised reactions) are known as anaphylaxis, a reaction characterised by abnormally low blood pressure, fainting or collapse, and in extreme reactions these symptoms can cause death.Each year in the UK there are between two and nine deaths from anaphylaxis caused by bee and wasp venom. The immediate treatment for severe allergic reactions to bee and wasp venom consists of emergency treatment with drugs to decrease the patient’s response to the venom and support breathing, if required.To avoid further reactions, the use of sensitisation to bee and wasp venom, through a process known as venom immunotherapy (VIT), has been investigated. Venom immunotherapy consists of subcutaneous injections of increasing amounts of venom into patients with a history of anaphylaxis to bee and wasp venom. Pharmalgen®has had UK marketing authorisation for the diagnosis and treatment (using VIT) of allergy to bee venom (using Pharmalgen®Bee Venom) and wasp venom (using Pharmalgen®Wasp Venom) since March 1995, and it is used by more than 40 centres across the UK. This review aims to assess whether using Pharmalgen®in VIT is clinically useful when treating people with a history of severe reaction to bee and wasp stings. The review will compare preventative treatment withPharmalgen®to other treatment options, including high dose antihistamines, advice on the avoidance of bee and wasp stings and adrenaline auto-injector prescription and training. If suitable data are available, the review will also consider the cost effectiveness of using Pharmalgen®for VIT and other subgroups including children and people at high risk of future stings or severe allergic reactions to future stings.4 DECISION PROBLEM4.1 Clarification of research question and scopePharmalgen®is used for the diagnosis and treatment of immunoglobin E (IgE)-mediated allergy to bee and wasp venom. The aim of this report is to assess whether the use of Pharmalgen®is of clinical value when providing VIT to individuals with a history of severe reaction to bee and wasp venom and whether doing so would be considered cost effective compared with alternative treatment options available in the NHS.4.2 BackgroundBees and wasps form part of the order Hymenoptera (which also includes ants), and within this order the species that cause the most frequent allergic reactions are the Vespidae (wasps, yellow jackets and hornets), and the Apinae (honeybees).1Bee and wasp stings contain allergenic proteins. In wasps, these are predominantly phospholipase A1,2 hyaluronidase2 and antigen 5,3 and in bees are phospholipase A2 and hyaluronidase.4 Following an initial sting, a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction may occur in some individuals which produces the IgE antibody. This sensitises cells to the allergen, and any subsequent exposure to the allergen may cause the allergen to bind to the IgE molecules, which results in an allergic reaction.These allergens typically produce an intense, burning pain followed by erythema (redness) and a small area of oedema (swelling) at the site of the sting. The symptoms produced following a sting can be classified into non-allergic reactions, such as local reactions, and allergic reactions, such as extensive local reactions, anaphylactic systemic reactions and delayed systemic reactions.5-6 Systemic allergic reactions may occur in venom-sensitive patients immediately following a sting,7 and can vary in severity, with initially mild symptoms sometimes progressing to critical conditions within seconds.1The most severe systemic allergic reaction is known as anaphylaxis. Anaphylactic reactions are of rapid onset (typically up to 15 minutes post sting) and can manifest in different ways. Initial symptoms are usually cutaneous followed by hypotension, with light-headedness, fainting or collapse. Some people develop respiratory symptoms due to an asthma-like response or laryngeal oedema. In severe reactions, hypotension, circulatory disturbances, and breathing difficulty can progress to fatal cardio-respiratory arrest.Anaphylaxis occurs more commonly in males and in people under 20 years of ageand can be severe and potentially fatal.84.3 EpidemiologyIt is estimated that the prevalence of wasp and bee sting allergy is between 0.4% and 3.3%.9 The incidence of systemic reactions to wasp and bee venom is not reliably known, but estimates range from 0.15-3.3%,10-11 Systemic allergic reactions are reported by up to 3% of adults, and almost 1% of children have a medical history of severe sting reactions.9, 12 After a large local reaction, 5–15% of people will go on to develop a systemic reaction when next stung.13 In people with a mild systemic reaction, the risk of subsequent systemic reactions is thought to be about 18%.13 Hymenoptera venom are one of the three main causes of fatal anaphylaxis in the USA and UK.14-15 Insect stings are the second most frequent cause of anaphylaxis outside of medical settings.16 Between two and nine people in the UK die each year as a result of anaphylaxis due to reactions to wasp and bee stings.17 Once an individual has experienced an anaphylactic reaction, the risk of having a recurrent episode has been estimated to be between 60% and 79%.13In 2000, the register of fatal anaphylactic reactions in the UK from 1992 onwards was reported by Pumphrey to determine the frequency at which classic manifestations of fatal anaphylaxis are present.18 Of the 56 post-mortems carried out, 19 deaths were recorded as reactions to Hymenoptera venom (33.9%). A retrospective study in 2004 examined all deaths from anaphylaxis in the UK between 1992 and 2001, and estimated 22.19% to be reactions to Hymenoptera venom (47/212). This further breaks down into 29/212 (13.68%) as reactions to wasp stings, and 4/212 (1.89%) as reactions to bee stings. The remaining 14/212 were unidentified Hymenoptera stings (6.62%).194.4 Current diagnostic optionsCurrently, individuals can be tested to determine if they are at risk of systemic reactions to bee and wasp venom. The primary diagnostic method for systemic reactions to bee and/or wasp stings is venom skin testing.Skin testing involves intradermal injection with the five Hymenoptera venom protein extracts, with venom concentrati ons in the range of 0.001 to 1.0 μg/ml. This establishes the minimum concentration giving a positive result (a reaction occurring in the individual). As venom tests show unexplained variability over time,20 and as negative skin tests can occur following recent anaphylaxis, it is recommended that tests be repeated after 1 to 6 months.21Other methods of diagnosis in patients following an anaphylactic reaction include radioallergosorbent test (RAST), which detects allergen-specific IgE antibodies in serum. This test is less sensitive than skin testing but is useful when skin tests cannot be done, for example in patients with skin conditions.22-234.5 Current treatment optionsPreventative treatments include education on how to avoid bee and wasp venom,and prescription of high dose antihistamines. Patients with a history of moderate local reactions should be provided with an emergency kit,24 containing aH1-blocking antihistamine and a topical corticosteroid for immediate use following a sting. Patients with a history of anaphylaxis should be provided with an emergency kit containing a rapid-acting H1-blocking antihistamine, an oral corticosteroid and an auto-injector for self administration, containing epinephrine.Injected epinephrine (a sympathomimetic drug which acts on both alpha and beta receptors) is regarded as the emergency treatment of choice for cases of acute anaphylaxis as a result of Hymenoptera stings.25 For adults, the recommended dose is between 0.30 mg/ml and 0.50 mg/ml I.M, and 0.01 ml/kg I.M. for children. Individuals with a history of anaphylactic reactions are recommended to carry auto injectors containing epinephrine (commonly known as EpiPen®, Adrenaclick®, Anapen®or Twinject®). These are intended for immediate self-administration by individuals with a history of hypersensitivity to Hymenoptera stings and other allergens.Preventive measures following successful treatment of a systemic allergic reaction to Hymenoptera venom consists of either allergen avoidance or specific allergen immunotherapy, known as VIT. Venom immunotherapy is considered to be a safe and effective treatment.26 Currently, VIT can be used with several regimes, including Pharmalgen®(manufactured by ALK Abello, and licensed in the UK), Aquagen®and Alutard SQ®(both manufactured by ALK Abello and unlicensed in the UK but licensed in some parts of Europe), VENOMENHAL®(HAL Allergy, Leiden, Netherlands, unlicensed in the UK), Alyostal®(Stallergenes, Antony Cedex, France, unlicensed in the UK), and Venomil®(Hollister-Stier Laboratories LLC, unlicensed in the UK). Venom immunotherapy is recommended to prevent future systemic reactions. It is recommended that VIT is considered ‘when positive test results for specific IgE antibodies correlate with suspected triggers and pa tient exposure’.27 Venom immunotherapy consists of subcutaneous injections of increasing amounts of venom, and treatment is divided into two periods: the build up phase and maintenance phase. Venom immunotherapy is now the standard therapy for Hymenoptera sting allergy,28 and is a model for allergen-specific therapy,29-30 with success rates (patients who will remain anaphylaxis free) being reported as more than 98% in some studies.4, 31 There are now 44 centres across the UK which provide VIT to people for bee and wasp sting allergy. Venom immunotherapy is normally discontinued after 3 to 5 years, but modifications may be necessary when treating people with intense allergen exposure (such as beekeepers) or those with individual risk factors for severe reactions. There is no method of assessing which patients will be at risk of further anaphylactic reactions following administration of VIT and those who will remain anaphylaxis free in the long term following VIT.27Local or systemic adverse reactions may occur as a result of VIT. They normally develop within 30 minutes of the injection. Each patient is monitored closely following each injection to check for adverse reactions. Progression to anincreased dose only occurs if the previous dose is fully tolerated.4.6 The technologyPharmalgen®is produced by ALK Abello, and has had UK marketing authorisation for the diagnosis (using skin testing/intracutaneous testing) and treatment (using VIT) of IgE-mediated allergy to bee venom (Pharmalgen®Bee Venom) and wasp venom (Pharmalgen®Wasp Venom) since March 1995 (marketing authorisation number PL 10085/0004). The active ingredient is partially purified freeze dried Vespula spp. venom in Pharmalgen®Wasp Venom and freeze dried Apis mellifera venom in Pharmalgen®Bee Venom, each provided in powder form for solution for injection.Before treatment is considered, allergy to bee or wasp venom must be confirmed by case history and diagnosis. Treatment with Pharmalgen®Bee or Wasp Venom is performed by subcutaneous injections. The treatment is carried out in two phases: the initial phase and the maintenance phase.In the build up phase, the dose is increased stepwise until the maintenance dose (the maximum tolerable dose before an allergic reaction) is achieved. ALK Abello recommends the following dosage proposals: conventional, modified rush (clustered) and rush updosing. In conventional updosing, the patient receives one injection every 3-7 days. In modified rush (clustered) updosing, the patient receives 2-4 injections once a week. If necessary this interval may be extended up to two weeks. The 2-4 injections are given with an interval of 30 minutes. In rush updosing, while being hospitalised the patient receives injections with a 2-hour interval. A maximum of four injections per day may be given in the initial phase.The build up phase ends when the individual maintenance dose has been attained and the interval between the injections is increased to 2, 3 and 4 weeks. This is called the maintenance phase, and the maintenance dose is then given every 4 weeks for at least 3 years.Contra-indications to VIT treatment are immunological diseases (e. g. immune complex diseases and immune deficiencies); chronic heart/lung diseases; treatment with β-blockers; severe eczema. Side effects include superficial wheal and flare due to shallow injection; local swelling (which may be immediate or delayed up to 48 hours); mild general reactions such as urticaria, erythema, rhinitis or mild asthma; moderate or severe general reactions such as more severe asthma, angioedema or an anaphylactic reaction with hypotension and respiratory embarrassment; anaphylaxis (often starting with erythema and pruritus, followed by urticaria, angioedema, nasal or pharyngial congestion, wheezing, dyspnoea, nausea, hypotension, syncope, tachycardia or diarrhoea). 324.7 Objectives of the HTA projectThe aim of this review is to assess the clinical and cost effectiveness of Pharmalgen®in providing immunotherapy to individuals with a history of type 1 IgE-mediated systemic allergic reaction to bee and wasp venom. The review willconsider the effectiveness of Pharmalgen®when compared to alternative treatment options available in the NHS, including advice on the avoidance of bee and wasp stings, high dose antihistamines and adrenaline auto-injector prescription and training. The review will also examine the existing health economic evidence and identify the key economic issues related to the use of Pharmalgen®in UK clinical practice. If suitable data are available, an economic model will be developed and populated to evaluate if the use of Pharmalgen®for the treatment of bee and wasp venom allergy, within its licensed indication, would be a cost effective use of NHS resources.5 METHODS FOR SYNTHESISING CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS EVIDENCE5.1 Search strategyThe major electronic databases including Medline, Embase and The Cochrane Library will be searched for relevant published literature. Information on studies in progress, unpublished research or research reported in the grey literature will be sought by searching a range of relevant databases including National Research Register and Controlled Clinical Trials. A sample of the search strategy to be used for MEDLINE is presented inAppendix 1.Bibliographies of previous systematic reviews, retrieved articles and the submissions provided by manufacturers will be searched for further studies.A database of published and unpublished literature will be assembled from systematic searches of electronic sources, hand searching, contacting manufacturers and consultation with experts in the field. The database will be held in the Endnote X4 software package.Inclusion criteriaThe inclusion criteria specified in Table 1 will be applied to all studies after screening. The inclusion criteria were selected to reflect the criteria described in the final scope issued by NICE for the review. However, as there is likely to be a limited amount of RCT data, the inclusion criteria of study design may be expanded to include comparative studies and descriptive cohorts. The clinical and cost effectiveness of Pharmalgen®for the treatment of bee and wasp venom allergy Page 11 of 21Table 1: Inclusion criteria Intervention(s) Pharmalgen®for the treatment of bee and wasp venom allergy,Population(s) People with a history of type 1 IgE-mediatedsystemic allergic reactions to:wasp venom and/or bee venomComparators Alternative treatment options available inthe NHS, without venom immunotherapyincluding:advice on the avoidance of bee and wasp venom,high-dose antihistamines,adrenaline auto-injector prescription andtrainingStudy design Randomised controlled trialsSystematic reviewsOutcomes Outcome measures to be considered include:number and severity of type 1 IgE-mediatedsystemic allergic reactionsmortalityanxiety related to the possibility of futureallergic reactionsadverse effects of treatmenthealth-related quality of lifeOther considerations If the evidence allows, considerations willbe given to subgroups of people, according totheir:risk of future stings (as determined, forexample, by occupational exposure)risk of severe allergic reactions to futurestings (as determined by such factors asbaseline tryptase levels and co-morbidities)If the evidence allows, the appraisal willconsider separately people who have acontraindication to adrenaline.If the evidence allows, the appraisal willconsider children separately.Two reviewers will independently screen all titles and abstracts of papers identified in the initial search. Discrepancies will be resolved by consensus and where necessary a third reviewer will be consulted. Studies deemed to be relevant will be obtained and assessed for inclusion. Where studies do not meet the inclusion criteria they will be excluded.Data extraction strategyData relating to study design, findings and quality will be extracted by one reviewer and independently checked for accuracy by a second reviewer. Study details will be extracted using a standardised data extraction form. If time permits, attempts will be made to contact authors for missing data. Data from studies presented in multiple publications will be extracted and reported as a single study with all relevant other publications listed.Quality assessment strategyThe quality of the clinical-effectiveness studies will be assessed accordingto criteria based on the CRD’s guidance for undertaking reviews in healthcare.33-34 The quality of the individual clinical-effectiveness studies will be assessed by one reviewer, and independently checked for agreement by a second. Disagreements will be resolved through consensus and if necessary a third reviewer will be consulted.Methods of analysis/synthesisThe results of the data extraction and quality assessment for each study will be presented in structured tables and as a narrative summary. The possible effects of study quality on the effectiveness data and review findings will be discussed. All summary statistics will be extracted for each outcome and where possible, data will be pooled using a standard meta-analysis.35 Heterogeneity between the studies will be assessed using the I2 test.34 Both fixed and random effects results will be presented as forest plots.6 METHODS FOR SYNTHESISING COST EFFECTIVENESS EVIDENCEThe economic section of the report will be presented in two parts. The first will include a standard review of relevant published economic evaluations. If appropriate and data are available, the second will include the development of an economic model. The model will be designed to estimate the cost effectiveness of Pharmalgen®for VIT in individuals with a history of anaphylaxis to bee and wasp venom. This section of the report will also consider budget impact and will take account of available information on current and anticipated patient numbers and service configuration for the treatment of this condition in the NHS.6.1 Systematic review of published economic literatureThe literature review of economic evidence will identify any relevant published cost-minimisation, cost-effectiveness, cost-utility and/or cost-benefit analyses. Economic evaluations/models included in the manufacturer submission(s) will be included in the review and critiqued as appropriate.Search strategyThe search strategies detailed in section 5 will be adapted accordingly to identify studies examining the cost effectiveness of using Pharmalgen®for VIT in patients with a history of allergic reactions to bee or wasp venom. Other searching activities, including electronic searching of online health economic journals and contacting experts in the field will also be undertaken. Full details of the search process will be presented in the final report. The search strategy will be designed to meet the primary objective of identifying economic evaluations for inclusion in the cost-effectiveness literature review. At the same time, the search strategy will be used to identify economic evaluations and other information sources which may include data that can be used to populate a de novo economic model where appropriate. Searching will be undertaken in MEDLINE and EMBASE as well as in the Cochrane Library, which includes the NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED).Inclusion and exclusionIn addition to the inclusion criteria outlined in Table 1, specific criteria required for the cost-effectiveness review are described in Table 2. In particular, only full economic evaluations that compare two or more options and consider both costs and consequences will be included in the review of published literature. Any economic evaluations/models included in the manufacturer submission(s) will be included as appropriate. Studies that do not meet all of the criteria will be excluded and their bibliographic details listed with reasons for exclusion.Table 2: Additional inclusion criteria (cost effectiveness) Study design Full economic evaluations that consider both costs and consequences (cost-effectiveness analysis,cost-utility analysis,cost-minimisation analysis and cost benefit analysis)Outcomes Incremental cost per life year gainedIncremental cost per quality adjustedlife year gainedData extraction strategyData relating to both study design and quality will be extracted by one reviewer and independently checked for accuracy by a second reviewer. Disagreement will be resolved through consensus and, if necessary, a third reviewer will be consulted. If time constraints allow, attempts will be made to contact authors for missing data. Data from multiple publications will be extracted and reported as a single study.Quality assessment strategyThe quality of the cost-effectiveness studies/models will be assessed according to a checklist updated from that developed by Drummond et al.36 This checklist will reflect the criteria for economic evaluation detailed in the methodological guidance developed by NICE.37 The quality of the individual cost-effectiveness studies/models will be assessed by one reviewer, and independently checked for agreement by a second. Disagreements will be resolved through consensus and, if necessary, a third reviewer will be consulted. The information will be tabulated and summarised within the text of the report.6.2 Methods of analysis/synthesisCost effectiveness review of published literatureIndividual study data and quality assessment will be summarised in structured tables and as a narrative description. Potential effects of study quality willbe discussed.To supplement findings from the economic literature review, additional cost and benefit information from other sources, including the manufacturer submission(s) to NICE, will be collated and presented as appropriate.Development of a de novo economic model by the AGa. Cost dataThe primary perspective for the analysis of cost information will be the NHS. Cost data will therefore focus on the marginal direct health service costs associated with the intervention.Quantities of resources used will be identified from consultation with experts, primary data from relevant sources and the reviewed literature. Where possible, unit cost data will be extracted from the literature or obtained from other relevant sources (drug price lists, NHS reference costs and Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accounting cost databases).Where appropriate costs will be discounted at 3.5% per annum, the rate recommended in NICE guidance to manufacturers and sponsors of submissions. 37 b. Assessmentof benefitsA balance sheet will be constructed to list benefits and costs arising from alternative treatment options. LRiG anticipates that the main measures of benefit will be increased QALYs.Where appropriate, effectiveness and other measures of benefit will be discounted at 3.5%, the rate recommended in NICE guidance to manufacturers and sponsors of submissions. 37b. ModellingThe ability of LRiG to construct an economic model will depend on the data available. Where modelling is appropriate, a summary description of the model and a critical appraisal of key structures, assumptions, resources, data and sensitivity analysis (see Section d) will be presented. In addition, LRiG will provide an assessment of the model’s strengths and weaknesses and discuss the implications of using different assumptions in the model. Reasons for any major discrepancies between the results obtained from assessment group model and the manufacturer model(s) will be explored.The time horizon will be a patient’s lifetime in order to reflect the chronic nature of the disease.A formal combination of costs and benefits will also be performed, although the type of economic evaluation will only be chosen in light of the variations in outcome identified from the clinical- effectiveness review evidence.If data are available, the results will be presented as incremental cost per QALY ratios for each alternative considered. If sufficient data are not available to construct these measures with reasonable precision, incrementalcost-effectiveness analysis or cost-minimisation analysis will be undertaken. Any failure to meet the reference case will be clearly specified and justified, and the likely implications will, as far as possible, be quantified.d. Sensitivity analysisIf appropriate, sensitivity analysis will be applied to LRiG’s model in order to assess the robustness of the results to realistic variations in the levels of the underlying parameter values and key assumptions. Where the overall results are sensitive to a particular variable, the sensitivity analysis will explore the exact nature of the impact of variations.Imprecision inthe principal model cost-effectiveness results with respect to key parameter values will be assessed by use of techniques compatible with the modelling methodology deemed appropriate to the research question and to the potential impact on decision making for specific comparisons (e.g. multi-way sensitivity analysis, cost-effectiveness acceptability curves etc).7 HANDLING THE MANUFACTURER SUBMISSION(S)All data submitted by the drug manufacturers arriving before 22nd March 2011 and meeting the set inclusion criteria will be considered for inclusion in the review. Data arriving after this date will only be considered if time constraints allow. Any economic evaluations included in the manufacturer submission(s) will be assessed. This will include a detailed analysis of the appropriateness of the parametric and structural assumptions involved in any models in the submission and an assessment of how robust the models are to changes in key assumptions. Clarification on specific aspects of the model may be sought from the relevant manufacturer.Any 'commercial in confidence' data taken from a manufacturer submission will be clearly marked in the NICE report according to established NICE policy and removed from the subsequent submission to the HTA8 EXPERTISE IN THIS TAR TEAM AND COMPETING INTERESTS OF AUTHORSThis TAR team will be made up of the following individuals:Juliet HockenhullTeam lead /clinical systematicreviewerSenior economic modeller Professor Adrian BagustSystematic reviewer (clinical) Gemma CherrySystematic reviewer (economics) Dr Angela BolandEconomic modeller Dr Carlos Martin SaboridoInformation specialist Dr Yenal DundarMedical statistician James OyeeDirector Ms Rumona DicksonClinical advisor A team of clinical experts will beestablished to address clinicalquestions related to the technologyand to provide feedback on drafts ofthe final report9 REFERENCES1. Freeman T. Hypersensitivity to hymenoptera stings. NEJM. 2004;351:1978-84.。
医学病症词典(中英文对照表)
医学病症词典（中英文对照表）Abadie's Sign <Chinese>阿巴迪征(跟腱受压无感觉，见于脊髓痨) Abaptiston <Chinese>安全开颅圆锯abarognosis <Chinese>压觉缺失abasia astasia <Chinese>立行不能abasia <Chinese>步行不能abdominal reflex <Chinese>腹壁反射abduction <Chinese>外展abiotrophy <Chinese>生活力缺失ablepsia <Chinese>视觉缺失ablute <Chinese>切除abnormal <Chinese>异常abnormity <Chinese>畸形abrupt <Chinese>意外absolute hemianopia <Chinese>完全偏盲abstinent <Chinese>戒断症状abstraction <Chinese>抽象acalculia <Chinese>失算acataleptic <Chinese>智能缺陷acatamathesia <Chinese>理解不能acataphasia <Chinese>连贯表达不能acatastasia <Chinese>反常acathexis <Chinese>心力贯注不能acathisia <Chinese>静坐不能accessory cramp <Chinese>痉挛性斜颈accommodation reflex <Chinese>调节反射accommodation <Chinese>适应aceburtolol <Chinese>醋丁洛尔acedia <Chinese>淡漠性忧郁症acenesthsia <Chinese>存在觉缺失acenocoumarol <Chinese>新抗凝acephalia <Chinese>无头畸形acervulus <Chinese>松果体石acetazolamide <Chinese>乙酰唑胺acetohrdroxamic acid <Chinese>乙酰氧肟酸acetophenazine<Chinese>乙酰非那嗪acetylcholinergic pathway <Chinese>乙酰胆碱能通路acetylcholinesterase <Chinese>乙酰胆碱脂酶acetylcholine <Chinese>乙酰胆碱acetylglutamide <Chinese>乙酰谷氨酰胺acetylsalicylic acid <Chinese>乙酰水杨酸acetyl-spiramycin <Chinese>乙酰螺旋霉素Achilles jerk <Chinese>踝反射Achilles tendon reflex <Chinese>踝反射acinesia <Chinese>运动不能aconative <Chinese>意向缺失acorea <Chinese>无瞳孔acouesthesia <Chinese>听觉acousmatamnesia <Chinese>听觉性健忘acousma <Chinese>幼听acoustic neuroma <Chinese>听神经瘤acoustic pathway <Chinese>听觉传导路acoustic stria <Chinese>听纹acouticolateral area <Chinese>听侧线区acroagnosis <Chinese>肢体感觉缺失acroanesthesia <Chinese>肢端麻木acrobrachycephaly <Chinese>扁头acrocephalosyndactyly <Chinese>尖头并指acrocephaly <Chinese>尖头acrocinesis <Chinese>运动过多acrodynia <Chinese>肢体疼痛症acrognosis <Chinese>肢体感acrokinesia <Chinese>感觉过敏acrokinesis <Chinese>运动过多acromegaly <Chinese>肢体肥大症acroneurosis <Chinese>肢体神经官能症acroparalysia <Chinese>肢麻痹acroparesthesia <Chinese>肢体感觉异常acrosclerosis <Chinese>肢体硬化症acrotrophoneurosis <Chinese>四肢营养神经病actinine <Chinese>辅肌动蛋白actinomycosis of brain <Chinese>脑放线菌病actinoneuritis <Chinese>放射性神经炎actin <Chinese>肌动蛋白action tremor <Chinese>动作性震颤active negativism <Chinese>主动违拗症actomyosin <Chinese>肌动球蛋白acuity <Chinese>敏度acute alcohol intoxication <Chinese>急性酒精中毒acute brain syndrome <Chinese>急性脑综合征acute poliomyelites <Chinese>急性脊髓前角灰质炎acute spontaenous myelites <Chinese>急性非特异脊髓炎acute suppurative myelites <Chinese>急性化脓性脊髓炎acyclovir <Chinese>无环鸟苷acystinervia <Chinese>膀胱神经无力Adamkiewicz's demilunes <Chinese>阿达姆基维支新月形细胞(在有髓神经纤维的神经膜底下)adaptation <Chinese>适应adduction <Chinese>内收adenoma of pituitary gland <Chinese>脑下垂体腺瘤adenovirus <Chinese>腺病毒adiphenine <Chinese>解痉素adiposis cerebralis <Chinese>脑性肥胖症adiposis dolorosa <Chinese>痛性肥胖症adrenergic <Chinese>肾上腺素能adreno leukodystrophy <Chinese>脑白质营养不良aerasthenia <Chinese>飞行员精神衰弱aetiology <Chinese>病因学affektepilepsie <Chinese>情感性痉挛affensplate <Chinese>月状沟(大脑枕叶)afferent <Chinese>传入African meningitis <Chinese>非洲脑膜炎(昏睡病) aganglionosis <Chinese>神经节细胞缺乏症ageing of nervous tissue <Chinese>神经组织老化agenesis of corpus callosum <Chinese>胼胝体发育不良agitation <Chinese>焦虑agnosia <Chinese>失认agraphia <Chinese>失写agyria <Chinese>无脑回akathisia <Chinese>静坐不能akinesia <Chinese>运动不能akinetic seizures <Chinese>运动不能发作akinetic-rigid syndrome <Chinese>运动不能-强直综合征Akureyri disease <Chinese>良性肌痛性脑脊髓炎alar plate <Chinese>翼板albendazole <Chinese>阿苯达唑alcoholic coma <Chinese>酒精中毒性昏迷aldosterone <Chinese>醛固酮alertness <Chinese>警觉alexia <Chinese>失读alleviated<Chinese> 缓和allopurinol <Chinese>别嘌呤醇allucination <Chinese>幻觉almufibrate <Chinese>氯贝丁酯铝alprenollol <Chinese>心得舒alptazolam <Chinese>阿普唑仑alternating hemiplegia <Chinese>交替性偏瘫altitudinal hemianopia <Chinese>上下性偏盲aluminium nicotinate <Chinese>烟酸铝Alzheimer's disease <Chinese>阿尔塞梅茨病amantadine <Chinese>金刚烷胺amaurotic idiocy <Chinese>黑朦性白痴amaurotic <Chinese>黑朦ambient cistern <Chinese>环池amblyopic <Chinese>弱视ameboid glia <Chinese>阿米巴样神经胶质细胞ameliorate <Chinese>改善amentia <Chinese>神错乱amiculum of olive <Chinese>橄榄核囊amikacin <Chinese>丁胺卡那霉素aminoacidurias <Chinese>氨基酸尿aminocaproic acid, EACA <Chinese>6-氨基己酸aminopyridine <Chinese>氨基比林amitriptyline<Chinese> 阿米替林amnesic <Chinese>遗忘amobarbital <Chinese>异戊巴比妥amoxycillin <Chinese>羟氨苄青霉素amphetamine <Chinese>苯丙胺amphetamines <Chinese>安非他命amplitude <Chinese>幅度amyotonia congenita <Chinese>先天性肌张力不全症amyotrophia <Chinese>肌萎缩amyotrophic lateral sclerosis <Chinese>肌萎缩性侧束硬化症anaerobic <Chinese>厌氧的anal reflex <Chinese>肛门反射analgesia <Chinese>痛觉缺失anencephaly<Chinese> 无脑anesthesia dolorosa <Chinese>痛性感觉缺失anesthesia <Chinese>感觉缺失aneurysms <Chinese>微动脉瘤aneuryson <Chinese>动脉瘤angiography <Chinese>血管造影angular gyrus <Chinese>角回anisocoria <Chinese>瞳孔不等大ankylosing spondylitis <Chinese>关节固定性脊柱炎anorexic <Chinese>厌食anosmia <Chinese>嗅觉缺失anosognosia <Chinese>病觉缺失anosognosia <Chinese>偏瘫否认ansamysin <Chinese>襻霉素anterior amygdaloid <Chinese>前杏仁区anterior cerebellar incesure <Chinese>小脑前切迹anterior commissure <Chinese>前连合anterior corticospinal tract <Chinese>皮质脊髓前束anterior fontanel <Chinese>前囟anterior horn of lateral ventricle <Chinese>侧脑室前角anterior lateral suleus <Chinese>前外侧沟anterior limb of internal capsule <Chinese>内囊前脚anterior median fissure <Chinese>前正中裂anterior medullary velum <Chinese>前髓帆anterior parolfactory suleus <Chinese>前旁嗅沟anterior perforated substania <Chinese>前穿质anterior speech cortex <Chinese>前说话区(Broca氏区) anterior spinocerebellar tract <Chinese>脊髓小脑前束anterior white commissure <Chinese>白质前连合anterior <Chinese>前anterior(ventral) funiculus <Chinese>前索(脊髓)anterior(ventral) horn <Chinese>前角(脊髓)anterior(ventral) root <Chinese>前根anterograde amnesia <Chinese>顺行性遗忘anterograde axoplasmic transport <Chinese>顺向轴浆输送anterograde degeneration <Chinese>顺行变性anterolateral corticospinal tract<Chinese>前外侧皮质脊髓束anterolateral <Chinese>前外侧anterolivary suleus <Chinese>橄榄前沟antiepilepsirin <Chinese>抗癫灵anxiety hysteria <Chinese>焦虑性癔病anxiety tension state <Chinese>焦虑紧张状态anxiety <Chinese>焦虑症aone of Obersteiner?Redlich <Chinese>奥贝斯坦纳?热里希氏带Apert syndrome <Chinese>塔头并指畸形症aphasia <Chinese>失语aphingolipid <Chinese>神经鞘脂apnoea <Chinese>窒息apoplectic coma <Chinese>中风性昏迷apraxia <Chinese>失用aprotinin <Chinese>抑肽酶arachnoid granulation <Chinese>蛛网膜颗粒arachnoid villi <Chinese>蛛网膜绒毛arachnoid <Chinese>蛛网膜arachnoiditis <Chinese>蛛网膜炎archeo cerebellum <Chinese>古小脑arcuocerebellar fibers<Chinese>弓状小脑纤维area postrema <Chinese>最后区area temporalis inferior <Chinese>颞下区area temporalis media <Chinese>颞中区area temporalis superior <Chinese>颞上区area temporalis transverse externa <Chinese>颞横外侧区area temporalis transverse interna <Chinese>颞横内侧区area <Chinese>区areflexia <Chinese>反射消失arfonad <Chinese>咪噻芬arginine <Chinese>精氨酸Arnold-Chiari malformation <Chinese>先天性小脑延髓下疝畸形arteriovenous malformation of brain <Chinese>脑动静脉畸形arteriovenous malformotion <Chinese>动静脉畸形arthroneuralgia<Chinese>关节神经痛articulation <Chinese>连接ascending reticular activing system <Chinese>网状上行激活系统ascending reticular inhibiting system <Chinese>网状上行抑制系统assessment <Chinese>评估association neuron<Chinese>联络神经元astereognosia <Chinese>立体觉失认asterixis <Chinese>扑翼样震颤asthenia <Chinese>衰弱asthenic syndrome <Chinese>脑衰弱综合征asthenocoria <Chinese>瞳孔反应迟钝astrocytoma <Chinese>星形细胞瘤astroglia cell <Chinese>星形胶质细胞asymmetrical synapse <Chinese>不对称型突触asymmetry <Chinese>不对称asymptomatic <Chinese>无症状asynchronism <Chinese>协调障碍asyndesis <Chinese>言语不能asynergy <Chinese>协同不能asystole <Chinese>心脏停搏atactic<Chinese> 协调不能atactiform <Chinese>共济失调样ataxia <Chinese>共济失调atelocephalous <Chinese>头发育不全atelocephaly<Chinese>头颅发育不全atenolol <Chinese>阿替洛尔athalposis <Chinese>温觉缺失atheroma <Chinese>粥样斑atherosclerosis <Chinese>动脉硬化athetosis <Chinese>手足徐动症atlanto-axial subluxation <Chinese>寰枢椎半脱位atonia <Chinese>肌张力缺失atonic bladder <Chinese>无张力性膀胱atopognosia <Chinese>位置觉缺失atremia <Chinese>歇斯底里性步行不能atretopsia <Chinese>瞳孔闭锁atypical absences <Chinese>非典型发作atypical <Chinese>非典型auditory evoked potential <Chinese>听觉诱发电位auditory hallucination <Chinese>幻听auditory radiation <Chinese>听辐射aural nystagmus <Chinese>耳原性眼球震颤aural vertigo <Chinese>耳源性眩晕aura<Chinese>先兆automatism <Chinese>自动症autonomic nervous system <Chinese>自主神经系autonomous bladder <Chinese>自主性膀胱autonomous neurogenic bladder <Chinese>自主神经原性膀胱autosomal <Chinese>常染色体autotomography <Chinese>自体感知不能autotophagnosia <Chinese>自体结构失认Avellis' Syndrome <Chinese>阿费利斯综合征(疑核脊髓丘脑性麻痹) avulsion of scalp <Chinese>头皮撕裂伤axis <Chinese>枢椎axo-axonal synapse <Chinese>轴-轴突触axo-dendritic synapse <Chinese>轴-树突触axolemma <Chinese>轴膜axon hillock <Chinese>轴丘axonotmesis <Chinese>轴突中断axon <Chinese>轴突axophage <Chinese>噬髓鞘细胞axoplasmic flow <Chinese>轴浆流axoplasmic transport <Chinese>轴浆输送axopodium <Chinese>轴伪足axo-somatic synapse <Chinese>轴-体突触axosopongium <Chinese>轴突海绵质axo-spinous synapse <Chinese>轴-棘突触Ayala's index <Chinese>阿亚拉指数(脑脊液压指数)Ayer's test <Chinese>艾尔试验(检测椎管阻滞)aypnia <Chinese>失眠azathioprine <Chinese>硫唑嘌呤azidothymidine, AZT<Chinese> 叠氮胸苷Babinski sign <Chinese>巴彬斯基征Babinski-Nageotte syndrome <Chinese>延髓腹外侧综合征Backer muscular dystrophy <Chinese>贝克肌营养不良backward progression <Chinese>后退步态baclofen <Chinese>氯苯氨丁酸Baillarger's line <Chinese>贝亚尔若线(大脑皮层锥体细胞层内的白色带) Balint syndrome <Chinese>巴林特综合征(双侧顶－枕区损害) ballismus <Chinese>投掷症Balo disease <Chinese>巴娄病(同心层型轴周性脑炎)band of Kaes?Bechterew <Chinese>卡依斯?贝克特如氏带Barany's pointing test <Chinese>巴腊尼指向试验(检脑损害)Barany's symptom <Chinese>巴腊尼症状(冷热水试验)barbitalism <Chinese>巴比妥中毒Bard's sign <Chinese>巴尔德征(眼球震颤征)Barre-Guillain Syndrome <Chinese>急性热病性多神经炎Barre-Lieou Syndrome <Chinese>后颈交感神经综合征barrier <Chinese>屏障baryencephalia <Chinese>智力迟钝baryesthesia <Chinese>压觉baryglossia <Chinese>言语拙笨binocular hemianopia <Chinese>双眼偏盲binocular microscope <Chinese>双目显微镜Binswanger disease<Chinese> 宾斯万格病(皮质下脑病)biopsy <Chinese>活检Biot's respiration <Chinese>比奥呼吸(间歇性呼吸暂停,见于颅内压增高) bipolar neuron <Chinese>双极神经元bitamporal <Chinese>颞侧bitemporal hemianopia <Chinese>颞侧偏盲bithionol <Chinese>硫双二氯酚black-out syndrome <Chinese>黑蒙综合征blackouts <Chinese>黑朦bladder <Chinese>膀胱blastoneuropore <Chinese>胚神经孔blepharoptosis <Chinese>睑下垂blepharospasm <Chinese>睑痉挛blink reflex <Chinese>瞬目反射blink <Chinese>眨眼blood-brain barrier <Chinese>血脑屏障blood-CSF barrier <Chinese>血脑脊液屏障blood-nervus barrier <Chinese>血神经屏障Blumenau's nucleus <Chinese>布路门奥核(楔核外侧核)Blumenbach's clivus <Chinese>布卢门巴赫斜坡(与枕骨底突相连的蝶骨斜坡) Blumenbach's process <Chinese>筛骨钩突blurring <Chinese>模糊body of lateral ventricle <Chinese>侧脑室体部body, corpus, complex <Chinese>体Bonnier's syndrome <Chinese>邦尼埃综合征(前庭神经外侧核或前庭束损害) Bornholm disease <Chinese>流行性肌痛Bourneville's disease <Chinese>结节硬化症boutons en passant <Chinese>旁结boutons terminaus <Chinese>终结bouts <Chinese>发作bowel <Chinese>直肠boxing encephalopathy <Chinese>拳击员脑炎brachcephaly <Chinese>短头brachial plexus <Chinese>臂丛brachium conjunctivum <Chinese>结合臂brachium pontis <Chinese>脑桥臂brachium <Chinese>臂brachycranic <Chinese>短颅的(颅指数为81.0至84.9)bradycardia <Chinese>心动过缓bradykinesia <Chinese>运动迟缓bradylalia <Chinese>言语迟缓bradylexia <Chinese>阅读过慢bradylogia <Chinese>言语过慢bradyphemia <Chinese>言语过慢bradyphrasia <Chinese>迟语症bradyphrenia <Chinese>智力迟钝(流行性乙型脑炎)bradypragia <Chinese>动作过慢brain, encephalon<Chinese> 脑Brain's reflex <Chinese>布雷恩反射(当病人采取四足位置时,偏瘫性屈曲上臂伸直)brainstem <Chinese>脑干briskly <Chinese>活跃Brissaud's syndrome <Chinese>交叉性面痉挛偏瘫综合征Broca's area <Chinese>布若卡氏区Brodmann's areas <Chinese>布劳德曼区(大脑皮层细胞结构分区) bromazepam <Chinese>溴基安定bromazolam <Chinese>宁神定bromocriptine <Chinese>溴隐亭Brown-Sequard syndorme <Chinese>脊髓半切综合征Brudzinski sign <Chinese>布鲁金斯基征Bruns' syndrome <Chinese>布伦斯综合征(第四脑室包囊虫眩晕综合征) Budge's center <Chinese>布吉氏中枢Buerger disease <Chinese>闭塞性血栓性脉管炎bufetolol <Chinese>丁呋心安Buiswangen disease <Chinese>缺血性白质脑病bulbar paralysis <Chinese>球麻痹Burdach's columns <Chinese>布尔达赫柱(脊髓楔束)Burdach's fasciculus <Chinese>布尔达赫束(大脑上纵束)Burdach's fibers <Chinese>布尔达赫纤维Burdach's fissure <Chinese>布尔达赫裂(脑岛外侧面和岛盖内面间裂) Burdach's nucleus <Chinese>布尔达赫核(楔束核)buspirone <Chinese>丁螺环酮cabernous sinus <Chinese>海绵窦cacesthesia <Chinese>感觉异常cachinntion <Chinese>癔病狂笑cafe au lait spots <Chinese>咖啡牛乳色斑caffeine <Chinese>咖啡因Caffey disease <Chinese>婴儿骨皮质增生症Cajal's cells <Chinese>卡哈尔细胞(星形胶质细胞)Cajal's double method <Chinese>卡哈尔双重染色法(显示神经节细胞) Cajal's method <Chinese>卡哈尔染色法(显示星形胶质细胞)calan <Chinese>卡兰calcar avis <Chinese>禽距calcarine fissure <Chinese>距状裂calcified <Chinese>钙化Calleja's islets <Chinese>卡耶哈岛(海马回嗅觉小岛) callosal suleus <Chinese>胼胝体沟callosum<Chinese> 胼胝体caloric nystagmus <Chinese>温热性眼球震颤caloric test<Chinese>冷热试验Canavan disease <Chinese>海绵状脑白质营养不良症candida <Chinese>念珠菌canine hysteria <Chinese>犬惊病canine spasm <Chinese>痉笑caprylhydroxamic acid <Chinese>辛酰氧肟酸capsule <Chinese>囊carbamazepine <Chinese>卡马西平carbechal <Chinese>氨甲酰胆碱carbenicillin <Chinese>羧苄青霉素carbidopa <Chinese>卡比多巴cardiac plexus <Chinese>心丛cardio-accelerating center<Chinese>心加速中枢cardio-encephalopathy <Chinese>心性脑病cardio-inhibitor center <Chinese>心抑制中枢cardioneurosis <Chinese>神经性循环衰弱cardioplegia <Chinese>心麻痹carotid angiograpathy <Chinese>颈动脉血管造影carotid bifuracation <Chinese>颈动脉分叉carotid compression <Chinese>压颈动脉试验carotid sinus reflex <Chinese>颈动脉窦反射carotid sinus syncope <Chinese>颈动脉窦性晕厥carpal tunnel syndrome <Chinese>腕管综合征carteolol <Chinese>喹酮心安cartid-cavernous fistula <Chinese>颈动脉海绵窦瘘caseating <Chinese>干酪样cataplexy <Chinese>猝倒catatonia <Chinese>紧张症catatonic pupil <Chinese>紧张性瞳孔catecholamine <Chinese>儿茶酚胺categories <Chinese>类型cauda equins <Chinese>马尾(脊髓)causalgia <Chinese>灼性神经痛cavernous sinus <Chinese>海绵窦综合征cefadroxil <Chinese>头孢拉定cefaloridine <Chinese>头孢噻啶cefathiamidine <Chinese>头孢硫脒celiac plexus <Chinese>腹腔丛cellulitis <Chinese>蜂窝织炎cenral spinal cord dyndrome <Chinese>脊髓中央综合征center <Chinese>中枢centers of autonomic nerve<Chinese>自主神经中枢central canal <Chinese>中央管central core disease <Chinese>中央轴突症central excitatory state <Chinese>中枢兴奋状态central gray substance <Chinese>中央灰质central pain <Chinese>中枢性疼痛central sulcus <Chinese>中央沟central suleus of insula <Chinese>岛中央沟central tegmental tract <Chinese>被盖中央束centraphose <Chinese>中枢性暗觉centrifuged deposit <Chinese>离心后沉淀centrokinesia <Chinese>中枢性运动cephalgia <Chinese>头痛cephalic flexure <Chinese>头曲cephalin <Chinese>脑磷脂cephalitis <Chinese>脑炎cephalocele <Chinese>脑膨出cephalocentesis <Chinese>头颅穿刺术cephalochord <Chinese>头索cephalodynia <Chinese>头痛cephaloplegia <Chinese>头面肌瘫痪cephalothin sodium <Chinese>头孢噻吩钠cephaoexin <Chinese>头孢氨苄cephazolin sodium <Chinese>头孢唑啉钠ceptriaxone <Chinese>头孢噻肟二嗪ceramidase <Chinese>神经鞘氨醇酶ceramide glucoside <Chinese>葡糖脑苷脂ceramide trihexoside <Chinese>神经鞘氨醇己三糖苷ceramide <Chinese>神经鞘氨醇cerebellar ataxia <Chinese>小脑共济失调cerebellar atrophy <Chinese>小脑萎缩cerebellar corpus <Chinese>小脑体cerebellar cortex <Chinese>小脑皮质cerebellar ectopia <Chinese>小脑外疝cerebellar hemisphere syndrome <Chinese>小脑半球综合征cerebellar hemisphere <Chinese>小脑半球cerebellar plate <Chinese>小脑板cerebellar pressure cone <Chinese>小脑压迫圆锥cerebellar tonsillar herniation <Chinese>小脑扁桃体疝cerebellitis <Chinese>小脑炎cerebello- olivary fibers<Chinese>小脑橄榄纤维cerebellomedullary cistern <Chinese>小脑延髓池cerebellopontine angle <Chinese>小脑桥脑角cerebelloreticular fibers <Chinese>小脑网状纤维cerebellorubral fibers <Chinese>小脑红核纤维cerebellovestibular fibers <Chinese>小脑前庭纤维cerebellum <Chinese>小脑cerebral abscess <Chinese>脑脓肿cerebral agenesis <Chinese>大脑发育不全cerebral angiograpathy <Chinese>脑血管造影cerebral atrophy <Chinese>大脑萎缩cerebral commissure <Chinese>大脑连合cerebral contusion <Chinese>脑挫伤cerebral cortex <Chinese>大脑皮质cerebral cysticercosis <Chinese>脑囊虫病cerebral diaplegia <Chinese>脑性双侧瘫痪cerebral dysgenesis <Chinese>脑发育障碍cerebral edema <Chinese>脑水肿cerebral embolism <Chinese>脑栓塞cerebral haemorrhage <Chinese>脑出血cerebral hemisphere <Chinese>大脑半球cerebral infarction <Chinese>脑梗死cerebral ischemia <Chinese>脑缺血cerebral lipidosis <Chinese>脑脂质增多症cerebral malacia <Chinese>脑软化cerebral paragonimiasis <Chinese>脑型肺吸虫病cerebral peduncle <Chinese>大脑脚cerebral plasy <Chinese>脑性瘫痪cerebral schistosomiasis <Chinese>脑型血吸虫病cerebral sclerosis <Chinese>脑硬化症cerebral spasm <Chinese>大脑性痉挛cerebral thrombosis <Chinese>脑血栓形成cerebral-arteriosclerotic dementia <Chinese>脑动脉硬化性痴呆cerebriform <Chinese>脑形的cerebritis <Chinese>脑炎cerebrocuprein <Chinese>脑铜蛋白cerebrogalactose <Chinese>脑半乳糖cerebrogalactoside <Chinese>脑半乳糖苷脂cerebrohyphoid <Chinese>脑组织样的cerebroid <Chinese>脑形的cerebrolysin <Chinese>脑活素cerebroma <Chinese>脑瘤cerebromacular degeneration <Chinese>大脑黄斑变性症cerebromalacia <Chinese>脑软化cerebromeningitis <Chinese>脑膜脑炎cerebron <Chinese>羟脑苷脂cerebropathy <Chinese>脑病cerebrosclerosis <Chinese>脑硬化cerebrose <Chinese>脑半乳糖cerebroside <Chinese>脑苷脂类cerebrosidosis <Chinese>脑苷脂沉积病cerebrosis <Chinese>脑病cerebrospinal fluid <Chinese>脑脊液cerebrospinal leak <Chinese>脑脊液漏cerebrospinal rhinorrhea <Chinese>脑脊液鼻漏cerebrospinase <Chinese>脑脊液氧化酶cerebrovascular accident <Chinese>脑血管意外cerebrum <Chinese>大脑ceroid <Chinese>蜡样质ceruloplasmin <Chinese>血浆铜蓝蛋白cervical ansa <Chinese>颈袢cervical enlargement <Chinese>颈膨大(脊髓)cervical flexure <Chinese>颈曲cervical plexus <Chinese>颈丛cervical rib syndrome <Chinese>颈肋综合征cervical rigidity <Chinese>颈强直cervical spondylosis <Chinese>颈关节强直cervical vertigo <Chinese>颈性眩晕cervical <Chinese>颈的Cestan-Chenais syndrome <Chinese>副－舌下神经麻痹综合征Chaddoch sign <Chinese>查多克征Chamberlain's line <Chinese>硬腭枕大孔(张伯伦)线Charcot's foot <Chinese>夏科氏足(脊髓痨性关节病患者的畸形足)Charcot's gait <Chinese>夏科氏步态(家族性共济失调步态)Charcot's joint <Chinese>夏科氏关节(神经原性关节病)Charcot's syndrome<Chinese>夏科氏综合征(肌萎缩性侧索硬化,间歇性跛行,肝病性间歇热)Charcot's triad <Chinese>夏科氏三征(眼球震颤,意向震颤,断音言语见于多发性硬化症)Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease <Chinese>腓骨肌萎缩征Chassalgnac's tubercle <Chinese>夏桑亚克结节(第六颈椎横突的颈动脉结节) chemical synapse <Chinese>化学突触Cheyne-Stokes nystagmus <Chinese>节律性眼球震颤chiasmatic cistern <Chinese>交叉池childhood dystrophy <Chinese>儿童营养不良chitoneure <Chinese>神经膜鞘chlomezanone <Chinese>芬那露chloral hydrate <Chinese>水合氯醛chloramphenicol <Chinese>氯霉素chlorazepate <Chinese>二钾氯氮卓chloridiazepoxide <Chinese>利眠宁chlorimipramine <Chinese>氯丙咪嗪chlormezanone <Chinese>氯苯甲酮chloroquine <Chinese>氯喹chlorpromazine <Chinese>氯丙嗪chlorprothixene <Chinese>泰尔登chlorthialidone <Chinese>氯噻酮chocking <Chinese>窒息cholesteatom <Chinese>胆脂瘤cholestipol <Chinese>降胆宁cholestyramine <Chinese>消胆胺考来烯胺cholinergic <Chinese>胆碱能cholinesterase <Chinese>胆碱脂酶cholinolytic <Chinese>抗胆碱cholinomimetic <Chinese>类胆碱chondroitine <Chinese>硫酸软骨素chorda tympani <Chinese>鼓索支chordiazepoxide <Chinese>氯氮平chordoma <Chinese>脊索瘤chorea <Chinese>舞蹈病choreiform <Chinese>舞蹈病样的choreoathetosis <Chinese>舞蹈手足徐动症choroid epithelium <Chinese>脉络丛上皮choroid fissure <Chinese>脉络裂choroid plexus of fourth ventricle <Chinese>第四脑室脉络丛choroid plexus of lateral ventricle <Chinese>侧脑室脉络丛choroid plexus of third ventricle <Chinese>第三脑室脉络丛choroid plexus <Chinese>脉络丛choroid <Chinese>脉络膜chromidial substance <Chinese>嗜染质chromphil substance <Chinese>染色质chronic progressive inflammatory polyneuropathy <Chinese>慢性进行性炎症性多发性神经病chronotaraxia <Chinese>定时不能Chyne-Stokes respiration <Chinese>潮式呼吸ciliary medullary center <Chinese>延髓睫状体中枢ciliospinal center <Chinese>睫脊中枢cillary neuragia <Chinese>睫状神经痛cimetidine <Chinese>西米替丁(甲氰咪呱)cinerea <Chinese>灰质cingulate gyrus <Chinese>扣带回cingulate suleus <Chinese>扣带沟cingulectomy<Chinese> 扣带回切除术cingulumotomy <Chinese>扣带回切开术cinnarizine <Chinese>脑益嗪(肉桂苯哌嗪)circle of Willis <Chinese>脑底动脉环circumventricular organ <Chinese>室周器cis-platinum <Chinese>顺铂cistern <Chinese>池cisternal puncture <Chinese>小脑延髓池穿刺Clarke's cells <Chinese>克拉克细胞(脊髓背核色素细胞) clasmatodendrosis <Chinese>星形胶质细胞突破折clasp knife phenomenon <Chinese>折刀现象clasp-knife <Chinese>折刀样Claude's hyperkinesis sign <Chinese>克洛德运动增强征(疼痛刺激时瘫痪肌肉的反射性动作)Claude's syndrome <Chinese>克洛德综合征(一侧动眼神经瘫痪,对侧协同不能,讷吃)claw-hand <Chinese>爪形手clindamycin <Chinese>克林霉素clomipramine <Chinese>氯丙咪嗪clonazepam <Chinese>氯硝安定clonic seizure <Chinese>阵挛发作clonic spasm <Chinese>阵挛性痉挛clonidine <Chinese>氯压定clonus <Chinese>阵挛cloxacillin <Chinese>邻氯青霉素coccidioidomycosis of brain <Chinese>脑隐球菌病coccygeal <Chinese>尾的cochlear duct <Chinese>蜗管cochlear <Chinese>迷路cochleostapedial reflex <Chinese>镫骨肌反射coenzyme A <Chinese>辅酶-Acoffin formation <Chinese>柩状形成(神经细胞被吞噬) cogwheel rigidity <Chinese>齿轮样强直Cohnheim's areas <Chinese>孔海姆区(肌原纤维的多边形暗区) coiling reflex <Chinese>蟠曲反射collateral eminence <Chinese>侧副隆起collateral suleus <Chinese>侧副沟collateral trigone <Chinese>侧副三角Collet-Sicard syndrome <Chinese>颅底综合征colliculocochleunuclear projection <Chinese>下丘蜗核投射colliculo-olivary projection <Chinese>下丘上橄榄投射colliculus <Chinese>丘coma <Chinese>昏迷comatose <Chinese>昏迷commissure of inferior colliculus <Chinese>下丘连合commissure <Chinese>连合communicating hydrocephalus<Chinese>交通性脑积水compensate<Chinese>代偿compound microscope <Chinese>复式显微镜compression of the brain <Chinese>脑受压compression <Chinese>压迫concha of cranium <Chinese>颅盖concussion of brain <Chinese>脑震荡concussion of spinal cord <Chinese>脊髓震荡concussional <Chinese>震荡Cone test <Chinese>脑脊液动力检查confluence of sinus<Chinese> 窦汇congenital myopathy <Chinese>先天性肌病congenital <Chinese>先天性congruous hemianopia <Chinese>同侧偏盲conjugate <Chinese>共轭conjunctival reflex <Chinese>结膜反射consciousness <Chinese>意识consensual reflex <Chinese>间接光反射consensual <Chinese>间接constipation <Chinese>便秘constitutional <Chinese>原发性contraiadicate <Chinese>禁忌contralateral <Chinese>对侧contrecoup injury <Chinese>对冲性损害contusion of spinal cord <Chinese>脊髓挫伤contusion <Chinese>挫伤conus medullaris <Chinese>圆锥(脊髓)convalescent <Chinese>恢复convergence defect <Chinese>会聚障碍convergence spasm <Chinese>会聚痉挛conversion hysteria <Chinese>转换性癔病convuision <Chinese>惊厥coordination <Chinese>协调coprolalia <Chinese>秽语症cornea <Chinese>角膜corneal reflex <Chinese>角膜反射cornucopia <Chinese>外侧隐窝(第四脑室)corona radiation <Chinese>辐射冠coronal <Chinese>冠状的corpus callosum <Chinese>胼胝体corpus Luysi <Chinese>路易斯氏体corpus quadrigemina <Chinese>四叠体corpus straitum <Chinese>纹状体corssed hemianopia <Chinese>异侧偏盲cortex <Chinese>皮质Corti's arch <Chinese>蜗螺旋神经节corticectomy <Chinese>脑皮层切除术cortico- olivary fibers <Chinese>皮质橄榄纤维corticobulbar tract <Chinese>皮质脑干束corticocerebral <Chinese>大脑皮层的corticocollicular projection <Chinese>皮质下丘投射corticonuclear tract <Chinese>皮质核束corticopontine tract <Chinese>皮质脑桥束corticoreticular fibers <Chinese>皮质网状纤维corticostriatal fibers <Chinese>皮质纹状体纤维cortico-striato-spinal degeneration <Chinese>皮质－纹状体－脊髓变性。
医药学类文献双语版：汉译英
介导性shRNA能抑制肺癌细胞中livin沉默基因的表达从而促进SGC-7901细胞凋亡背景—由于肿瘤细胞抑制凋亡增殖,特定凋亡的抑制因素会对于发展新的治疗策略提供一个合理途径。
Livin是一种凋亡抑制蛋白家族成员，在多种恶性肿瘤的表达中具有意义。
但是, 在有关胃癌方面没有可利用的数据。
在本研究中,我们发现livin基因在人类胃癌中的表达并调查了介导的shRNA能抑制肺癌细胞中livin沉默基因的表达，从而促进SGC-7901细胞凋亡。
方法—mRNA及蛋白质livin基因的表达用逆转录聚合酶链反应技术及西方吸干化验进行了分析。
小干扰RNA真核表达载体具体到livin基因采用基因重组、测序核酸。
然后用Lipofectamin2000转染进入SGC-7901细胞。
逆转录聚合酶链反应技术和西方吸干化验用来验证的livin基因在SGC-7901细胞中使沉默基因生效。
所得到的稳定的复制品用G418来筛选。
细胞凋亡用应用流式细胞仪(FCM)来评估。
细胞生长状态和5-FU的50%抑制浓度(IC50)和顺铂都由MTT比色法来决定。
结果—livin mRNA和蛋白质的表达检测40例中有19例(47.5%)有胃癌和SGC-7901细胞。
没有livin基因表达的是在肿瘤邻近组织和良性胃溃疡病灶。
相关发现在livin基因的表达和肿瘤的微小分化和淋巴结转移一样(P < 0.05)。
4个小干扰RNA真核表达矢量具体到基因重组的livin基因建立。
其中之一,能有效地减少livin基因的表达,抑制基因不少于70%(P < 0.01)。
重组的质粒被提取和转染到胃癌细胞。
G418筛选所得到的稳定的复制品被放大讲究。
当livin基因沉默,胃癌细胞的生殖活动明显低于对照组(P < 0.05)。
研究还表明,IC50上的5-Fu和顺铂在胃癌细胞的治疗上是通过shRNA减少以及刺激这些细胞(5-Fu proapoptotic和顺铂)(P < 0.01)。
医学文献指标的中英文术语对照
医学文献指标的中英文术语对照引言:医学文献是医学研究和临床实践中不可或缺的重要信息来源。
在阅读和理解医学文献时，掌握准确的中英文术语对照是十分必要的。
本文将介绍一些常见的医学文献指标的中英文术语对照，帮助读者更好地理解和应用这些指标。
一、Study Design (研究设计)1. 随机对照试验 (Randomized Controlled Trial, RCT)- 定义:将研究对象随机分为实验组和对照组，对比两组结果以评估干预措施的疗效- 示例: A randomized controlled trial of drug A on patients with hypertension2. 前瞻性队列研究 (Prospective Cohort Study)- 定义:在研究开始之前，根据暴露因素进行观察，随访研究对象并记录结果- 示例: A prospective cohort study of smoking and lung cancer risk3. 横断面研究 (Cross-sectional Study)- 定义:在某个特定时间点上收集数据，不考虑因果关系- 示例: A cross-sectional study of the prevalence of diabetes in a rural community二、Outcome Measures (研究终点指标)1. 死亡率 (Mortality Rate)- 定义:在一定时间内发生死亡的患者数与特定人群总数之比- 示例: The mortality rate of patients with heart failure after one year of follow-up2. 生存率 (Survival Rate)- 定义:在一定时间内生存下来的患者数与特定人群总数之比- 示例: The 5-year survival rate of breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy3. 病情进展率 (Progression Rate)- 定义:患者疾病进展的速度或患病程度的评估指标- 示例: The progression rate of multiple sclerosis measured by MRI scans三、Statistical Analysis (统计分析)1. 方差分析 (Analysis of Variance, ANOVA)- 定义:用于比较多个组别差异的统计方法- 示例: One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the differences in blood pressure among different age groups2. 相关分析 (Correlation Analysis)- 定义:评估两个变量之间关系的统计方法- 示例: Pearson correlation analysis was performed to examine the association between BMI and blood glucose levels3. 生存分析 (Survival Analysis)- 定义:评估患者生存时间的统计方法，常用于研究肿瘤等疾病- 示例: Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to assess the overall survival rates of lung cancer patients四、Evidence Levels (证据级别)1. 临床实证 (Level of Evidence)- 定义:根据研究设计和方法的科学性和可靠性评估研究证据的质量- 示例: This meta-analysis provides high-level evidence for the efficacy of drug B in treating depression2. 系统综述及Meta分析 (Systematic Review and Meta-analysis)- 定义:对多个独立研究进行整体分析和结论汇总的研究方法- 示例: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of acupuncture for chronic pain management3. 专家共识 (Expert Consensus)- 定义:基于专家意见和经验形成的共识性陈述- 示例: The current guidelines are based on expert consensus and clinical experience结论:通过掌握医学文献指标中的中英文术语对照，读者能够更准确地理解和应用这些指标，在医学研究和临床实践中获得准确和可靠的信息支持。
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动脉粥样硬化所导致的心脑血管疾病是目前发病率和死亡率较高的疾病之一。
在动脉粥样硬化的形成过程中, 内皮细胞病变是其中极其重要的因素，最显著的变化是动脉内皮功能紊乱, 血管内皮细胞的损伤和功能改变是动脉粥样硬化发生的起始阶段。
Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease caused by atherosclerosis is one of diseases with higher mortality and morbidity at present . In the formation of atherosclerosis, the endothelial cell lesion is one of the most important factors, in which, the most significant change is endothelial dysfunction. In addition, the injuries and the changes of vascular endothelial cells are the initial factors of atherosclerosis.
许多因素会导致血管内皮细胞受损, 主要包括脂多糖( Lipopolysaccharides，LPS)、炎症介质、氧自由基等。
其中脂多糖因其广泛的生物学作用, 越来越引起研究者的关注。
LPS 是一种炎症刺激物, 是革兰阴性杆菌细胞壁的主要组成成分，其通过刺激血管内皮细胞，引起其相关细胞因子和炎性因子的表达紊乱，尤其是Ca2+ 和活性氧簇（Reactive Oxygen Species，ROS）的合成和释放发生改变诱导细胞氧化应激内环境紊乱。
大量研究表明, LPS直接参与动脉粥样硬化的形成过程, 特别是动脉粥样硬化血管炎症的初始阶段, LPS可通过直接作用或间接影响的方式激活并损伤内皮细胞, 从而引
起血管内皮细胞形态与功能的改变。
Many factors induce vascular endothelial cell damage, including lipopolysaccharides (LPS), inflammatory mediators and oxygen free radical. Of which, LPS, due to its general biologic effects, is paid more and more attention from researchers. As a component of the outer membrane outer Gram-negative bacteria, LPS is an inflammatory stimulus, which induces disorder expression of apoptosis-related factors, by stimulating vascular endothelial cells, especially the releases of Ca2 And reactive oxygen species (ROS) induce oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) . Previous studies have indicated that LPS was directly involved in the process of atherosclerosis, especially in the initial stage of vascular inflammation, and damaged endothelial cells, causing the morphological and functional change of vascular endothelial cells.
线粒体是由内、外双层膜组成的重要细胞器，是细胞呼吸和氧化磷酸化的主要场所，不仅为细胞的生命活动提供所需能量；而且线粒体结构功能受损与心血管疾病的发生密切相关。
线粒体在细胞中起着很多重要作用，它不仅通过氧化磷酸化为细胞提供能量，同时也是凋亡信号的调节器和放大器。
线粒体途径在细胞凋亡中至关重要，是细胞不
可逆的进入凋亡程序的前兆。
Mitochondria, composing of the inner membrane and outer membrane, is not only a crucial place for generating cellular energy by cellular respiration and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHO), but also involved in the endothelial cells apoptotic progression of atherosclerosis. Mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis is an essential signaling, which is the precursor of irreversible apoptosis。
实验表明磷酸肌酸通过线粒体氧化磷酸化信号通路对抗LPS诱导的HUVECs细胞起到重要的作用。
磷酸肌酸可以通过稳定细胞整体能量代谢、ATP合成酶和线粒体肌酸激酶（CKmt），尤其是对细胞线粒体呼吸链FAD途径的显著影响来对抗LPS诱导的HUVECs细胞凋亡，提示磷酸肌酸可能通过保护内皮细胞功能对动脉粥样硬化或其他验证相关的心血管疾病起到治疗作用。
Our present study strongly suggests that PCr plays a vital role in LPS-induced HUVECs through mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation signaling pathway. PCr improves creatine shuttle of HUVECs through directly enhanced ATP synthase and mitochondrial creatine kinase, and reactived FADH2pathway in mitochondrial respiration chain. Our work provides new insight for the noval antiapoptotic effects of PCr in endothelial cells,
which may give a pharmacological basis for the clinical application of PCr for treatment of atherosclerosis or other inflammationrelated cardiovascular diseases which is related to endothelial cell apoptosis.。