2018届高考英语二轮复习闯关导练第二部分阅读理解技巧与体裁演练课时12阅读理解体裁解读(3)

课时12 阅读理解体裁解读(3)—议论文【体裁解读】议论文也是一种运用十分广泛的文章体裁。

同学们在阅读议论文时不仅要把握文章的论点、论据和论证，还要把握文章的结构和语言。

像汉语一样，英语议论文通常也为三段式，即“论点、论据、结论”三部分组成。

首先借助某一现象引出论点，然后通过一定论据从各个层面上加以推理论证，最后得出结论。

议论文体主要考查学生对论点及论据的把握。

因此，阅读议论文体时，应采取抓主题句的方法来把握文章主旨，弄清作者观点。

一般来说，作者的论点通常在文章首段被引出，接下来是对这一论点的逻辑推理和论证，最后为结论。

同学们还应注意的是：在对论点论证的过程中，每一段的首句都是该段的主题句。

把握全文论点。

弄清论证各段的主题句、理解文章层次，找出中心论点的位置是理解议论文的关键。

体裁演练(2017·北京卷)Hollywood's theory that machines with evil (邪恶的) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly.The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence (AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want.In 1960 a well­known mathematician Norbert Wiener，who founded the field of cybernetics (控制论)，put it this way：“If we use，to achieve our purposes，a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere (干预)，we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.”A machine with a specific purpose has another quality，one that we usually associate with living things：a wish to preserve its own existence.For the machine，this quality is not in­born，nor is it something introduced by humans；it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead.So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee，it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task.If we are not careful，then，we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined，super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own，with the real world as the chessboard.The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists.Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall，using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world.Unfortunately，that plan seems unlikely to work：we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans，let alone super intelligent machines.Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy.There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines.But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand，as it has been by some AI researchers.Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams—yet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans.Other s say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility.Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen.On September 11,1933，famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated，with confidence，“Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However，on September 12,1933，physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron­induced (中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction.1．Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may ________.A．run out of human controlB．satisfy human's real desiresC．command armies of killer robotsD．work faster than a mathematician2．Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to ________.A．prevent themselves from being destroyedB．achieve their original goals independentlyC．do anything successfully with given ordersD．beat humans in international chess matches3．According to some researchers，we can use firewalls to ________.A．help super intelligent machines work betterB．be secure against evil human beingsC．keep machines from being harmedD．avoid robots' affecting the world4．What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?A．It will disappear with the development of AI.B．It will get worse with human interference.C．It will be solved but with difficulty.D．It will stay for a decade.【能力提升】AI read somewhere that we spend a full third of our lives waiting.But where are we doing all of this waiting，and what does it mean to an impatient society like ours？To understand the issue，let's take a look at three types of “waits”．The very purest form of waiting is the Watched­Pot Wait.It is without doubt the most annoying of all.Take filling up the kitchen sink (洗碗池) as an example.There is absolutely nothing you can do while this is going on but keep both eyes fixed on the sink until it's full.During these waits，the brain slips away from the body and wanders about until the water runs over the edge of the counter and onto your socks.This kind of wait makes the waiter helpless and mindless.A cousin to the Watched­Pot Wait is the Forced Wait.This one requires a bit of discipline.Properly preparing packaged noodle soup requires a Forced Wait.Directions are ve ry specific.“Bring three cups of water to boil，add mix，simmer three minutes，remove from heat，let stand five minutes.”I have my doubts that anyone has actually followed the procedures strictly.After all，Forced Waiting requires patience.Perhaps the most powerful type of waiting is the Lucky­Break Wait.This type of wait is unusual in that it is for the most part voluntary.Unlike the Forced Wait，which is also voluntary，waiting for your lucky break does not necessarily mean that it will happen.Turning one's life into a waiting game requires faith and hope，and is strictly for the optimists among us.On the surface it seems as ridiculous as following the directions on soup mixes，but the Lucky­Break Wait well serves those who are willing to do it.As long as one doesn't come to rely on it，wishing for a few good things to happen never hurts anybody.We certainly do spend a good deal of our time waiting.The next time you're standing at the sink waiting for it to fill while cooking noodle soup that you'll have to eat until a large bag of cash falls out of the sky，don't be desperate.You're probably just as busy as the next guy.1．While doing a Watched­Pot Wait，we tend to ________.A．keep ourselves busy B．get absent­mindedC．grow anxious D．stay focused2．What is the difference between the Forced Wait and the Watched­Pot Wait?A．The Forced Wait requires some self­control.B．The Forced Wait makes people passive.C．The Watched­Pot Wait needs directions.D．The Watched­Pot Wait engages body and brain.3．What can we learn about the Lucky­Break Wait?A．It is less voluntary than the Forced Wait.B．It doesn't always bring the desired result.C．It is more fruitful than the Forced Wait.D．It doesn't give people faith and hope.4．What does the author advise us to do the next time we are waiting?A．Take it seriously. B．Don't rely on others.C．Do something else. D．Don't lose heart.BI told my friend Graham that I often cycle two miles from my house to the town centre but unfortunately there is a big hill on the route. He replied, “You mean fortunately.” He explained that I should be glad of the extra exercise that the hill provided.My attitude to the hill has now changed. I used to complain as I approached it but now I tell myself the following. This hill will exercise my heart and lungs. It will help me to lose weight and get fit. It will mean that I live longer. This hill is my friend. Finally I comfort myself with the thought of all those silly people who pay money to go to a gym and sit on stationery exercise bicycles when I can get the same value for free. I have a smile of satisfaction as I reach the top of the hill.Problems are there to be faced and overcome. We cannot achieve anything with an easy life. Helen Keller was the first deaf and blind person to gain a university degree. Her activism and writing proved inspiration al. She wrote, “Character cannot be developed in ease. Only through experiences of suffering can the soul be strengthened, vision cleared, ambition inspired and success achieved.”One of the main determinants of success in life is our attitude towards adversity (逆境). From time to time we all face hardships, problems, accidents and difficulties. Some are of our making but many are no fault of our own. While we cannot choose the adversity, we can choose our attitude towards it.Douglas Bader was 21 when in 1931 he had both legs cut off following a flyingaccident.He was determined to fly again and went on to become one of the leading flying aviators in the Battle of Britain with 22 aerial victories over the Germans.He was an inspiration to others during the wa r. He said, “Don't listen to anyone who tells you that you can't do this or that. That's nonsense. Make up your mind, you'll never use crutches (拐杖) or a stick, and then have a go at everything. Go to school, and join in all the games you can. Go anywhere you want to. But never, never let them persuade you that things are too difficult or impossible.”The biographies of great people are full of examples of how they took steps to overcome the difficulties they faced. The common thread is that they did not become depressed. They chose their attitude. They chose to be positive. They took on the challenge. They won.Nevertheless, there is still the problem of how you change your attitude towards adversity.5．Which of the following is true according to the author of the passage?A．Going to a gym is greatly beneficial to people's health.B．Climbing hills on bicycles is the best way to take exercise.C．Those who want to achieve success can't expect to live an easy life.D．People's attitude to adversity is the only factor of their success.6．By quoting what Douglas Bader said, the author intends to tell us “________”．A．Failure is the mother of success.B．A bad workman quarrels with his tools.C．If you risk nothing, you will have nothing.D．Nothing is difficult to the man who will try.7．Following this passage, the author will further talk about ________.A．how his friend helped him to change his attitude towards the adversity he facedB．what steps to take to change your attitude towards the adversity you face C．why it is important to keep optimistic in face of adversityD．what great people have in common8．Which of the following can best function as the title of the passage?A．Face adversity with a smileB．Different attitudes towards adversityC．Nothing is impossibleD．Life is full of adversityCConventional wisdom is a major barrier to innovation(创新) that threatens the survival of companies everywhere. It's based on the assumption that old ideas will always work, so they shouldn't be challenged. While this may be a valid assumption in situations that don't change, it's unlikely to hold true in a changing situation. In today's rapid changing global environment, old methods often don't work, and stubbornly using them can lead to major problems.Most people seem to agree with conventional wisdom because it gives one a false sense of security. If everyone else believes it, then it must be true. Individuals who use conventional wisdom are certain that they are right, and being right is good. They want to continue using old ideas rather than take risks with changes that might not work. In 1977, Ken Olsen, co­founder and CEO of Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), stated “There is no reason for any individual to have a co mputer in his home.” Despite being a dominant leader in the computer industry, DEC no longer exists.People seem to forget that since innovation is a change, there can be no innovation without change. Unfortunately, conventional wisdom prevents leaders, followers and companies from changing and therefore innovating. If companies don't innovate, but their competitors do, the future is likely to be problematic. Breaking from conventional wisdom has led to many of the most innovative companies and products in history across many industries, so it has a powerful effect on business success.Ted Turner (founder of CNN) knew little, if anything, about the news business, but he knew it was inconvenient to watch news only at the dinner hour, as was common before CNN. Turner's solution was to create a cable channel dedicated to news 24 hours a day. The news establishment reflected conventional wisdom at the time, and predicted his idea would fail because no one wanted to watch the news all day. However, it_doesn't_take_a_rocket_scientist_to_understand_that_viewers_don't_have_to_wat ch_the_news_all_day_for_the_CNN_to_work. Viewers just have to watch when they want to get information. Due to conventional thinking, the critics failed to recognize the opportunity that was clear to Ted. They assumed that only what was familiar to them could work in the future.Conventional wisdom prevents creativity, flexibility and risk­taking, so unconventional leaders enthusiastically break from it. To survive, thrive andmaintain competitive advantage, companies must be flexible when reacting to change.9．DEC has disappeared probably because ________.A．the CEO stuck to the conventional ideasB．the leaders lacked the sense of securityC．the consumers didn't like its productsD．the employees took many risks with changes10．The founding of CNN is used as an example to prove ________.A．missing opportunities could lead to failureB．conventional wisdom influences business successC．watching news at the dinner hour is convenientD．changing could contribute to business success11．What does the underlined part probably mean?A．Rocket scientists can ensure the CNN works properly.B．It's easy to know people needn't watch the news all the timeC．It's necessary to understand when people watch the news.D．Most of the viewers don't like to watch the news at work.12．The passage is mainly written to tell us that ________.A．conventional wisdom limits innovationB．opportunities lead to business successC．old methods are changing with timeD．successful companies need wise leadersDIf you live in a big city, there are many things to drive you crazy on your daily route, and it's not just overcrowded subway trains.Vicky Zhao is a mainlander working in Hong Kong. For her, one thing she can't put up with is people standing on the wrong side of the escalator(自动扶梯) in subway sta tions. “Escalators help us move faster and save time. It isn't a place to rest，” the 24­year­old says. “I often see tourists block the way with their suitcases or chatting on the escalators during rush hours. It annoys me to no end.”Admitting she is not the patient type, Zhao says things are much better in Hong Kong than in cities on the mainland where “stand right, walk left” signs are often ignored.The logic behind the “stand right, walk left” escalator etiquette(礼仪) seems obvious. Even though you may want to catch your breath while you're transported upor down, you should still consider others and leave enough space for people in a hurry, so that they can run and catch the train.Many cities' escalators, including London's and Beijing's, use the “stand right, walk left” system to speed up the flow of people. (Australia is an exception and you should stand on the left side instead.) But some cities discourage people from moving on escalators out of safety reasons. In Hong Kong's subway stations there are regular announcements asking people to “stand still” on escalators. Even so, most people in this fast­paced city observe the “stand right, walk left” etiquette.But the people who stand on escalators defend themselves by telling the walkers not to be so i mpatient. The BBC quotes one stander as saying: “If the person is in such a rush, why not just take the stairs? Even when the escalator is packed and there's nowhere to move, I see these same people complaining about not being able to pass.”Whatever the escalator etiquette is in the place you live or visit, do what most people are doing and always be mindful of others: leave enough space between each other, don't stay at the end of the escalator, and if someone is blocking your way, a simple “excuse me” is enough.13．In the second paragraph, the underlined word “It” refers to________.A．the author's living in the big city of Hong Kong.B．being crowded on the subway trains in rush hours.C．people's blocking the way or chat on the escalators.D．people's standing on the right side resting.14．When on the escalator, a majority of local people in Hong Kong ________.A. stand still as the railway stations require.B. ignore the “stand right, walk left” signsC. use the stairs instead of escalators.D. follow the “stand right, walk left” etiquette.15．What can be inferred from the 6th paragraph?A．Not everyone follows the “stand right, walk left” etiquette.B．The BBC is against the “stand right, walk left” etiquette.C．People should be patient and take the stairs if possible.D．People shouldn't complain about the crowded escalators.16．Which of the following statements is the writer's opinion?A．People should stand right no matter where they are.B．People should do as the Romans do and consider others.C．People should do as they like on the escalators.D．People should be seriously criticized when they block the way.EThis is a true story that happened in Japan. In order to renovate(修理) the house, a Japanese tore open the walls. Japanese houses normally have a empty space between the wooden walls. When tearing down the walls, he found that there was a lizard stuck there because a nail from outside was hammered into one of its feet. He saw this, feeling pity and curious. When he checked the nail, he found it was nailed 10 years ago when the house was first built.What happened? The lizard had survived in such a position for 10 years! It has been in a dark wall partition (夹层) for 10 years without moving! Then he wondered how this lizard survived for 10 years without moving a single step—since its foot was nailed! So he stopped his work and observed the lizard: What has it been doing? What and how has it been eating? Later, he didn't know from where another lizard appeared, with food in its mouth. Ah! He was astonished and touched deeply. The free lizard had been feeding the stuck one for the past 10 years.Such love, a beautiful love! Such love happened with this tiny creature... What can love do? It can do wonders! Just think about it: one lizard had been feeding the other one untiringly for 10 long years, without giving up hope on its partner. If a small creature like a lizard can love like this, just imagine how we can love if we try.17．How did the Japanese feel when seeing the stuck lizard?A．Frightened. B．Enjoyable.C．Confused. D．Usual.18．What can we learn from the free lizard?A．It teaches us never to abandon our loved ones.B．It teaches us to give more help to our loved ones.C．It tells us to take pity on the stuck lizard.D．It encourages us to live even longer.19．Why did the Japanese stop his work?A．To watch how long the lizard can still live here.B．To take out the nail and set the lizard free.C．To have a rest by watching the lizard.D．To find out why the lizard had survived here for 10 years. 20．What would be the best title for the passage?A. A WonderB. Two LizardsC. Such a StoryD. Lizard Love课时12 阅读理解体裁解读(3)—议论文【体裁演练】【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。